Studio Scienza dalla LunaWP 1500 ParticelleWorkshop su Scienza dalla Luna

LNF 7 maggio 2007

R. Battiston

Sez. INFN e Universita’ di Perugia

Athmospheirc transparencies to EM Waves

“Our Laboratory Moon”

Why the Moon for particle and fundamental physics ?

There are indeed a few reasons why the Moon would be an extraordinary laboratory to study fundamental physics phenomena:

• Seismic activity on the Moon is very low, basically insignificant. Due to the lack of plate tectonics, the energy release per year is 10–14 times lower than the Earth. Moonquakes are driven only by the tidal deformation (excluding impacts) and occur when the Moon is near the perigee. These quakes are reproducible and predictable. Strong moonquakes are at ~ 10–9 mHz–1/2 at 0.1-1 Hz, 0.5-1.3 on Richter scale. The seismic noise level between moonquakes may be extremely low

• The Moon does not have atmosphere nor water. This means that

2.1 there is no absorption of the radiation reaching our satellite from space. Vacuum is cheap.

2.2 the Moon is thermally quiet except at sunrise and sunset. Even a more stable thermal environment could be achieved by burying the instrument under the Moon dust.

2.3 there are no winds, no weather effects. Materials are not attacked by rust, they last unaltered for long periods (aside of thermal expansions effects)

3 The Moon does not have a magnetic field nor a magnetosphere.

4 The Moon has a continuous view of the whole Earth (or of deep space). On the far side the Moon is an extremely calm electromagnetic environment, shielded from the noise generated by our civilization.

Fundamental physics and astrophysics on the Moon

1 IR interferometry (limited by the atmosphere on most wavelengths) using two or more IR telescopes

2- Optical and near UV interferometry (limited by the atmosphere), using two or more telescopes

3- mm wave interferometry (limited by the atmosphere and artificial em noise)4- Direct CMB measurements (limited by the atmosphere)

5- Continuous GRB monitoring (limited by the atmosphere)

6- A large aperture, large area post-GLAST Gamma Ray observatory (0.1 – 1000 Gev) (limited by the atmosphere)

7- A Cosmic Rays observatory to measure the composition and spectra at and above the knee region, to solve the 50 years long puzzle on CR origin and acceleration mechanism (limited by the atmosphere and requiring rather large areas equipped with particle detectors)

8- O(103 ) km laser interferometers for Gravitational Waves searches, to cover the region 10-2 Hz to 10 Hz, which lies in between the LISA and VIRGO/LIGO sensitivity ranges (limited by Earth ground seismology).

9- A very sensitive search for strangelets by measuring epilinear moonquakes (limited by Earth ground seismology).

Some consideration about the moon payloadsFrom the Letter of Intent for the ASI call for new ideas (Spring 2005)

Sir, with this Letter we respond to the “Call for themes for 2015-2025” opened by the Science Programme of

the European Space Agency in view of its future long term Scientific Programme.……………….The theme we propose is “Our Laboratory Moon” which is based on the exploitation of the unique

features of our satellite to study fundamental physics phenomena. Space means exploration. Exploration in turn means searching for things never reached before. ………………

Signed R. B. + 30 INAF and INFN scientists …………..

“Our Laboratory Moon” Being there staying here………….. However the continuous technological advances in the field of telescience and virtual sensing

could brilliantly overcome this limit. The Moon, in fact, is the only celestial body which is within 1.5 light seconds from us: this is a short enough time for electromagnetic waves, which would allow the use of robotic tools operated from the Earth as simple extensions of ground based operators arms, hands and senses, like in the case of telemedicine and like it is not possible as in the case of Mars rovers, which are separated from us ~ 10 light minutes.

