Energy Study Guide Name___________________________

Geology & Mineral Resources – Chap 81. Earth formed __________________years ago. Elements & minerals present when Earth formed are all we

have and they are distributed ______________________ around the globe. 2. Describe the earth’s zones:

a. Core

b. Mantle

c. Asthenosphere

d. Crust

e. Lithosphere

3. Explain Tectonic Plate Theory

4. How were Hawaiian Islands formed?

5. Describe the THREE types of plate movement (what forms: earthquakes, trenches, mountains, etc)a. Divergent & seafloor spreading

b. Convergent & subduction

c. Transform

6. Earthquakes are a direct result of __________________________________________________________________a. Fault __________________________________________________________________________________________b. Richter scale: increases by a factor of _________ c. What is the Ring of Fire

7. Volcanoes: _____________% occur along plate boundaries, often with earthquakes a. Damage

b. Benefits

8. The Rock Cycle is the _______________________of Earth's cycles, but important in recycling useful minerals

9. Describe how formed and identify ONE example of the THREE different types of rock:a. Igneous

b. Metamorphic

c. Sedimentary

10. Draw a basic picture of the rock cycle: Label Convergent & Divergent Plates. Indentify hotspots

11. External processes tend to wear down earth’s surface. Describe:a. Weathering

b. Erosionc. Deposition

12. In contrast, Interior processes generally ___________________ the earth’s surfaces13. Define

a. Ore

b. Reserves

14. Are minerals considered renewable or nonrenewable? ______________________15. What are the most abundant element/mineral in Earth’s:

a. Crust __________________ b. Atmosphere_____________________ c. Core ___________________16. Describe THREE types of surface mining

a. Strip mining

b. Open pit

c. Mountain top removal

17. Define:a. Overburden

b. Spoils

c. Reclamation

18. Compared to surface mining, list 2 benefits and 2 disadvantages of subsurface or underground mining.

19. Describe the environmental effects of mining, processing, & using our mineral/energy resources

20. What is Surface Mining Control & Reclamation Act of 1977? Why is it not always successful?

NonRenewable Energy – Chap 1221. Define non-renewable energy: Identify 2 categories:

22. World’s total energy consumption; 81% comes from fossil fuels (give %): Oil _________, Coal ___________, Gas ____________, Renewable ____________, Nuclear ____________

23. Describe patterns of Energy use in US: What energy source imported ___________ exported _____________

24. United States total energy consumption; 84% comes from fossil fuels (give %): Oil _________, Coal ___________, Gas ____________, Renewable ____________, Nuclear ____________

25. Quantifying energy efficiency: convert coal to electricity __________% most lost to _________a. Embodied energy

b. EROEI

c. Transportation: CAFE standards (Corporate Average Fuel Economy)

26. Put the following steps of electricity production in order:a. ______ the electrical grid distribute the electricity to homes and businessesb. ______ the electricity is transported to the electrical gridc. ______ the fuel is burned d. ______ the generator creates electricitye. ______ the heat is used to boil waterf. ______ the steam is used to turn a turbineg. ______ the turbine turns the generator

27. Define cogeneration

28. Fuels used for electricity generation (give %):a. Coal ________ Natural gas _________ Nuclear ________ Hydro ________ other renewable ________

29. Coal: What is main use___________________________________30. Coal is formed primarily from: _____________________________________________________________________31. Which 3 countries have the most coal? List in order of most to least

1. _______________________ 2. ______________________________ 3.________________________32. List major advantages & disadvantages of coal including specific pollution emissions

Advantages Disadvantages

33. Identify and describe the FOUR types of coal:Increasing Moisture Content Increasing Heat and Carbon Content

a. b. c. d.

34. Oil (Petroleum) : Mainly used for ___________________________________________________________35. Oil is formed from _____________________________________________________________________________________36. Oil is refined or separated into its components by a process based on their boiling points called

___________37.What is OPEC? How much of the world's oil do they have? Controls 80% of oil reserves

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries: 12 countries: : Algeria, Angola, Ecuador, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and Venezuela. 38. Which countries have the largest oil reserves (in order)

Venezuela, Saudi Arabia, Canada, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait39. Which countries are producing the most oil?

