STUDIMI I DISA PARAMETRAVE BIOKIMIK TE KARTAMOS …alpa.mali-it.eu/pub/aktet/v4/aktetv4nr2.pdf · 2016. 3. 6. · aktet, vol. iv, 2, 2011 iii content determination of nanostructures

AKTET Journal of Institute Alb-Shkenca

Revisteuml Shkencore e Institutit Alb-Shkenca

Vol IV 2011

AKTET Vol IV 2 2011 ii



Vol IV Nr 2 ISSN 2073-2244 copy 2011 Institute Alb-Shkenca wwwalb-shkencaorg Editor‐in‐chief

Robert Magari PhD Beckman Coulter Inc Miami Florida USA

Editors

Anila Hoda Dr University of Agriculture Tirana Albania

Ardian Harri PhD Mississippi State University Mississippi State Mississippi USA

Eshref Januzaj Dipl‐Inform Univ (MSc) Technische Universitaumlt Braunschweig Germany

Evan Rroccedilo Prof Dr University of Agriculture Tirana Albania

Kristaq Jorgo Dr University of Tirana Tirana Albania

Lulzim Dragidella Dr University of Applied Sciences Regensburg Germany and University of

Prishtina Kosoveuml

Margarita Ifti PhD University of Tirana Tirana Albania

Musa Rizaj Dr University of Prishtina Prishtina Kosoveuml

Naim Shabani Dr Ludwig ‐ Maximilians ‐ University Munich Germany

Nebi Caka Dr University of Prishtina Prishtina Kosoveuml

Nikolla P Qafoku PhD Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland Washington USA

Pandi Zdruli PhD Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Bari Valenzano Bari Italy

Roza Allabashi DiplIng Dr University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences Vienna

Austria

Zeqirja Neziri Prof University ldquoSt Cyril and Metodijrdquo Skopje Macedonia

Technical editor

Roland Lelaj Millennium Research Group Toronto Canada

AKTET Vol IV 2 2011

iii

CONTENT

DETERMINATION OF NANOSTRUCTURES OF THIN LAYERS FROM STUDY OF QUANTAL TRANSITIONS JAHJA KOKAJ NEBI CAKA AGON KOKA 1 173

POWER FLOW ANALYSIS SIMULATION FOR DIFFERENT BUSES OF A SYSTEM ISUF KRASNIQI AGON KOKA

6 178

DISK TESTING UNDER HELIUM APPLIED FOR THE CHARACTERISATION OF THE MATERIALS MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR EMIL LAMANI

16 189

SIMULATION AND OPTIMIZATION OF AZEOTROPIC DISTILLATION PROCESS ETHANOL-WATER STREAM USING CHEMCAD AND MINITAB 15 AFRIM DUSHI

22 195

DEVELOPMENTS IN COMPUTER AIDED SELECTION AN INTEGRATED APPROACH FOR STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS SHPRESA CASLLI EMIL LAMANI DERVISH ELEZI

28 201

STUDY OF ANODIC STRIPPING VOLTAMMETRIC TECHNIQUES IN DETERMINATION OF CADMIUM WITH SCREEN-PRINTED ELECTRODES DAFINA KARAJ MAJLINDA VASJARI PRANVERA LAZO ARBEN MERKOCcedilI

35 208

SYNTHESIS OF A FOUR BAR MECHANISM FOR A LIMITED VARIATION IN THE VELOCITY RATIO MIRANDA KULLOLLI ODISE KOCcedilA LEONARD CcedilOMENI

42 215

INFLUENCE OF PLANETARY GEAR IN IMPROVING EFFICIENCY OF CONTINUOUS VARIABLE TRANSMISSION IN PASSENGER VEHICLES SHPETIM LAJQI BASHKIM BAXHAKU NASER LAJQI

47 220

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF MAIN MINERALS OF Pb AND Zn IN THE MINERAL DEPOSIT ldquoPEumlRROI I NGJYROSURrdquo- ARTANEuml KOSOVEuml BEDRI DURMISHAJ SYLEJMAN HYSENI

55 228

DETERMINATION OF THE ATTENUATION MODEL FROM LOCAL AND REGIONAL EARTHQUAKES IN ALBANIA EDMOND DUSHI VALBONA LAME (MUDA)

62 235

OPHIOLITIC METAMORPHIC SOLE IN KOSOVA ZENUN ELEZAJ NASER PECI SALI MULAJ

68 241

AKTET Vol IV 2 2011

iv

WASTE BREWERS YEAST - A SIGNIFICANT BYPRODUCT OF BREWING INDUSTRY ARSIM ELSHANI BESA VESELI

76 249

IMPACT OF GRANULATED FERRONICKEL SLAG TO IMPROVE THE PROPERTIES OF CAST ASPHALT

IZET IBRAHIMI MUSA RIZAJ NURTEN DEVA

81 254

PROCESSING OF NICKEL OXIDE ORES IN ROTARY KILN WITHOUT LIMESTONE IN ldquoFERRONIKELI I RIrdquo IN DRENAS SHEFIK IMERI NAIM TAHIRAJ MUSA RIZAJ

89 262

THE STUDY OF THERMAL PROPERTIES AND THE CORRELATION BETWEEN CALORIFIC POWER AND COAL ASH FOR THE LAYER V VI AND VII OF MEMALIAJ MINE EFROSINI KOKALARI (TELI) HAJRI HAXHI

94 267

INVESTIGATION OF THE THERMO-BACTERIAL PARAMETERS OF MICROORGANISMS DURING THE PRODUCTION PROCESS OF BEER AND IN BEER XHEMEuml LAJCcedilI NUSHE LAJCcedilI

101 274

CRAK PROBLEMS IN THE METALIC STEEL STRUCTURE AND THE USE OF COMPUTING METHODS FOR THE DEFINITION OF THE STRESS STATE IN THE CRAKS AREA KLODIAN GUMENI JORGAQ KACcedilANI ODISE KOCcedilA

109 282

ELECTROCHEMICAL BEHAVIORS OF LEAD AND LEAD ALLOYS IN SULFURIC ACID SOLUTION FOR THE PRODUCTION OF LEAD ACID BATTERIES NUSHE LAJCcedilI MIRJANA METIKOS-HUKOVIC

115 288

IDENTIFICATION EVALUATION AND EFECTIVE MONITORING OF CRITICAL CONTROL POINTS BY THE IMPLEMENTATION OF HACCP SYSTEM IN BEER PRODUCTION MYBESHIR PAJAZITI RENATA KONGOLI KADRI BERISHA

122 295

THE IMPACT OF MICROSTRUCTURE AND CORROSION ON THE PIPES OF POWER PRODUCTION IN KEK POWER PLANT MURSEL RAMA ALI SADIKU HAMIT MEHMETI RRAHIM MAKSUTI MILAJETE SHALA-MEHMETI AVNI BEQIRI

126 299

CORROSION OF THE REINFORCED CONCRETE IN THE BUILDING FOR ELECTROLYTE PREPARATION FOR BATTERY INDUSTRY TREPCcedilA ALI SADIKU MURSEL RAMA FERAT SHALA BEHAJDIN SKEJA BEKIM BAJRAKTARI MILAIM SADIKU

133 306

INFLUENCE OF OXYGEN DURING THE FERMENTATION OF WORT AND BEER NSHALA

E KARAKASHI

139 312

RATIONAL RISK ASSESSMENT AT THE OPENING OF THE SOUTH-WEST MINE SIBOCIT IZET SHEHU

144 317

AKTET Vol IV 2 2011

v

THE CALCULATION OF LOADING AND TRANSPORTATION OF ORE AND STERILE IN THE MAGNESIUM MINE OF STREZOC REXHEP SPAHIU

151

324

ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGE OF MODERN TECHNOLOGIES AND COAL BURNING ARTAN HOXHA ALTIN DORRI MAJLINDA ALCANI

157 330

REPAIRING THE EXISTING OLD CONCRETE STRUCTURES BY APPLYING MODERN METHODS AND NEW MATERIALS NASER KABASHI CENEuml KRASNIQI

164 337

INVESTIGATION OF HEAVY METALS IN SOME TYPES OF MULTIVITAMIN JUICES AFEumlRDITA LAJCcedilI XHEMEuml LAJCcedilI

171 344

BUTT WELDING OF PE 100 POLYETHYLENE PIPE WITH A HEATED TOOL HYSNI OSMANI BAJRUSH BYTYQI

176 349

WELDING REPAIR OF WEARED OUT AND BROKEN DETAILS BAJRUSH BYTYQI HYSNI OSMANI GAZMEND GASHI

182 355

INFLUENCE OF CAVITATIONS PHENOMENON AND WATER HAMMER IN PUMPING STATION OF MITROVICA NASER LAJQI SHPETIM LAJQI GJELOSH VATAJ ARBEN AVDIU

188 360

AKTET Vol IV 2 2011

vi

GUIDE FOR AUTHORS

AKTET publishes papers presented during the annual meeting of Institute Alb-Shkenca (IASH) The journal publishes only research papers containing original novel and relevant research that enhances the existing knowledge The editorial board consists of an editor-in-chief a technical editor and several subject areas editors

Manuscripts can be submitted in English or Albanian English being the preferred language Submission of the manuscript implies that essentially the same research is not published before (except in a form of a summary lecture or thesis) is not submitted elsewhere for publication and that the manuscript is approved by all the authors and authorities where the work is carried out Authors are requested to disclose any conflict of interest and provide information for any financial support used to conduct the research An accepted manuscript cannot be published elsewhere without the written permission of IASH

The journal publishes only original work that contributes to the advancement of science Plagiarism is not acceptable and will be reported to the appropriate authorities Conclusions should be justified by the experimental design and data The information presented in the paper should have sufficient details to permit others replicate the work Authors should retain the research data and should be able to provide these data to the editorial board if asked Please use appropriate language be concise and grammatically correct Authors are responsible for the scientific accuracy and the format of the submitted manuscript as well as the content of the correspondence with the editors

ORGANIZATION OF MANUSCRIPT

Manuscript should be limited to 2500 words including title summary text bibliography tables graphs etc Manuscript should be saved in Microsoft

reg Office Word A4 format 25 cm (1 inch) margins

single column double spaced and Times New Roman font of size 12 Do not use footnotes or endnotes or any other formatting Pages should be numbered while the title names and contact information of the authors should be provided on the first page Manuscript should contain 1 Title Be concise and clear Provide authors contact information Superscripts a b c can be used to

indicate authors affiliations Corresponding author should be indicated with an asterisk Provide title in both Albanian and English

2 Key words Provide 4-5 key words that represent the subject of the paper 3 Summary Should represent the essence of the work and should be limited to 150 words Provide

summary in both Albanian and English 4 Introduction Describe your work related research its importance and clearly state the objective of

the study 5 Material and methods Provide details on the materials being used and experimental procedures

Provide sufficient details to allow work to be reproducible 6 Result and discussions Results should be clear and illustrated in tables and graphs Use statistical

analysis and draw conclusions based on statistical significance Discuss in details the implication of the results Conclusions should be directly related to the results obtained Conclusions should not be speculative spontaneous orand summarizing the already available information

7 Bibliography List literature sources alphabetically base on the last name of the first author Every literature source must be cited in the text by the related number A limit of 20 literature sources can

AKTET Vol IV 2 2011

vii

be provided A citation lsquoin pressrsquo implies that the reference is accepted for publication Unaccepted manuscripts cannot be referenced Do not use references from the internet except for the online publications

Examples of references 1 Libby WF Anderson EC Arnold JR (1949) Age determination by radiocarbon content Science

109 227-228 2 Strunk W White EB (1979) The elements of style third ed Macmillian New York

8 Tables Present each table on a separate page Tables should be numbered and titled Limit the

number of tables to five 9 Figures and graphs Present figures and graphs on separate pages after the tables Altogether

provide no more than five figures and graphs Authors submitting social sciences contributions may disregard sections 5 and 6 when preparing their manuscripts Manuscripts that do not conform to the above format will not be considered SUBMISSION

Manuscripts are electronically submitted through the ALPA system at httpalpamali-iteujournalaktet_v4_nr1 Instruction for use of the ALPA system is found at the address above as well as at wwwalb-shkencaorg

Submit the manuscript within the deadline announced by the editorial board Along with the manuscript submit a message directed to the editorial board stating the desire to publish the manuscript and indicating the participation in the annual meeting of IASH

Submitted manuscripts will be double-blinded reviewed by at least two experts of the subject area Editorial board will make the decision on the acceptance of the manuscript based on the recommendations from the reviewers and notify this decision to the authors Authors should be notified on the status of the manuscript within a 3-4 months period The entire process will be electronically documented

AKTET ISSN 2073-2244 Journal of Institute Alb-Shkenca wwwalb-shkencaorg Revisteuml Shkencore e Institutit Alb-Shkenca Copyright copy Institute Alb-Shkenca

DETERMINATION OF NANOSTRUCTURES OF THIN LAYERS FROM STUDY OF QUANTAL TRANSITIONS PEumlRCAKTIMI I NANOSTRUKTURAVE TEuml SHTRESAVE TEuml HOLLA BAZUAR NEuml STUDIMIN E KALIMEVE KUANTIKE JAHJA KOKAJ

1 NEBI CAKA

2 AGON KOKA

3

1 Department of Physics Kuwait University Kuwait

2 University of Prishtina Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering Prishtina Kosova

3 FH Joanneum University of Applied sciences and Technology Graz Austria

Email jkokajyahoocom AKTET IV 2 173-177 2011 PERMBLEDHJE Neuml kuadeumlr teuml keumltij punimi janeuml studiuar nanostrukturat e njeuml shtrese filmike teuml peumlrgatitur neuml meumlnyreuml eksperimentale Janeuml peumlrcaktuar vetiteuml strukturale dhe elektronike edhe teuml nanostrukturave teuml njeuml gjysmeumlpeumlrccediluesi Tensioni mekanik i nanostrukturave dhe kompozicioni i tyre janeuml peumlrcaktuar me aneuml teuml difraksionit teuml rrezeve teuml reumlntgenit Janeuml matur spektrat difraksionaleuml teuml rrezeve teuml reumlntgenit (XRD) peumlr CdTe teuml elektrodepozituara mbi ccedilelik inoks mbi nikel dhe peumlr CdTe neuml formeuml pluhuri Me aneuml teuml elektroskopit elektronik me rreze depeumlrtuese eumlshteuml beumlreuml peumlrcaktimi i kompozicionit ndeumlrtues Eumlshteuml peumlrcaktuar koeficienti i absorbimit optik i shtreseumls seuml holleuml prej CdTe me trasheumlsi prej 095 μm neuml funksion teuml energjiseuml fotonike Eumlshteuml peumlrcaktuar kalimi kuantik i drejtpeumlrdrejteuml peumlr shtreseumln e holleuml prej CdTe duke fituar vlereumln 1 51 eV Fjaleumlt ccedileleumls nanostrukturat gjysmeumlpeumlrccediluesi absorbimi kuantik shtresa e holleuml SUMMARY Nanostructures on the experimentally prepared thin film layer are studied Structural and electronic properties of these semiconductor nanostructures are accessed Strain and composition are evaluated by using high-resolution x-ray diffraction technique The X Ray Diffraction (XRD) spectra for CdTe electrodeposited on stainless steel on nickel and for CdTe powder are measured Transition electron microscopy techniques for composition evaluation are applied The optical absorption coefficient as a function of photon energy for a 095 μm thin CdTe film originally deposited on stainless steel is evaluated Direct allowed transition in a 023 μm thin CdTe film deposited initially on molybdenum at minus580 m is determined and the value of 151 eV is obtained Key words nanostructures semiconductors quantum absorption thin films

1 INTRODUCTION Over the last two decades preparation of thin film semiconductors for use in photovoltaic devices has become an important subject in technology and in fundamental studies in physics and chemistry The electrochemical deposition is a low cost deposition method of high quality semiconductor thin films However

electrodeposition has become one of the most successful methods of making high-efficiency solar cells The conversion efficiency of solar cells based on electrodeposited films of cadmium telluride (CdTe) exceeds 11 [1-3] Thin films of CdTe can be electrodeposited from acidic [1 2 3 4 5] alkaline [6] and organic [7 8] electrolytes The pulsed-electrodeposition technique from

Kokaj et al

AKTET Vol IV Nr 2 2011 174

acidic solution has also been reported recently [9 10] Films deposited from acidic solution have so far produced solar cells with higher efficiencies (16-18) These films are n-type as deposited and have a high resistivity of 10

4 ndash 10

6 Ω cm 1+

Room temperature electron and hole mobilities of 1100 and 80 cm

2 V

-1 s

-1 have been reported for

good-quality crystals The minority carrier diffusion lengths have been measured by the electron-beam induced current technique to be 25 μm and 28 μm for n- and p-type crystals respectively [11] The optical absorption spectrum of CdTe shows a sharp edge and large absorption coefficients (about 10

5 cm

1 for above bandgap radiation)

Thus solar radiation with energy greater than the bandgap energy is absorbed within 1-2 μm from the surface When the solar cell is designed for photogeneration of EHPs (electron-hole-pairs) to take place in the depletion region the short minority carrier diffusion length in polycrystalline CdTe thin films has essentially no effect on the carrier collection CdTe is also noted for its high transparency in the far infrared region

(absorption coefficient 14 x 10-3

cm-1

at 108 μm) Although an extensive work has been done in the past on electrodeposition of CdTe for photovoltaic applications still some of its fundamental properties need to be explored in further details Some of them are addressed and studied in this work 2 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES Electrodepositon was performed in a l-liter borosilicate beaker having a Teflon lid with openings for the insertion of various electrodes and thermometer (Fig 1) The design of the deposition unit proved to be perfect in the sense that deposits were quite uniform and the deposition parameters could be controlled well Electrodeposition was carried out cathodically on different conducting substrates at a cathode potential in the range of -550 mV to -590 mV with respect to a saturated silver-silver chloride reference electrode (SSC) The electrolyte which was stirred moderately by a Teflon-coated magnetic bar was a 750 ml purified solution of IM CdSO4 (Johnson Matthey Alfa 20132)

Fig 1 Schematic diagram for the electrodeposition apparatus The composition of films and the preferential orientation of grains were determined by X-rays diffraction (XRD) using a Siemens diffractometer model D500 (CdKa 015406 nm) Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive

electron microprobe analysis (EMA) were performed using a Joel (JSM-6300) microscope The specular reflectance measurements were performed in the wavelength range of 02-33 μm

Kokaj et al


using a Varian (Carry-5E) double-beam spectrophotometer 3 CONVENTIONAL CHARACTERIZATION OF THE STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION The XRD spectra for CdTe films deposited on SS and Ni and for CdTe powder are shown in Fig 2 The preferential orientation of films on SS is the (111) planes parallel to the substrate surface same is true for films on nickel but with a less degree in preferential orientation The preferential orientation of (111) is not due to the characteristics of metallic substrates or the potentiostatic mode of deposition which were used the same preferential orientation has been observed for films deposited on SnO2 [4 12] CdSSnO2 [13] and CdSITO ndash coated glass [5] This preferential orientation has also been shown in films deposited in pulsed and in galvanostatic modes of electrodeposition [13] The orientation along (111) increases as the deposition potential becomes more negative [14] This may be the reason for the difference in the XRD patterns a and b in Fig 2 The effect of annealing on the recrystallization of films is presented in Table 1 Annealing in either air or nitrogen at 300˚ C for 1 h increases the intensity of (220) and (311) peaks indicating that the orientation of grains changes towards random This effect is more pronounced in films deposited from solutions having a higher concentration of cadmium and is in accordance with other reports [13] which indicate orientation changes toward random up to a certain time of annealing before it starts to move back towards the textured state as a result of grain growth In Table 1 it can be seen that the effect of annealing for 1 hour in air and in nitrogen on the relative XRD peak intensities for CdTe film deposited on stainless steel (SS) and on nickel (Ni) these are the same samples whose as-deposited XRD patterns are shown in Fig 2 The composition of the CdTe films was determined by EMA with an intrinsic CdTe single crystal (9999 Johnson Matthey 20117) as a reference sample The sample chosen for this study was a 11 μm CdTe film deposited on SS at

V = -580 mV (vs SSC) The film did not go under any treatment before measurements The reference single crystal was etched in 1 bromine in methanol for 2 min followed by etching in 1 M KOH in methanol for 3 min rinsing in water and drying in nitrogen this procedure produces stoichiometric surface for CdTe [15] The reference sample was used to determine the ratio of the Cd detection efficiency factor for Te as 12309

Fig 2 The XRD spectra fro CdTe electrodeposited

on stainless steel (a) on nickel (b) for CdTe powder (c) The film on stainless steel is 11 μm

thick and was deposited at V = -550 mV (vs SSC) 4 OPTICAL OR QUANTUM MECHANICAL TRANSITIONS To study the optical or quantum transitions in the electrodeposited films of CdTe a 023 μm thick pin-hole-free film was deposited on

Kokaj et al


molybdenum The thickness was selected low to be able to extend the transmittance measurements to high photon energies The absorption coefficient spectrum of the film was determined from the transmittance spectrum using the same technique described in our papers

[16 17 18 19] The analysis of these data revealed that in the energy range of E = 149 ndash 177 eV (aE)

2 against E consists of two very close

straight segments as theoretically is explained ellswhere [18 19] which is observable only in an extended sale

Table 1 In Figure 3 the experimental results of the absorption coefficient as a function of photon energy for the single-crystal CdTe are shown On the other hand the experimental results for the direct allowed transition at 151 eV are shown in Fig 4 This is in agreement with corresponding intercepts of E axis that are the measure of two direct allowed transition 149 eV and 153 eV [19]The corresponding intercepts with the E axis provide two direct allowed transitions at 149 and 153 eV

Fig 3 Optical absorption coefficient as a function of photon energy for a 095μm thick CdTe film

originally deposited on stainless steel at a deposition potential of ndash 580 mV (o) for a 023 μm thin film deposited initially on molybdenum at -580 mV(x) and for single-crystal CdTe (solid line)

Fig 4 Direct allowed transition in a 023 μm thin CdTe film deposited initially on molybdenum at -

580 mV This is in excellent agreement with the most recent value (1514 eV) reported for single crystal CdTe at room temperature [20] 5 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS Electrodeposition of CdTe can be quantitatively explained by a 6-electron-transfer reaction based

Sample As-deposited 300˚C (air) 300˚C (N2)

(111) (220) (311) (111) (220) (311) (111) (220) (311)

CdTeSS 100 1 08 100 2 1 - - -

CdTeNi 100 18 55 100 27 96 100 343 125

CdTe powder 100 735 362 - - - - - -

Kokaj et al


on the diffusion process of HTeO2+ cations

Deposited films are nearly stoichiometric with a relatively large grain size (a fraction of 1 μm) which increases with the film thickness The preferential orientation of the grains is (111) regardless of the substrate material and this preferentiality increases as the deposition potential becomes more negative whereas it decreases under the effect of annealing in either air or nitrogen at 300˚C The measured interference patterns not included here are much more pronounced in the reflectance (due to the intensity ratio for incident and reflected light) than in the transmittance spectra and as a result dispersion measurements can be extended to much lower wavelengths The dispersion results show an excellent agreement between the films and the single-crystal data down to a wavelength of 0355 μm However in the approximate range of 08 to 13 μm the films dispersion falls slightly below that for the single crystal The films optical dispersion can be described by the classical bound electrons dispersion model The optical measurements reveal a direct allowed transition at 151 eV which is in excellent agreement with 1514 eV reported for CdTe single crystal at room temperature LITERATURE 1 BM Basol Solar Cells 23 69 (1988) 2 GC Morris PG Tanner and A Tottszer Proc 21 st IEEE PVSC (IEEE New York 1990) p 575 3 RW Birkmire and PV Meyers Proc First WCPEC (IEEE New York 1994) p 76

4 MPR Panicker M Knaster and FA Kroger J Electrochem Soc 125 556 (1978) 5 GC Morris and SK Das Int J Soalr Energy 12 95 (1992) 6 GF Fulop and RM Taylor Ann Rev Mater Sci 15 197 (1985) 7 AC Rastogi and KS Balakrishnan Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells 36 121 (1995) 8 KS Balakrishnan and AC Rastogi Solar Energy Materials 23 61 (1991) 9 GC Morris and R Vanderveen Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells 30 339 (1993) 10 GC Morris and RJ Vanderveen Appl Surf Sci 92 630 (1996) 11 A Kampmann P Cowache B Mokili D Lincot and J Vedel J Cryst Growth 146 256 (1995) 12 P Cowache D Lincot and J Vedel J Electrochem Soc 136 1646 (1989) 13 PD Paulson V Dutta and C Singh Proc First WCPEC (IEEE New York 1995) p 331 14 D Kim B Qi DL Williamson and JV Trefny Proc First WCPEC (IEEE New York 1995) p 338 15 Z Sobiesierski IM Dharmadasa and RH Williams Appl Phys Lett 53 2623 (1988) 16 J Kokaj and AE Rakhshani J Phys D Apl Phys 23 (2004) 17 J Kokaj Y Makdisi K Bhatia Optica pura y aplicada 2733 175-180 (1994) 18 J Kokaj A Rakshani B Predap App Phys A 86 923 (2007) 19 J Kokaj et al SPIE Vol 3073 441 (1997) 20 Z Yu SG Hofer NC Giles TH Myers and CJ Summer Phys Rev B51 13789 (1995)


POWER FLOW ANALYSIS SIMULATION FOR DIFFERENT BUSES OF A SYSTEM ANALIZA E RRJEDHJES SEuml FUQISEuml SIMULIMI PEumlR ZBARRA TEuml NDRYSHME TEuml SISTEMIT

ISUF KRASNIQI AGON KOKA Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Prishtina Kosova FH Joanneum University of Applied sciences and Technology Graz Austria Email isufkrasniqiyahoocom AKTET IV 2 178-187 2011 PERMBLEDHJE

Kemi krijuar njeuml program teuml ri kompjuterik peumlr teuml simuluar dhe hulumtuar neumlse fuqia qeuml gjeneron sistemi eumlshteuml neuml peumlrputhje me keumlrkesat tona Programi mundeumlson llogaritjen e madheumlsive dhe teuml keumlndeve teuml fazeumls teuml fuqiseuml aktive dhe reaktive neuml zbarrat e njeuml sistemi teuml caktuar Duke peumlrdorur metodeumln Newton-Raphson si pjeseuml kryesore teuml programit fituam rezultatet qeuml i peumlrmbusheumln keumlrkesat e parapeumlrcaktuara

Fjaleumlt ccedileleumls rrjedha e fuqiseuml metoda Newton-Raphson simulimi SUMMARY

We have created a new computer program to simulate and investigate the generated power of a system according to our demands The program calculates the real and reactive power magnitudes and their angles respectively at the buses in power system We used Newton-Raphson method as the main body of our Program The output values we obtained fulfilled our required objectives Keyword power flow Newton-Raphson method simulation 1 INTRODUCTION What is Power Flow Power Flow studies are of great importance in planning and designing the future expansion of power systems as well as in determining the best operation of existing systems [1 2] The principal information obtained from a Power Flow study is the magnitude and phase angle of the voltage at each bus and the real and reactive power flowing in each line Power Flow includes

Generating supplies according to demand

Keeping Bus voltage magnitude close to the related ideal values

Allowing the function of generators to operate within specific real and reactive power limits

Obtaining statistical data concerning the transmission lines and transformers in order to prevent overload from occurring on such peripherals Conditional nodal or loop analysis is not suitable for Power Flow studies because the input data for loads are normally given in terms of power and not impedance Generators are considered as Power sources not voltage or current sources Power Flow programs are most suitable to analyze large transmission grids and the complex interaction between transmission grids and power market [3 4]

Krasniqi amp Koka


Definitions and Acronyms

ng Number of generators in the power system

PD Real Power QD Reactive Power PQ Load Buses PG Real Power Generated θ Voltage Phase

Ybus The admittance matrix of a power system

pu Per unit MATLAB Is a numerical computing

environment and programming language

MATPOWER Is a package of MATLAB M-files for solving power flow and optimal power flow problems

PROBLEM STATEMENT The Power Flow Problem The goal of a Power Flow study is to obtain complete voltage angle and magnitude information for each bus in a power system for specified load and generator real power and voltage condition Once this information is known real and reactive power flow on each branch as well as generator reactive power output can be analytically determined Due to the nonlinear nature of this problem numerical methods are employed to obtain a solution that is within an acceptable tolerance The solution to the Power Flow problem begins with identifying the known and unknown variables in the system The known and unknown variables are dependent on the type of bus A bus without any generators connected to it is called a Load Bus With one exception a bus with at least one generator connected to it is called a Generator Bus The exception is one arbitrarily-selected bus that has a generator This bus is referred to as the Slack Bus Equivalent Circuit Model The equivalent circuit model that we are using for our simulation is shown in Figure 1

Schematic indicating the input and output to the buses along with their transformer ratios in between

Figure 1 Equivalent Circuit Model

|Vk| = voltage magnitude at bus k δk = voltage phase angle at bus k Ik = current flowing from bus k Im = current flowing from bus m Gk = generator at bus k

SGK = generator complex power at bus k PGK = generator real power QGK = generator reactive power SLK = load complex power at bus k

PLM = load real power QLK = load reactive power Zkm = line impedance Bcap = line shunt susceptance

a = normalized transformer turns ratio Newton Raphson Solution Method There are several different methods of solving the resulting nonlinear system of equations The most popular is known as the Newton-Raphson Method This method begins with initial guesses of all unknown variables (voltage magnitude and angles at Load Buses and voltage angles at Generator Buses) Next a Taylor Series is written with the higher order terms ignored for each of the power balance equations included in the system of equations The result is a linear system of equations that can be expressed as