……………..Many of these industrial processes can be developed and tested on Earth before trying it on the Moon,

where one would learn how to do it in the real conditions. The first series of missions will be devoted to set up processing plants to extract basic components, like oxygen, aluminum and water from the lunar soil and to set up the power generating and storing systems to sustain future facilities through interruptions in solar availability. These missions should all aim to the same location to the Moon, which has been identified as the area of “perpetual sun” near the South Pole. Here hydrogen should also exist, although there is no agreement today on which form it takes. The presence of hydrogen and perpetual sun, would make this location the most advantageous for initial operation.

Additional missions, would add capabilities and instrumentations, with a philosophy which would be highly interactive and flexible. It should be as we were there, through the robots which are acting under our direct telecontrolling. This approach would allow to tolerate losses and mistakes, which, although unavoidable in an highly research oriented program, could have a tremendous damage and negative effects if humans were involved directly. Telepresence on the Moon is the goal of this pioneering program, allowing the rovers to operate like humans on tasks which would include rover repair activities, assembly and configuration of experiments, continuous feed back on many various parameters otherwise very difficult if not impossible to control using predetermined algorithms.

…………There are a lot of processes which would require, if performed in telepresence on

the Moon, rethinking with respect on the Earth: the reduced gravity, absence of atmosphere, extreme temperature, limited facilities available, will call for simplification of manipulation and complexity of the processing. It will be like the dawn of a new age, not based on stones or fire or bronze, but more likely on solar radiation, hydrogen and aluminum. Tooling will be adjusted to the new tasks and conditions, in particular thermal condition would be of extreme relevance. Solar furnaces would be a common tool, soils would be heated to form glass and to shape rods, tubes and fibers. Sintering could be used instead of melting for a number of applications.

Machines shop capability could be gradually added to work on the various materials and ceramics built on the moon, adding tremendous flexibility to modify and repair existing equipment or to build new one. Experiments could then be created without waiting for another launch, reducing the turn around time for engineers and scientists to see their ideas become reality from decades to days. More sophisticated machining methods, like electron beam or plasma will be easily implemented because of the presence of vacuum.

We anticipate a strong public attention to the progress on a moon laboratory program based on telepresence. Public attention is particularly strong when space exploration is connected to humans but also to human related activities, like risk, error, trial, ingenuity. This explains why the public interest is as high as for a human mission, and may be even higher when a Mars rover lands or takes the first photograph of a stone, or even get lost on Mars. A lunar telepresence laboratory would bring daily new stories, about issues which are very close to everybody experience; it would allow to share some of the thoughts, decisions, trials; it would allow wide sharing through the internet of finding and results; it might allow sharing of lunar telepresence, which would set an unprecedented tool for a wide audience of non astronauts. In addition to the interest for new results about our universe, which is, in our opinion, the main reason for supporting this theme, public participation to this long term program would be very beneficial for ESA and space exploration in general.

1500 PARTICELLE

SCIENCE THEMES

High Energy Gamma Rays

Extremely High Energy

High Energy Neutrinos (a)

Extremely High Energy High Energy Neutrinos

(b)

High Energy Cosmic

Rays

Gravitational waves (b)

Solar plasma properties (a)

Plasma interaction with planetary surface (b)

Gravitational waves (a)

Fundamental physics

tests

WP1500

Particelle

Very Promising AAA Regolith Calorimeter

Interesting

Interesting

Promising

Promising

Interesting

Interesting

Interesting

Very promisingAAA (Laser ranging)

Priority

1 Very Promising

2 Promising

3 Interesting

Direct measurement of high energy gamma rays

AGILE -> GLAST -> ?