40. List the major advantages and disadvantages of using conventional oilAdvantages Disadvantages

41. Natural Gas : Mainly used for _________________________________________________________________42. Natural gas is 80% to 95% _____________. Where is it most often found?___________________________43. Which 2 countries have the largest Natural gas reserves

Russia & Iran (although the US is currently the biggest producer)44. What are major advantages & disadvantages of Natural Gas

Advantages Disadvantages

45. Describe Fracking. What are some potential problems

46. Describe the advantages and disadvantages of nonconventional oil: Oil (tar) sand & shale oilAdvantages Disadvantages

47. Describe issues: Future of fossil fuel Use - include Hubbert curve & peak oil

48. Nuclear Power: Mainly used for _________________________________________________________________49. Describe how a nuclear power plant creates electricity: Fission or fusion?50. What is the purpose of the control rods51. It can take up to ____________________ lbs of uranium ore to produce _______________ lbs of fuel52. What 3 countries have large uranium mining operations __________________, ________________, __________53. what 2 elements are used? _________________________ and ___________________________54. Electricity generated from nuclear: France _______________% US __________________%55. Where do we store nuclear waste and for how long? Do we have a long term storage facility in US

56. Identify major advantages & disadvantages of using nuclear powerAdvantages Disadvantages

57. What is thermal pollution?

58. Describe: a. Yucca Mountain

b. Three Mile Island

c. Chernobyl

59. Describe Fusion power. Are we using it? Why or why not

Renewable Energy - Chap 13

60. Describe tidal power? Is it feasible?

61. Wasting Energy. What % is wasted (lost usually as heat):___80%______a. Unavoidably lost due to 2nd law of thermodynamics ____40%___b. Unnecessarily____40%__poor gas mileage, inefficient appliances, not insulating houses___

62. How much energy is lost (wasted) in:a. incandescent light bulb _____95%____only 5% produces light the rest lost as heat_________b. internal combustion engine ___94%___________c. nuclear power plant ________86%____________d. coal burning power plant _____66%____________e. photosynthesis _______99%_____ - only 1% efficient________

63. What is the difference between potentially renewable resources and nondepletable

64. Renewable energy use in the US is __________%a. Biomass __________%, Hydroelectric __________%, Wind __________% Geothermal ________% , Solar

____%65. Renewable energy sources are more sustainable than fossil fuels, but using any form of energy has

impact on environment: give examples

66. Energy conservation means ______________________________________________________ Give examples:

67. Sustainable design Give examples

68. All energy comes directly or indirectly from the ___________. Except for ____________________, _____________________, _____________________, & ________________________

69. Biofuels, biomass that has been processed into a liquid, include _________________________________________

70. Describe solid biomass:

71. Who uses biomass as a major source of domestic energy

72. What is net removal and what does it lead to

73. Identify advantages and disadvantages of solid biomass energy: including pollutants Advantages Disadvantages

74. Describe Liquid Biomass: Biofuelsa. Ethanol

b. Boidiesel

75. Identify advantages & disadvantages biofuels: including pollutants

76. Describe the process of hydroelectric power generation:

77. Identify advantages & disadvantages of hydroelectric energy including environmental impacts

78. What is the name and location for the largest dama. in world _______________________________________ b. in the US ________________________________________

79. Describe the following renewable energy: Tidal Energy - including advantages & disadvantages

80. What are the advantages & disadvantages of passive solar systems

81. Describe the following types of Direct solar power:a. Solar water heating systems

b. Photovoltaic systems

c. Concentrating solar thermal

82. Describe the advantages & disadvantages of active solar power

83. Describe the process of geothermal power generation:

Ground source heat pump

84. Identify advantages & disadvantages of geothermal energy

85. What countries are generating the most wind power

Denmark obtains ____________% of its electricity from wind86. Why is wind power generation so promising. wind is the fastest growing source of energy worldwide.

Capturing only ___20%__ of the wind energy could meet all the world energy demand.87. Identify advantages & disadvantages of wind energy:

88. Describe advantages & disadvantages of Hydrogen fuel cells

89. Explain how we can plan our energy futurea. Improving Electrical Grid

b. Addressing Energy Cost & Storage

90. List some government strategies for energy solutionsProvide research & development subsidies & tax breaks, enact regulations to stimulate energy alternativesRaise taxes, eliminate existing subsidies to discourage wasteful uses of energyEducate the public & offer incentives for energy efficiency - Develop long term policy

91. Describe Iceland’s energy use