Krasniqi amp Koka


1

where ΔP and ΔQ are called the mismatch equations

2

3

and J is a matrix of partial derivatives known as a Jacobian

4

The linearized system of equations is solved to determine the next guess (m + 1) of voltage magnitude and angles based on

5

6

The process continues until a stopping condition is met A common stopping condition is to terminate if the norm of the mismatch equations are below a specified tolerance A rough outline of the solution to the Power Flow problem is 1 Make an initial guess of all unknown voltage magnitudes and angles It is common to use a flat start in which all voltage angles are set to zero and all voltage magnitudes are set to 10 pu 2 Solve the power balance equations using the most recent voltage angle and magnitude values 3 Linearize the system around the most recent voltage angle and magnitude values 4 Solve for the change in voltage angle and magnitude 5 Update the voltage magnitude and angles A flow chart of the solution to the Power Flow problem is shown in Figure 2

Figure 2 Flow Chart of the Solution

How to Implement Newton Raphson Method on

a 4 bus case Figure 3 shows the one-line diagram of a simple power system Generators are connected at

Krasniqi amp Koka


buses 1 and 4 while the loads are indicated at all four buses Base values for the transmission system are 100 MVA 230 KV The line data of the Table 1 give the per unit series impedance and the line charging susceptances for the equivalents of the four lines identified by the buses at which they terminate The bus data in Table 2 list values of P Q and V at each bus The Q values of load are calculated from the corresponding P values assuming a power factor of 085 The net scheduled values Pi and Qi are negative at the load buses 2 and 3 Generated Qg is not specified where the voltage magnitude is constant In the voltage column the values for the load buses are flat-start estimates

Figure 3 Bus Branch Diagram

Series Z Series Y=Z-1

Shunt Y

Line bus to bus

R per unit X per unit G per unit B per unit Total Charging

Mvar Y2 per unit

1-2 001008 005040 3815629 -19078 1025 005125

1-3 000744 003720 5169561 -25848 775 003875

2-4 000744 003720 5169561 -25848 775 003875

3-4 001272 006360 3023705 -15119 1275 006375

Table 1 Bus Branch Data

Generation Load

Bus P (MW) Q (MW) P (MW) Q (MW) V (per unit) Remarks

1 ------------- --------- 50 3099 1 lt 0 Slack bus

2 0 0 170 10535 1 lt 0 Load bus (inductive)


4 318 --------- 80 4958 1 lt 0 Voltage controlled

Table 2 Bus Branch Individual Data

Bus Number (1) (2) (3) (4)

(1) 8985190 ndashj4483 -38156 +j1907 -5169 +j2584 0

(2) -381562 +j19078144 898 ndashj448359 0 -5169+j2584

(3) -51695 +j25847 0 8193 ndashj408693 -3023+j511

(4) 0 -5169 +j25847 -3023 +j15118 8193-j40863

Table 3 Bus Branch Individual Polar Data Determining the number of rows and columns in the Jacobian and then calculating the initial mismatch eg Δp1

(0) Δp2

(0) Δp3

(0) and Δp4

(0) along

with the initial values of the Jacobian elements of the second row third column of the second row

second column and the fifth row fifth column using all the values in Table 2 Since the slack bus has no rows or columns in the Jacobian a 6x6 matrix would be necessary if P and Q were specified for the other individual buses In fact however the voltage magnitude is

Krasniqi amp Koka


specified (held constant) at bus 4 and thus the Jacobian will be 5x5 matrix In order to calculate the power based on the estimated and the specified voltages of Table 2 we require the polar form of the off-diagonal entries of Table 3 Y31= 26359695lt10130993 Y34= 15417934lt10130993 and the diagonal element Y33= 8193267 ndashj40863838 Since Y32 and the initial values δ3(0) and δ4(0) are all zero we obtain P3

(0) calc =|V3|2G33 + |V3V1V31|cosθ31 +

|V3V4V34|cosθ34 = (10)2(8193267) + (10 x 10 x 26359695) cos(10130993 + (10 x 102 x 15417934) cos(10130993) = -006047 per unit The essential real power in the network at bus 3 is -200unit and so the initial mismatch which we want to calculate has the value ΔP3

(0)calc = -200 - (-006047) = -193953 per unit

From this dPidδj= -|ViVjYij|sin(θij + δJ ndash δJ) Using the initial input data we can similarly calculate initial values of the other elements of the Jacobian and of the power mismatches at all buses of the system For the system of the preceding example the numerical values for the initialization of the mismatch equations are now shown below

This system of equations yields values for the voltage corrections of the first iteration which are needed to update the state variables according to equation δi(k+1) = δi(k) + Δδi(k) At the end of the first iteration the set of updated voltages at the buses is shown in Table 4 Theses updated voltages are then used to recalculate the Jacobian and mismatches of the second iteration and so on The iterative procedure continues until either the mismatches ΔPi and ΔQi become less than their stipulated allowable values or all Δδi and Δ|Vi| are less than the chosen precision index

Bus no i (1) (2) (3) (4)

δi (deg) 0 -093094 -178790 -154383

|Vi| (per unit)

100 098335 097095 102

Table 4 Iteration Data

Figure 4 Initialization Sector Program

The number of iterations required by the Newton-Raphson method using bus admittances is practically independent of the number of buses The time for the Gauss-Seidel Method (employing bus admittances) increases almost directly with the number of buses On the other hand computing the elements of the Jacobian is time consuming and the time per iteration is considerably longer for the Newton-Raphson method When sparse matrix techniques are employed the advantages of shorter computer time for a solution of the same accuracy is in favor of the Newton-Raphson method for all but very small systems

Generating the program for the Power Flow Problem The program wersquove written is a general program that is used to calculate the element values for all different bus cases The first section of the program consists of the initialization stage The second section of the program consists of the Y-bus matrix calculations It is composed of codes and loops that are associated with the Y-bus interaction elements The central backbone of the program used to implement the interaction between MATLAB and the different cases being studied is the analyzed using Newton-Raphson section

Figure 5 Y-bus Equations

Krasniqi amp Koka


Figure 6 Programming Newton-Raphson

Figure 7 Running the Program

Krasniqi amp Koka


Figure 8 Starting the Program

Figure 9 Magnitude and Angles of case 9 data

Krasniqi amp Koka


Figure 10 Case 9 data results from MATPOWER 32

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Implementation of the general program If one needs to calculate the element values for a 9buscase we click on run as shown in Figure 7 This appears up on the command window as shown in Figure 8 then write the name of the case data we want to run ie case 9 data We will obtain the element values for each bus ie magnitude and angle values as shown in Figure 9 In order to make sure that our solution is correct for case9data we run the same case9data on MATPOWER32 and we got the following result as shown in Figure 10

This indicates that we obtained exactly the same values as the calculated values from our Newton-Raphson program that we implemented Application This is applied in order to simulate our power station work capabilities The advantage of this is that we do not need to setup a bus system before having done our complete analysis of the different run cases Power system simulation models are a class of computer simulation programs that focus on the operation of electrical power systems These computer programs are used in a wide range of planning and operational situations including

Krasniqi amp Koka


1 Long-term generation and transmission expansion planning 2 Short-term operational simulations 3 Market analysis (eg price forecasting) These programs typically make use of mathematical optimization techniques such linear programming quadratic programming and mixed integer programming Key elements of power systems that are modeled include 1 Load flow (power flow study) 2 Short circuit (Short Circuit Analysis) 3 Transient stability (Transient Stability Simulation) 4 Optimal dispatch of generating units (unit commitment) 5 Transmission optimal power flow Electric power programs are written routinely by General Electric Company and clients to handle a wide range of system analysis and reporting tasks for example

Line and generator-outage contingency checking and reporting of overloads and under voltages

Reassigning loads to simulate annual growth seasonal and hourly load profiles and proposed large power consumers

Simulation of time-switched and voltageload-switched capacitors on distribution systems

Re-dispatch of generation to simulate proposed sales and purchases of power emergency supply plans and independent power producer operations

Calculation of distribution factor tables and transfer limits for use by system operators CONCLUSION It is important to emphasize the fact that the resulting values I obtained were identical to those of the MATPOWER 32 MATPOWER 32 allowed us to obtain the exact theoretical background values of the different cases being implemented Although MATPOWER 32 had Ideal values for all the calculated elements we were still able to get as close to the MATPOWER values within a certainty of 002 This for us was a big achievement because the program we designed to calculate using Newton-Raphson (numerical methods) was very successful REFERENCES [1] J Duncan Glover Mulukutla S Sarma and Thomas J Overbye Power System Analysis and Design Toronto Canada Thomson 2008 pp 354-280 [2] httpjournalstubitakgovtrelektrikissueselk-07-15-3elk-15-3-2-0607-4pdf [Feb 15 2010] [3] Hadi Saadat Power Analysis McGraw-Hill Series in Electrical and Computer Engineering 2003 New York [4] httpwwwforwinddepublicationsHVDCpdf Institute of Electric Power Systems University of Hannover Germany


DISK TESTING UNDER HELIUM APPLIED FOR THE CHARACTERISATION OF THE MATERIALS MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR APLIKIMI I PROVEumlS SEuml DISQEVE NEumlN HELIUM PEumlR KARAKTERIZIMIN E SJELLJES MEKANIKE TEuml MATERIALEVE

EMIL LAMANI Department of Production amp Management Polytechnic University of Tirana Tirana Albania Email emillamaniyahoocom AKTET IV 2 188-193 2011 PERMBLEDHJE Neuml keumlteuml punim eumlshteuml studiuar sjellja mekanike e fleteumlve teuml holla teuml njeuml ccedileliku austenitik neuml kushte ngarkimi dyaksial duke peumlrdorur proveumln e modifikuar teuml disqeve neumln presion Vlereumlsimet janeuml kryer neuml temperatura teuml ndryshme nga 18 neuml 650degC me presim teuml vazhduar si dhe me mbajtje neumln presion konstant Informacioni i peumlrftuar eumlshteuml krahasuar me ateuml teuml proveumls tradicionale teuml teumlrheqjes duke llogaritur sforcimet dhe deformimet teuml veumlrteta si dhe treguesit e peumlrforcimit teuml materialit Eshteuml konstatuar se diferencat e rezultateve teuml dy provave theksohen me rritjen e shkalleumls seuml deformimit Neuml veccedilanti prova e disqeve evidenton meuml qarteuml dukuriteuml peumlrforcuese qeuml shoqeumlrojneuml deformimin e ccedilelikut dhe qeuml ccedilojneuml neuml evoluimin e sjelljes seuml tij gjateuml sheumlrbimit Ajo lejon edhe vlereumlsimin e ndikimit teuml kombinuar teuml temperatureumls dhe koheumls gjateuml njeuml procesi shkarrjeje teuml peumlrshpejtuar Fjaleuml kyccedile prova mekanike material plasticitet shkarje temperatureuml SUMMARY In this work is studied the mechanical behavior of thin sheets of an austenitic steel under biaxial loading using a modified disk pressure test Evaluations are performed at different temperatures from 18 to 650degC by continous pressing or by maintenance at a constant pressure The data obtained are compared with those of the traditional tensile test by computing the true stresses and strains as well as the strain hardening parameters It is observed that the differences in the results of the tests increase with the degree of deformation In particular the disk test identifies more clearly hardening phenomena associated with the deformation of the steel which lead to the evolution of its behavior during the service It also allows the evaluation of the combined impact of temperature and time during an accelerated creep Key words mechanical testing material plasticity creep temperature

NTRODUCTION Since more than four decades the disk pressure test has been used as an experimental technique (not as a standardized one) to assess the hydrogen embrittlement After a long application and after processing thousands of results obtained with different materials this test was adopted (1990) by the French standard AFNOR for the selection of materials for vessels working under high pressure of hydrogen In 2005 it was

integrated into a more general international standard ISO 11114-4 [1] Today we can say that the disk test has passed the stage of maturity and it is a safe reference for characterizing the materials sensitivity to hydrogen Moreover the high reproducibility and rialibility of the test results have prompted researchers to consider the possibilities of expanding its range of application [2 3] In particular a great interest is presented by this test because it characterizes

Lamani


the material under biaxial loading similar to that of pressure vessels The safety requests of these vessels have been strengthened significantly and therefore the assessment of the suitability of materials used in such applications is not considered sufficiently reliable if based only on information received from traditional tensile testing [4 5] In this paper is presented a modification made to the disk test to enable the characterization of the mechanical behavior of thin sheets of an austenitic steel subject to biaxial loading

MATERIAL AND METHODS The study was performed on an AISI 321 stainless steel cold-rolled to the thickness of 08 mm and heat treated to obtain the austenitic structure at room temperature Specimens in the form of flat disks with a diameter of 58 mm were cut from a sheet of this steel and were pressed under helium while maintaining the original thickness (ie without any surface machining) Standard test cell was slightly modified to enable the characterization of the steel behavior during a biaxial loading (Fig1) For this the radius r was increased from 05 to 4 mm to avoid the stress concentration in the embedding zone and to ensure a uniform dome-shaped deformation of the disk

Figure 1 Geometry of the modified disk pressure

cell The main information obtained from the disk tests (with the standard cell as well as with the modified one) is the curve of the gas pressure versus deformation which is automatically

recorded until the disk rupture Deformation is measured as the cupola deflection H Tests were conducted at different temperatures from 18 to 650degC with duration of several minutes to 7 hours The results of tests performed at 18 and 400ordmC are shown in Fig 2 For purposes of comparison the studied steel was also subjected to the traditional tensile test at room temperature

Figure 2 Pressure-deflection curves at 18ordmC and

400degC RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Calculation model Gas pressure-deformation relationships provide valuable information about the load-bearing capacity of a pressure vessel with parameters similar to that of the disk deformed during the testing but not directly reflect the behavioral characteristics of the material This behavior can be assessed objectively only on the basis of true stresses and strains For their calculation we have used an analytical model which assumes that the disk is deformed as a membrane taking also into account the geometric parameters of the test cell [4] With this model are calculated the radius R of the spherical dome the engineering strain ε in the lateral directions (x and y) and the actual thickness e for any measured value of the disk deflection H

r

A

Harctg sin2

HAR

22

(1)

Lamani


A

Harctg2 sin

A

H1

1

A

r21

R

dH

2

2

H

0

(2)

e = e0 exp (-2ε) (3)

where A - is a geometric parameter of the cell (A = 1325 mm) r - is the radius in the embedding zone (r = 4 mm) e0 - is the original thickness of the disk (e0 = 080 mm) Using the above relations and accepting the von Mises yield criterion [6] there are defined formulas to calculate the true stress and strains σT and εT

2e

eln

0T (4)

e2

RPyxT (5)

Figure 3 shows the relationship σT ndash εT obtained by processing the data of the P- H curve with the formulas 1-5

Figure 3 True stress-strain curve obtained by the

disk pressure test at 18ordmC

The left branch of the curve presents an anomaly because it shows the reduction of the stresses acting in the material whilst its deformation increases This anomaly can be explained by the border effect of our model and precisely by the transition from the deformation of a flat membrane (requiring a different calculation) to that of a spherical cupola Observed anomaly (which appears amplified thanks to the logarithmic scale) is limited to small strains

under 2 whilst for larger ones up to 50 the shape of the curve is normal and can be used to study the material behavior up near its rupture limit Strain-hardening parameters It is expected that the deformation of the steel during the test leads to its hardening To characterize this effect we have used the Hollomons equation [7]

nTT K (6)

where K and n are respectively the strength index and the strain- hardening exponent Using the logarithmic expression of this equation

Kloglognlog TT (7)

we have processed the results of the test conducted at 18ordmC (Fig 4)

Figure 4 Relationship between logσT and logεT (test at 18ordmC)

The function logσT = f (logεT) presents obvious deviation from linearity which means that hardening parameters vary with the deformation For this reason the alignment of all data in the interval 002 le εT le 050 with the equation 7 doesnrsquot give a very strong correlation (R

2 =

0958) A more careful observation shows that this alignment changes its character for εT asymp 13 (log εT asymp - 09) Based on this finding we have distinguished two deformation zones and for each of them we have calculated the parameters of the equation 7 For the first zone (-17 le log εT

le -09) we have found 23240TT 966 with R

2 =

0978 whilst for the second one (-09le log εT le -

Lamani


039) 53570TT 1810 with R

2 = 0998 The

comparison of strain-hardening parameters for both zones is illustrated in Fig 5

Figure 5 Comparison of the strain-hardening parameters n and K for the zones I and II

The same analysis performed with the tensile test results (Fig 6) identifies almost the same behavior of the material in the first zone whilst in the second one the results diverge So values of K and n for the second zone obtained by the tensile test are about 25 lower than those of the disk test

Figure 6 Comparison of logσT ndash logεT curves for

disk and tensile tests at 18ordmC The differentiation of the steel behavior can not be explained by anything else except by the effect of a structural transformation namely a martensitic one induced by the plastic deformation when the last one exceeds a certain rate [8 9] In the first zone deformation is

insufficient to cause a martensitic transformation so there is a low strain-hardening as much as the austenitic structure itself enables Meanwhile hardening effect is significantly amplified in the second zone by the creation of martensite The above reasoning is confirmed by the diffractograms of ruptured disks which have revealed the presence of martensite Tensile test although confirming the dual steel behavior differentiates less the two zones Thus if the disk test shows an increase of the exponent n by 231 times (in the first zone versus the second one) according to the tensile test this increase is only 185 times The same conclusion is applied to the index K Different results in the second zone must be explained by the main cause of the hardening effect (in this case) namely the martensitic transformation It seems that the disk test thanks to the biaxial stress conditions favors more this transformation and therefore its effect turns out great Influence of temperature The results of 10 tests conducted at temperatures of 18-650ordmC and processed with the analytical model are shown in Fig 7

Figure 7 Effect of the temperature on the

ultimate true stresses It is obvious that the increase in temperature reduces the rupture stress of the material as well as its ductility (see also Fig 2) Such an evolution cannot be explained simply by the normal softeningrsquo that materials experience with the temperature rising (because it would be

Lamani


accompanied by the increasing of the ductility) but mainly by the reduction of the martensitic transformation hardening effect In fact the rate of this transformation for the AISI 321 steel gradually decreases with the temperature rising and becomes practically negligible for temperatures above 150ordmC [10] Processed results of the test performed at 400ordmC show that even at this temperature the material behavior remains differentiated in two zones but this differentiation is much smaller Specifically if at 18ordmC the exponent n increases by 231 times at 400ordmC this increase is only 18 times Since the last one cannot be explained by the effect of martensitic transformation it appears that within the austenitic structure operates a hardening mechanism more complex than that modeled by Hollomons equation The confirmation of this assertion requires further investigation but we can say that for all practical purposes the assessment of the hardening rate at 400ordmC (Hollomons equation) remains valid since the overall correlation in both zones is over 098 Simultaneous influence of temperature and time are studied by keeping the gas pressure in the cell unchanged These tests which characterize the material behavior in accelerated creep are performed at two temperatures 600 and 620ordmC (fig 8)

Figure 8 Effect of the test duration at 600 and 620ordmC on the rupture pressure

It seems that the influence of the time in the decreasing of the rupture pressure is reduced

with time duration of the test So the two first hours of stay at high temperatures cause a decrease in rupture pressure of about 20 whilst the prolongation of the stay from 5 to 7 hours causes a reduction by only 3-35 The relationships found allow predicting the rate of strength decrease during a not very long stay (in the case of a breakdown for example) at temperatures close to 600-620ordmC

CONCLUSIONS 1 The disk testing can be successfully used for characterizing the materials behavior under biaxial loading giving a more direct information (particularly in the case of pressure vessels) than the tensile test For true strain rate up to 20 the results of both tests match well 2 The disk test is more sensitive to hardening phenomena related to the deformation of the material it highlights better the hardening effect caused by the martensitic transformation 3 The calculation model used in this study reliably simulates the material behavior in the area between the onset of yielding and the point at which necking begins It does not cover the elastic region 4 The rise of temperature up to 650ordmC leads to an important reduction of the load-bearing capacity of the investigated steel (more than 25 times) The duration of the tests affects the steel in the same direction but this influence tends to decrease with time LITERATURE 1 ISO 11114-4 (2005) Transportable gas cylinders - Compatibility of cylinder and valve materials with gas contents 2 Fidelle J Jouinot P Stasi M Bartheacuteleacutemy M (1994) The range of application of disk pressure test Proceedings of 5

th International Conference

on hydrogen effects on material behavior Jackson Lake USA 73-78 3 Gantchenko V Jouinot P Stasi M (1999) Etude des Mateacuteriaux par des Essais de Disques sous Helium MateacuteriauxampTechniques Nordm 11-12 53-59 4 Jouinot P Gantchenko V (2008) Caracterisation thermomeacutecanique et

Lamani


endomagement de membranes sous pression de gaz Meacutecanique amp Industries 9 507-517 5 Lamani E Jouinot P (2010) Hydrogen and Materials Influence of the Hydrogen Environment on the Metallic Materials Behavior AIP Conference Proceedings American Institute of Physics Melville NY vol 1203 514-519 6 Hamrock B (2005) Fundamentals of Machine Elements McGraw-Hill 58-59 7 Karimi M Kheirandish Sh (2009) Comparison of Work Hardening Behavior of Ferritic-Bainitic and Ferritic-Martensitic Dual Phase Steels Steel Research International Duumlsseldorf vol 80 Issue 2 160ndash164

8 Baffie N Stolartz J Magnin T (2000) Influence of strain-induced martensitic transformation on fatigue short crack behavior in an austenitic stainless steel Mateacuteriaux amp Techniques Nordm 5-6 Paris 57-62 9 Barthelemy H (1998) Hydrogen gas embrittlement of some austenitic steels Proceedings of 4

th International Conference on

Hydrogen amp Materials Beijing vol 4 841-848 10 Lamani E Jouinot P (2007) Embrittlement Phenomena in an Austenitic Stainless Steel AIP Conference Proceedings American Institute of Physics Melville NY vol 899 449-450


SIMULATION AND OPTIMIZATION OF AZEOTROPIC DISTILLATION PROCESS ETHANOL-WATER STREAM USING CHEMCAD AND MINITAB 15 SIMULIMI DHE OPTIMALIZIMI I PROCESIT TE DISTILIMIT AXEOTROPIK TE PEumlRZIERJES ETANOL-UJ ME NDIHMEumlN E SOFTWAR-EVE CHEMCAD DHE MINITAB AFRIM DUSHI Universiteti i Prishtineumls FXM Kosoveuml Emai afrimdgmailcom AKTET IV 2 194-199 2011 PERMBLEDHJE Ateumlhere kur mungon mundeumlsia e eksperimentimeve neuml peumlrmasa industriale peumlr simulimin si dhe optimizimin e parametrave ndikues apo peumlrgjigjeve teuml deumlshiruara aplikohen software profesionaleuml Aplikimi i softwar-it CHEMCAD 61 peumlr simulimin e procesit te distilimit axeotropik te peumlrfitimit teuml alkoolit teuml pasteumlr nga peumlrzierja etanol-ujeuml si dhe softwar-it MINITAB 15 peumlr modelin matematikor dhe optimizimin e parametrave teuml procesit Simulimi i procesit beumlhet duke llogaritur sasineuml (Y1) dhe pasteumlrtineuml e etanolit (Y2) si peumlrgjigje kurse sasia e toluenit (X1) temperatura e toluenit (X2) dhe temperatura e peumlrzierjes etanol-ujeuml (X3) janeuml parametrat ndikues Peumlr organizimin e eksperimenteve eumlshteuml peumlrdorur plani i ploteuml faktorial i rendit teuml dyteuml (FFD) Ndikimi i sasiseuml seuml toluenit eumlshteuml meuml i shprehur se rritja e temperatureumls seuml peumlrbeumlreumlsve hyreumls neuml sistem sepse peumlrbeumlrja etanol-ujeuml neuml avull eumlshteuml i barabarteuml me peumlrbeumlrjen neuml leumlng Distilimi axeotropik me pjata eumlshteuml zgjidhje adekuate e ndarjes Modeli matematikor i dizajnimit teuml ploteuml faktorial teuml rendit teuml dyteuml jep ekuacion konfidencial peumlr optimizimin e parametrave Fjaleumlt kyccedile Simulim distilim axeotropik dizajnim Chemcad Minitab SUMMARY Then when lacking the possibility of experiments on industrial scale for simulation and optimization of parameters affecting the desired responses applied or professional software The goals of the tesis is applying Software CHEMCAD 61 per simulation azeotropic distillation process to obtain clean ethanol by mixing ethanol - water and software MINITAB 15 for the mathematical model and optimization of procedural parameters Simulation of the process is done by calculating the quantity (Y1) and the purity of ethanol (Y2) as the response and the quantity of toluen (X1) toluen temperature (X2) and the temperature ethanol-water mixture (X3) are influential parameters for designing of experiments is the use of full factorial design of the second order (FFD) Influence of the amount of toluen is more expressed as the increase in temperature in the system because the content of composition of Et-water in vapor is equal to the composition of Et-water in liquid Distillation of azeotropic with column of treis is adequate choice for separation Mathematical model of full factorial design of second-order equation gives confidence for optimization of parameters Key words Simulation distillation azeotropic design Chemcad Minitab

HYRJE Ateumlhere kur mungon mundeumlsia e eksperimentimeve neuml peumlrmasa industriale neuml industrineuml kimike peumlr simulimin si dhe optimizimin e parametrave ndikues apo peumlrgjigjeve teuml deumlshiruara aplikohen software

profesionaleuml Simulimi paraqet imitimin e gjeumlrave reale peumlrkateumlsisht imitimin e njeuml impianti dhe peumlrdoret peumlr teuml treguar ndikimin e mundsheumlm teuml faktoreumlve teuml ndrysheumlm neuml rrjedheumln e peumlrgjithshme teuml njeuml procesi Simulimi kompjuterik paraqet peumlrpjekjen peumlr teuml modeluar njeuml situateuml

Dushi


reale ose hipotetike peumlrmes kompjuterit neuml meumlnyreuml qeuml teuml studiohet se si funksionon sistemi Duke i ndryshuar parametrat e gjendjes mund teuml parashikohet sjellja e njeuml sistemi teuml zgjedhur peumlr shqyrtim Neuml vazhdim me ndihmeumln e Softwar-it MINITAB eumlshteuml beumlreuml modelimi matematikor i rezultateve teuml marra nga simulimi Neuml keumlteuml rast eumlshteuml shfryteumlzuar dizajnimi eksperimental i modelit teuml ploteuml factorial Ndeumlrsa optimalizimi i procesit teuml distilimit eumlshteuml zhvilluar me aneuml teuml metodeumls seuml funksioneve teuml deumlshirueshme Keumlshtu qeumlllimi i keumltij punimi eumlshteuml aplikimi i softwar-it CHEMCAD 61 peumlr simulimin e proceseve kimike dhe softwar-it MINITAB 15 peumlr modelin matematikor dhe optimalizimin e parametrave teuml procesit MATERIALI DHE METODAT Detyra projektuese eumlshteuml te projektohet procesi i distilimi teuml peumlrzierjes azeotrope etanol-ujeuml neuml raport 93565 peumlr te fituar alkoolin absolut prej 9995 Neuml keumlteuml raport peumlrqendrimet e etanolit dhe ujit janeuml te njeumljta si neuml fazeumln e leumlnget ashtu dhe neuml fazeumln e avullitndaj dhepeumlrfitimi i keumltij alkooli eumlshteuml proces i ndeumlrlikuar

Figura 1 Vareumlsia Y1 nga X1 dhe x2

Programi kompjuterik CHEMCAD Sot duke hasur neuml shumeuml sfida kompaniteuml e industriseuml kimik teuml peumlrpunimit keumlrkojneuml vegla meuml teuml mira peumlr teuml rritur prodhimtarineuml dhe avancuar zgjidhjet neuml projektimin e proceseve CHEMCAD eumlshteuml vegeumll e shkeumllqyer peumlr teuml mundeumlsuar njeuml gjeuml teuml tilleuml CHEMCAD eumlshteuml neuml gjendje teuml beumlj

modelimin Kontinual sharzhor dhe gjysmeuml-sharzhor teuml proceseve dhe mund teuml simuloj proceset statike dhe dinamike Ne figureumln 1 eumlshteuml paraqit dritarja kryesore e programit CHEMCAD dhe formimi i skemeumls teknologjike teuml parapareuml me detyreuml projektuesendeumlrsa ne figureumln 2 dhe 3 shihet dritarja e ploteumlsimit teuml teuml dheumlnave mbi rrjedhjen furnizuese respektivisht karakteristikat e koloneumls

Figura 2 Diagrama 3D e vareumlsiseuml Y1 nga x1 dhe

X2

Figura 3 Vareumlsia Y2 nga x1 dhe X2

Figura 4 paraqet skemeumln e koloneumls me emeumlrtimet e pjeseumlve peumlrbeumlreumls Numrat neuml katror tregojneuml rrymat dhe karakteristikat e tyre ndeumlrsa numri neuml rreth tregon pajisjen (koloneumln) dhe karakteristikat e tij

Dushi


Bazuar neuml kushtet e dheumlna eumlshteuml projektuar simulimi i procesit te distilimit duke shqyrtuar faktoreuml ndikues si dhe peumlrgjigjet Sasia e toluenit(faktori X1) Temperatura e toluenit (faktori X2) Temperatura e peumlrzierjes etanol-ujeuml (faktori