16/16 Towers in the GRID on 20/10/05

GLAST @ SLAC

GLAST LAT PERFORMANCES

Using the regolith to build a multi ton EM calorimeter on the Moon

F. Cervelli, M.T.Brunetti, C.Fidani, R.Battiston

Particelle Doc 1

40 cm of regolith T=-20 ± 3 C

Particolare delle dimensioni e della posizione degli scintillatori

Distribuzione spaziale degli scintillatori sul piano della superficie lunare (distanza tra gli scintillatori 7,5 cm, da ottimizzare)

Charged part of the e.m. shower induced by 10 GeV gammas in theregolith

Negative charges are in green and positive in red

Lateral view

Front view

A 50 years old puzzle in Cosmic Rays physics

Composition and origin of the knee at 1015 eV

VHE Cosmic Rays: the knee regionP. Marrocchesi, P. Maestro

P. Spillantini mj

• Perspectives for a moon-based knee-region explorer --> large complex detectors are needed --> only possible with a (set of) large mission(s)

WP 1530 High Energy neutrinosA. Petrolini INFN Genova (Particelle Doc 4)

P. Spillantini

WP 1530 MISURE NEUTRINI DI ENERGIA ESTREMA A. PETROLINI , P. SPILLANTINI

SCIENCE SUB

THEMES

SCIENCE AND

TECHNOLOGY

OBJECTIVES

DETAILED SCIENCE OBJECTIVES

SITO MEASUREMENTS Requirement

s

THEMES Range Sensitivity Coverage

Very high energy neutrinos (a)

Fundamental Physics

Ultra-High Energy

Acceleration Processes

Discovery of new particles

Detection of fast coherent Cherenkov

radio-pulses emitted by particles showers produced by the

interaction of Ultra-High Energy Cosmic

Particles with the lunar regolith.

Lunar satelliteOrbital

height: (100-500) km

Large acceptance (towards the Moon limb) and almost isotropic apparatus.1) Three dipole aerials in orthogonal

configuration.2) Other configurations.

Frequency range:

0.01÷1.0 GHzBandwidth:(100-400)

MHz

Pmin< -140

dBm/Hz

Large acceptance

Very high energy neutrinos (b)

Fundamental Physics

Ultra-High Energy

Acceleration Processes

Discovery of new particles

Detection of fast coherent Cherenkov

radio-pulses emitted by particles showers produced by the

interaction of Ultra-High Energy Cosmic

Particles with the lunar regolith.

At the Moon surface.

Almost horizontal observation

Frequency range:

0.01÷1.0 GHzBandwidth:(100-400)

Mhz

2p coverage in azimuth.

Detection of coherent Cherenkov radio from lunar orbiters: how to reject the large background

from Protons?

Detection on the moon

• comparison with terrestrial apparatus like SALSA is not in favour of a surface Moon detector.

regolith~ 10-20 m

10km

antennas

shower

Moon surface

regolith~ 10-20 m

10km

antennas

shower

Moon surface

The limitations of a lunar satellite based experiment

• In case a threshold as low as 1016eV can be reached, the apparatus might see neutrinos coming from the centre of the Moon. Due to geometrical considerations it would be very difficult for the radiation produced by down-going protons on the nadir of the satellite to reach the antenna. So in this configuration the proton background should be reconsidered.

• Another limitation of a Moon satellite detector will be the reconstruction of EPS direction. Due to the geometry of the Cherenkov emission is difficult to constrain the possible axis directions using only one or a few measurements far away. The resulting pointing accuracy is worst than ten degree and this aspect, if not solved in some way, might prevent the possibility to detect and identify point sources of neutrinos.

WP1540 Solar Plasma measurements R. Bruno INAF IFSI Roma

WP 1540 PROPRIETA' DEL PLASMA SOLARE R. BRUNO

SCIENCE THEMES

Solar wind plasma properties solar wind observations on board a

lunar orbiter

plasma interaction with non-magnetized bodies

Study of pick-up ions of lunar origin deriving from the volatile

components of the lunar soil generated from

the "ion sputtering" phenomenon

protons, alphas and minor ions

20eV-40KeV

dE/E=5% 4π, 0.1sec

differential diffus ion of solar wind protons and electrons within the

"lunar wake"s tudy of magnetosphere

dynamics during magnetosheath, plasma-sheet, lobes e far tail

cross ings

coordinated s tudy us ing earth orbiting satellites and satellites

located at L1 withinthe framework of space weather

planetary surfaces and solar wind plasma interaction observations of a

planetary exosphere onboard a

lunar orbiter

s tudy of the ion-sputtering process respons ible for generating planetary

exospheres

es timate of the global mass loss (especially of the mos t volatile)

from the unmagnetized body

about 60x2 degrees nadir pointing, 1 min

evaluation of the planetary surface alteration due to the

solar wind impact("space weathering")