X3) Peumlrgjigjet Sasia e etanolit neuml rrjedhjen e poshtme (Y1) Sasia e ujit neuml rrjedhjen e poshtme (Y2)

Figura 4 Diagrama 3D e vareumlsiseuml y2 nga x1 dhe x2

Figura 5 Paraqitja grafike e funksioneve teuml deumlshirueshmeumlriseuml

Fak Nivelet e variacionit Interv var

x -168 -1 0 10 1680 Δx

x1 798 90 105 120 1302 150

x2 6660 700 750 800 8340 500

x3 3320 400 500 60 6680 1000

Tabela 1 Nivelet e variacionit te faktoreve Neuml tabeleumln 1 janeuml dheumlneuml vlerat dhe nivelet e faktoreumlve ndikues Peumlr optimalizimin e procesit peumlrkateumlsisht zgjidhjen e kompromisit teuml faktoreumlve ndikues neuml vlereumln e deumlshiruar teuml peumlrgjigjes eumlshteuml shfryteumlzuar dizajnimi i ploteuml faktorial dhe metoda e funksioneve teuml deumlshirueshme

Tabela 2 Matrica e eksperimenteve

Dushi


Peumlr teuml gjetur funksionin Y1 = f(X1X2X3) dhe Y2=f(X1X2X3) peumlrdorim matriceumln e dizajnimit teuml ploteuml faktorial sipas tabeleumls 2 Pas ploteumlsimit teuml teuml dheumlnave teuml rrjedhjes seuml furnizimit (fig 2) dhe ploteumlsimit te parametrave teuml koloneumls (fig 3) klikohet komanda ldquoRunrdquo(fig 1) peumlr llogaritje Ky softwar siguron raporte teuml shumta diagrame dhe tabela sipas keumlrkeseumls Keumltu do te shkeumlputen dy raporte qeuml kaneuml teuml beumljneuml me madheumlsiteuml e peumlrgjigjeve Neuml figureumln 7 lexohet fraksioni i etanolit neuml distilat (Y1) ndeumlrsa ne figureumln 8 lexohen sasia e ujit (Y2) Neuml vazhdim do teuml sqarojmeuml metodeumln e optimalizimit meqeuml ajo eumlshteuml aplikuar ne keteuml rast ndeumlrsa metoda e dizajnimit te eksperimenteve do teuml konsiderohet e njohur Rruga peumlr teuml realizuar funksionet e deumlshirueshmerise kalon neumlpeumlr keumlto stade 1 Peumlrcaktimi i metodeumls se planifikimit te eksperimenteve dhe modeli i peumlrgjigjeve peumlr secileumln k peumlrgjigjeje 2 Llogaritja e funksionit te deumlshirueshmerise peumlr secileumln peumlrgjigje individuale Teuml maksimalizohet deumlshirueshmeria e peumlrgjithshme e funksionit D duke kontrolluar faktoreumlt ndikues Funksioni i deumlshirueshmeumlrise eumlshteuml njeumlra prej metodave qeuml aplikohet meuml seuml tepeumlrmi neuml industri peumlr teuml optimizuar proceset me shumeuml peumlrgjigjeje Kjo bazohet neuml ideneuml se ldquocileumlsiardquo e produktit apo procesit i cili ka shumeuml peumlrgjigje teuml cileumlsive karakteristike eumlshteuml komplet e papranueshme neumlse dhe veteumlm njeumlra nga ato tregohet jashteuml limitit teuml ldquodeumlshireumlsrdquo Metoda neuml fjaleuml gjen kushtet operacionale x teuml cilat sigurojneuml vlera teuml peumlrgjigjeve qeuml janeuml ldquomeuml shumeuml teuml deumlshiruarardquo Peumlr secileumln peumlrgjigje (zgjidhje) Yi(X) funksioni i deumlshiruar di(Yi) jep shumeumln neuml mes teuml vlerave 0 dhe 1 teuml mundshme teuml Yi me di(Yi)=0 duke paraqitur njeuml vlereuml teumlreumlsisht teuml padeumlshirueshme (papeumlrshtatshme) teuml Yi dhe di(Yi)=1 duke dheumlneuml keumlshtu njeuml peumlrgjigje ploteumlsisht teuml peumlrshtatshme apo ideale Meuml pas peumlrshtatshmeumlria individuale kombinohet me aneuml teuml mesatares gjeometrike e

cila e jep deumlshirueshmeumlrin e peumlrgjithshme (teuml ploteuml) D

1 me simbolin k qeuml neumlnkupton numrin e peumlrgjigjeve (zgjidhjeve) Vlen teuml ceket se neumlse njeuml peumlrgjigje Yi eumlshteuml teumlreumlsisht e padeumlshirueshme (di(Yi)=0) ateumlhereuml deumlshirueshmeria e peumlrgjithshme eumlshteuml

baras me zero Neuml praktikeuml vlera e peumlrgjigjes peumlrdoret neuml vend teuml Yi Vareumlsisht neumlse duhet qeuml njeuml peumlrgjigje e veccedilanteuml Yi teuml rritet teuml zvogeumllohet apo ti jepet njeuml vlere e planifikuar (synuar) ateumlhereuml mund teuml peumlrdoren funksione tjera teuml deumlshiruara di(Yi) Njeuml kategori e peumlrshtatshme e funksioneve teuml deumlshiruara ishte propozuar nga Deringer dhe Suich neuml vitin 1980 Le teuml jeneuml Li Ui si dhe Ti vlera teuml uleumlta teuml larta si dhe teuml planifikuara (synuara) e qeuml respektivisht teuml jeneuml teuml peumlrshtatshme peumlr peumlrgjigjet (zgjidhjet) Yi

me Li Ti Ui Neumlse njeuml peumlrgjigje i takon grupit ldquopeumlrgjigjja meuml e mireuml e synuarrdquo ateumlhere funksioni i deumlshirueshmeumlrise individuale eumlshteuml

2 me eksponenteumlt s dhe t duke peumlrcaktuar se sa eumlshteuml e reumlndeumlsishme qeuml teuml arrihet vlera e synuar Peumlr s = t = 1 funksioni i deumlshiruar rritet neuml meumlnyreuml lineare ndaj Ti peumlr slt1tlt1 funksioni eumlshteuml konveks ndeumlrsa peumlr sgt1tgt1 funksioni eumlshteuml konkav Neumlse njeuml peumlrgjigje do teuml duhej qeuml teuml maksimalizohet meuml mireuml ateumlhereuml deumlshirueshmeumlria individuale peumlrcaktohet si vijon

3 Ti ne keumlteuml rast eumlshteuml paraqitur si njeuml vlere e mjafteuml e madhe (mjaftueshme) peumlr zgjidhje

Dushi


Neuml fund neumlse deumlshirojmeuml qeuml teuml minimizojmeuml njeuml peumlrgjigje ateumlhereuml do teuml mund teuml peumlrdornim

4 ku Ti do teuml thoteuml se kemi njeuml vlere mjaft teuml vogeumll peumlr peumlrgjigjen REZULTATET DHE DISKUTIMI Duke shfryteumlzuar teuml dheumlnat nga tabela 2 fitojmeuml koeficienteumlt e funksionit matematikor peumlr Y1 Welcome to Minitab press F1 for help Central Composite Design Factors 3 Replicates 1 Base runs 20 Total runs 20 Base blocks 1 Total blocks 1 Alpha 168179 Response Surface Regression Y1 versus X1 X2 X3 The analysis was done using coded units Estimated Regression Coefficients for Y1 Term Coef Constant 47885156 X1 -00432 X2 -00430 X3 -01410 X1X1 -00683 X2X2 -00966 X3X3 00981 X1X2 00095 X1X3 -00039 X2X3 -00030 E njeumljta gjeuml fitohet dhe peumlr vlereumln Y2 Response Surface Regression Y2 versus X1 X2 X3 The analysis was done using coded units Estimated Regression Coefficients for Y2 Term Coef Constant 01906 X1 00002 X2 -00001 X3 00158 X1X1 00009

X2X2 00009 X3X3 00017 X1X2 00000 X1X3 -00002 X2X3 -00001 Peumlrcaktimi funksionit teuml deshirueshmerise i peumlrgjigjes dhe vlerat optimale teuml faktoreumlve ndikues Response Optimization Parameters Goal Lower Target Upper Weight Import Y1 Maximum 478820 478850 478850 1 1 Y2 Target 018 019 021 1 1 Global Solution X1 = -081785 X2 = 020882 X3 = -006644 Predicted Responses Y1 = 478850 desirability = 100000 Y2 = 019 desirability = 100000 Composite Desirability = 100000 PEumlRFUNDIMI Neuml bazeuml teuml rezultateve teuml fituara nga simulimi i procesit teuml ndarjes me distilim teuml peumlrzierjes etanol-uj si dhe peumlrpunimit matematikor teuml tyre mund teuml konstatojmeuml 1 Tre faktoreumlt e shqyrtuar kaneuml ndikim teuml

ndryshuesheumlm neuml vlereumln e fraksionit teuml etanolit neuml rrjedhjen e poshtme

2 Vlerat optimale teuml faktoreumlve ndikues X1=927 kgh X2=7605 oC dhe X3=4934 oC japin vlera teuml funksioneve teuml deumlshirueshmeumlriseuml individuale si vijon Sipas formuleumls (2) Y1 vlera d1=1 Sipas formuleumls (4) Y2 vlera d2=1 3 Deumlshirueshmeumlria e kompozitit llogaritet sipas

formuleumls (1) dhe arrin vlereumln D=1 qeuml do teuml thoteuml se neuml teumlreumlsi realizohen vlerat e deumlshirueshmeumlriseuml

LITERATURA

Dushi


1 ldquoAlbrightrsquos chemical engineering handbookrdquo editor Lyle Albright 2009 CRC Press by Taylor amp Francis Group LLC

2 Sh Kelmendi I Zeqiri ldquoMetodat matematikore neuml inxhinierirdquo Mitroviceuml 2006

3 APV Americas Engineered Systems ldquoDistillation Handbook 4th Edrdquo 2007

4 CHEMCAD Version 6 User Guide 2008

5 ldquoDistillation Columns in CHEMCAD 61rdquo rev 050107

6 W McCabe JC Smith P Harriott ldquoUnit Operations Of Chemical Engineering 5th Edrdquo McGraw-Hill 1993

7 CHEMCAD 61 8 MINITAB 14


DEVELOPMENTS IN COMPUTER AIDED SELECTION AN INTEGRATED APPROACH FOR STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS SHPRESA CASLLI EMIL LAMANI DERVISH ELEZI Polytechnical University of Tirana Mechanical Engineering Faculty Tirana Albania Department of Production and Management AKTET IV 2 200-206 2011 PERMBLEDHJE Ky artikull paraqet njeuml metodologji projektimi peumlr peumlrzgjedhjen e kombinuar teuml materialit dhe teuml formeumls teuml realizuar neuml programin kompjuterik CES Problemi themelor eumlshteuml zgjedhja qeuml maksimizon performanceumln ndeumlrmjet njeuml game shumeuml teuml gjereuml materialesh e formash profilesh qeuml disponojmeuml Duke peumlrdorur metodeumln Ashby janeuml marreuml neuml konsiderateuml kushteumlzime teuml shumeumlfishta dhe objektiva komplekseuml teuml zbatuar neuml trareumlt sekondareuml Kjo analizeuml teuml ccedilon neuml identifikimin e kateumlr indekseve teuml performanceumls reumlndeumlsia e teuml cilave vlereumlsohet me aneumln e treguesve teuml ponderimit Rezultatet e fituara konfirmojneuml vlefshmeumlrineuml e profileve prej ccedileliku qeuml kaneuml njeuml peumlrdorim teuml madh sepse kaneuml kosto teuml uleumlt por peumlrveccedil ccedileliqeve shumeuml mireuml pozicionohen edhe kandidateumlt e tjereuml profilet prej alumini druri dhe kompozitet Ka shumeuml sfida qeuml lidhen me njeuml peumlrdorim meuml teuml madh teuml materialeve teuml reja por e para eumlshteuml qeuml trsquoi marrim ata objektivisht neuml konsiderateuml ndeumlrmjet alternativave teuml tjera

Fjaleumlt kyccedile material formeuml tra sekondar ngurteumlsi qeumlndrueshmeumlri faktor ponderimi peumlrzgjedhje teuml shumeumlfishta Fjaleumlt ccedileleumls material formeuml tra sekondar ngurteumlsi qeumlndrueshmeumlri faktor ponderimi peumlrzgjedhje teuml shumeumlfishta

SUMMARY This paper presents a designing methodology for the co-selection of material and shape by using the CES software The fundamental problem is how to choose from among the vast range of available materials and sections of shape the ones that maximize the performance Using the Ashby method multiple constrains and compound objectives applied to a secondary beam have been taken into consideration Such analysis leads to the identification of four performance indices whose relative importance is evaluated according to the method of weight-factors The results obtained confirm the validity of the steel sections mainly used because of their low cost Besides steels the other candidates such as structural sections of aluminum wood and composites appear in a very good position There are many challenges related to a larger use of innovative materials but first of all it is important to consider them objectively among other alternatives Key words material shape secondary beam stiffness strength weight-property multiple selections

1 INTRODUCTION Taking into consideration the shape at the beginning ndash point of a computer-aided approach for materials selection and integration of two concepts (material ndash shape) in unique operational approach is currently an important tendency for the research being done in this field [1 2 3 4 5 6 7] The complexity of the problem precisely consists in the ldquomultiplicationrdquo of the materials

diversity with their various fabrication shapes whereof an entity of solutions (tens of thousands of versions) generate which make the traditional engineering design practice inefficient Among the most typical cases where the necessity to use new procedures called rationale for a combined material ndash shape selection appears are the beam sections used in structural construction components [8 9 10] These structural sections

Caslli et al


rectangular hollow rectangular solid circular hollow section I angle L channel U etc can be made out of various materials steels aluminum alloys compositeshellipand even wood while the most used softwarersquos computer-aided by our designing staffs are mainly focused on metallic materials and in majority of cases only on steels The narrowing search spectrum of solution favors a quick advance towards the dimension of component but at the same time carries the risk of not considering the innovatory options and losing the opportunities These limitations become more evident when material ndash shape selection needs to satisfy several objectives at the same time and when the optimal solution can be achieved only by means of the multiple criteria selection [2 4] These limitation can be avoided by means of several methods such as Dargie Pugh Dominic Pahl-Beitz [5 11] etc among which the performance indices or Ashbyrsquos method [1 2] initially conceived only for material selection actually constitutes one of the most seriously references for new developments including those which deal with the combined material-shape selection The aim of this paper is

to explore the possibility and utilization of this method in a concrete general application dealing with the selection of some elements often found in secondary beams in structural constructions 2 THE PRESENTATION OF THE PROBLEM AND THE ldquoTRADITIONALrdquo SOLUTION The case in issue represents the structural supporter of roof for a warehouse or an emporium object The construction of the structure is formed by some trusses with a spam of 24m that are supported on columns at both ends for every 5m The secondary beams are supported by two trusses next to each-other and they must meet the following conditions - To support the load without failure (the

strength resistant constraint) - No elastic strain on bend beyond a certain

limit formulated with a mid-point allowed

deflection [] l 250 (the stiffness constraint)

- The length or spam of secondary beam is l = 5m (fig 1)

Figure 1 Schema of the roof metallic construction and the secondary beam separation

The method by means of which are computed structural construction components (in present engineering practice) is done by the limit state [12] It will be accepted in this presentation that the element load (beam) will not exceed the limit of the material elasticity To apply this

method all the acting loads in the structure (the vertical permanent load and the temporal one

) are primarily computed and the

determining of the bending moment that is pressed over the studying component is reached In this case the moment results

Caslli et al


Mb = 825 kNm From this point applying the strength constraint

ynet

b

W

M (1)

For σy = 210 MPa [13] is determined the value of Major Section Modulus for Bending

Wnet 3929 cm3

The traditional solutions in our present practice are orientated towards several steel structural sections that are ldquoprovedrdquo as suitable among which the ldquoDouble Trdquo is the most favorite Following this ldquotraditionrdquo and starting from the requisite section modulus Wely from norm EN 10025 ndash 1993 [13] we find out that the smallest section that can used is IPE A 120 This section is checked by means of stiffness constraint and

it results that the factual deflection is = 39

mm that is larger than it is allowed ([] = l 250 = 20 mm) For this reason and starting from the stiffness constraint new dimensioning of the beam is done It results in section ldquoDouble Trdquo IPE 140 (h = 140 mm b = 73 mm tw = 47 mm) the deflection of which (189 mm) is within the norm We may also reach to this solution by using specific computer-aided approach such as that of ROBOT Millennium 19 software The authors havenrsquot considered it necessary to represent the complete procedure for determining the loads in truss in this paper because it resembles the traditional engineering design practice

3 THE ESSENCE OF ASHBYrsquoS METHOD AND

THE ALGORITHM OF SELECTION The essence of this method consists in ldquoscreeningrdquo by a certain algorithm for all possible alternatives (the sections with various combination of material-shape-dimension) that is included in the available database A combination of properties and characteristics is used as a screening tool which synthesizes the usage value of the object and which is found in the performance indexes as well The best solution will be the one which maximizes the

performance of component (p) which in universal appearance is expressed through the equation

p =

)aterialmof property(

)parameters geometric(

)tsrequiremen function(

(2)

The algorithm of selection predicts the gradual limitation of research zone through constraints which become more and more restrictive until the identification of few records that in the long run can be compared according to the informal engineering considerations in analytic relations The Structural Sections table of CES (Cambridge Engineering Selector) software [7] has been used as a database which contains detailed information for about 1900 sections of various shapes dimensions and materials In our case to make the ldquoscreeningrdquo of this database we needed the determination of the performance indexes starting from the analysis of the secondary beam computed model

Objectives Constraints (technical specification of design)

I Minimize of mass

II Minimize of cost

A) Stiffness δ+ = 20

mm B) Strength no

plasticity (σ lt σy) C) Size (geometric

constraint) Span 50 m

Table 1 Objectives and constraints of secondary beam design

4 THE COMPUTED MODEL AND THE

DETERMINATION OF THE PERFORMANCE INDEXES IN THE SECONDARY BEAM

The limit dimensions the loading schema and the requirements for the secondary beam are the same as amp2 but applying Ashbyrsquos method with these dates we can express formally the objective (objectives) of designing and constraints that are put up against it (Table 1) a

Caslli et al


way that will serve us to search the optimized solutions Being based on the constraints we define the analytic relations that connect the function requirements (the load) with geometric parameter of the beam and the properties of material

A) Stiffness constraint is expressed

EIC

Fl

1

3

(3)

or

1

3

C

FlEI (3rsquo)

Where F is the load that applies upon the beam (F = 132 kN) E ndash Youngrsquos Modulus I ndash Second Moment of Area (major) and constant C1 that accounting for equable disperse loads and end conditions in this case C1 = 3845 [1] From the equation (3rsquo) by placing the values of decided parameters (so-called ldquosolidrdquo constraints) we display the condition that ldquofreerdquo parameters must fulfill ie that which may be the optimizing object

EI 1074 x 106 Nm

2 (4)

In this way by looking for the section optimization according to product EI we practically concretize the idea for a combine material-shape selection (E ndash property of material I ndash geometric parameter of section shape) B) The strength constraint is expressed

l

ZYC

ly

ICF 2

m

y2

(5)

here m

y

y

IZY

[Nm] (6)

It gives the moment of bending (major) the one that the section can confront without causing any plastic deformation This specification which will be called Failure Moment emphasizes the influence of both the geometry of the section (I dhe ym) and of the

material property (y) Referring to this specification the strength constraint will be

2C

FlZY (7)

Considering the studying scheme C2 = 8 [2] and knowing the values of F and l we can find the numerical expression of strength constraint

ZY 0825 x104Nm (8)

C) The geometric constraint is expressed l

= 5 m Such a constraint is an independent constraint in itself but it influences the other constraints such as A and B (geometric parameter l counts at their expressions) Based on analytic equations of A and B constraints (relation 3rsquo and 7) and the objectives of design (Table 1) we can determine the performance indexes M - Safety of stiffness with minimum mass

l

1m

EIM (9)

- Safety of strength with minimum mass

l

2m

ZYM (10)

- Safety of stiffness with minimum cost

C

EIM3 (11)

- Safety of strength with minimum cost

C

ZYM4 (12)

where C is the cost for unit length (USDm) while ml is linear mass (kgm) 5 THE ASHBYrsquoS METHOD APPLICATION IN

COMPUTERIZED SELECTION OF SECTIONS Preliminary selection The selection of sections is done by using the options of CES software and it starts by placing the ldquosolidrdquo constraints (4) and (8) 385 ldquowinnerrdquo sections which are presented and visible in the box selected up right in figure 2 come out in the first screening 51 Narrowing down of searching zone The narrowing of searching zone is done in accordance with the two objectives of the design project the minimization of mass and

Caslli et al


that of cost These are related both to the strength of constraint and to the stiffness of it (view performance indexes M) but the latter

being considered as too much tide (so results from calculation amp2) we initially refer to it to find the lightest and cheapest solutions

Figure 2 The chart EI-YZ (selection by strength and stiffness constraints)

Figure 3 The chart EI-ml (identification of the lightest sections)

Because of the above mentioned fact we have limited the searching zone to the identification of the mostrdquo viablerdquo candidates as seen in the electronic charts stiffness ndash mass per unit length (fig 3) and stiffness ndash cost per unit length (fig 4) In the chart of figure 3 we can view that the winner lightest profiles are the composites aluminum steel and wood materials The achieved solutions as expected make the steel sections evident when the minimization of the cost is requested while the aluminum and

composites sections are related with the minimization of the mass It is to be noted that the latter are little known in our engineering practice and as a result are not estimated as possible alternatives towards traditional materials 52 The multiple objectives research In order to fulfill an optimal selection (in other words to do a multiple research) of secondary beam we have to take the four performance indices into account by the relativity of their

Caslli et al


weight This approach is based both on the combination of Performances Indices method (Ashbyrsquos method) and the Weighted Property

Index method meeting the requirements of multiple objectives design [5]

Figure 4 The chart EI-C (identification of the cheapest sections)

Material - shape γ1 γ 2 γ 3 γ 4 γ = Σγi

Section I steel (152 x 89 x 16) 01 005 025 025 065

Section I aluminum (200 x 80 x 92) 016 011 005 008 040

Channel U composite (457 x 56 x 45) 025 025 006 014 070

Table 2 Relative and summation performance indexes for three sections A weighted-property value is obtained by multiplying the numerical value of the property

(Mi) by the weighting factor i With condition

Σi =1 we can accept an equilibrate pondering

ie i = 025 (to minimize the effect of subjective preference for either one or the other objective) The individual weighted-property values of each section are then summed to give a comparative sections performance index γ γ = Σγi (13)

Accepting an equilibrate pondering that is = 025 (to minimize the effect of subjective preferences of either one or the other objective) we calculate the γ value of the groups of sections selected with unique objectives (amp52) In table 2 are shown the results of calculation for ldquothe bestrdquo factors from three different material classes steel aluminum and composites Surveying the results it is obvious that the steel section ldquoIrdquo and the composite channel ldquoUrdquo are night competitors (with light vantage for the composite material) with the highest

performance while aluminum sections fall behind the first two 6 DISCUSSION 1 Four Performance Indices covering the main functional and economic aspects of materials-shape selection were considered This shows that metallic sections cannot be considered the obvious solution 2 The composite sections show a strengthmass ratio (γ2) about five times larger than analogous steel sections but the disadvantage can be their outer dimensions of cross section A similar ascertainment goes for wood sections too 3 The steel ldquoIrdquo sections selected by the CES software have dimensions in the range 127 ndash 152 mm While the traditional mechanical design leads to the dimension of 140 mm The results are approximate but not identical The reason lies in the wide values range contained in the CES database [14] More discrete information such as standard EN 100251993 is needed and this

Caslli et al


has induced us to create new database called FOR-MAT [15]

7 CONCLUSION 3 The structural section selection results performed by using the Ashby Method and the traditional mechanical design method are principally the same both reveal in the short list of winners the steel profiles However the Ashby Method has the advantage of quick identification of alternative solutions too among which are the composite sections Itrsquos important that this option is seen at the screening stage of selection 4 Although a large number of factors are considered and their relative importance is taken into account by Weight Property Indexes during the application of the method there are a lot others which remain quite outside the possibility of formalization For this reason the list of selected candidates should not be considered as definitive it can be corrected and reaffirmed after analyzing all the factors that determine the selection 3 In order to raise the efficiency of material-shape selection with CES software it is necessary to widen the Structural Sections database with more new data from specialized European Standards This may be a direction for further improvement of this project in future LITERATURE [1] Ashby MF Brechet Y Cebon D Salvo L Selection strategies for materials and processes Materials amp Design Published by Elsevier Science LTD 2003 pp 327-333 [2] Ashby MF Materials Selection in Mechanical Design Butterworth-Heinemann London 2000 pp 133-137 228-245 380-383 [3] Ashby MF Brechet ldquoMaterials Selection for a Finite Life Timerdquo Advanced Engineering Materials N

o 6 2002 pp 335-341

[4] Dieter GE ldquoOverview of the Materials Selection Processrdquo ASM Metals Handbook Vol

20 ASM International Materials Park OH 1997 pp 243-253 [5] Farag M ldquoQuantitative Methods of Materials Selectionrdquo Handbook of Materials Selection Edited by Myer Kutz New York 2002 pp 17-25 [6] Landru D Aides Informatiseacutees agrave la Seacutelection des Mateacuteriaux et des Proceacutedeacutes dans la Conception des Piegraveces de Structure Thegravese de doctorat INP Grenoble Janvier 2001 pp 35-54 [7] Weaver PM Ashby MF ldquoThe optimal selection of material and section-shaperdquo Journal of engineering design Vol 7 Ndeg2 1999 pp 129 ndash 149 [8] Brechet Y Bassetti D Landru D Salvo L ldquoChallenges in materials and process selectionrdquo Progress in Materials Science N

o 46 Elsevier

Science Ltd 2001 pp 408-413 [9] Landru D Brechet Y ldquoNew Design Tools for Materials and Process Selectionrdquo Mateacuteriaux et Techniques N

o 9-10 2000 pp 31-36

10+ Weiss V ldquoComputer-Aided Materials Selectionrdquo ASM Metals Handbook Vol 20 ASM International Materials Park OH 1997 pp 309-314 11+ Bourell L (David) ldquoDecision Matrices in Material Selectionrdquo ASM Metals Handbook Vol 20 ASM International Materials Park OH 1997 pp 291-295 [12] Pistoli V Wood and metallic construction ndash calculations basis textbook 1975 pp 3-10 88 260 [13] Arcelor Sections commercial SA Beams Channels and merchant Bars ndash Sales programme 2002 IPE ndash IPN ndash HE ndash HL ndash European I beams pp 50 divide 68 UPE - Channels with parallel flages pp 80 divide 85 L - Equal leg angles Unequal leg angles pp 86 divide100 [14] Cambridge Engineering Selector Userrsquos manual published by Granta Design Limited First edition printed 2000 Cambrigde UK pp 9-16 [15] Caslli Sh The development of databases and computer selection procedures in the field of materials (Dissertation) February 2008


STUDY OF ANODIC STRIPPING VOLTAMMETRIC TECHNIQUES IN DETERMINATION OF CADMIUM WITH SCREEN-PRINTED ELECTRODES STUDIMI I TEKNIKAVE VOLTAMETRIKE ME ZHVESHJE ANODIKE NE PERCAKTIMIN E KADMIUMIT ME ELEKTRODA TEuml PRINTUARA DAFINA KARAJ

a MAJLINDA VASJARI

b PRANVERA LAZO

b ARBEN MERKOCcedilI

c

a) Departamenti i Kimiseuml FIM amp FIF Universiteti Politeknik i Tiraneumls Tiraneuml Shqipeumlri

b) Departamenti i Kimise FSHN Universiteti i Tiraneumls Tiraneuml Shqipeumlri

c)Institut Catala de Nanotecnologia Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona Barcelona Spain

Email dfn_karajyahoocom AKTET IV 2 207-213 2011 PERMBLEDHJE Ne kete punim eumlshteuml zgjedhur peumlrcaktimi i kadmiumit (Cd) peumlr teuml optimizuar disa metoda voltametrike me zhveshje anodike dhe jane percaktuar parametrat e punes peumlr secileumln metodeuml duke perdorur sistemin me tre elektroda te printuara pa meumlrkur (SPE) si dhe analizuesin elektrokimik MEC-12B (JJ Electroanalytical Instrument) i lidhur me njeuml kompjuter personal Janeuml studiuar metodat voltametrike me zhveshje anodike voltametria lineare (LSV) voltametria me shkalleuml (SCV) voltametria me valeuml kuadratike (SWV) dhe voltametria me puls diferencial (DPV) nga teuml cilat voltametria me valeuml kuadratike (SWV) (amplituda e valeumls kuadratike 250ms) dhe voltametria me puls diferencial (DPV) (gjereumlsia e pulsit 50 ms amplituda 80 mV) kaneuml rezultuar me performanceuml analitike meuml teuml mireuml neuml zoneumln lineare nga 0-1000 μgl me koeficienteuml korrelacioni peumlrkateumls R=9855 peumlr SWV dhe R=9789 peumlr DPV Gjithashtu eumlshteuml gjetur koha optimale e depozitimit teuml Cd (td=2 min) dhe vlera optimale e pH 37-49 teuml celuleumls elektrokimike Fjaleuml kyccedile analizues elektrokimik elektroda Cd voltametri SUMMARY In this study determination of Cd is chosen for optimization of some anodic stripping voltammetric methods and for each of them work parameters were determinate also using screen-printed electrodes without Hg and electrochemical analyses MEC-12B (JJ Electroanalytical Instrument CO) connected with personal computer Anodic stripping voltammetric methods are studded Linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) Stairecase voltammetry (SCV) Square wave voltammetry (SWV) and Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) from which SWV and DPV have the best analytical performance in linear area range of 0 μgl ndash 1000 μgl with R values of R=9855 for SWV and R=9789 for DPV respectively Optimal deposition time of Cd (td= 2 min) optimal value of pH 37-49 of electrochemical cell also are determinate Key words electrochemical analyses electrode Cd voltammetry

HYRJE Ka nje shqeteumlsim neuml rritje neuml lidhje me peumlrcaktimin e peumlrmbatjes seuml metaleve teuml reumlnda neuml lumenj liqene dhe ujrat e ndotur neuml teuml gjitheuml boteumln Metalet e reumlnda janeuml njeuml keumlrceumlnim peumlr mjedisin dhe sheumlndetin e njeriut peumlr faktin se nuk

janeuml teuml biodegradueshme [1] Rrjedhimisht monitorimi i niveleve gjurmeuml teuml metaleve teuml reumlnda eumlshteuml thelbeumlsor peumlr shkak teuml rrezikut sheumlndeteumlsor dhe ekologjik qeuml ato paraqesin Sistemet teuml tilla monotorimi duhet teuml jeneuml teuml sakta dhe neuml gjeumlndje teuml zbulojneuml metalet e reumlnda

Karaj et al


neuml peumlrqeumlndrime teuml uleumlta Sot njeuml nga qeumlllimet kryesore peumlr sistemet e monitorimit teuml metaleve teuml reumlnda dhe komponimeve teuml tjera eumlshteuml peumlrdorimi i aparaturave portabeumll dhe me sensor njeuml peumlrdorimsh [1 8] Metodat elektrokimike neuml veccedilanti metodat me zhveshje teuml kombinuara me elektrodat e printuara (sreen-printed electrodes SPE) ofrojneuml disa peumlrpareumlsi neuml lidhje me koston thjeshteumlsineuml dhe minipeumlrmasat teuml keumltyre sistemeve [1 2 3 5] Elektroda teuml printuara teuml karbonit teuml veshuara me meumlrkur fillimisht janeuml peumlrdorur peumlr peumlrcaktimin e metaleve teuml reumlnda neuml nivel gjurmeuml duke u kombinuar me metodat voltametrike me zhveshje [1 4] Peumlrdorimi i elektrodeumls bazeuml teuml meumlrkurit eumlshteuml kritik peumlr shkak teuml toksicitetit teuml saj Peumlr keumlteuml arsye janeuml kryer dhe po kryen studime peumlr ndeumlrtimin e elektrodave me bazeuml karboni por teuml modifikuar me bismuth dhe me materiale teuml tjera miqeumlsore peumlr mjedisin Neuml keumlteuml punim u zgjodh peumlrcaktimi i kadmiumit (Cd) peumlr teuml optimizuar disa metoda voltametrike me zhveshje anodike dhe u caktuan parametrat e puneumls peumlr ccedildo metodeuml duke peumlrdorur sistemin me tre elektroda teuml printuara pa meumlrkur (SPE) dhe analizuesin elektrokimik MEC-12B PJESA EKSPERIMENTALE Treteumlsira buferike e peumlrdorur eumlshteuml citratiti i natriumit 01 M me pH=441 dhe acetati i natriumit 1 M me pH=45 Keumlto treteumlsira si dhe treteumlsirat e teuml tjerat si KNO3 (02 M) NaOH (01N) dhe treteumlsira standarte e kadmiumit (10 100 ppm) janeuml peumlrgatitur me ujeuml teuml dejonizuar Elektrodat e peumlrdorura gjateuml peumlrcaktimeve teuml Cd janeuml elektrodat e printuara (screen-printed electrode) me bojeuml karboni pa bazeuml meumlrkuri teuml prodhuar neuml Universitetin e Autonomiseuml seuml Barceloneumls Instituti i Katalonjeumls Barceloneuml Spanjeuml Elektroda e printuar peumlrmban neuml teuml elektrodeumln referuese teuml tipit AgAgClCl- dhe elektrodeumln ndihmeumlse teuml tipit grafit Perccedilaktimi i kadmiumit me metoda voltametrike me zhveshje anodike eumlshteuml kryer neuml analizuesin elektrokimik MEC-12B (Jiangsu Jiangfen Electroanalytical Instrument CO Ltd) teuml lidhur me njeuml kompjuter personal Aparatura eumlshteuml e

peumlrbeumlreuml nga aparati elektrokimik kompjuteri sistemi i elektrodave teuml printuara dhe printeri 1 Proccediledura elektrokimike U studiuan metodat voltametrike me zhveshje anodike peumlrkatesisht voltametria lineare (LSV) voltametria me shkalleuml (SCV) voltametria me valeuml kuadratike (SWV) dhe ajo me puls diferencial (DPV) Parametrat voltametrike peumlr eksperimentet janeuml si meuml poshteuml 20 ml KNO3 02 M si elektrolit mbarteumls Njeuml potencial prej -08 V eumlshteuml aplikuar neuml elektrodeumln e puneumls neuml kushtet e peumlrzierjes peumlr 1 minuteuml peumlrzierja ndeumlrpritet dhe pas 10 sekondash qeuml eumlshteuml koha e vendosjes seuml ekuilibrit marrim voltamogrameumln si rrjedhim i aplikimit teuml njeuml potenciali midis -08 V dhe -03 V teuml metodeumls DPV (voltametri me puls diferencial) me gjereumlsi pulsi 50 ms amplitudeuml 80 mV dhe periodeuml pulsi 30 ms Beumlhen shtesat peumlrkateumlse me peumlrqeumlndrime teuml ndryshme qeuml variojneuml nga 250- 1750 μgl E njeumljta proccediledureuml elektrokimike eumlshteuml aplikuar dhe peumlr metodat e tjera Rezultatet peumlrfundimtare Pas aplikimit teuml proccediledureumls elektrokimike marrim voltamogrameumln peumlr secileumln shteseuml teuml kadmiumit peumlr secileumln metodeuml dhe rrymeumln anodike paraqitur grafikisht si meuml poshteuml (Fig 11 12 13 14)

Fig 11 Vareumlsia e rrymeumls ndaj peumlrqeumlndrimit duke peumlrdorur metodeumln LSVEd= -08 V td peumlr 1 min nga -08V deri -03V me 30mVs peumlrqeumlndrimi i

kadmiumit varion nga 250-1750 μgl

Karaj et al


Fig 12 Vareumlsia e rrymeumls ndaj peumlrqeumlndrimit duke peumlrdorur metodeumln SCVEd= -08 V td peumlr 1 min nga -08V deri -03V me 30mVs peumlrqeumlndrimi i

Cd varion nga 250-1750 μgl Elektrolit indiferent KNO3 02 M

Fig 13 Vareumlsia e rrymeumls ndaj peumlrqeumlndrimit duke peumlrdorur metodeumln SWV Ed= -08 V td peumlr 1 min

nga -08V deri -03V peumlrqeumlndrimi i kadmiumit varion nga 250-1750 μgl amplitudeuml SW 30mV

dhe periodeuml SE 200 ms Elektolit indiferent KNO3 02 M

Neuml bazeuml teuml teuml dheumlnave teuml Tabeleumls 1 arrihet neuml konkluzionin se voltametra me valeuml kuadratike dhe voltametria me puls diferencial japin performanceumln analitike meuml teuml mireuml qeuml lidhet me

vlerat peumlrkateumlse teuml R= 09855 peumlr SWV dhe R= 09789 peumlr DPV

Fig 14 Vareumlsia e rrymeumls ndaj peumlrqeumlndrimit duke peumlrdorur metodeumln DPVEd= -08 V td peumlr 1 min nga -08V deri -03V peumlrqeumlndrimi i kadmiumit varion nga 250-1750 μgl me amplitudeuml pulsi 50mV periodeuml pulsi 30 ms dhe gjereumlsi 30 ms

Elektolit indiferent KNO3 02 M Ndeumlrsa metoda qeuml rezultoi me vlereuml teuml koeficientit teuml korelacionit meuml teuml uleumlt eumlshteuml voltametria lineare (LSV) konkretisht R=07971 Performanca analitike e matjeve teuml kryera me metodat e peumlrmendura meuml lart jepet neuml tabeleumln 1

METODA R2 a b

LSV 07971 00548 138

SCV 08452 00356 76

SWV 09855 0052 08

DPV 09789 01164 3

Tabela 1 Performanca analitike e teuml kateumlr metodave

2 Optimizimi i parametrave teuml metodave voltametrike SWV dhe DPV me zhveshje anodike peumlr peumlrcaktimin e kadmiumit Neuml metodeumln SWV eumlshteuml optimizuar parametri perioda e valeumls kuadratike neuml intervalin 50-500 ms Teuml gjitheuml parametrat e tjereuml nuk ndryshojneuml

Karaj et al


ndeumlrsa neuml metodeumln DPV janeuml optimizuar parametrat perioda e pulsit dhe gjereumlsia e pulsit Fillimisht ndryshohet veteumlm gjereumlsia e pulsit neuml intervalin 20-100 ms Krejt parametrat e tjereuml vendosen qeuml neuml fillim dhe nuk ndryshojneuml meuml gjateuml peumlrcaktimit Beumlhet peumlrcaktimi edhe i vlereumls optimale teuml amplitudeumls seuml pulsit neuml intervalin 60-140 mV Neuml fund teuml ccedildo optimizimi teuml peumlrmendur eumlshteuml

peumlrcaktuar dhe koha optimale e depozitimit teuml kadmiumit neuml elektrodeumln e puneumls neuml intervalin e koheumls nga 1-10 min Pas aplikimit teuml proccediledureumls elektrokimike neuml fund marrim voltamogrameumln peumlr secilin parameter dhe rrymeumln anodike paraqitur grafikisht si meuml poshte Fig 21 22 23 24

Fig 21a) Voltamograma e Cd peumlr gjereumlsi pulsi teuml ndryshme me DPV b) Vareumlsia e gjereumlsiseuml seuml pulsit nga rryma peumlr metodeumln DPVEd= -08 V td peumlr 1 min nga -08V deri -03V[ Cd]= 250 μgl amplitudeuml pulsi

50mV periodeuml pulsi 30 ms dhe gjereumlsi qeuml varion nga 20-100ms Elektolit indiferent KNO3 02 M

Optimizimi i amplitudes se pulsit

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

30 50 70 90 110 130 150

Amplituda e pulsit

Rry

ma (

nA

)

Fig 22 a) Voltamograma e kadmiumit per amplituda pulsi teuml ndryeshme me DPV b) Vareumlsia e amplitudeumls seuml pulsit nga rryma peumlr metodeumln DPVEd= -08 V td peumlr 1 min nga -08V deri -03V[ Cd]= 250 μgl gjereumlsi pulsi 50ms periodeuml pulsi 30 ms dhe amplitudeuml qeuml varion nga 40-140ms Elektolit indiferent KNO3 02 M

Rezultatet peumlrfundimtare Peumlrzgjedhja e keumltyre parametrave optimale eumlshteuml beumlreuml duke marreuml parasysh faktin se peumlrveccedil njeuml sinjali teuml mireuml duhet qeuml neuml valeumln polarografike teuml merret njeuml formeuml sa meuml e mireuml e pikut i qarteuml dhe sa meuml i ngushteuml Ky fakt eumlshteuml i reumlndeumlsisheumlm kur beumlhen njeumlkoheumlsisht peumlrcaktime peumlr shumeuml

ementeuml Njeuml pik i gjereuml do sillte mbimbulim teuml tyre duke u beumlreuml pengeseuml neuml peumlrcaktime teuml tilla Vihet re qeuml piku vjen duke u peumlrafruar neuml formeuml por duke u ulur lehteumlsisht neuml larteumlsi Duke u bazuar neuml teuml dheumlnat e larteumlpeumlrmedura neuml Tabeleumln 2 janeuml paraqitur parametrat optimaleuml peumlr teuml dy metodat

Karaj et al


Optimizimi i vales kuadratike per metoden SWV

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500

Perioda e vales kuadratike

Rry

ma (

nA

)

Fig 23 a) Voltamograma e kadmiumit peumlr perioda teuml ndryshme teuml valeumls kuadratike me SWV

b) Vareumlsia e amplitudeumls seuml valeumls kuadratike nga rryma peumlr metodeumln SWVEd= -08 V td peumlr 1 min nga -08V deri -03V [Cd] = 250 μgl amplitudeuml 30 mV dhe periodeuml qeuml varion nga 50-500ms

Elektolit indiferent KNO3 02 M

Optimizimi i koheumls depozitimit

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Koha depozitimit (min)

Rry

ma (

nA

)

Fig 24a) Vareumlsia e koheumls seuml depozitimit nga rryma peumlr metodeumln DPV b) Vareumlsia e koheumls seuml depozitimit nga rryma peumlr metodeumln DPVEd= -08 V skanimi nga -08V deri -03V [Cd] = 250 μgl gjereumlsi pulsi 50ms

periodeuml pulsi 30 ms dhe amplitudeuml 80 ms td varion nga 1-10 min Elektolit indiferent KNO3 02 M

PARAMETRAT METODA DPV

METODA SWV

Gjeumlreumlsia e pulsit 50 ms ------

Amplituda e pulsit

80 mV ------

Amplituda e SW ------- 250 ms

Koha e depozitimit

3 min ------

Tabela 2 Parametrat optimaleuml peumlr dy metodat DPV dhe SWV

3 Optimizimi i pH peumlr peumlrdorimin e metodave voltametrike SWV dhe DPV me zhveshje anodike peumlr peumlrcaktimin e kadmiumit Nga literatura eumlshteuml konstatuar se peumlrzgjedhja e pH eumlshteuml e reumlndeumlsishme gjateuml peumlrcaktimit teuml metaleve teuml reumlnda me aneuml teuml metodave voltametrike me zhveshje anodike si SWV dhe DPV [6 7] Proccediledura elektrokimike Neuml elektrodeumln e puneumls eumlshteuml aplikuar njeuml potencial depozitimi prej -08 V neuml kushtet e

Karaj et al


peumlrzierjes peumlr njeuml koheuml prej 1 minute peumlrzierja ndeumlrpritet dhe pas 10 sekondash qeuml eumlshteuml koha e vendosjes seuml ekuilibrit merret voltagrama si rrjedhim i aplikimit teuml njeuml potenciali midis -08 V dhe -03 V teuml metodeumls DPV (voltametria me puls diferencial) me gjereumlsi pulsi 50 ms amplitudeuml 80 mV dhe periodeuml 30 ms Optimizimi i vlereumls seuml pH eumlshteuml beumlreuml neuml celuleumln elektrokimike ku peumlrqeumlndrimi neuml treteumlsireuml i Cd=250 μgl Peumlr teuml ndryshuar pH e treteumlsireumls shtohet me pika

hidroksid natriumi 01 N Vlera e pH e cila matet me aneuml teuml pH metrit variojneuml afeumlrsisht nga 2-8 E njeumljta proccediledureuml elektrokimike eumlshteuml aplikuar dhe peumlr metodeumln SWV Peumlr secileumln eksperiment janeuml peumlrdorur elektroda teuml reja Rezultatet peumlrfundimtare Rezultatet e marra gjateuml optimizimit teuml pH dhe rryma e marreuml neuml keumlteuml rast janeuml paraqitur neuml figureumln 31

Fig 31 a) Optimizimi i pH teuml treteumlsireumls neuml sinjalin analitik neuml metodeumln SWV stripping voltametri me

elektrodeuml SPE Elektroliti indiferent KNO3 02M pH eumlshteuml rregulluar duke shtuar me pika NaOH 01M peumlrqendrimi i Cd 250ppb Ed=-08V SWP 250ms SWA 30mV b) Optimizimi i pH teuml treteumlsireumls neuml sinjalin

analitik me metodeumln e Voltametrise anodike me zhveshje me puls diferencial me elektrodeuml SPE Elektroliti indiferent KNO3 02M pH eumlshteuml rregulluar duke shtuar me pika NaOH 01M peumlrqendrimi i Cd

250ppb Ed=-08V td=1min koha e pulsit ccedildo 30ms amplitudeuml 80mV gjereumlsia e impulsit 50ms Duke u bazuar neuml grafikun e pareuml mund teuml thuhet se vlerat optimale teuml pH peumlr metodeumln SWV zhveshje anodike me elektrode SPE neuml teuml cileumln duhen teuml kryhen matje janeuml rreth 28 dhe 49 Piku neuml keumlto raste eumlshteuml meuml i ngushteuml dhe meuml i dalluesheumlm Bazuar edhe neuml teuml dheumlnat e rrymeumls teuml marra peumlr secileumln vlereuml teuml pH vlera optimale e saj eumlshteuml 36 ku merret njeuml sinjal analitik meuml i larteuml se vlera e pH teuml pareuml Peumlr vlerat meuml teuml larta teuml pH kemi rrymeumln meuml teuml larteuml por siccedil shihet grafikisht piku eumlshteuml shumeuml meuml i gjereuml Duke u bazuar neuml grafikun e pareuml mund teuml thuhet se vlerat optimale teuml pH peumlr metodeumln e voltametriseuml anodike me zhveshje me puls diferencial me elektrodeuml SPE (DPV) neuml teuml cileumln duhet teuml kryhen matje janeuml rreth 23 dhe 28

Piku neuml keumlto rasteuml eumlshteuml meuml i ngushteuml dhe meuml i dalluesheumlm Me rritjen e vlereumls seuml pH shihet njeuml zgjerim i pikut Neuml keumlto raste rryma eumlshteuml meuml e larteuml por gjereumlsia e pikut eumlshteuml shumeuml e madhe drejt humbjes seuml formeumls seuml tij Nga teuml dheumlnat e literatureumls pH teuml ulta ccedilojneuml neuml shkateumlrrim teuml elektrodeumls prandaj zona e pH qeuml rekomandohet teuml punohet eumlshteuml rreth pH asymp 4 1 6] PERFUNDIME

U peumlrdor njeuml sistem tresh elektrodash teuml printuara pa peumlrmbatje meumlrkuri teuml prodhuara neuml Universitetin Autonom Barceloneuml Spanjeuml

Karaj et al


Metodat optimale peumlr peumlrcaktimin e metaleve teuml reumlnda me metoda voltametrike me zhveshje anodike janeuml 1) voltametria me valeuml kuadratike (SWV) me R=09855 dhe 2) voltametria me puls diferencial (DPV) me R=09789

Vlera optimale e valeumls kuadratike peumlr metodeumln SWV eumlshteuml 250 ms

Parametrat optimale peumlr metodeumln DPV janeuml gjereumlsia e pulsit 50 ms amplituda e pulsit 80 mV

Vlera optimale e koheumls seuml depozitimit peumlr metodeumln DPV eumlshteuml 2 min

Vlerat optimale teuml pH peumlr metodeumln SWV neuml teuml cileumln duhen teuml kryhen matje janeuml rreth 28 dhe 49

Vlerat optimale teuml pH peumlr metodeumln DPV neuml teuml cileumln duhet teuml kryhen matje janeuml rreth 23 dhe 28 BIBLIOGRAFIA [1] G Aragay A Puig-Font M Cadevall and A Merkoccedili Surface Characterizations of Mercury-Based Electrodes With the Resulting Micro and Nano Amalgam Wires and Spheres Formations

May Reveal Both Gained Sensitivity and Faced Nonstability in Heavy Metal Detection J Phys Chem C Vol xxx (2010) [2] M Albareda A Merkoccedili S Alegret Configuration used in the design of screen-printed enzumatic biosensors (2000) [3] A Merkoccedili M Teresa Briones Stripping analysis of heavy metal using mercury-free composite based sensors (2005) [4] J Wang Analytical electrochemistry (1994) 5+ M Vasjari A Merkoccedili ldquoAmino acid determ using SPES Microchim Acta (2005) [6] A Merkoccedili G Aragay A Puig M Guix Voltammetric screen-printed sensors for heavy metal and phenols (2009) [7] A Merkoccedili M Teresa Briones Stripping analysis of heavy metal using mercury-free composite based sensors (2005) [8] Brian R Eggins in Books - John Wiley Chemical Sensors and Biosensors (2002)


SYNTHESIS OF A FOUR BAR MECHANISM FOR A LIMITED VARIATION IN THE VELOCITY RATIO

SINTEZA E MEKANIZMIT KATEumlRHALLKEumlSH PEumlR NJEuml NDRYSHIM TEuml KUFIZUAR TEuml RAPORTIT TEuml SHPEJTEumlSIVE MIRANDA KULLOLLI

-a ODISE KOCcedilA

-a LEONARD CcedilOMENI

-b

a Departamenti i Mekanikeumls Fakulteti i Inxhinieriseuml Mekanike Tiraneuml Shqipeumlri

b Departamenti i Strukturave Mekanike Fakulteti i Ndeumlrtimit Universiteti Politeknik i Tiraneumls Shqipeumlri

Email kullolli_myahoocom AKTET IV 2 214-218 2011 PERMBLEDHJE Sinteza lidhet me sakteumlsimin e peumlrmasave teuml hallkave teuml mekanizmit i cili duhet teuml japeuml disa parametra kinematike teuml keumlrkuar neuml dalje Mund teuml projektohet mekanizmi peumlr keumlrkesa teuml ndryshme Neuml disa aplikime teuml mekanizmave kateumlr hallkash me ccedilerniereuml (nyjeteseuml) keumlrkohet qeuml raporti i shpejteumlsiseuml keumlndore teuml bilancierit (shilorit) me ateuml teuml maniveleumls (beumlrrylakut) teuml keteuml njeuml ndryshim teuml kufizuar prej vlereumls maksimale teuml keumlshilluar neuml njeuml zoneuml teuml caktuar teuml keumlndit teuml rrotullimit teuml maniveleumls Ekziston njeuml zoneuml brenda seuml cileumls raporti i shpejteumlsiseuml eumlshteuml thuajse uniform Maksimumi i keumlsaj zone peumlr njeuml dyshim teuml vogeumll teuml raportit teuml shpejteumlsive peumlrfshin vlerat kufitare Qeumlllimi i puneumls eumlshteuml teuml beumlhet njeuml sintezeuml peumlr njeuml raport teuml dheumlne shpejteumlsie dhe njeuml ndryshim teuml paracaktuar teuml raportit mbi njeuml zoneuml Analiza jep njeuml grup ekuacionesh jolineare Eumlshteuml zhvilluar njeuml algoriteumlm peumlr zgjidhjen e keumltyre ekuacioneve Fjaleumlt kyccedile sinteza maniveleuml bilancier raporti i shpejteumlsive SUMMARY Synthesis is related to specifying the dimensions of the links of a mechanism to yield a certain output requirements It is possible to design a four bar mechanism for different output requirements In some applications of the four bar linkage it is required that the ratio of angular velocity of the rocker to that of the crank to have a limited variation from a maximum prescribed value over a specified range of the crank rotational anglewhich the velocity ratio is almost uniform The maximum length of region for a limited variation in the velocity ratio includes the extreme values The purpose of this work is to present a synthesis for a prescribed velocity ratio and a predetermined velocity ratio variation over a certain region The analysis yields a group of highly nonlinear ordinary equations An algorithm is developed for solving these equations Key words synthesis crank rocker velocity ratio

HYRJE Mekanizmat kateumlrhallkeumlsh plan (rrafshor) me ccedilerniereuml (nyjeteseuml) janeuml komponenteuml shumeuml teuml peumlrdorsheumlm neuml makina pasi kaneuml njeuml numeumlr teuml madh peumlrmasash ndryshimi i teuml cilave lejon fleksibilitet meuml teuml madh neuml projektim Prodhimi i sakteuml i leumlvizjes qeuml duam prej mekanizmave kateumlrhallkeumlsh ndodh shumeuml rralleuml me sintezeumln e

mekanizmave kateumlrhallkeumlsh ne marrim leumlvizje teuml peumlrafeumlrt me ateuml qeuml duam Nga mekanizmat keumlrkohet teuml ndjekin njeuml trajektore teuml caktuar dhe teuml kalojneuml sa meuml afeumlr teuml jeteuml e mundur neumlpeumlr pikat e deumlshiruara Peumlr disa mekanizma eumlshteuml e reumlndeumlsishme qeuml ata teuml kalojneuml neumlpeumlr pika specifike ndeumlrsa peumlr

Kullolli et al


mekanizma teuml tjereuml eumlshteuml meuml e reumlndeumlsishme teuml ndjekin trajektoren Sinteza lidhet me peumlrcaktimin e peumlrmasave teuml hallkave teuml mekanizmit peumlr teuml dheumlneuml njeuml leumlvizje teuml keumlrkuar neuml dalje teuml tij Kjo ka njeuml reumlndeumlsi praktike Dy janeuml rrugeumlt e sintezeumls seuml mekanizmave kateumlrhallkeumlsh 1 pozicioni i sakteuml njihet pozicioni neumlpeumlr teuml

cilin duam teuml kalojeuml mekanizmi neuml peumlrgjitheumlsi keumltu peumlrdoren metodat grafike teuml sintezeumls Neumlse pozicionet janeuml meuml shumeuml se tri ateumlhereuml zgjidhja beumlhet meuml e veumlshtireuml dhe peumlrdoren programet kompjuterike peumlr beumlrjen e sintezeumls

2 optimizmi i trajektores neuml keumlteuml rrugeuml zgjidhen njeuml numeumlr i madh pozicionesh dhe minimizohet devijimi (shmangia) i mekanizmit prej keumltyre pikave keumltu peumlrdoren teknika teuml optimizimit numerik pra peumlrdoret kompjuteri

Mund teuml projektohen mekanizma kateumlrhallkash me ccedilerniereuml peumlr leumlvizje teuml ndryshme neuml dalje sipas keumlrkesave teuml parashtruara teuml tilla si - funksion prodhues (gjenerues) i cili keumlnaq disa pozicione pikash - optimizimin e keumlndit teuml transmisionit - zhvillimin e lakoreve teuml hallkeumls lidheumlse (bjelleumls) e keumlshtu me radheuml Nisemi nga pozicionet fundore raporti i shpejteumlsiseuml keumlndore teuml bilancierit (shilorit) me ateuml teuml hallkeumls udheumlheqeumlse a maniveleumls rritet deri sa arrin vlereumln maksimale meuml tej ai do teuml zvogeumllohet dhe do teuml beumlhet zero neuml pozicionin tjeteumlr fundor Mund teuml ndryshohen gjateumlsiteuml e hallkave teuml tilla qeuml teuml kemi raportet e keumlrkuara teuml shpejteumlsiseuml Ekziston njeuml zoneuml brenda seuml cileumls raporti i shpejteumlsive eumlshteuml pothuajse uniform (i njeumltrajtsheumlm) [1] Qeumlllimi eumlshteuml teuml beumljmeuml njeuml sintezeuml peumlr njeuml raport shpejteumlsie teuml peumlrcaktuar dhe peumlr njeuml ndryshim teuml dheumlneuml teuml raportit teuml shpejteumlsive sipeumlr njeuml fareuml zoneuml [2 3 4] Kinematika e mekanizimit kateumlr hallkash Peumlr mekanizmin kateumlr hallkash teuml dheumlneuml neuml fig 1 duke u bazuar neuml metodeumln e sintezeumls analitike [1] shkruajmeuml relacionin vektorial

RSCE

(1)

Kemi sheumlnuar me - keumlndi i rrotullimit teuml

maniveleumls - keumlndi i rrotullimit teuml bilancierit C

- gjateumlsia e hallkeumls lidheumlse E - gjateumlsia e

maniveleumls R - gjateumlsia e bilancierit S - distanca

ndeumlrmjet akseve teuml rrotullimit teuml maniveleumls dhe bilancierit n - raporti i shpejteumlsive n -

maksimumi i raportit teuml shpejteumlsive

Figura 1 Mekanizmi kateumlr hallkash Projektojmeuml vektoreumlt sipas boshteve koordinatave x e y dhe ekuacioni (1) shkruhet

SsinRcosCcosE (2)

cosRsinRsinCsinE (3)

Nga ekuacioni (2) dhe (3) eliminojmeuml keumlndin

pjeseumltojmeuml gjateumlsiteuml e hallkave teuml mekanizmit me S sheumlnojmeuml me

S

Ee

S

Cc

S

Rr

dhe marrim

sinrcose1sinecosrc 22 (4)

E zgjidhim ekuacionin (4) peumlr dhe kemi

22

222

db

adbdbasin

(5)

cose2cre1a 222

cose1r2b siner2d (5a)

Raporti i shpejteumlsive merret nga derivimi i ekuacionit (4) peumlrkundrejt sheumlnojmeuml me

d

dn dhe kemi

cosrnsine

sinecosrc

cosesinrnsinecosr

22 (6)

Prej ekuacioneve (4) dhe (6) pas thjeshteumlsimeve marrim raportin e shpejteumlsiseuml

coscose

sincosr

r

en (7)

Sinteza Neuml fig 2 jepet relacioni ndeumlrmjet n dhe

Vlera e 2 merret nga derivimi i ekuacionit (7)

peumlrkundrejt dhe barazimi me zero [5]

(punohet neuml programin aplikativ MathCad) Ky kusht na jep

0sinnsinn1e

sincosrcossinn1rcoscose

(8)

Prej ekuacionit (7) dhe (8)