Requirements Coverage/resoluti

onRange /sens itivity

neutral atoms 20 eV-5 keV

SUB THEMES SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

OBJECTIVES

DETAILED SCIENCE

OBJECTIVES

MEASUREMENTS

Misura delle proprietà del plasma solare e della sua interazione con la magnetosfera: un esperimento di questo tipo (5 kg) può essere installato con relativa facilità su un orbiter lunare, ha buone giustificazioni scientifiche e per questo motivo ha una elevata priorità (2)

WP 1550 Gravitational WavesMichele Punturo INFN Perugia

WP 1550 ONDE GRAVITAZIONALI M. PUNTURO

SCIENCE THEMES

Gravitational Waves Moon resonant

modes measurement

Identification of the GW sources in the mHz

range; Definition of the sensitivity performances; understanding of the noise

sources; evaluation of the possible measurement instrumentation

(displacement sensors)

Gravitational physics of massive

binary systems far from the coalescence

full sky / depending

on the number of surface detectors

Interferometric detector

Identification of the GW sources in the Hz region; definition of the sensitivity

performances at different frequencies; evaluation of the possible detector

technologies

full skyGravitational physics of 1Hz sources (known pulsars, massive

binary systems ,…) at cosmological distance;

coincidence wit terrestrial detectors for angular

measurements

Michelson interferometer

1-100 Hz

Requirements Coverage/resolutionRange /sensitivity

Quadrupolar resonant modes

measurement

2-3 mhz

SUB THEMES SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OBJECTIVES

DETAILED SCIENCE OBJECTIVES

MEASUREMENTS

Misura di onde gravitazionali: si tratta di una misura molto importante ed interessante, non è però chiaro quanto sia realistico farla sulla luna in tempi ragionevolmente brevi, nonostante le buone condizioni ambientali offerte dalla luna. Uno studio di fattibilità puo’ avere una elevata priorità (2)

WP 1560 TEST DI FISICA FONDAMENTALE G. TINO

SCIENCE SITOTHEMES

Tests of GR

RequirementsRang e /sens itivity

MEASUREMENTS SUB THEMES SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

DETAILED SCIENCE

Gravitational waves detection in the mHz range using the Moon as spherical resonant

Tests of Fundamental Physics

Inertial sensors based on atom interferometry

Network of sensors on Moon surface

Quadrupolar resonant modes measurement through differential gravity acceleration Moon surface

Search for strange quark matter and particle sources outside solar system causing high

Optical clocks on the Moon

Search for possible time variation of the physical constant with time and space

Search for possible variation of fundamental constant by comparing a clock on the Moon surface with different

Moon surface (near side)

Two-way optical link (asynchronous transponder on the Moon)

Optical time and frequency tranfer between Moon and Earth at below 10-17

Moon surface (near side)

Gravitational physics of massive binary systems far from the coalescence

Test of Pricniple of Equivalence at 10-15

Acceleration measurement with different Rb isotopes in free fall

0-1 g 10-15 g

2-10 mHz 10-15 g

Particle detection through epilinear moonquakes

Moon surface Detection of seismic waves

1 mHz to 10 Hz

Measurement of the gravitational frequency shift

Test the gravitational red-shift prediction at 10-8 level by comparing a clock on the Moon surface and a clock

Moon surface (near side) Frequency difference

Frequency difference

10-10 g at 1 sec

visible spectrum 3 10^14 - 6 10^14 Hz

0.5 Hz at 1 sec. (10-15 at 1 s) 0.001 Hz accuracy (10-17)

WP 1560A Quantum Interferometers and Atomic Clocks

Guglielmo Tino Universita’/INFN Firenze

Atom InterferometersAtom Interferometers

R1ù R2ù

|1

|1

|1

|1

|2

|2

|2

A

B C

D

R2ù

R1ù

|2

|2

|1

|1

|1

|1A

BC

D

|2

With an acceleration g,the phase difference

=2keff.