222

222

sinnsinn1e

cossinn1r

r

en (9)

ku 2 eumlshteuml keumlndi korrespondues i bilancierit qeuml

merret nga ekuacioni (5)

22

22

22

22

22222

2db

adbdbasin

(10)

ku dba iii jepen prej ekuacionit (5a)

n 22 keumlnaqin ekuacionin (9) prandaj

222

222

coscose

sincosr

r

en (11)

Neuml meumlnyreuml teuml ngjashme

111

111

coscose

sincosr

r

en (12)

333

333

sincose

sincosr

r

en (13)

Vlerat e s mund teuml jepen sipas 2

21 (14)

23 (15)

ku e janeuml vlera teuml dheumlna

Vlerat peumlrkateumlse teuml 1 dhe 3 merren prej

ekuacionit (6) dhe kemi

21

21

21

21

21111

1db

adbdbasin

(16)

23

23

23

23

23333

3db

adbdbasin

(17)

Ekuacionit (9) ndash (17) janeuml ekuacionet simultane qeuml mund teuml zgjidhen peumlr neumlnteuml teuml panjohura

Neumlse vlerat e n janeuml teuml

peumlrcaktuara ateumlhereuml teuml panjohura janeuml

321321 rce

Analiza mund teuml thjeshtohet me peumlrafrim teuml

ekuacioneve neuml lidhje me 3 derisa ato teuml

keumlnaqen automatikisht me peumlrjashtim teuml qeuml

peumlrcaktohet pas sintezeumls Keumlshtu kjo eumlshteuml e favorshme jo peumlr teuml peumlrdorur teuml gjitheuml parametrat e mekanizmit por duke leumlneuml disa teuml lireuml teuml cileumlt mund teuml peumlrdoren peumlr ploteumlsimin e hapeumlsireumls seuml keumlrkuar [1 2] Pra kemi 6 ekuacione teuml cilat mund teuml zgjidhen peumlr

2121 rc Vlera e e eumlshteuml

zgjedhur sipas konsideratave teuml projektimit Algoritmi peumlr zgjidhjen numerike Sistemi i ekuacioneve qeuml duhet teuml zgjidhen janeuml ekuacionet (9) (10) (11) (14) dhe (16) Ekuacionet (9) (11) dhe (12) i shkruajmeuml neuml formeumln

22

2222

1 sinnrcosesinn1reF

(18)

22222 cosnrsinecosn1reF

(19)

Kullolli et al



(20) Vlerat e duhura teuml c dhe r beumljneuml

0FFF 321

Figura 2 Lidhja midis n dhe

Peumlrdoret njeuml skemeuml iterative metoda lsquodouble falsersquo 6 7+ si meuml poshteuml a pranohet njeuml vlereuml e1r njeuml vlereuml e mireuml

nisjeje eumlshteuml ner

b Hapeumlsira e lejueshme e s eumlshteuml re1cre1 pra njeuml vlereuml fillestare

peumlr c merret e barabarteuml me re1 -

eumlshteuml njeuml vlereuml e vogeumll

c Pranohet njeuml vlereuml fillestare peumlr 2

d Vlera korresponduese e 2 llogaritet prej

ekuacionit (10)

e 1F llogaritet prej ekuacionit (18)

f Pranohen vlera teuml tjera teuml 2 Peumlrseumlriten hapat

ldquodrdquo dhe ldquoerdquo derisa teuml ndryshohet shenja e

1F

g Metoda peumlrseumlritet derisa madheumlsia e 1F teuml

jeteuml meuml e vogeumll se njeuml vlereuml e lejuar e

gabimit po themi e rendit 610

h 2F e llogarisim prej ekuacionit (19)

i Vlera e c eumlshteuml ndryshuar peumlrseumlritet hapi ldquocrdquo

dhe ldquohrdquo deri sa teuml ndryshojeuml shenja e 2F

j Metoda aplikohet derisa vlera e 2F teuml jeteuml meuml e

vogeumll se 610 Vlerat e 22 dhe teuml

c merren teuml tilla qeuml teuml keumlnaqin ekuacionet

(91011) k Peumlrseumlriten hapat ldquobrdquo dhe ldquogrdquo

l Nga ekuacioni (14) gjendet vlera e 1

m Nga ekuacioni (20) nxjerrim vlereumln e 3F

n Ndryshon vlera e c dhe peumlrseumlriten hapat ldquoc

d e f g l mrdquo derisa teuml ndryshojeuml vlera e 3F

o Metoda aplikohet derisa vlera e 3F teuml jeteuml meuml

e vogeumll se 610 Vlerat e 212 dhe teuml


(14 16 18 dhe 20) p Disa vlera teuml r pranohen sipas hapit ldquoardquo Peumlr

secileumln peumlrcaktohet vlera e c neuml hapin ldquojrdquo

dhe formuleumls (14)

Njeuml printim na jep dy lakore qeuml paraqesin 0F3

0F2 teuml cilat ndeumlrpriten neuml njeuml pikeuml Figuren 3

Figura 3 Ndryshimi i neuml lidhje me Vlerat e c dhe r neuml keumlteuml pikeuml janeuml vlerat vetjake

Ndeumlrsa vlera teuml ndryshme teuml c peumlrkundrejt r do

teuml japin veteumlm njeuml lakore (me vijeuml teuml ndeumlrprereuml fig 3) Neuml keumlteuml rast mund teuml aplikohet metoda ldquodouble falserdquo peumlr teuml peumlrcaktuar vlerat vetjake (teuml c dhe r )

BIBLIOGRAFIA 1 Erdman AG Sandor GN Mechanism Design Analysis and Synthesis Vol I and II (2004)

Kullolli et al


2 Korbi R Sinteza e mekanizmave plane me leva (1995) 3 BelfioreNP Di Benedetto A Pannestri E Fondamenti di meccanica applicata alle machine CEA - Casa Editrice Ambrosiana (2005) 4 Shigley JE Cinematic Analysis of Mechanisms Mc Graw-Hill Book Company New York pp 326-356 (1989) 5 Artobolevski I Mechanisms in modern engineering design - A hand-book for engineers designers and inventors Moscow MIR 1976

6 Waldron KJ ldquoImproved Solutions of the Branch and orden problems of Burmester linkage synthesisrdquo Journal of Mechanism and Machine Theory 13 (1978) pp 199-207 7 Ostrowski AM Solutions of Equations and System of Equations Academic Press New York (1970)


INFLUENCE OF PLANETARY GEAR IN IMPROVING EFFICIENCY OF CONTINUOUS VARIABLE TRANSMISSION IN PASSENGER VEHICLES NDIKIMI I TRANSMETUESIT PLANETAR NEuml PEumlRMIREumlSIMIN E EFIKASITETIT TEuml NDEumlRRUESIT KONTINUAL (TEuml VAZHDUESHEumlM) TEuml SHPEJTEumlSISEuml NEuml AUTOMJETET E UDHEumlTAREumlVE SHPETIM LAJQI BASHKIM BAXHAKU NASER LAJQI Universiteti i Prishtineumls Fakulteti i Inxhinieriseuml Mekanike Prishtineuml KOSOVEuml Email shpetimlajqiyahoocom AKTET IV 2 219-226 2011 PERMBLEDHJE Zvogeumllimi i shpenzimit teuml leumlndeumls djegeumlse te automjetet e udheumltareumlve mund teuml arrihet edhe me peumlrmireumlsimin e sistemit teuml bartjes seuml fuqiseuml dhe shfryteumlzimin optimal teuml efikasitetit teuml motorit me djegie teuml brendshme Neuml keteuml punim do teuml analizohet ndeumlrruesi kontinual i shpejteumlsiseuml i kombinuar me transmetuesin planetar Ky kombinim mundeumlson qeuml bartja e fuqiseuml peumlrmes ndeumlrruesit kontinual teuml shpejteumlsiseuml teuml jeteuml meuml e vogeumll se 50 te shpejteumlsiteuml e vogla teuml leumlvizjes seuml automjetit Te shpejteumlsiteuml e meumldha barteuml rreth 80 teuml fuqiseuml hyreumlse nga motori me djegie teuml brendshme kurse pjeseumln tjeteumlr teuml fuqiseuml e bart peumlrmes transmetuesit planetar [1] Modelimi eumlshteuml realizuar me aneuml teuml modelit matematikor ndeumlrsa llogaritjet janeuml realizuar me programin MATLAB Eumlshteuml llogaritur degeumlzimi i fuqiseuml barteumlse teuml motorit me djegie teuml brendshme neuml ndeumlrruesin kontinual teuml shpejteumlsiseuml dhe transmetuesin planetar si dhe shkalla e shfryteumlzimit teuml transmetuesve neuml vareumlsi teuml raportit teuml transmisionit Fjale kyccedile Degeumlzimi i fuqiseuml ndeumlrruesi kontinual transmetuesi planetar raportet e transmisionit SUMMARY Reducing fuel consumption in passenger vehicles may be aided by improving the power transmission system and using optimal of the efficiency of internal combustion engine In this paper will analyze the continuous variable transmission combined with planetary transmitter This combination allows the power flow through continual variable transmission to be less than 50 at small velocities of movement of the vehicle At high speed carry about 80 of input power from the internal combustion engine while the rest of carrying through planetary transmitter [1] Modeling in this paper is realized through mathematical model whereas calculations are performed in MATLAB program Are calculated power split from internal combustion engine into continuous variable transmission and planetary transmission and efficiency of power transmission versus of the transmission ratio Key words Power split continuously variable planetary transmitter transmission ratio

1 HYRJE Automjetet gjateuml puneumls lirojneuml gazra teuml cilat janeuml teuml deumlmshme peumlr ambientin dhe njeriun prandaj eumlshteuml e domosdoshme gjetja e njeuml zgjidhjeje peumlr shpenzim meuml teuml vogeumll teuml leumlndeumls djegeumlse dhe emision me teuml vogeumll teuml gazrave daleumlse Neumlse neuml automjet peumlrdoret ndeumlrruesi kontinual i shpejteumlsiseuml ateumlhereuml deri neuml 8 do teuml zvogeumllohet

shpenzimi i leumlndeumls djegeumlse krahasuar me ndeumlrruesin mekanik [2] sepse keumlta ndeumlrrues kaneuml raport teuml ndryshuesheumlm teuml transmisionit (fig 1) dhe i mundeumlsojneuml motorit me djegie teuml brendshme teuml punojeuml me shkalleuml meuml teuml larteuml teuml shfryteumlzimit Sheumlnimet e prezantuara neuml fig 1 tregojneuml se sa leumlndeuml djegeumlse mund teuml kursehen

Lajqi et al


neuml automjete peumlrmes peumlrmireumlsimeve teuml ndryshme teknike Neuml fig 2 eumlshteuml paraqitur momenti rrotullues (Te) i motorit me djegie teuml brendshme me benzineuml neuml funksion teuml numrit teuml rrotullimeve (ne) Izohipsat paraqesin konsumin specifik teuml leumlndeumls djegeumlse (ge grkWh) ndeumlrsa hiperbolat paraqesin fuqineuml e motorit me djegie teuml brendshme (Pe kW) [3]

Me vijeuml-pikeuml-vijeuml (vija ideale) eumlshteuml paraqitur rasti kur motori punon neuml shkalleumln meuml teuml larteuml teuml shfryteumlzimit Me peumlrdorimin e ndeumlrruesit kontinual teuml shpejteumlsiseuml kjo vijeuml peumlrcillet peumlrmes zgjedhjes seuml peumlrshtatshme teuml raportit teuml transmisionit

Fig 1 Mundeumlsiseuml e kursimit teuml leumlndeumls djegeumlse te automjetet e seuml ardhmes [2]

Fig 2 Vareumlsia e momentit rrotullues nga numri i rrotullimeve teuml motorit me fuqi 100 kW neuml rastin

e peumlrdorimit teuml ndeumlrruesit kontinual teuml shpejteumlsiseuml - vija ideale [3]

Lajqi et al


Fig 3 Paraqitja skematike e ndeumlrruesit kontinual teuml shpejteumlsiseuml me rrip transmisioni

Fig 4 Konstruksioni i ndeumlrruesit kontinual teuml shpejteumlsiseuml me rrip neuml formeuml V-je [1]

Fig 5 Forma e rripit nga konstruksioni prej metali [4] 2 NDEumlRRUESIT E SHPEJTEumlSISEuml TE AUTOMJETET Krahas peumlrdorimit teuml ndeumlrruesve mekanikeuml dhe automatikeuml peumlrdoren edhe ndeumlrruesit kontinual teuml shpejteumlsiseuml Secili ndeumlrrues duhet trsquoi ploteumlsojeuml keumlto keumlrkesa

Shkalla e shfryteumlzimit teuml jeteuml sa meuml e larteuml dhe

Diapazoni i rregullimit teuml raportit teuml transmisionit teuml jeteuml i mjaftuesheumlm ashtu qeuml

motori me djegie teuml brendshme teuml punojeuml me shkalleuml sa meuml teuml larteuml teuml shfryteumlzimit

Neuml teuml shumteumln e rasteve ndeumlrruesi kontinual i shpejteumlsiseuml nuk i ploteumlson keumlto keumlrkesa njeumlkoheumlsisht peumlr shkak teuml kufizimit teuml afteumlsiseuml barteumlse teuml rripit Prandaj kjo ka qeneuml njeuml prej arsyeve qeuml peumlr njeuml koheuml teuml gjateuml keumlta ndeumlrrues nuk janeuml peumlrdorur te automjetet me fuqi teuml madhe teuml motorit

Lajqi et al


21 Ndeumlrruesit kontinual teuml shpejteumlsiseuml Ndeumlrruesit kontinual teuml shpejteumlsiseuml ofrojneuml raport teuml ndryshuesheumlm teuml transmisionit neuml mes teuml burimit teuml energjiseuml dhe rrotave ngaseumlse Viteve teuml fundit ndeumlrruesit kontinual teuml shpejteumlsiseuml zeumlneuml vend atraktiv neuml industrineuml automobilistike Janeuml duke u zhvilluar ndeumlrrues kontinualeuml teuml shpejteumlsiseuml me dheumlmbeumlzoreuml hidraulik me zinxhir me rrip transmisioni dhe disa lloje teuml tjera [1] 22 Ndeumlrruesi kontinual i shpejteumlsiseuml me rrip transmisioni Pjeseumlt kryesore teuml ndeumlrruesit kontinual teuml shpejteumlsiseuml me rrip transmisioni janeuml rrota udheumlzuese rrota e udheumlzuar dhe rripi fleksibil Keumlto pjeseuml bartin fuqineuml njeumljteuml si rrotat e zakonshme por ndryshimi i diametrave teuml keumltyre rrotave eumlshteuml ajo qeuml e beumln keteuml ndeumlrrues teuml veccedilanteuml (fig 3) Peumlrdorim meuml teuml madh teuml ndeumlrruesve kontinual teuml shpejteumlsiseuml neuml automjete e kaneuml

ndeumlrruesit kontinual teuml shpejteumlsiseuml me rrip gome teuml formeumls V dhe

ndeumlrruesit kontinual teuml shpejteumlsiseuml me rrip nga konstruksioni i metalteuml

221 Ndeumlrruesit kontinual teuml shpejteumlsiseuml me rrip gome teuml formeumls V Ndeumlrruesit kontinual teuml shpejteumlsiseuml me rrip gome teuml formeumls V peumlrdorin rripin e gomeumls si pjeseuml barteumlse teuml fuqiseuml ndeumlrsa peumlr peumlrfitimin e raportit kontinual teuml transmisionit peumlrdorin disqet konike teuml cilat beumljneuml teuml mundur realizimin e ndryshimit teuml diametrave (kontakti rrip-disk) neumlpeumlrmjet zhvendosjeve aksiale teuml disqeve Mekanizmi i cili mundeumlson zhvendosjet aksiale teuml disqeve konike zakonisht eumlshteuml hidraulik ose susteuml elastike (fig 4) Keumlta ndeumlrrues kaneuml gjetur zbatim te automjetet teuml cilat nuk keumlrkojneuml fuqi teuml madhe barteumlse si motoccedilikleta skutera saja me motor etj 222 Ndeumlrruesit kontinual teuml shpejteumlsiseuml me rrip nga konstruksioni i metalteuml Ndeumlrruesit kontinual teuml shpejteumlsiseuml me rrip nga konstruksioni i metalteuml punojneuml neuml parim teuml

njeumljteuml me ndeumlrruesit e meumlparsheumlm mireumlpo dallimi eumlshteuml se rripi i gomeumls eumlshteuml zeumlvendeumlsuar me rrip teuml metalteuml peumlr ta peumlrmireumlsuar afteumlsineuml barteumlse [4] (fig 5)

Fig 6 Skema e degeumlzimit teuml fuqiseuml TP ndash transmetuesi planetar NK - ndeumlrruesi kontinual i shpejteumlsiseuml Ph ndash fuqia neuml hyrje Pd ndash fuqia neuml dalje

Fig 7 Transmetuesi planetar i kombinuar

me ndeumlrruesin kontinual teuml shpejteumlsiseuml 3 NDIKIMI I TRANSMETUESIT PLANETAR NEuml RASTIN E KOMBINIMIT ME NDEumlRRUESIN KONTINUAL TEuml SHPEJTEumlSISEuml Peumlrmireumlsimi i vetive teuml ndeumlrruesit kontinual teuml shpejteumlsiseuml eumlshteuml arritur me kombinimin e transmetuesit planetar me ndeumlrruesin kontinual teuml shpejteumlsiseuml Ideja peumlr reumlndeumlsineuml e keumltij kombinimi eumlshteuml se bartja e fuqiseuml peumlrmes rripit te shpejteumlsiteuml e vogla eumlshteuml meuml e vogeumll se 50 dhe te shpejteumlsiteuml e meumldha eumlshteuml rreth 80 Peumlrmireumlsimi i fuqiseuml barteumlse i ka mundeumlsuar ndeumlrruesit kontinual teuml shpejteumlsiseuml qeuml teuml peumlrdoret

Lajqi et al


edhe te automjetet qeuml kaneuml motor me fuqi teuml madhe Me kombinimin e transmetuesit planetar me ndeumlrruesin kontinual teuml shpejteumlsiseuml fuqia degeumlzohet neuml dy drejtime (fig 6) Fuqia e degeumlzuar e cila bartet peumlrmes ndeumlrruesit kontinual teuml shpejteumlsiseuml eumlshteuml meuml e vogeumll se fuqia hyreumlse (Ph) qeuml vjen nga motori me djegie teuml brendshme

31 Karakteristikat kryesore teuml sistemit teuml bartjes seuml fuqiseuml Sistemi i bartjes seuml fuqiseuml eumlshteuml i ndeumlrtuar nga transmetuesi planetar i tipit 1AI i cili peumlrbeumlhet nga dheumlmbeumlzori qendror me dheumlmbeuml teuml jashteumlm (za) teuml brendsheumlm (zb) dheumlmbeumlzoreumlt planetar (zg) dhe mbajteumlsin e planetareumlve (s) ndeumlrsa ndeumlrruesi kontinual i shpejteumlsiseuml peumlrbehet nga rrota

udheumlzuese (a) e udheumlzuar (c) dhe pjesa barteumlse (b) ndash rripi i gomeumls (fig 7) [5] [6] Ky sistem i transmisionit i mundeumlson automjetit qeuml teuml punoj neuml disa variante punuese Variantet punuese janeuml neuml vareumlsi teuml keumlrkesave teuml ngaseumlsit dhe konfigurimit teuml njeumlsiseuml elektronike komanduese Keumlrkesat e tilla realizohen me fiksimin e dheumlmbeumlzoreve (zb) ose (za) peumlrmes frenave (F1) dhe (F2) dhe lidheumlseve C D (fig 7)

Degeumlzimi i fuqiseuml realizohet neuml dalje teuml boshtit motorik teuml motorit me djegie teuml brendshme neuml dy drejtime

Drejtimi i pareuml i bartjes seuml fuqiseuml realizohet peumlrmes ndeumlrruesit kontinual teuml shpejteumlsiseuml ndeumlrsa

Drejtimi i dyteuml i bartjes seuml fuqiseuml realizohet peumlrmes transmetuesit planetar

32 Caktimi i raporteve teuml transmisionit Raporti i transmisionit peumlr ndeumlrruesin kontinual teuml shpejteumlsiseuml (ink) caktohet me shprehjen [1]

cosa2sincos)(a2L

sincos)(a2L

r

ri

acac

ac

h

dnk (1)

Ku janeuml sheumlnuar me

rd ndash rrezja e rroteumls seuml udheumlzuar rh ndash rrezja e rroteumls udheumlzuese L ndash gjateumlsia e rripit aac ndash distanca boshtore ndeumlrmjet rroteumls udheumlzuese dhe teuml udheumlzuar dhe

ndash keumlndi neuml meseuml teuml aksit teuml simetriseuml dhe pikeumls seuml kontaktit teuml rroteumls me rripin Shprehja e peumlrgjithshme peumlr caktimin e raportit teuml transmisionit te transmetuesit planetar teuml

kombinuar me ndeumlrruesin kontinual teuml shpejteumlsiseuml (itpknk) sipas fig 7 do teuml jeteuml

coszza2sincos)(a2Lz

sincos)(a2Lzzzi

dbacacf

acabftpknk (2)

33 Caktimi i shkalleumls seuml shfryteumlzimit Shkalla e shfryteumlzimit teuml ndeumlrruesit kontinual teuml

shpejteumlsiseuml (nk) nuk ka vlereuml konstante dhe ka vlera meuml teuml vogla se ndeumlrruesit e shpejteumlsiseuml me dheumlmbeumlzor Kryesisht shkalla e shfryteumlzimit teuml ndeumlrruesit kontinual teuml shpejteumlsiseuml caktohet nga matjet e ndryshme eksperimentale teuml cilat varen nga momenti rrotullues raporti i transmisionit

dhe numri i rrotullimeve neuml hyrje teuml ndeumlrruesit kontinual teuml shpejteumlsiseuml [7] Neuml fig 8 veumlrehet se vlera maksimale e shkalleumls seuml

shfryteumlzimit (nkmax = 09) eumlshteuml te rasti kur raporti i transmisionit neuml ndeumlrruesin kontinual eumlshteuml njeuml (ink=1) Shkalla e shfryteumlzimit teuml transmetuesit planetar teuml kombinuar me ndeumlrruesin kontinual teuml

Lajqi et al


shpejteumlsiseuml eumlshteuml funksion i raportit teuml transmisionit teuml ndeumlrruesit kontinual teuml shpejteumlsiseuml (ink) i cili e peumlrmireumlson shkalleumln e shfryteumlzimit krahasuar me ndeumlrruesin kontinual teuml shpejteumlsiseuml (fig 9)

Fig 8 Vareumlsia e shkalleumls seuml shfryteumlzimit te ndeumlrruesit kontinual teuml shpejteumlsiseuml neuml funksion teuml raportit teuml transmisioni te ndeumlrruesit kontinual teuml shpejteumlsiseuml [7]

Fig 9 Shkalla e shfryteumlzimit e transmetuesit planetar teuml kombinuar me ndeumlrruesin kontinual teuml shpejteumlsiseuml Shkalla e shfryteumlzimit te transmetuesit planetar teuml kombinuar me ndeumlrruesin kontinual teuml shpejteumlsiseuml jepet peumlrmes dy funksioneve kuadratike teuml dheumlna me shprehjet (3) dhe (4) Neumlse ink le 1 shkalla e shfryteumlzimit eumlshteuml

1nk12nk1tpknk uisin (3)

Koeficienteumlt e peumlrdorur peumlr modelin matematikor fuqi teuml cileumlt janeuml caktuar neuml meumlnyreuml eksperimentale janeuml

n1 = - 3609 s1 = 6984 dhe u1 = 5947 eumlse ink ge =1 shkalla e shfryteumlzimit eumlshteuml


Po ashtu koeficienteumlt e peumlrdorur peumlr modelin matematikor fuqi janeuml

n2 = - 42592 s2 = 79364 dhe u2 = 8954

34 Llogaritja e bartjes seuml fuqiseuml Shprehjet peumlr llogaritjen e fuqiseuml qeuml bartet peumlrmes transmetuesit planetar (Ptp) dhe ndeumlrruesit kontinual teuml shpejteumlsiseuml (Pnk) jepen me shprehjet [8]

efdnk

sab

nksab

eetptpiii

iiTTP

(5)

efdnk

sab

fdeenknk

iii

iTTP

(6)

Ndeumlrsa caktimi i forceumls neuml rrip (Frrip) teuml ndeumlrruesi kontinual i shpejteumlsiseuml caktohet me shprehjen

fdnksab

fd

h

e

h

nkrrip

iii

i

r

T

r

TF

(7)

ku janeuml sheumlnuar me ωe ndash shpejteumlsia keumlndore e boshtit motorik Ttp ndash momenti rrotullues neuml transmetuesit planetar Tnk ndash momenti rrotullues neuml ndeumlrruesin kontinual teuml shpejteumlsiseuml 4 LLOGARITJA E PARAMETRAVE KARAKTERISTIKEuml TE TRANSMETUESIT PLANETAR TEuml KOMBINUAR ME NDEumlRRUESIN KONTINUAL TEuml SHPEJTEumlSISEuml Peumlr llogaritjen e parametrave karakteristikeuml teuml sistemit teuml bartjes seuml fuqiseuml eumlshteuml shfryteumlzuar programi MATLAB Programi eumlshteuml i ndeumlrtuar neuml ateuml meumlnyreuml qeuml me ndryshimin e vlerave hyreumlse fitohen karakteristikat e keumlrkuara neuml dalje Rezultatet e fituara janeuml paraqitur neuml formeuml grafike dhe janeuml dheumlneuml komentet e tyre 41 Vareumlsia e degeumlzimit teuml fuqiseuml seuml motorit me djegie teuml brendshme nga raporti i transmisionit te ndeumlrruesit kontinual teuml shpejteumlsiseuml

Lajqi et al


Neuml fig 10 dhe 11 janeuml paraqitur lakoret e vareumlsiseuml seuml degeumlzimit teuml fuqiseuml hyreumlse teuml motorit (Ph=Pe) neuml transmetuesin planetar (Ptp) dhe neuml ndeumlrruesin kontinual teuml shpejteumlsiseuml (Pnk) nga raporti i transmisionit (ink) peumlr regjimet punuese pa ngarkeseuml nemin = 800 min

-1 Pe = 1435 kW dhe

me ngarkeseuml nTemax = 4000 min-1

PTemax = 7787 kW

Fig 10 Vareumlsia e degeumlzimit teuml fuqiseuml (Pe) neuml transmetuesin planetar (Ptp) dhe neuml ndeumlrruesin kontinual teuml shpejteumlsiseuml (Pnk) nga raporti i transmisionit (ink) peumlr ne = 800 min

-1

Fig 11 Vareumlsia e degeumlzimit teuml fuqiseuml hyreumlse (Pe) neuml transmetuesin planetar (Ptp) dhe neuml ndeumlrruesin kontinual teuml shpejteumlsiseuml (Pnk) nga raporti i transmisionit (ink) peumlr nTemax = 4000 min

-1

Neuml fig 10 dhe 11 shihet se me rritjen e raportit teuml transmisionit teuml ndeumlrruesit kontinual ink = 05 252 rritet fuqia qeuml bartet peumlrmes transmetuesit planetar (Ptp) ndeumlrsa zvogeumllohet neuml ndeumlrruesin kontinual teuml shpejteumlsiseuml (Pnk)

Peumlr raportin e transmisionit ink = 205 fuqia e degeumlzuar neuml transmetuesin planetar dhe neuml ndeumlrruesin kontinual teuml shpejteumlsiseuml janeuml teuml barabarta respektivisht 50 e fuqiseuml hyreumlse

Fig 12 Vareumlsia e forceumls neuml rrip nga raporti i transmisionit teuml ndeumlrruesi kontinual i shpejteumlsiseuml (ink) peumlr nemin = 800 min

-1 dhe

nTemax = 4000 min

-1

42 Vareumlsia e ndryshimit teuml forceumls neuml rrip nga raporti i transmisionit teuml ndeumlrruesit kontinual teuml shpejteumlsiseuml Neuml fig 12 janeuml paraqitur lakoreumlt e vareumlsiseuml seuml ndryshimit teuml forceumls teumlrheqeumlse neuml rrip nga raporti i transmisionit te ndeumlrruesit kontinual teuml shpejteumlsiseuml peumlr dy vlera teuml numrit teuml rrotullimeve teuml boshtit motorik nemin = 800 dhe nTemax = 4000 min

-1

5 PEumlRFUNDIM Bazuar neuml rezultatet e fituara nga programi MATLAB peumlr sistemin e bartjes seuml fuqiseuml te automjetet e udheumltareumlve respektivisht te transmetuesi planetar i kombinuar me ndeumlrruesin kontinual teuml shpejteumlsiseuml konstatohet se Peumlrdorimi i ndeumlrruesit kontinual teuml shpejteumlsiseuml me diapazonin e tij rregullues mundeumlson ndryshimin e parametrave kryesoreuml teuml sistemit teuml bartjes seuml fuqiseuml teuml automjetet e udheumltareumlve Transmetuesi planetar mundeumlson degeumlzimin e fuqiseuml seuml motorit me djegie teuml brendshme neuml dy drejtime (kah ndeumlrruesi kontinual i shpejteumlsiseuml dhe transmetuesi planetar) Me rastin e degeumlzimit teuml fuqiseuml se motorit me djegie teuml brendshme fuqia neuml transmetuesin

Lajqi et al


planetar rritet ndeumlrsa fuqia neuml ndeumlrruesin kontinual teuml shpejteumlsiseuml zvogeumllohet me rritjen e raportit teuml transmisionit teuml ndeumlrruesit kontinual teuml shpejteumlsiseuml (ink) Peumlr raportin e transmisionit ink = 205 fuqia e degeumlzuar neuml transmetuesin planetar dhe neuml ndeumlrruesin kontinual teuml shpejteumlsiseuml janeuml teuml barabarta Shkalla e shfryteumlzimit teuml sistemit teuml bartjes seuml fuqiseuml ka vlereumln maksimale peumlr raport teuml transmisionit ink = 1 Forca teumlrheqeumlse neuml rrip rritet me rritjen e raportit teuml transmisionit teuml ndeumlrruesit kontinual teuml shpejteumlsiseuml BIBLIOGRAFIA 1 Lajqi Sh (2008) ldquoTransmetuesit planetar teuml kombinuar me ndeumlrruesin kontinual teuml shpejteumlsiseuml te automjetet hibride elektrikerdquo Punim magjistrature Prishtineuml 2 Škoda A (2008) ldquoKruno Ormužrdquo Motorna Vozila Zagreb 3 Gomez M (2003) ldquoA Continuously Variable Power-Split Transmission in a Hybrid-Electric Sport Utility Vehiclerdquo Master of science West Virginia

4 Toacuteth-Nagy C (2000) ldquoInvestigation and simulation of the planetary combination hybrid electric vehiclerdquo Masterrsquos thesis West Virginia 5 Lajqi Sh Ibrahimi N Baxhaku B Lajqi N (2009) ldquoModelling of continuous variable power split transmission in Hybrid Electric Vehiclerdquo 6th ResearchExpert Conference with International Participations rdquoQUALITY 2009ldquo Neum BampH 6 Lajqi Sh Ibrahimi N Baxhaku B Lajqi N (2009) ldquoAnalyses of powertrain system in a passenger vehicle with using planetary gear combine with continuously variable transmissionrdquo 13th International ResearchExpert Conference rdquoTrends in the Development of Machinery and Associated Technologiesrdquo TMT 2009 Hammamet Tunisia 7 Zhijian L (1998) ldquoAcceleration Simulation of a Vehicle with a Continuously Variable Power Split Transmissionrdquo Master of science West Virginia 8 Mucino V Smith E Cowan B and Kmicikiewicz M (1997) ldquoA continuously variable power split transmission for automotive applicationsrdquo SAE Technical Paper No 970687


CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF MAIN MINERALS OF Pb AND Zn IN THE MINERAL DEPOSIT ldquoPEumlRROI I NGJYROSURrdquo- ARTANEuml KOSOVEuml PEumlRBEumlRJA KIMIKE E MINERALEVE KRYESORE XEHEFORMUESE Pb DHE Zn NEuml VENDBURIMIN ldquoPEumlRROI I NGJYROSURrdquo- ARTANEuml KOSOVEuml BEDRI DURMISHAJ SYLEJMAN HYSENI Universiteti i Prishtineumls ldquoFXMrdquo PI-Mitroviceuml 40000 KOSOVEuml Email bdurmishajyahoocom AKTET IV 2 227-233 2011 PERMBLEDHJE Neuml keteuml punim janeuml paraqitur rezultatet e analizave teuml peumlrbeumlrjes kimike teuml fazeumlve minerale neuml vendburimin e Pb-Zn Peumlrroi i ngjyrosur-Artaneuml Neuml studim rezulton Sfaleritet e vendburimit Peumlrroi i ngjyrosur kaneuml peumlrmbajtje mesatare teuml Femes=11 Sipas peumlrmbajtjeve teuml hekurit (Fe) sfaleriti i keumltij vendburimi eumlshteuml krijuar neuml temperatureumln neumln 500degC Neuml mineralin e galenitit peumlrmbajtjet mesatare teuml Bi (rreth 135) dhe teuml Ir (deri 175) janeuml karakteristikeuml peumlr 21 pika te analizuara neuml suazeuml te kampioneve minerale ndash anshlifeve por jo peumlr galenitet peumlrgjithesisht [2] Derisa piritet peumlrmbajneuml Cu vlera mesatare e teuml cilit eumlshteuml 0013 ose 130ppm vlera e peumlrmbajtjeve teuml Pb e As eumlshteuml afeumlrsisht e barabarteuml (rreth 02) ndeumlrsa peumlrmbajtjet e Ag arrijneuml neuml vlereumln 003 Elementet e grupit te platineumls (figura 13 14 dhe 15) janeuml teuml pranisheumlm neuml tre mineralet kryesore (pirit sfalerit dhe galenit) Para se gjithash me pareuml keumlrkohet njeuml konfirmim i keumltyre peumlrmbajtjeve me njeuml tjeteumlr metodeuml analitike me teuml peumlrshtatshme peumlr peumlrcaktimin e EGP siccedil eumlshteuml metoda fire assay Fjaleumlt kyccedile Kimizim fazeuml minerale mikrosond elektronike Peumlrroi i Ngjyrosur SUMMARY In this paper we present the results of studying the chemical composition of mineral phases in the deposit of Pb-Zn Peumlrroi i ngjyrosur As the conclusion of the study results the Sfalerits of deposit ldquoPeumlrroi i ngjyrosurrdquo distinguished for the chemical content of average Fe= 11 According to this source content sfalerite has a temperature below 500degC Galena distinguished by high content of Bi (about 135) and Ir (up 175) are characteristic for 21 poinst within the sample analised but not for galena minerals in general [2] While Pyrite with Cu content are distinguished by the value of which reaches approximately 0013 the value of the contents of Pb and As approximately equal (about 02) and Ag contents reach the value 003 The EGP (figure 13 14 and 15) are present in the three major minerals (pyrite sfalerite and galena) Primary is required a confirmation of these contents with another analytical method for example EGP as the fire assay method Key words chemical composition mineral phase electronic microsond Peumlrroi i Ngjyrosur

HYRJE Vendburimi polimetalor sulfuror i Pb Zn Ag ldquoPeumlrroi i Ngjyrosurrdquo i peumlrket fusheumls xeherore teuml Artaneumls (figura 1) Ndoneumlse ekzistojneuml analiza mbi peumlrbeumlrjen kimike teuml xeheroreumlve dhe shpeumlrndarjen e elementeve kryesore teuml

shfryteumlzueshme (Pb Zn dhe Ag) neuml vendburim [3] deri meuml sot teuml dheumlnat mbi kimizmin e fazave mineraleve janeuml fare teuml pakta peumlr te mos theumlneuml qeuml mungojneuml fare Qeumlllimi i keumltij punimi eumlshteuml paraqitja e teuml dheumlnave teuml reja mbi peumlrbeumlrjen kimike teuml fazave minerale

Durmishaj amp Hyseni


peumlr vendburimin Peumlrroi i Ngjyrosur duke kontribuar keumlshtu neuml njohjen meuml teuml mireuml teuml gjeokimiseuml seuml mineralizimeve teuml keumltij vendburimi Peumlr keteuml ne kemi kryer peumlr hereuml teuml pareuml 51 analiza kimike meuml metodeumln e mikrosondeumls elektronike neuml tre nga gjithsejteuml peseuml kampione teuml marrur nga vendburimi i sipeumlrshkruar [2] Analizat janeuml kryer neuml laboratorin e BRGM-eumls neuml Orleans Franceuml me aparatureuml CAMECA Peumlrveccedil interesit praktik dhe industrial qeuml paraqet ky vendburim peumlr vendin nuk eumlshteuml meuml i vogeumll edhe interesi shkencor Interes paraqet edhe ndryshimi i peumlrbeumlrjes kimike te mineraleve jo veteumlm nga njeuml trup xeheror tek tjetri por edhe neuml kuadeumlr te teuml njeumljtit trup xeheror duke reflektuar keumlshtu disa dallime neuml kushtet e mineralformimit

Figura 1 Pozita gjeografike e fusheumls xeherore teuml Artaneumls KOSOVEuml MJEDISI GJEOLOGJIK I VENDBURIMIT Neuml aspektin gjeotektonik Brezi xeheror i Trepccedileumls [5] neuml kuadeumlr te teuml cilit beumlneuml pjeseuml edhe terreni neuml studim (figura 2) i peumlrket zoneumls seuml Vardarit [8] pllakeumls kontinentale dhe zoneumls seuml aktivizimit vullkanik neuml Terciar [6 7] Vendburimi peumlrbeumlhet nga formacionet shkeumlmbore seria metamorfike e Artaneumls shkeumlmbinjteuml e Jurasikut dhe teuml Kretakut

produktet vullkanogjene teuml Terciarit dhe depozitimet e reja teuml Kuaternarit [4]

Figura 2 Brezi xeheror i TRECcedilEumlS me vendburimet sulfure te Pb dhe Zn Artaneuml (B) neuml suazeuml te zoneumls seuml Vardarit (A) Gjenetikisht mineralizimet sulfure janeuml teuml lidhura me proccedileset hidrtermale teuml aktivitetit vullkanik teuml magmeumls andezite neuml Terciar [9] Mineralizimet sulfure me vlereuml ekonomike janeuml teuml lokalizuar neuml shkeumlmbinjeuml karbonatik karakteristike peumlr vendburimin Peumlrroi i ngjyrosur Takojmeuml edhe mineralizime teuml lokalizuar neuml mjedise tjeteumlr gjeologjik (skarne dhe rreshpe kristalore) por meuml pak teuml reumlndeumlsishem neuml aspektin ekonomik Studimet [1] kaneuml treguar mbi reumlndeumlsin e faktorit kontrollues tektonik neuml fusheumln xeherore Hajvali-Badovc-Kizhniceuml Nga ky keumlndveumlshtrim edhe neuml fusheumln xeherore teuml Artaneumls faktori kontrollues tektonik eumlshteuml i njeuml reumlndeumlsie teuml veccedilanteuml KIMIZMI I XEHEROREumlVE NEuml VENDBURIM Peumlr teuml pasur njohuri mbi kimizmin e xeheroreumlve neuml vendburim kemi peumlrdorur analizat e kampioneve teuml marrur neuml trupat xeheroreuml neuml vendburim Analizat janeuml kryer neuml laboratorin e Kizhniceumls Peumlrmbajtja e elementeve kryesore teuml shfryteumlzueshem dhe peumlrcjelleumlse neuml vendburimin Peumlrroi i ngjyrosur eumlshteuml paraqitur neuml tabeleumln 1



Elementi kimik

Vendburimet

Peumlrroi i

Ngjyrosur

Hajvali Badovc Kizhniceuml

Pb 436 935 551 692

Zn 545 1441 257 153

Ag gt 12607 10790 8315 7438

Cu 041 006 007 007

Bi 001 002 003 001

As 072 006 009 019

Cd 005 0098 003 002

Sb 018 015 007 002

ZnPb 125 154 047 022

Tabela 1 Kimizimi i xeheroreumlve neuml vendburimin Peumlrroi i ngjyrosur Artaneuml sipas provave peumlrfaqeumlsuese teuml shfryteumlzimit krahasuar me vendburimet e fusheumls xeherore Hajvali-Badovc Kizhniceuml Nga tabela 1 veumlrehet seuml peumlrmbajtja e metalit teuml Pb neuml vendburimin Peumlrroi i ngjyrosur eumlshteuml meuml e uleumlt neuml krahasim me vendburimet tjera por veccedilohet meuml peumlrmbajtje teuml larteuml teuml Zn peumlrveccedil Hajvaliseuml e cila dallon meuml peumlrmbajtje shumeuml teuml larteuml teuml Pb e Zn neuml raport meuml vendburimet tjereuml teuml keumltij rajoni Karakteristike peumlr vendburimin e Hajvaliseuml dhe Peumlrroin e ngjyrosur eumlshteuml predominimi i Zn ndaj Pb deumlrisa neuml vendburimet Badovc e Kizhniceuml eumlshteuml e kundeumlrta (Pb ka meuml shumeuml seuml sa Zn) Peumlr dallim nga vendburimet tjereuml peumlrmbajtjet meuml teuml larta teuml Ag janeuml karakteristike peumlr vendburimin Peumlrroin e ngjyrosur por ky vendburim avanson edhe sa i peumlrket peumlrmbajtjeve teuml metaleve tjereuml peumlrcjelleumlse si Cu As dhe Sb Fazeumlt minerale Nga studimet e meumlhershme [9] rezulton seuml mineralizimet neuml vendburimin Peumlrroi i ngjyrosur janeuml formuar gjateuml keumltyre fazave kryesore pneumatolite ndash kontakti metasomatik hipotermale dhe mezotermale Neuml fazeumln e kontaktit metasomatik janeuml formuar (granati

epidoti saliti magnetiti pirrotina I dhe kalkopiriti I) ndeumlrsa nga faza e kontaktit metasomatik drejteuml asaj hipotermale (hedenbergiti kuarci pirrotina kalkopirrotina valeriti kubaniti sfaleriti dhe kalkopiriti) Neuml fazen hipotermale janeuml takuar sasi teuml meumldha teuml pirrotineumls II dhe sasi meuml e vogeumll e sfaleritit I arsenopiritit I dhe galenitit I Neuml fund teuml keumlsaj faze janeuml depozituar sasi teuml konsiderueshme teuml mangan-sideritit (oligoniti) Neuml fillim teuml fazeumls mezotermale janeuml formuar kuarci sfaleriti II galeniti II dhe arsenopiriti II dhe seuml bashku me keumlta minerale janeuml depozituar edhe rodokroziti kuarci galeniti piriti arsenopiriti ari tetraedriti dhe burnoniti Neuml peumlrfundim teuml keumlsaj faze ndodh formimi i xhemsonitit mangan-kalcitit markazitit plumozitit antimonitit kalcedonit melnikovitit dhe kalcitit

Minerali Nr i

kampionit Formula

kristalokimike

Piriti

AR1

(Fe 1006 Co 0001 Pb

0002) 1009 (S 1986 As

0005) 1991

AR3

(Fe 1005 Co 0001Pb

0001) 1007 S 1993

Galeniti AR3

(Pb 0972 Fe 0005) 0977 S

1023

Sfaleriti AR2

(Zn 0796 Fe 0200 Cu

0001 Pb 0001) 0998 S

1002

Tabela 2 Formulat kristalokimike teuml mineraleve sipas analizave neuml mikrosondeumln elektronike vendburimi Peumlrroi i ngjyrosur Mikrosonda elektronike dhe Rezultatet Analizat e kampioneve te vendburimit neuml fjaleuml janeuml kryer peumlr hereuml te pareuml meuml dispersion teuml gjateumlsiseuml seuml valeumls neuml mikrosondeuml elektronike Janeuml kryer 51 analiza neuml tre kampione (ar1



ar2dhe ar3) teuml zgjedhur nga vendburimi Peumlrroi i ngjyrosur [2] Analizat meuml mikrosond janeuml kryer neuml laboratorin ldquoBRGMrdquo neuml Orleans Franceuml Kushtet e puneumls peumlr peumlrcaktimin sasior teuml 20 elementeve kaneuml qeneuml Tensioni i akselerimit 25kv rryma 30nA dhe koha e llogaritur peumlr ccedildo element ka qeneuml 6sec kurse peumlr elementet e grupit teuml platines (EGP) dhe Au ka qeneuml 20sec Keumlndi 40deg

Figura 3 Shpeumlrndarja e Ag dhe As neuml pirit kampioni ar1 vendburimi Peumlrroi i ngjyrosur

Figura 4 Shpeumlrndarja e Pb dhe Bi neuml pirit kampioni ar1 vendburimi Peumlrroi i ngjyrosur Neuml (tabela 2) paraqesim formulat kristalokimike teuml mineraleve kryesore karakteristike peumlr keteuml vendburim teuml llogaritur sipas rezultateve teuml analizave neuml mikrosondeuml elektronike Neuml galenite bie neuml sy peumlrmbajtja e As dhe mungesa e Ag Peumlrmbahet meuml shumeuml Bi seuml Sb Sfaleritet peumlrmbajneuml hekur (Femes=11) Neuml

ndryshim nga galenitet neuml disa raste takohen peumlrmbajtje te Cu dhe veumlrehet predominimi i Co ndaj Ni Neuml piritet e analizuara bie neuml sy peumlrmbajtja e As dhe Ag (figura 3) Veumlrehet predominimi i Co ndaj Ni si dhe Bi ndaj Sb Neuml (figura 4) peumlrgjitheumlsisht veumlrejmeuml vlera me peumlrmbajtje teuml uleumlt teuml Pb dhe teuml Bi neuml piritet e kampionit ar1 por dallimi qeumlndron seuml meuml shumeuml peumlrmbahet Bi seuml sa Pb neumlse mund teuml themi keumlshtu Neuml pirite takohen edhe peumlrmbajtje ndoneumlse sporadike por shumeuml teuml larta teuml Pt qeuml nuk shoqeumlrohen meuml elemente tjereuml teuml EGP (figura 5) Kjo shpeumlrndarje sporadike eumlshteuml karakteristike peumlr EGP (figura 6)edhe neuml minerale tjereuml

Figura 5 Shpeumlrndarja e Pt neuml pirit kampioni ar1 vendburimi Peumlrroi i ngjyrosur

Figura 6 Shpeumlrndarja e Pd dhe Ru neuml sfalerit kampioni ar2 vendburimi Peumlrroi i ngjyrosur DISKUTIMI I REZULTATEVE Duke u bazuar neuml analizat mikrosondike teuml paraqitura meuml larteuml veumlrejmeuml disa dallime neuml peumlrmbajtjen e elementeve kimike neuml minerale teuml ndryshem teuml vendburimit Neuml figureumln 7 shihet seuml sfaleriti ka peumlrmbajtje mesatare teuml Fe rreth 11 neuml vendburimin e studiuar Dihet qeuml peumlrmbajtjet



e Fe neuml sfalerit varen nga temperatura e formimit teuml veteuml mineralit dhe neuml disa raste mund teuml peumlrdoren si gjeotermometer

Figura 7 Peumlrmbajtja e hekurit neuml mineralin e sfaleritit vendburimi Peumlrroi i ngjyrosur

Figura 8 Diagrama e sistemit Fe-Zn-S qeuml tregon peumlrbeumlrjen e sfaleritit neuml ekuilibeumlr me fazat hekur barteumlse Zona e erreumlt tregon luhatjet neuml zoneumln njeumlvariante pirit+pirrotineuml Sipas Barnes 1979 Shigjeta tregon peumlrbeumlrjen e sfaleritit peumlr vendburimin Peumlrroi i ngjyrosur (e gjelbeumlr)

Figura 9 Peumlrmbajtja e argjendit neuml mineralin e

sfaleritit vendburimit Peumlrroi i ngjyrosur

Neuml rastin toneuml duke pasur parasysh diagramin e paraqitur neuml figureumln 8 sfaleriti ka njeuml temperatureuml formimi neumln 500degC Neuml diagramin (figura 9) peumlrmbajtja e Ag neuml sfalerit eumlshteuml shumeuml e uleumlt peumlr teuml mos theumlneuml mungon fare

Figura 10 Raportit NiCo neuml pirit vendburimi Peumlrroi i ngjyrosur

Figura 11 Peumlrmbajtja e arsenit neuml pirit vendburimi Peumlrroi i ngjyrosur

Neuml figureumln 10 eumlshteuml paraqitur raporti NiCo neuml piritet e vendburimit Peumlrroi i ngjyrosur dhe veumlrejmeuml seuml ky raport ka vlereumln maksimale rreth 05 dhe eumlshteuml i ndrysheumlm peumlr vendburime teuml ndryshme Keumlshtu piritet e vendburimit teuml Kizhniceumls kaneuml vlereuml te larteuml (afeumlr 35) te keumltij raporti [2] Nga rezultati i analizave dallim tjeteumlr veumlrehet lidhur me peumlrmbajtjet e As neuml mineralin e piritit (figura 11) ku peumlrmbajtja mesatare e tij eumlshteuml shumeuml e uleumlt (neumln 02) derisa ajo maksimale eumlshteuml mbi 13 Peumlrmbajtja e argjendit neuml pirite eumlshteuml e ndryshme peumlr vendburime teuml ndryshme Piritet e vendburimit teuml Artaneumls dallohen me peumlrmbajtje me teuml larteuml teuml argjendit (rreth 003 Ag mesatarisht) krahasuar me vendburimet tjereuml ndoneumlse edhe piritet e Kizhniceumls pas Artaneumls duken mjaft teuml pasur me argjend (rreth 0014 Ag mesatarisht) Peumlrmbajtja mesatare e antimonit neuml galenite



(figura 12) eumlshteuml 009 Peumlrkundrazi neuml teuml njeumljtin mineral takojmeuml vlera mesatare teuml peumlrmbajtjeve teuml Bi (rreth 135) Sa i peumlrket peumlrmbajtjeve teuml EGP veumlrejmeuml seuml neuml mineralin e galenitit (figura13) iridiumi ka peumlrmbajtje shumeuml teuml larteuml (185 mesatarisht) Kjo peumlrmbajtje ka shumeuml teuml ngjareuml teuml mos jeteuml reale por teuml vijeuml si rezultat i mbivendosjes (interferenceumls) seuml linjave teuml Ir me ato teuml Pb Gjithashtu veumlrehet njeuml rritje e Pt neuml raport me elementet tjereuml te grupit teuml platineumls Neuml EGP (figura 14) te analizuar neuml sfaleritet e keumltij vendburimi veumlrejmeuml peumlrmbajtje teuml larteuml teuml Ru dhe teuml Pd karakteristike peumlr pikat e analizuara teuml anshlifit Neuml (figura 15) duket njeuml peumlrmbajtje e larteuml e iridiumit (mbi 003) peumlr piritet e vendburimit Peumlrroi i ngjyrosur Peumlrveccedil iridiumit neuml keteuml figureuml veumlrejmeuml edhe elementet tjereuml teuml grupit teuml platineumls ( Pt Rh Ru dhe Pd) Peumlr sa i peumlrkeumlteuml keumltyre elementeve shihet seuml piritet e keumltyre vendburimeve kaneuml vlera teuml peumlrmbajtjeve teuml platineumls (mbi 002) te rutenit rodiumit dhe palladit afeumlrsisht te barabarteuml (001)

Figura12 Peumlrmbajtja e Sb neuml galenit te vendburimit Peumlrroi i ngjyrosur

Figura12a Peumlrmbajtja e Bi neuml galenit vendburimi ldquo Peumlrroi i ngjyrosurrdquo

Figura13 Peumlrmbajtja mesatare e EGP neuml galenit vendburimi Peumlrroi i ngjyrosur

Figura14 Peumlrmbajtja mesatare e EGP neuml sfalerit vendburimi Peumlrroi i ngjyrosur

Figura15 Peumlrmbajtja mesatare e EGP neuml pirit vendburimi Peumlrroi i ngjyrosur PEumlRFUNDIMI Neuml galenitet e vendburimit ldquoPeumlrroi i ngjyrosurrdquo veumlrehet prezenca e As dhe mungesa e Ag Karakterizohen me peumlrmbajtje mesatare teuml Bi (135) peumlr pika te analizuara neuml kampionin e galenitit Bizmuti eumlshteuml i pranisheumlm edhe neuml mineralin e sfaleritit por me peumlrmbajtje mesatare meuml te uleumlt seuml sa neuml galenit Sfaleritet-



karakterizohen meuml peumlrmbajtje mesatare teuml Fe=11 Sipas keumlsaj peumlrmbajtjeje sfaleriti ka temperatureuml formimi neumln 500ordmC Peumlr ndryshim nga galenitet neuml disa raste veumlrehet peumlrmbajtja e Cu si dhe veumlrehet dominimi i Co ndaj Ni Piritet - neuml kampionet e analizuar teuml keumltij minerali janeuml veumlrejteuml As dhe Ag Veumlrehet dominim i Co ndaj Ni dhe Bi ndaj Sb EGP (figura 13 14 dhe 15) janeuml teuml pranishem neuml teuml tre mineralet kryesore (Pt = 008 neuml galenit Ru = 002 Rh = 0001 Pd = 002 neuml sfalerit dhe Ru = 001 Rh = 0013 Pt = 003 Pd = 001 dhe Au=0004 neuml pirit) teuml vendburimit Peumlrroi i ngjyrosur-Artaneuml Teuml dheumlnat nga rezultati i analizave neuml rastin ton konfirmojneuml pranin e keumltyre elementeve neuml peumlrmbajtje qeuml duhen pasur neuml konsiderateuml peumlr vlera praktike duke sakteumlsuar neuml teuml ardhmen peumlrmbajtjet reale te tyre neuml xeheroreuml BIBLIOGRAFIA 1 Durmishaj B Tashko A Sinojmeri A Neziraj A (2006) Mbi peumlrbeumlrjen kimike te fazave minerale teuml vendburimeve Hajvali Badovc dhe Kizhniceuml (Kosoveuml) BulShk Gjeol (2) faqe 91-100 2 Durmishaj B (2007) Potenciali dhe peumlrspektiva e vendburimeve teuml fusheumls xeherore ldquoHajvali-Badovc-Kizhniceumlrdquo bazuar neuml studimet gjeologo-

gjeokimike Disertacion Universiteti Politeknik i Tiraneumls Shqiperi 3 Durmishaj B Hyseni S Shala F Fetahaj B (2010) Lead and zinc contents and distribution in mineral deposit of Peumlrrroi i ngjyrosurndashArtana ore field (Kosovo) JIEAS Vol 52 195-204 4 Fetahaj B (2007) Gjendja dhe peumlrspektiva e vendburimit teuml Artaneumls Magjistrature UP FXM-Mitroviceuml Kosoveuml 5 Hyseni S Durmishaj B (2006) Estimated geological resources of the Artana lead and zinc mine 14-16 May Keystone ColoradondashUSA 6 Jankovič S (1977) Metallogeni and plate tectonics in the Northeastern Mediterranean Belgrade 7 Jankovič S (1995) Opšte metalogenetske karakteristiken Kopaoničke oblasti Savetovanje o geologiji i metalogeniji Kopaonika Beograd 8 Kossmat F (1924) Geologie der zentralen Balkan halbinsel Berlin 9 Smejkal S (1960) Strukture mineralizacije mineralne parageneze i geneza olovo cinkovih ležišta kopaoničke oblasti Doktorska disertacija Rudarsko geološki fakultet Univerziteta u Beogradu Beograd


DETERMINATION OF THE ATTENUATION MODEL FROM LOCAL AND REGIONAL EARTHQUAKES IN ALBANIA EDMOND DUSHI

(a) VALBONA LAME (MUDA)

(b)

Geosciences Institute Polytechnics University of Tirana (a)

Department of Physics Physics and Mathematics Engineering Faculty Polytechnics University of Tirana

(b)

AKTET IV 2 234-239 2011 PERMBLEDHJE Sizmiciteti lokal dhe ai rajonal neuml Shqipeumlri monitorohet neumlpeumlrmjet instrumentimit me bandeuml teuml gjereuml Mungesa e njeuml funksioni frekuencial teuml shuarjes peumlr Shqipeumlrineuml ccediloi neuml peumlrpjekjen peumlr teuml peumlrcaktuar njeuml model teuml peumlrshtatsheumlm bazuar neuml teuml dheumlnat BB dhe teknikat e mireumlnjohura spektrale Neuml keumlteuml studim u aplikua metoda Coda(Q) duke peumlrdorur programin Coda-Q si pjeseuml e Sistemit Analizues Sizmik Seisan ver 821 U peumlrftua modeli i shuarjes neuml

trajteumln ku Q0 = 81 (plusmnσ = 8) α = 084 (plusmnσ = 008) Peumlr njeuml peumlrcaktim meuml teuml mireuml teuml gradientit

vertikal janeuml marreuml neuml konsiderat intervale teuml ndryshme teuml koheshtrirjes seuml sinjalit Duke peumlrdorur keumlteuml model neuml teuml ardhmen mund teuml peumlrcaktohen me sakteumlsi teuml keumlnaqeumlshme parametrat spektral peumlr burimet sizmike (termetet) SUMMARY Local and regional seismicity in Albania is monitored through broad band (BB) instrumentation The lack of a frequency dependent attenuation function for Albania leaded to efforts towards the determination of an adequate model based on BB data and well known spectral techniques In this study Coda (Q) method is applied using Coda-Q

program as part of Seisan ver 812 seismic analysis system Attenuation model of the form is

obtained where Q0 = 81 (plusmnσ = 8) α = 084 (plusmnσ = 008) For a better determination of the vertical gradient different lapse times are taken into account Using this new attenuation model a better determination of source parameters for local earthquakes in Albania will be achieved Key words coda wave lapse time quality factor attenuation

INTRODUCTION Attenuation properties of certain region define the way the seismic energy is spread out of seismic sources It depends on the heterogeneity scale of the local geology local topography and on physical properties of the medium (1) It is physically defined as the summation of the loss factors from intrinsic anelasticity and scattering Quantities expressing attenuation are the quality factor Q and anelastic-attenuation coefficient γ used to describe this effect on seismic waves These parameters are dependent on frequency and vary from place to place

Instrumental seismology in Albania provided the bases for the attenuation properties study Quality factor Q was primarily estimated for northern Albania (2) and further on the mean anelastic attenuation coefficient γ is determined to improve the local magnitude scale used by ASN (3) These studies were limited from the analogue recorded data and simplified computation techniques After the year 2000 the improvements through BB digital instrumentation utilization insured application of modern analysis (6) on good quality digital recorded data

Dushi amp Lame


The goal of this paper is to apply spectral methods on recent seismological data We aim to determine a new frequency attenuation

mathematical model to be used further in other spectral analyzes to correct for attenuation effect