(a-2( x v)) T2

where k is the laser wavenumber and Tthe time interval between laser pulses

TRANSVERSAL PULSES-the interferometer encloses an area-used to measure rotations (GYROSCOPES)

de Broglie wave dB=h/mv LONGITUDINAL PULSES-no area enclosed-used to measure accelerations (GRAVIMETERS)

With an acceleration g,the phase difference

=keffg T2

where k is the laser wavenumber and Tthe time interval between laser pulses

Possible Experiments on MoonPossible Experiments on Moon

• Technology

- Gravimeters absolute calibration- Navigation (gyroscopes, accelerometers)

• Fundamental Physics- Gravitational Waves detection through moon quadrupolar resonant modes- Detection of Strange Quark Matter nuggets through epilinear moonquakes- Tests of General Relativity (Principle of Equivalence)

• Moon is an ultra-quiet natural environment

- very low seismic energy- no tidal or teptonic effects

improve sensitivityincrease TdriftLow gravity

Optical Clocks on MoonOptical Clocks on Moon

• Moon is an ultra-quiete natural environment

- very low seismic energy- no atmosphere- no tidal or teptonic effects- good temperature stability (30 cm below surface)

• Scientific Goals:

- Test of General Relativity (gravitational red-shift) @ 10-8 (4000 times better than GP-A)- Test of String theories (variation of fundamental constant) (d/dt)/ @ 10-

17 /yr (10 times better than ACES proposal)

best environment for new optical frequency standards

Proposal: Frequency comparison between a clock on the Moon surface and clock on the Earth (two way optical link between the two clocks)

Optical Clocks on MoonOptical Clocks on Moon

• Technology

- Clock comparison (redefinition of the SI second, …)- Deep space navigation and positioning, VLBI, laser ranging, …

• Fundamental Physics

- Test of General Relativity (gravitational red-shift)- Test of String theories (variation of fundamental constant)

All this kind of experiment involving ultra-stable laser sources, and ultra-cold atoms in spacespace will benefit from the ACES and LISA project, which has requested significant engineering efforts.

WP 1560B Lunar Laser RangingSimone Dell’Agnello LNF (Particelle Doc 7)

Test di fisica fondamentale Robotic MoonLIGHT (Moon LIGHT Instrumentation for High-accuracy Tests): second generation lunar laser ranging with robotic deplyoment. The manned version of MoonLIGHT has been proposed to NASA on Oct-27-2006.

Dinamica interna della luna

banda KA 0,1 mm di precisione sulla distanza relativa tra i transponder ottenuta cancellando gli effetti

atmosferici e ionosferici

Transponders posizionati per effettuare misure accuratissime di distanze relative sulla

Interferometro a microonde

Tre transponders in banda KA posizionati a 1000 km di distanza, interrogati da una stazione posta a terra

Very high accuracy measurement of the

Earth-Moon distance in the next few

decades for high-accuracy test of

General Relativity and brane world theories (Dvali et al, PRD 68, 024012 (2003), "The accelerated universe and the Moon"). The optical ranging unce

Improvement of present GR measurements of: 1) Weak Equivalence Principle, 2) Strong Equivalence Principle, 3) Gdot/G, 4) De Sitter effect, ie measurement of PPN parameter beta, at present the most precise, 5) violation of the 1/r̂ 2 law below 10^(-10) time

Measurement of the position of an array of 8 retro-reflectors of

large size (10 cm), on an area of 100 m x 100 m. Interference

measurements will be possible, unlike for the

Apollo 11, 14, 15 arrays.