Date Time Coordinates Depth No

St rms Magnitude Location

yy mm dd hh mm ss NS EW (km) Mc

2008 02 6 00 52 522 4164 1951 40 3 02 30 Gjiri Lalzit (det) 2008 02 16 00 43 167 4036 1999 0 2 02 33 Zhulaj

(Gjirokaster) 2008 03 5 04 08 221 3993 1950 38 3 00 41 Deti Jon 2008 03 5 06 48 149 4020 1983 5 3 01 42 Palase 2008 03 6 06 46 249 4020 1975 5 3 00 41 Palase 2008 03 31 08 06 497 4127 2105 40 4 02 35 Elbasan 2008 04 8 07 37 269 4014 1995 3 3 05 38 Borsh 2008 05 14 19 17 572 4108 2040 40 3 02 39 Elbasan 2008 05 15 23 52 178 4139 1969 12 3 05 34 Vore 2008 05 18 22 49 062 4176 1974 40 4 09 31 Shengjin 2008 05 21 19 04 212 4083 1957 40 4 01 39 Divjake 2008 05 27 00 44 040 4199 1986 38 3 01 37 Puke 2008 05 29 13 39 241 4228 1996 15 3 03 31 Lekbibaj 2008 05 30 20 40 471 4163 1937 35 3 04 31 Ulqin 2008 05 31 11 42 467 4164 2002 16 3 01 37 Burrel 2008 06 2 08 05 487 4161 2048 5 3 05 36 Bulqize 2008 06 25 18 05 297 4143 1950 30 4 07 38 Jube 2009 01 8 12 04 054 4186 2065 10 6 13 50 Gostivar 2009 01 31 12 19 419 4037 1968 0 5 04 40 Selenice 2009 02 28 17 36 297 4150 1957 5 5 06 34 Jube 2009 03 7 18 51 197 4118 1950 11 5 03 43 Hajdaraj 2009 03 9 00 30 124 4194 2007 20 4 09 34 Dom Gjon 2009 03 10 08 32 561 4121 2052 8 4 08 38 Gezavezh 2009 03 10 22 10 299 4132 2044 5 4 07 35 Gezavezh 2009 03 11 02 48 483 4011 1943 40 4 01 47 Palase 2009 03 12 18 55 469 4135 2006 15 5 06 34 Shkalle 2009 03 18 16 20 375 4114 1996 12 5 10 42 Kavaje 2009 03 19 15 37 291 4299 1884 40 4 06 36 Mal i Zi 2009 03 25 12 23 259 4017 1982 40 4 02 47 Palase 2009 03 30 19 48 501 4110 1963 10 4 09 28 Rrogozhine 2009 04 1 07 28 594 4099 1967 38 4 13 28 Vidhaz

(Elbasan) 2009 04 2 05 45 205 4109 1961 15 4 10 33 Gjiri i Durresit 2009 04 6 00 31 282 4147 1914 18 4 06 38 Deti Adriatik 2009 04 7 13 49 509 4144 1948 20 3 01 38 Gjiri Lalzit 2009 04 7 16 00 314 4143 1957 25 3 03 35 Koder

Thumane 2009 05 21 12 11 022 4105 2050 5 5 10 34 Perrenjas 2009 05 21 13 26 060 4104 2045 13 5 06 34 Perrenjas 2009 06 4 22 36 125 4007 1983 5 7 09 32 Himare 2009 06 5 21 32 596 4194 2011 17 3 02 35 Spaccedil (Burrel) 2009 06 12 10 12 352 4201 2007 26 3 01 23 Thirre 2009 06 14 05 12 526 4145 1974 15 7 08 30 Kashar (Tirane) 2009 06 15 14 43 078 3989 1974 38 7 02 34 Ftere(Sarande) 2009 06 20 10 21 098 4129 1998 48 4 01 30 Elbasan 2009 06 20 17 00 103 4116 2017 11 4 09 31 Kuturman 2009 06 21 06 07 327 4140 2016 0 4 06 27 Elbasan 2009 06 21 17 35 053 4120 2022 10 4 04 33 Elbasan 2009 06 21 19 05 163 4122 2020 10 4 03 35 Elbasan 2009 06 24 02 24 329 4169 1990 5 4 05 25 Ulez 2009 06 24 03 28 551 4174 1944 38 5 07 33 Deti Adriatik 2009 06 27 00 45 101 4118 2027 3 5 04 34 Elbasan 2009 06 27 23 24 405 4061 1917 38 7 10 32 Visoke

(Ballesh) 2009 09 6 21 49 419 4150 2043 5 6 05 55 Gjorice

2009 09 15 08 37 401 4114 1952 5 6 06 43 Synej 2009 09 17 22 53 069 3984 2020 5 5 04 43 Piqeras 2009 11 11 03 43 304 4009 2028 77 5 01 41 Memaliaj

Table 1 Earthquake used in Coda Q single way backscattering analyze

Dushi amp Lame


MATERIALS AND METHOD A number of 55 earthquakes with local magnitudes in the interval 23-55 recorded by Seismological Network of IGJE-o (Institute of Geosciences) during 2008-2009 are used in this analyze (Tab 1) Since 2003 ASN operates a VSAT telemetry network equipped with 7 BB sensors (Fig 1)

Figure 1 Albanian Seismological Network

Frequency response of these sensors is flat in the frequency range 0033Hz - 40 sec Data were digitized with 100 Hz sampling rate Only events with minimum SNR are accepted and computed with Seisan 812 (6) Earthquakes are located inside the area confined between 380-430N and 190-210E (Fig 2) with focal depths between 0-70 km Only seismic events recorded from more than 2 seismological stations with RMS values in the interval 0-13 sec are considered To perform this analyzes Coda (Q) method is applied as a standard spectral method (5) Coda waves

compose the later part of a local or regional earthquake seismogram

Figure 2 Earthquake epicenter distribution

The decay of these waves provides a quantitative estimate for attenuation widely referred to as Coda Q (QC) The decay of coda is due to geometrical spreading intrinsic attenuation and scattering These effects are connected to properties of the medium and local geology As anomalies decrease with the depth inside the earth less attenuation is observed and greater values of QC are achieved Coda spectrum of small and moderate earthquakes depends only on the lapse time from origin It has no dependence on the size of the event and path characteristics due to an average scattering effect of the medium between hypocenter and recording site It was proposed a single backscattering model explaining coda as superposition of secondary waves from randomly distributed heterogeneities (5) Coda amplitude

Dushi amp Lame


decrease with lapse time at different frequencies In general cases Q increases with frequency following the relation

Here is the quality factor at the reference

frequency (generally = 1 Hz) and is the

frequency parameter close to 1 varying from region to region depending on the heterogeneities of the medium Hence the seismic data are first band-pass filtered in order to calculate the attenuation We have taken in consideration the Coda of S-Waves as dominant phases at local and regional distances recorded from ASN The amplitude of S-Coda at lapse time t from the origin of the event for a band-pass filtered seismogram at a central frequency f is related to the attenuation parameter Q by the following equation

is the coda source factor at frequency f

which is independent of time and radiation

pattern is the geometrical spreading

parameter equal to 10 05 and 075 for body waves surface waves ore diffusive waves

respectively (5) is the quality factor of

coda waves As S-Coda waves are backscattered

body waves =10 and the equation above takes

the form

From above can be determined from the

slope b of the strait line of least-squares

regression between with using

the relation

Figure 3 BB recordings for September 6 2010 at 2149 (GMT) earthquake (M=55) ate NE Albania

Dushi amp Lame


Figure 4 Band-Pass filtered wave forms for vertical component of event 20090108_1204 of SRN

station at different filter bands and center frequencies

Figure 5 Attenuation curves ploted for Q=Q(f) for different laps time values in the interval 10-70 s for

each of the 7 BB station of ASN RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Coda-Q routine implemented in Seisan ver 821 analyzing system (4) has been used for analyze All the selected seismograms as shown in the example of Figure 3 are band-pass filtered at central frequencies fC 05 20 40 60 80 and 120 Hz (Fig 4) The average results for achieved QC values are listed in (Tab 2) Attenuation curves showing the frequency dependent variation of QC for different lapse

times are plotted in Figure 5 We have used 7 different lapse times in the range 10-70 s with a step of 10 s in order to reveal the variation of the quality factor with depth and thus the attenuation model This model is expressed by QC = QC (f) functions determined for each of the cconsidered stations A clear uniform increase of the QC value with frequency is achieved as it was expected from theoretical considerations mention above The increase of the quality factor

Dushi amp Lame


with depth is due to the decrease of heterogeneities passing to a more isotropic medium though a soft variation at different frequency bands taken throughout all lapse times is present for which we think is mainly due to the

lateral heterogeneities Coda-Q routine is used to calculate the average QC function with frequency for each recording points where mean Q0 α and their confidence intervals are calculated averaging both E-W and N-S components

Lapse Time 05 Hz 20 Hz 40 Hz 60 Hz 80 Hz 120 Hz (sec) (025-075)

QC plusmnσ (125-275)





QC plusmnσ

10 42(2) 110(7) 185(11) 253(14) 317(18) 438(24) 20 45(3) 127(9) 215(15) 293(20) 365(26) 500(35) 30 48(4) 141(13) 244(22) 337(30) 424(38) 587(53) 40 47(2) 150(7) 270(12) 382(18) 488(23) 555(23) 50 49(3) 161(9) 293(17) 417(24) 536(31) 764(45) 60 51(3) 164(9) 296(18) 418(26) 535(33) 754(47) 70 57(6) 165(18) 287(31) 398(43) 504(55) 704(76)

Table 2 Average QC at different frequencies and lapse times

Stat ndash

interval

Q0 plusmnσ

α- interval plusmnσ

BCI 72-119 87(4) 05-09 084(003) PUK 33-108 75(2) 081-093 084(002) PHP 62-98 81(5) 075-098 084(004) TIR 67-92 83(4) 075-094 084(003) KBN 85-128 96(8) 06-083 084(006) SRN 41-109 84(8) 077-106 084(005) VLO 76-87 81(8) 071-096 084(008)

Table 3 Parameters of QC =Q0 f α attenuation

function Results are listed in Table 3 and graphically plotted in Figure 6 In average due to small range variation of Q0 values for all recording sites and a constant frequency term we can approximate the attenuation effect by the frequency attenuation function QC = 81[f

(084)] As

conclusion Coda (Q) method applied on waveforms in a wide frequency range 02-15 Hz determines the frequency attenuation function for Albania Analyzing different increasing lapse times for each reference frequency depth attenuation structure is determined giving information on the lateral heterogeneities and complex geological structure of the crust in our country Averaging Q0 and α a mean attenuation function as shown above can be achieved to be

accurately used in further spectral computation to correct for the attenuation effect on the recorded seismological data from ASN BIBLIOGRAPHY 1 Sing S K and Herrmann R B (1983) Regionalization of crustal coda Q in the continental United States J Geophys Res 88 527ndash538 2 Muccedilo B (1985) the determination of some parameters of wave attenuation for northern Albania National Geological Conference Tirana Albania 3 Muccedilo B Minga P (1992) Anelastic-attenuation coefficient γ and the correction of A0 values of Richter magnitude formula for Albania Geofizika Vol 9 4 Havskov J and Ottemoller L (2003) SEISAN The Earthquake analysis Softwares for Windows Solaris and Linux Version 80 Institute of Solid Earth Physics University of Bergen Norway 5 Imtiyaz AP Anup KS Mridula M Mishra SK Rai SS (2008) Coda Q estimates in the Andaman Islands using local earthquakes Pure and appl Geophys 165 1861-1878 6 Havskov J and Ottemoller L (2008) Processing Earthquake Data Institute of Solid Earth Physics University of Bergen Norway

7


OPHIOLITIC METAMORPHIC SOLE IN KOSOVA SHOJA METAMORFIKE E OFIOLITEVE TEuml KOSOVEumlS

ZENUN ELEZAJ NASER PECI SALI MULAJ Independent Commission for Mines and Minerals Prishtineuml-KOSOVE AKTET IV 2 240-247 2011 PERMBLEDHJE Neuml Kosoveuml formacionet ofiolitike kryesisht shtrihen neuml zoneumln e Vardarit dhe brezin ofiolitik Mirditeuml ndash Gjakoveuml Neuml bazamentin e formacionit teuml ofioliteve MirditeumlndashGjakoveuml eumlshteuml formuar shoja metamorfike karakteristike Kjo peumlrfaqeumlson njeuml zhvillim regjional e shfaqur neuml teuml dy aneumlt e pakove teuml ofioliteve Mosha e Jurasikut teuml Meseumlm dhe shojeumls metamorfike peumlrkon me mosheumln e ofioliteve Keumlto teuml dheumlna tregojneuml se shoja metamorfike eumlshteuml formuar neuml teuml njeumljteumln koheuml meuml proceset e formimit teuml ofioliteve dhe sedimentimit teuml radilariteve Gjateuml Jurasikut teuml Meseumlm ka ndodhur mbivendosja ndeumlroqeanike bidivergjente e litosfereumls oqeanike teuml re teuml Jurasikut neuml ofiolitet e Triasikut teuml Meseumlm ndash Jurasikut teuml Poshteumlm Ky proces ka mundeumlsuar forminin e shojeumls metamorfike Intervali i shkurteumlr peumlr formimin e ofioliteve teuml Jurasikut e shoqeumlruar me vendosjen e tyre bidivergjente neuml ofiolitet e Jurasikut teuml Meseumlm Jurasikut teuml Poshteumlm (βT2-J1) mbeumlshtet bindjen e ekzistenceumls seuml basenit oqeanik shumeuml teuml kufizuar SUMMARY In Kosova the ophiolite formation is spread mainly in the Vardari zone and in the Mirdite-Gjakove ophiolite belt At the basement of the Mirdita-Gjakova ophiolite formation a characteristic metamorphic sole is developed It shows a regional development and is found on both sides of the ophiolite sheets The Middle Jurassic age of the metamorphic sole corresponds surprisingly to the ophiolite age These data indicate that the metamorphic soles are produced rather simultaneously to ophiolite forming processes and radiolarite chert sedimentation During the Middle Jurassic occurred the bidivergent intraoceanic emplacement of Jurassic young oceanic lithosphere onto the Middle Triassic-Lower Jurassic ophiolites This process led to the formation of the metamorphic sole The very short age span of the Jurassic ophiolites accompanied with their bidivergent emplacement onto Middle Jurassic Lower Jurassic ophiolites (βT2-J1) supports the suggestion on the existence of very narrow oceanic basin Key words belt Kosova metamorphism ophiolite sole

INTRODUCTION In Kosova the ophiolite formation is spread mainly in the Vardar zone and in the Mirdita-Gjakove ophiolite belt (Elezaj and Kodra 2008) Small ophiolitic massifs and ophiolitic tectonic slices occur also in other tectonic zones The Mirdita-Gjakove ophiolite belt starts in Greece and continues several hundred kilometers through the Albania and Kosova North to Shkoder-Peje major faults this huge ophiolitic belt is known as Dinaride ophiolitic belt It should be noted that in Mirdite-Gjakove ophiolitic belt two ophiolite complexes are

distinguished Middle Triassic-Lower Jurassic ophiolites and Middle Jurassic ophiolites (Elezaj and Kodra 2008) In Kosove area this belt is set very close to the Vardari ophiolites Their relationships represent a very interesting research topic for the Mediterranean ophiolites genetic scenario In Kosova and Albania both type ophiolites are closely related to the metamorphic sole rocks development at base of ophiolites In Albania it continues with several discontinuities for about 200 km and it is found in the western and eastern periphery of Middle Jurassic ophiolites In several

Elezaj et al


cases its tectonic fragments outcrop within ophiolites (Xhomo et al 2002) In Kosova it occurs at the basement of Korishe Lubizhde Koxhi Ballkan Brezovice etc and small ophiolite massifs (Elezaj et al 2000 Elezaj and Kodra 2008) The soles reflect a time when the base of a hot oceanic sheet was first detached from its substratum and overrode the rocks that have been metamorphosed commonly to green schist or amphibolite grade (Jones et al 1991 Smith 1993) In example of Albania it is inferred that this formation is issued during the intraoceanic stage Bidivergent and North-North Western thrusting and the displacement of Middle Jurassic young hot oceanic lithosphere onto Middle Triassic-Lower Jurassic old cold oceanic lithosphere produced the metamorphic sole (Kodra and Gjata 1982 Kodra et al 2000 etc) The metamorphic sole is an important geological indicator because it preserves a key record on the ophiolite evolution The geological evidence of the metamorphic sole in Kosova provides ulterior alternatives on the driving forces and ophiolite emplacement in the most northeastern segment of Mirdita-Gjakove-Rahovec ophiolite belt The paper doesnrsquot address the metamorphic sole of Vardar Zone Geological evidence In Kosova area the ophiolite metamorphic sole is widely exposed along the edge of the ophiolites but in several cases it is found sporadically as tectonic slices at the basement of the ultrabasic sheets Its thickness ranges from several meters to 200 - 300 m Generally at the contact with ultrabasics the metamorphic sequence is composed of amphibolites or garnet amphibolites These facies grade downward to garnet-mica schists and green schists Locally a gradual transition to the underlying volcano-sedimentary formation is documented On the basis of several chemical analyses the amphibolites are originated from basaltic and gabbroic protoliths and seem to include members of high Ti series The protoliths of mica

schists were probably siliciclastic sediments with pelitic components At the bottom of the ophiolite massifs a squeezed strip of serpentinites 10 -100 m thick crops out Upward the ultrabasic rocks are represented of fresh and mylonitized facies corresponding to low-temperature metamorphism probably related to the ophiolite paleo displacement onto the continental margins In general two successive metamorphic sequences are distinguished the upper and the lower sequence The upper sequence is represented of garnet amphibolites (almandine amphibolites) amphibolites almandine-muscovite-mica schists The metamorphic facies belong to temperatures 500-700 ordmC and pressure 6-82 kbar (Dimo 1997) The Lower sequence is composed of green schists of the temperature 300-400ordm and pressure 3-4 kbar Downward the metamorphic sole passes gradually to Middle Triassic - Lower Jurassic unmetamorphosed basalt radiolarite series In Albania in several places the metamorphic sole shows a steep apparent inverted metamorphic gradient with granulite assemblages preserved close to the contact with obducted ophiolites going downward into almandine-amphibolite subfacies assemblages amphibolite facies then greenschist facies (Bebien et al 2000) The granulites correspond to P-T conditions 800-850 ordm C and 09- 12 GPa (Dimo 1997) In Kosova area the ophiolite massifs set onto the metamorphic sole are represented of lithospheric metamorphosed peridotites The peridotites show foliated porphyroclastic structure of low temperature and high pressure Such type structures are identified also in neighboring areas (Meshi 1995 Gjata et al 1995 Nicolas et al 1999) According to Fejza 2004 in the example of Goleshi massif an eastern orientation displacement is documented (fig 1) At the ophiolite massif basement the squeezed and highly foliated serpentinite schists of several meters to 100 - 200 m thick are developed They are widespread at the basement of the ultrabasic

Elezaj et al


sheets In Brezovica area thick and complete metamorphic sequences beneath the ultrabasic massifs are described by Karamata et al (1978) Ciric et al (1996)

Age of the metamorphic sole The time span of the metamorphic sole is largely Middle Jurassic The available isotopic data refer to Brezovica ophiolite massif fig 2 and Tab1

Figure 1 Metamorphic sole age in Kosova and adjacent areas

Rock Dated mineral Age (in mil y) Method Reference

Metapelite Metachert Amphibolite Amphibolite

Muscovite ldquo Hornblende ldquo

161 plusmn 16 1628 plusmn 19 1690 plusmn 32 1620 plusmn 34

K-Ar ldquo ldquo ldquo

Smith A G1993 ldquo ldquo ldquo

Amphibolite ldquo ldquo ldquo ldquo Metapelite Amphibolite ldquo ldquo ldquo

Hornblende ldquo ldquo ldquo ldquo Biotite Muscovite Hornblende Muscovite Hornblende

176plusmn 8 176plusmn 9 179plusmn 6 176plusmn 9 171plusmn 6 168plusmn 5 161plusmn 5 172plusmn 8 159plusmn 5 161 plusmn 5

K-Ar rdquo ldquo ldquo rdquo ldquo ldquo ldquo ldquo ldquo

Karamata and Lovric 1978 ldquo ldquo ldquo ldquo ldquo ldquo ldquo ldquo ldquo

Table 1 Isotopic data from Brezovica massif metamorphic sole (Spray et al 1984)

Elezaj et al


Figura 2 Goleshi ophiolite massif and its kinematics (Fejza 2004)

1 Quaternary 2 Pliocene 3 Cretaceous 4-8 Velesi series (Pz-T) 4 Schists 5 Marbles 6 Sericite schists 7 Gneiss 8 Quartzite 9 Harzburgite 10 Low Temperature-High pressure Lithospheric

displacement trend 11 Fold axis The data on the metamorphic sole of the Kosova ophiolites are still scarce It is necessary to carry out ulterior isotopic determinations also making use of Ar

40Ar

39 method

In Albania and other Balkan countries numerous isotopic analyses refining the age of the ophiolite metamorphic sole are carried out The isotopic studies of 30 samples from different sites of Albania (Ivanaj 1992 Kodra et al 1995 Vergely et al 1998 Dimo 1997) testify the Middle Jurassic age (160-174 Ma) of the metamorphic sole This age is close to the age of the Jurassic ophiolites Plagiogranites in the north yield 163plusmn1 8 Ma (Ar

40Ar

39) (Vergely et al 1998)

The radiolarites found within ophiolite volcanics and in the primary sedimentary chert-radiolarite ophiolite cover indicate the Middle Jurassic age Bajocian-Callovian (Marcucci et al 1994 Prela 1996 Kodra et al 1995) The very short age span of the Jurassic ophiolites accompanied with their bidivergent emplacement onto Triassic-Liassic ophiolites (volcano-sedimentary formation βT2-J1) support the suggestion on the existence of very narrow oceanic basin (Kodra and Gjata 1982 Vergeacutely et al 1998 Kodra et al 2000 2001) Summarizing the available results that in both sides of the ophiolite massifs the metamorphic

Elezaj et al


sole age is rather the same whereas in the northern part of Mirdita - Gjakove ophiolite massif an accentuated contrasting diachronism in the longitudinal direction is recognized It is expressed by the oldest ages of the metamorphic

sole at the southern areas varying 169 -174 Ma and the youngest ages at the northern areas ranging 160 - 164 Ma ( Kodra et al 1995 2000 2001) Fig 3

Figura 3 Metamorphich sole age in Northern Albania

Taking into consideration the metamorphic sole ages of the Greek ophiolites the diachronism is more noticeable The age difference is verified

also into the mafic segregations of Tropoja-Gjakova ophiolite massif It is inferred that the diachronism is related to the advancement or the

Elezaj et al


retardation of the ophiolite forming processes and the intraoceanic paleo displacement of the different ophiolite segment limited by the transform faults largely developed into the Mirdita-Gjakove ophiolite belt (Kodra et al1995) In the light of the age data provided by the metamorphic sole the radiolarite chert

sequences found within the Mirdita-Gjakove ophiolite belt and by its primary radiolarite cover a very close age span is evidenced (Kodra et al 1995 Xhomo et al 2002) The time span of the metamorphic soles indicates that its production is made parallel to ophiolite forming processes and radiolarite chert sedimentation

Figura 4 Metamorphich sole and its deformations Similar age indicate also the garnet pyroxenites enclaves in a serpentinite breccia that crosscuts the ophiolite volcanics near Derveni (Albania) (Gjata et al 1992) According to geochemical data the garnet pyroxenites probably originate from oceanic gabbro protoliths Thermobarometric considerations show high temperature (1200ordm C) and high pressure 15 GPa) It s inferred that they are formed on the initiation of a subduction process or near the oceanic ridge Analogous age span show also the

plagiogranites of SSZ type ophiolites (Ivanaj 1992) Genetic implications Summarizing the available data it is inferred that the oceanic spreading producing the Jurassic ophiolites the successive intraoceanic subduction and the ophiolite paleo emplacement onto the Middle Triassic-Lower Jurassic volcano sedimentary diabas radiolarite formation leading to the metamorphic sole generation are

Elezaj et al


developed in very short time interval (Kodra and Gjata 1982 Kodra et al 2000 Elezaj and Kodra 2008) It seems that in the Mirdite - Gjakove narrow oceanic basin the ophiolite detachment and the two margins decoupling of the young oceanic lithosphere is not developed above the oceanic ridge However in the oceanic crust sequence is preserved the necessary thermal flux for the metamorphic sole formation Its setting may be is close to the oceanic ridge or intraoceanic subduction zone As consequence the suggested scenario implies that the initial displacement of young hot ocean crust and mantle occur within an oceanic setting The petrological and structural evidence from the metamorphic sole supports also the interpretation that during the intraoceanic stage the ophiolite emplacement (thrusting and decoupling) is developed The Early Jurassic-Middle Jurassic young and thick oceanic lithosphere is set onto the Middle Triassic-Early Jurassic precedent oceanic lithosphere The emplacement movement is associated with production of the amphibolites gneisses and mica schists with or without garnet On the other side the obducted ultramafics are subjected at their basement to intensive metamorphism It is expressed by rock dehydration and the mylonitization In more advanced phases the intensive serpentinization processes are developed At the lowest part of the ultramafic sheets a strong serpentinization and the squeezing phenomena occurred and the shear zones are developed (Fig 4) At the ultrabasic massif bottom the cutting deformation passes to ductile deformation which is contemporaneous to ophiolite sole metamorphism The last one is affected by the foliation S1 splitting schistosity S2 and multiphase micro folds (Meshi 1995 Nicolas et al 1999) Some time the metamorphic sole is cross cut by the garnet quartz-garnet etc thin veins (from 2-5 cm to 10-15 cm) They are considered as products related to the metamorphic processes occurred during the ophiolite emplacement

In general a structural concordance between the ultrabasic allochthonous massifs foliation metamorphic sequence foliation the structurally underlying basalt radiolarite series (βT2-J1) stratification and the Jurassic ophiolites emplacement plane on volcano-sedimentary series is observed (βT2- J1) Some time it is difficult to retrace the boundary between the metamorphic sequence and the underlying volcano sedimentary formation because a light metamorphic imprint is evidenced also into the volcano sedimentary members CONCLUSIONS 1 In the example of the Mirdita ndash Gjakova ophiolite it is inferred that during the Middle Jurassic the bidivergent emplacement of the young oceanic lithosphere onto the old lithosphere (Triassic-Lower Jurassic ophiolites) occurred The ophiolite displacement produced the subjacent metamorphic sole developed along side the ophiolite margins 2 The initial displacement of the oceanic and mantle crust occurs within an oceanic setting 3 The time span of the metamorphic soles indicates that its production is made parallel to ophiolite forming processes and radiolarite chert sedimentation 4 The very short age span of the Jurassic ophiolites accompanied with their bidivergent emplacement onto Triassic-Liassic ophiolites (volcano-sedimentary formation βT2-J1) supports the suggestion on the existence of very narrow oceanic basin suggested by Kodra and Gjata 1982 Vergeacutely et al 1998 Kodra et al 1994 1995 2000 etc REFERENCES 1 Ciric BA Eric V (1996) ndash Contact metamorphism beneath the peridotite of Borov Vrh-Brezovica Eds Knezhevic et al 359-264 2 Dimo A (1997) ndash Le meacutecanisme de mise en place des ophiolites drsquoAlbanie PhD thesis Univ Paris-Sud 307 3 Dimo A Monie Vergely P Kodra A and Gjata K (1998) ndash Mosha radiometrike e shkembinjve te shtrojes metamorfike dhe te

Elezaj et al


dhena te reja mbi mekanizmin we vendosjes se ofioliteve te zones Mirdita Bul Shk Gjeol 1 43-50 4 Elezaj Z and Kodra A (2008) ndash Gjeologjia e Kosoves Monografi Prishtine 293 5 Elezaj Z (2009) - Geodynamic evolution of Kosova during Triasic and Jurasic wwwyerbilimlerihecettepeedutr 113-118 Ankara 6 Fejza I (2004) ndash Tiparet strukturore dhe petrologjike te masiveve ofiolitike te Goleshit dhe Rahovecit ndash modele te rrjedhjes mantelore Disertacion 7 Gjata K Kornprobst J Kodra A Briot D and Pineau F (1992) - Subduction chaude agrave lrsquoaplomb drsquoune dorsale Exemple des enclaves de pyroxeacutenite agrave grenat de la bregraveche serpentineuse de Derveni (Albanie) Bull Soc Geacuteol France 164 (3) 469-458 8 Ivanaj A (1992)- Datation de la cristallization et de lrsquoobduction des ophiolites drsquoAlbanie Consequences geacuteodynamiques DEA Univ Montpellier II 9 Jones G Robertson AHF and Cann JR (1991) - Genesis and emplacement of the Supra-Subduction zone Pindos ophiolite Northwestern Greece Tj Peters et al (Eds) Ophiolite Genesis and Evolution of the Oceanic Lithosphere 771-799 10 Karamata S and Lovric A (1978) ndash The age of metamorphic rocks of Brezovica and its importance for the explanation of ophiolite emplacement Bull Acad Sc Serbie 17 1-9 Belgrade 11 Karamata S (1985) ndash Metamorphism in the contact aureole of Brezovica as model of metamorphism neneath obducted hot ultramafic bodies Bull T XC AS sc et des Arts Sc Nat n 26 51-68 Belgrade