Existing lunar laser ranging stations, one of them is in Matera (MLRO-ASI). The station in Los Alamos, APOLLO (Apache POint Lunar Laser ranging Observatory) is the one which will benefit immediately from the MoonLIGHT devices. Stations which will upgrade

From 0.1 mm accuracy on the

Earth-Moon distance (using the JPL standard orbit determinaion

techniques) with existing lunar ranging stations, down to few microns (ONLY of

the ranging component of the error) with future

shorter-pulse lasers. Errors will al

Coverage larger that the lunar Apollo mission 11, 14, and 15. Accuracy up to a factor 1000 better. Intrinsic ranging accuracy limited by wavelength. Other sources of error will become the mechanical stability of the installation and the control of the the

Tre transponders in banda KA posizionati

a 1000 km di distanza, interrogati da una

stazione posta a terra

MoonLIGHT:MOON LASER INSTRUMENTATION FOR GENERAL

RELATIVITY HIGH-ACCURACY TESTSC. Cantone, S. Dell’Agnello, G. O. Delle Monache, M. Garattini, N. Intaglietta

Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati (LNF) dell’INFN, Frascati (Rome), ITALYR. Vittori

Italian Air Force, Rome, ITALY

• From the abstract …….– a proposal (to NASA) for improving by a factor 1000 or more the

accuracy of the current Lunar Laser Ranging (LLR) experiment (performed in the last 37 years using the retro-reflector arrays deployed on the Moon by the Apollo 11, 14 and 15 missions). Achieving such an improvement requires a modified thermal, optical and mechanical design of the retro-reflector array and detailed experimental tests. The new experiment will allow a rich program of accurate tests of General Relativity already with current laser ranging systems. This accuracy will get better and better as the performance of laser technologies improve over the next few decades, like they did relentlessly since the ‘60s.

LNF–06/ 28 (IR)November 1, 2006

Multimirror panel and thermal measurements

WP1570: particle detection using moon seismology (Particle Doc 8,9)

C. Fidani INFN Perugia • Particles detection (strangelets, nuggets) on the moon through the study

of epilinear moonquakes (Banerdt, Chui et al 2005)– It was pointed out in 1984 by Witten that strange quark matter (SQM) – matter made

of up, down, and strange quarks (rather than just up and down, as are protons and neutrons) – might well be stable and the lowest energy state of matter. The reason is that it would be electrically neutral and have less Pauli-Principle repulsion. Binding would increase with numbers of quarks, and might not begin below thousands. It would have nuclear density. Neutron stars would be strange quark stars; and it might conceivably constitute dark matter. One way to detect ton-range SQM nuggets (SQNs) would be from seismic signals they would make passing through the Earth. We give a rough estimate on the relative advantage of attempting to detect SQNs on the Moon over Earth (about 50 times more detections).

• Extrasolar causes for certain moonquakes (Frohlich, Nakamura, 2006)– Reanalysis of lunar seismic data collected during the Apollo program indicates that

23 of the 28 rare events known as high-frequency teleseismic (HFT) events or shallow moonquakes occurred during one-half of the sidereal month when the seismic network on the Moon’s near side faced approximately towards right ascension of 12 h on the celestial sphere. Statistical analysis demonstrates that there is about a 1% probability that this pattern would occur by chance. An alternate possibility is that high-energy objects from a fixed source outside the Solar System trigger or even cause the HFT events.

Conclusions • We have shown in this study that there are promising

areas in the field of particle and fundamental physics for which the moon surface is a very good place, even an unique one. Some of these proposal, like MOONCAL, are original by products of this study

• The proposed experiments are compatible with a scenario of a series of small, robotic missions,which migh be teleoperated from the earth

• It would be wise to maintain a level of R&D funding to further develop the most promising idea, in view of potential italian participation to future lunar missions