12 Kodra A and Gjata K (1982) - Ofiolitet ne kuadrin e zhvillimit gjeotektonik te Albanideve te brendeshme Bul Shk Gjeol 2 49-62 13 Kodra A Gjata K and Bakalli F (1993)- Les principales eacutetapes de lrsquoevolution paleacuteogeographique et geacuteodynamique des Albanides internes au cours du Meacutesozoique Bull Soc Geacuteol France 164 (1) 69-77 14 Kodra A Gjata K and Bakalli F (1995)-The Mirdita oceanic basin from rifting to closure Workshop on Albanian ophiolites and related mineralization Doc BRGM 244 9-26 15 Kodra A Gjata K and Xhomo A (2000)-Tectonic history of the Mirdita oceanic basin (Albania) Bul Shk Gjeol 5-26 16 Marcucci M Kodra A Pirdeni A and Gjata Th (1994)- Radiolarian assemblages in the Triassic and Jurassic cherts of Albania Ofioliti 19(10) 105-115 17 Meshi A (1995) - Struktura dhe deformacioni i masivit ultrabazik te Bulqizes Modele te rrjedhjes astenosferike dhe litosferike Disertacion Univ Tiranes 195 18 Prela M (1996) Biostratigraphia a radiolari della copertura diasprina delle ofioliti della Mirdita (Albania) Tesi di dottorato in scenze della terra 235 p 19 Smith A G (1993)-Tectonic significance of the Hellenic-Dinaric ophiolites H M Prichard Alabaster T Harris N B and Neary C R (eds) Magmatic Processes and Plate Tectonics Geol Soc Spec Pub 76213-243 20 Spray J G Bebien J Rex D Cand Roddick J C - (1984)- Age constrains of the igneous and metamorphic evolution of the Hellenic Dinaric ophiolites Dixon et al (Eds) Geol Evolition of the Eastern Meditarranean Geol Soc London Specl Pub 17 619-627


WASTE BREWERS YEAST - A SIGNIFICANT BYPRODUCT OF THE BREWING INDUSTRY

MBETJET E MAJASEuml SEuml BIRREumlS - PRODUKT DYTEumlSOR I REumlNDEumlSISHEumlM I INDUSTRISEuml SEuml BIRREumlS 1ARSIM ELSHANI

2BESA VESELI

1ShArdquoBirra Pejardquo Nexhdet Basha nr160 Pejeuml Kosoveuml

1Oda Ekonomike e Kosoveumls Mitroviceuml Kosoveuml

Email earsimhotmailcom AKTET IV 2 248-252 2011 PERMBLEDHJE Mbetjet e majaseuml seuml birreumls paraqesin njeuml mterial me reumlndeumlsi Neuml keumlteuml studim eumlshteuml dheneuml njeuml pasqyreuml e shkurteumlr e vlerave teuml reumlndeumlsishme te majaseuml seuml birreumls Janeuml dheneuml disa meumlnyra te shfryteumlzimit te majaseuml hedhurin dhe meuml gjereumlsisht eumlshteuml dheneuml meumlnyra e shfryteumlzimit teuml majaseuml hedhurineuml me aneuml teuml kthimit teuml tij neuml fazeumln e beumlrsiseuml seuml treteumlsireumls seuml eumlmbeumll Majaja duhet te epet neuml sasi prej 1 deri neuml 2 litra maja te ngjeshur ne hektoliteumlr treteumlsireuml teuml eumlmbeumll gjegjeumlsisht ne ateuml sasi qeuml lajmeumlrohet si hedhurineuml Rezultat i keumlsaj dhenje te majaseuml eumlshteuml peumlrfitimi i rreth 1 me shumeuml birreuml se me peumlrbeumlreumlsit e rregullt te prodhimit te birreumls pa ndonjeuml ndikim ne proces te prodhimit teuml birreumls dhe ne karakteristikat e birreumls seuml gatshme dhe me zvogeumllim te sasiseuml seuml ndotjes seuml ujeumlrave hedhurineuml neuml birrari Fjaleumlt kyccedile Birra beumlrsia majaja hedhurineuml musht SUMMARY The spent brewers yeast represents a significant amount of valuable product A survey of some important constituents of brewers yeast is given in the paper Several alternatives for the utilization of spent brewers yeast are given in short while the process of recycling of the spent brewers yeast to the mash tun is given in short while the process of recycling of the spent brewers yeast to the mash tun is given in more details Experiences from laboratory and industrial scale trials concerning the recycling of spent yeast to the mashing process are presented The yeast should be added at the quantity of 1-2 liters of thick suspensions per hectoliter of wort in the quantity it appears as a waste product The result of yeast recycling process is the production of 1 beer more out of the same amount of raw materials without any significant influence on brewing process and final beer characteristics as well as adequate reduction of brewery waste waters Key word Beer mush tun yeast waste wort

HYRJE Majaja e birreumls e cila jepet neuml musht peumlr fermentim zakonisht neuml sasi 05 deri neuml 1 liteumlr maja peumlr hektoliteumlr dhe peumlrdoret peumlr fermentim teuml pa ndeumlrprereuml pastaj zeumlvendeumlsohet me maja te re maja te freskeumlt Pas ccedildo fermentimi mbesin 2 deri neuml 3 litra maja ccedilka do te thoteuml se kemi 1 deri 15 litra maja tepriceuml Neumlse e marrim si vlereuml te mesme sasineuml e tepriceumls se majaseuml nga 1 liteumlr maja ( 15 materie te thateuml ) peumlr hektoliteumlr birreuml

te fituar (majaja eumlshteuml e suspenduar neuml birreuml e cila e ka rreth 5 materie te thateuml) duke i shtuar keumlsaj edhe majaneuml nga fermentimi ploteumlsues hasim ne sasi te konsiderueshme te produktit final ku shfryteumlzimi optimal e teumlrhoqi veumlrejtjen gjateuml disa viteve ne vazhdim Megjithateuml sot neumlpeumlr birrari majaja tepriceuml paraqet njeuml burim te ndotjes se ujeumlrave dhe ambientit ne peumlrgjitheumlsi Neumlse majaja tepriceuml nga fermentimi jep vlereumln 1 peumlr hektoliteumlr te birreumls

Elshani amp Veseli


se prodhuar dhe neumlse keumlsaj ia shtojmeuml edhe majaneuml nga fermentimi ploteumlsues mund te llogarisim me rreth 1 litra majaseuml hedhurin ne ujeumlrat e hedhure te birrariseuml peumlr hektoliteumlr produkt te fituar Neumlse peumlrdorim tekniken e Soltoftit (1976) mund te llogarisim se sasia e peumlrgjithshme e NBO5 e majaseuml hedhurin neuml hektoliteumlr birreuml jap deri neuml 260 gram Neumlse i krahasojmeuml ato me ngarkesat e ujerave hedhurineuml te banoreumlve del qe veteumlm me majaneuml hedhurineuml prej njeuml hektoliteumlr birreuml te prodhuar ngarkojneuml ujeumlrat hedhurin sa peseuml banor Me largim te ploteuml te majaseuml hedhurin nga ujeumlrat hedhurin te birrariseuml mundet NBO5 te zvogeumllohet

deri ne 40 Neumlse keumlsaj i shtojmeuml edhe faktin se karbohidratet dhe proteinat te cilat ndodhen ne maja me veumlshtireumlsi treten ne peumlrpunimin e ujeumlrave hedhurin mund te peumlrfundojmeuml se me largim te majaseuml do te zvogeumllohet edhe ndotja e ujeumlrave hedhurineuml jo veteumlm ne meumlnyreuml kuantative por edhe ne te tretjes se ujeumlrave hedhurineuml Ne keumlto te dheumlna me poshteuml ne peumlrmbajtje te majaseuml kemi jepe njeuml pasqyreuml teuml shfryteumlzimit te majaseuml hedhurineuml Ashtu i kemi dheneuml disa te dheumlna nga peumlrvoja joneuml e laboratorit dhe repartet ne kthim ne beumlrsi te majaseuml hedhurineuml

Lageumlshtia

Proteina SM

Yndyreuml SM

Fije te para SM

Mbetje hiri SM

Ekstrakt pa Azot SM

Embrion malti 76 272 16 131 59 446

Ushqkafshe i terur 72-77 211-275 64-69 153-176 39-42 394-429

Mbetje kulperi 62 230 36 245 53 374

Majaja 43 500 05 05 100 347

Tabela1 Peumlrmbajtja mesatare e nen produkteve ne industrineuml e maltit dhe teuml birreumls

Aminoacide gkg SM

Karbohidratet SM

Lizin Metionin Treonin Triptofan Izoleucin

Maja birre 569 415 80 290 74 296

Miell soje 500 311 68 198 63 235

Miell peshku

650 519 184 282 70 293

Elb 114 44 18 43 14 45

Miseumlr 107 31 21 41 07 43

Grureuml 25 34 20 35 13 43

Tabela 2 peumlrmbajtja e proteinave dhe e aminoacideve ne majaneuml e birreumls sojeuml e miell peshku si dhe ne disa fareumlra

Elementet biogjen gkg SM Mikroelementet mgkg SM Vitamina mgkg SM

Kalcium 37 Hekur 360 B1 190

Fosfor 170 Mangan 80 B2 25

Magnez 33 Bakeumlr 64 B6 45

Natrium 24 Zink 109 Acid nikotine 500

Tabela 3 Peumlrmbajtja biogjene e elementeve mikroelementeve dhe vitaminave ne majaneuml e birreumls 1 PEumlRBEumlREumlSIT KRYESOR TE MAJASEuml SE BIRREumlS Sipas peumlrmbajtjes se proteinave majaja e birreumls veccedilohet nga neumlnproduktet dhe mbetjet tjera ne birrari siccedil shihet ne tabeleuml 1 (Inglendew 1977) Neumlse shikojmeuml me tutje ne krahasim me dritheumlra

tjereuml dhe disa koncentrime te reumlndomta te proteinave (tabela 2) majaja e birreumls sipas peumlrmbajtjes se proteinave dhe aminoacideve eumlshteuml superiore ndaj dritheumlrave tjereuml peumlrveccedil miellit te peshkut qeuml eumlshteuml meuml i mireuml (Gaccedilesha

Elshani amp Veseli


1977) Majaja me peumlrmbajtje te tij me proteina ja kalon edhe mishit ndeumlrsa me amino acide eumlshteuml i ngjasheumlm me teuml keumlshtu qe hidheumlsira e majaseuml apo ekstrakti i majaseuml shpesh peumlrdoret peumlr peumlrgatitje te mishrave dhe supave te ndryshme Njeuml koheuml te gjateuml majaja e birreumls eumlshteuml njohur me pasurimin e tij me vitamineuml B ndoshta edhe si burim me i mireuml natyral i keumlsaj vitamine peumlr ccedilka duhet ti jepet edhe njeuml sasi te madhe te elementeve te biogjenit mikroelementet dhe disa faktor tjereuml te shtimit janeuml dheneuml ne tabeleumln 3 Me krahasim me majateuml e zakonshme te cilat peumlrdoren peumlr ushqim te njereumlzve ka peumlrmbajtje te njeumljteuml me majaneuml e bukeumls veumlrehet njeuml sasi me e uleumlt e proteinave neuml majaneuml e birreumls por ccedilka eumlshteuml me rendeumlsi peumlr ushqimin njereumlzor majaja e birreumls ka vlera te uleumlta teuml acideve nukleike ccedilka edhe mund te konsumohen neuml sasi me te madhe Me keumlto te dheumlna dhe krahasime ne meumlnyre te duhur po tregojmeuml ne rendeumlsin e majaseuml seuml birreumls dhe mundeumlsiseuml seuml peumlrdorimit ne meumlnyra te ndryshme ne ushqime humane dhe peumlr kafsheuml por me peumlrmbajtje me te vogeumll mund te peumlrdoret edhe ne mjekeumlsi farmaci ne procese te peumlrfitimit te enzimave te caktuara etj 2 MEumlNYRAT E PEumlRDORIMIT TEuml MAJASEuml HEDHURIN TEuml BIRREumlS 21 MUNDEumlSITEuml E PEumlRDORIMIT TE MAJASEuml SE HEDHUR TE BIRRARISEuml 211 Peumlrdorimi i majaseuml peumlr pleheumlrim Pa dyshim si metodeuml me e vjeteumlr e peumlrdorimit te majaseuml hedhurin eumlshteuml peumlrdorimi i tij si mjet peumlr pleheumlrim ne sipeumlrfaqet e tokeumls se punuar Me rritjen e kapaciteteve te birrarive eumlshteuml rriteuml edhe sasia e majaseuml dhe kjo metodeuml eumlshteuml lere mbas dore peumlr shkak te problemeve rreth meumlnyreumls se transportit dhe shpeumlrndarjes se majaseuml neumlpeumlr ara 212 Terja e majaseuml Eumlshteuml metoda me e peumlrhapur e peumlrdorimit te majaseuml se hedhur Terja e majaseuml eumlshteuml bazeuml peumlr peumlrdorim dhe peumlrpunim te saj te meumltutjesheumlm Ne krahasim me meumlnyreumln e terjes se majaseuml fitojmeuml te ashtuquajturat preparatet aktive (terja ne temperatura te ulteuml) dhe inaktive (terja ne temperatura te larta)

Peumlrpareumlsiteuml e terjes se majaseuml janeuml a) produkt stabile me afat te gjate te qeumlndrueshmeumlriseuml b) material i lehteuml peumlr deponim ruajtje dhe deponim

Figura 1 Majaja hedhurineuml e birreumls

213 Prodhimi i ekstraktit te majaseuml Eumlshteuml hap tjeteumlr i prodhimit te majaseuml se hedhur ne birrari ne krahasim me terje Njeuml shemeuml tipike e fitimit te ekstraktit te majaseuml se hedhur ne birrari eumlshteuml siccedil vijon autoliza e qelizave te majaseuml e filluar me plazmolizeuml me nxehteumlsi me shtim apo pa NaCl pastaj ndarje te pjeseumlve te pa tretshme me filtrim apo centrifugim si dhe koncentrim i ekstraktit te kthjellet ne avullore te vakumuar apo vakum terse Me se shumti ekstrakti i majaseuml peumlrdoret si shtese ne peumlrgatitjet e mishit dhe supave Ekstrakti i majaseuml mund te peumlrdoret edhe peumlr peumlrfitim te enzimave Peumlrpareumlsiteuml dhe te metat janeuml te njeumljta si te terja e majaseuml duhet te ceket se shpenzimet ne investime janeuml te meumldha ne krahasim me kompleksitetin e produktit 214 Peumlrzierja e majaseuml me mbetjet e birreumls Me gjitheuml se rralleuml por eumlshteuml me e peumlrshtatshme peumlr birrari te vogla dhe te mesme neumlse shitet mbetja e gjendje te ldquoleumlngetrdquo dhe majaja e leumlnget te peumlrzihet me mbetje te birreumls Ne keteuml meumlnyre masa e mbetjes se birreumls rritet peumlr 1-3 dhe rritet gjitheuml ashtu peumlrmbajtja e proteinave ne

Elshani amp Veseli


mbetje normalisht me pasurimin e tij me mikroelemente dhe vitamina Me gjitheuml ateuml kjo rritje e sasiseuml se vlerave ushqyese nuk mundet tek ne te ndikojeuml ne rritjen e ccedilmimit te shitjes se mbetjeve te birreumls peumlr arsye se blereumlsit e mbetjeve duke e ditur qe fabrikat e birreumls nuk kaneuml ccedilka te beumljneuml me mbetje e kushteumlzojneuml ccedilmimin Peumlrveccedil keumlsaj edhe shtimi majaseuml me afteumlsineuml autolizeumls ne kushtet temperatureumls se larteuml te mbetjes se birreumls ndikon ne prishje te tij Si zgjidhje peumlr keteuml do te ishte terja e mbetjeve te birreumls me maja te hedhur e cila mbetje do te kishte pas jeteuml me te gjateuml Por terja e mbetjeve te birreumls dhe e majaseuml se hedhur keumlrkon energji te madhe ccedilka e rrit koston e produktit 215 Shfryteumlzim direkt i majaseuml se hedhur si ushqim i kafsheumlve Majaja e hedhur mund te peumlrdoret ne meumlnyreuml direkte si ushqim peumlr kafshe me njeuml peumlrgatitje termike peumlrpara dhe nuk mund te jepet me tepeumlr se 15 kg peumlr frymeuml kafshe Me gjitheuml ateuml e meteuml e keumlsaj meumlnyreuml te shfryteumlzimit te majaseuml se hedhur eumlshteuml se majaja duhet te harxhohet shpejt peumlrpara se te fillojeuml autoliza 216 Ndarja e birreumls nga majaja e hedhur Eumlshteuml metode me popullarizuar dhe shpesh metodeuml e peumlrdorur Ashtu qe mund te zvogeumllohen humbjet e birreumls ne 1 Birra nga mbetjet ne fermentim dhe qeumlndrim ndryshon pak prej normales ka rritje te sasiseuml se alkoolit dhe karbohidrateve dhe sidomos ka rritje te hidheumlsireumls 217 Peumlrfitimi i alkoolit nga majaja hedhurin Kjo metodeuml eumlshteuml e motivuar kryesisht peumlr zvogeumllim te ngarkeseumls se ujeumlrave hedhurineuml Majaja hedhurineuml iu neumlnshtrohet procesit ashtu qe majaja ndahet dhe me tutje teret ndeumlrsa leumlngu me peumlrmbajtje te alkoolit rreth 4 ju neumlnshtrohet distilimit Qe te keteuml sukses kjo metodeuml e peumlrfitimit te alkoolit duhet te kemi kapacitete te meumldha te majaseuml se hedhur e neumlse nuk kemi mundeumlsi furnizimi edhe vendosja e pajisjeve ne fabrika nuk paguhet Mundeumlsi tjeteumlr e peumlrfitimit te alkoolit ne baze te majaseuml se hedhur eumlshteuml peumlrpunimi i tij ne fabrika te alkoolit gjegjeumlsisht pije te renda alkoolike

Keumlto fabrika zakonisht janeuml larg nga birrariteuml keumlshtu qe grumbullimi dhe transportimi neumlpeumlr birrari paraqet problem 218 Fermentimi metanik i majaseuml seuml birreumls Digjestioni anaerob i majaseuml hedhurineuml ne industrineuml e birreumls nuk eumlshteuml zhvilluar sa duhet peumlr shfryteumlzim industrial por gjithsesi do te mund te jepte efekte te volitshme ekonomike ne kohen kur peumlr ccedildo dite kemi shtrenjtim te energjiseuml Keenan dhe Kormi (1997) tregojneuml se janeuml liruar 032-04 litra metan peumlr gram te materies se terur te komineumls 22 KTHIMI I MAJASEuml HEDHURINEuml NE PROCES TE PEumlRFITIMIT TE BIRREumlS 221 Shtimi i majaseuml se hedhur ne fermentim Gjateuml procesit kontinual te fermentimit te treteumlsireumls se eumlmbeumll me njeuml peumlrdorim te gjateuml dhe te llojit te veteumlm te majaseuml paraqet peumlr majaneuml e birreumls shume keumlrkesa Gjateuml keumlsaj vije deri te zvogeumllimi i afteumlsiseuml se fermentimit te majaseuml ndryshon pamja e fermentimit dhe fitojmeuml birreuml e cila ndryshon nga birra tradicionale Hulumtimet me qellim te largimit te keumltyre dukurive kane peumlrfundua se me shtimin e autolizatit te majaseuml i cili del nga procesi kontinual i fermentimit ne fermentor peumlrseumlri dmth deri te shfryteumlzimi i majaseuml se hedhur ne procesin e peumlrfitimit te birreumls Autolizat epet ne fermentim me qellim te rritjes se sasiseuml se aminoacideve ne treteumlsire te eumlmbeumll dhe ka rezultuar me rritje te majaseuml dhe me fermentim te vrullsheumlm Tregohet se kjo meumlnyreuml e riciklimit te kultureumls se majaseuml eumlshteuml me e peumlrshtatshme se sa fermentimi me kultureuml te majaseuml punuese Gjate provave te keumlsaj metode janeuml bere analiza laboratorike praneuml laboratorit te ShArdquoBirra Pejardquo ne Pejeuml Dhe sipas rezultateve te fituara mundemi sipas keumlsaj te themi se shfryteumlzimi i majaseuml se hedhur te birreumls me kthim te autolizatit ne fermentim te treteumlsireumls se eumlmbeumll ne rend te pareuml te filloj me probleme te cilat shfaqen gjate fermentimit kontinual Efekti pozitiv eumlshteuml se rritja e shpejt e majaseuml dhe fermentim i vrullsheumlm

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222 Shtimi i majaseuml hedhurineuml ne treteumlsireuml te ngrohteuml Masat drastike mbi ruajtjen e mjedisit kaneuml kushteumlzuar kushtet e leumlshuarjeumls se ujeumlrave hedhurineuml Fabrikat e birreumls janeuml te udheumlzuara qe ujeumlrat te pastrohen peumlrpara se te hidhen ne mbledheumls te ujeumlrave te zeza pastrimet e ujeumlrave hedhurineuml birrariteuml i beumljneuml me shpenzime te veta Kthimi i keumltyre ujeumlrave apo peumlrpunimi i tyre eumlshteuml i shtrenjteuml Peumlr keteuml arsye kthimi i ndonjeuml nen produkti ne procesin e peumlrfitimit te birreumls te ashtu quajtur riciklim mund te ndihmoj ne zvogeumllim te ndotjes se ujeumlrave hedhurin dhe ne te njeumljteumln kohe te rriseuml shfryteumlzimin Nga shume arsye kthimi i majaseuml hedhurineuml eumlshteuml marreuml si me i veumlshtiri duke marreuml parasysh ndikimin ne birreuml Peumlr caktim te vendit te kthimit te majaseuml eumlshteuml peumlrzgjedhur zierja peumlr arsye se gjateuml proceseve fiziko kimik gjate trajtimit me nxehteumlsi garantojneuml zbeumlrthim te rrepteuml te majaseuml pa pasoja ne karakteristikat organo leptike te birreumls Gjate provave te keumlsaj metode janeuml bere analiza laboratorike praneuml laboratorit te ShArdquoBirra Pejardquo ne Pejeuml Dhe si peumlrfundim nxjerrim se kjo metodeuml mund te aplikohet ne shfryteumlzimin e majaseuml hedhurineuml Hernandez-Pinerua dhe Lewis me epjen e majaseuml ne treteumlsireuml te ngrohteuml kaneuml fituar rritje te shfryteumlzimit te zierjes peumlr rreth 1 I eumlshteuml rriteuml edhe vlera ushqyese e ushqimit te kafsheumlve dhe ka rezulto me njeuml sedimentim me te mire majaseuml dhe fermentim me te shpejteuml Ndikim negativ ne proces te peumlrfitimit te treteumlsireumls se eumlmbeumll (ne kullim te treteumlsireumls se eumlmbeumll) dhe ne produkt final (ne aromeuml eumlshteuml veumlrejtje veteumlm me shtim te madh te sasiseuml seuml majaseuml Sipas Kieningerit ndikimi i majaseuml hedhurineuml i peumlrmireumlson karakteristikat e maltit te dobeumlt Eumlshteuml deumlshmuar se procesi i filtrimit te treteumlsireumls se eumlmbeumll eumlshteuml zgjatur pak gjithashtu edhe procesi i fermentimit nga malti i pasteumlr si edhe nga sharzhet me shtesa te komponenteve jo maltike Autoret gjerman insistojneuml ne pastrimin e majaseuml hedhurin peumlrmes karbonit aktiv peumlrpara se te kthehet ne zierje dhe shprehen te rezervuar mbi keumlteuml proces te kthimit te majaseuml dhe e propozojneuml veteumlm ne raste kur kemi malt te dobeumlt me sasi te pakt te karbohidrateve Duke u kujdesur se aty ku eumlshteuml

e mundshme te ndeumlrtohen pastrueset vetanake te ujeumlrave hedhurineuml e jo ne riciklim te neumlnprodukteve dhe produkteve hedhurin gjate procesit te peumlrfitimit te birreumls PEumlRFUNDIMI Majaja hedhurin eumlshteuml njeuml neumlnprodukt i reumlndeumlsisheumlm ne industrineuml e birrariseuml Eumlshteuml shqyrtuar njeuml seri veprimesh te shfryteumlzimit te majaseuml hedhurineuml Ne baze te rezultateve laboratorike dhe industriale nga literatura eumlshteuml treguar se procesi i kthimit te majaseuml se tepeumlrt nga fermentimi ne zierje pa ndonjeuml tretman adekuat Eumlshteuml treguar se me se miri eumlshteuml neumlse majaja epet ne nxehje te treteumlsireumls ujore te maltos ne temperatura te uleumlta ne sasi ccedilfareuml lajmeumlrohet ne fermentim si produkt hedhurin 1 deri 2 litra maja peumlr hektoliteumlr treteumlsire te eumlmbeumll nga edhe eumlshteuml fituar rreth 1 me tepeumlr birreuml nga sasia e njeumljteuml e komponenteve pa ndonjeuml ndikim ne procesin e prodhimit te birreumls dhe ne karakteristikat e saja ne produkt final por me zvogeumllim te sasiseuml se ndotjes se ujerave hedhurineuml te birrariseuml Mund te peumlrfundojmeuml se peumlrzgjedhja e meumlnyreumls seuml shfryteumlzimit te majaseuml hedhurineuml varet nga kapaciteti pajisjet metodat teknologjike si dhe nga keumlrkesat ne treg LITERATURA 1 Hernandez-Pinerua JR dhe MJ Lewis J INSTBREW81 476-82 2 Hoggan J BREWER 65 (1987) No 771 7-11 3 Klasnja M Dhe S Gacesa PIVARSTVO 13 (1993) No 2 51-60 4 Narziss L BRAUWELT 119(1989) 637-42 5 Novak S Dhe Maric PIVARSTVO 10 (1990) No2 23-9 6 Inglendew WM LA Langille CH Mok dhe GS Menegazzi MBAA TECHNQUART 14 No 4 231-6 7 Soltoft MJ INST BTEW 73 393 8 W Kunze TECHNOLOGY BREWING and MALTING (2004) 3rd INTERNATIONAL EDITION

384-392



NDIKIMI I BRAMCEumlS SEuml GRANULUAR TEuml FERRONIKELIT NEuml PEumlRMIREumlSIMIN E VETIVE TEuml ASFALTEVE TEuml DERDHURA

IZET IBRAHIMI

a MUSA RIZAJ

b NURTEN DEVA

b

aKorporata Energjetike e Kosoveumls-Prishtineuml

bUniversiteti i Prishtineumls Fakulteti i Xehetariseuml dhe Metalurgjiseuml Kosoveuml

Emai izetibrahimikek-energycom AKTET IV 2 253-260 2011 PERMBLEDHJE Mbrojta preventive e asfaltit nga ndikimi i ujit dhe harxhimit gjateuml ngarkesave neuml komunikacion do teuml sillte peumlrfitime peumlr sa i peumlrket jeteumlgjateumlsiseuml seuml rrugeumls dhe karakteristikave tjera funksionale teuml saj Bazuar neuml ndeumlrtimin mineralogjik bramca e granuluar e ferronikelit neuml Drenas jo veteumlm qeuml mund teuml peumlrdoreumlt peumlr prodhimin e asfalteve teuml derdhura por njeumlkoheumlsisht do teuml sheumlrbente edhe si material shteseuml peumlr peumlrmireumlsimin e disa prej vetive mekanike-fizike teuml tyre Projektimi i sasiseuml seuml bitumit raporteve neuml mes agregateve dhe bramceumls eumlshteuml realizuar peumlrmes kombinimit teuml metodave analitike dhe grafike ndeumlrsa prodhimi dhe shqyrtimi i vetive mekanike-fizike neuml keumlteuml peumlrzierje eumlshteuml realizuar neuml kushtet laboratorike Keumlto shqyrtime kaneuml rezultuar me afteumlsi teuml larta teuml keumltyre asfalteve peumlr sa i peumlrket stabilitetit vrazhdeumlsiseuml fleksibilitetit absorbimit teuml ujit plasticitetit jeteumlgjateumlsiseuml seuml rrugeumls etj Shfryteumlzimi i keumltyre bramcave njeumlkoheumlsisht do teuml shprehte kontribute teuml veccedilanta edhe neuml mjedis Fjaleumlt kyccedile asfaltet bramca ferronikeli mbrojtja preventive stabiliteti SUMMARY The protection of existing asphalt from influence of water and consumption during overloaded roads will bring benefit in favor of long life roads and other functional characteristics Based on mineralogical structure the granulated slag of Ferronickel in Drenas slag besides that can use for developing of cast asphalt but in same time will serve also as increment material for improvement some their mechanicalndashphysical characteristics The projection of bitumen quantity percentage reports between eruptive aggregates and slag is realized thru combination of analytic and graphic methods meantime production and analyze of mechanicalndashphysical characteristics in this asphalt composite are realized on laboratory conditions Results of those analyses have argued the fact those asphalts have high capability on stability harshness flexibility water absorption plasticity long life of road etc Usage of this slag will contribute on environment thru transformation from pollution elements on valuable material for asphalt production Key words asphalts slag ferronickel prevention stability HYRJE Procesi i shkrirjes seuml xeheve okside teuml nikelit neuml furreumln elektrike eumlshteuml proces i bramceumls pasi qeuml rreth 75 e feumlrgeseumls kalon neuml bramceuml Ajo derdhet nga furra neuml meumlnyreuml periodike ku neumlpeumlrmes kanaleve teuml veccedilanta i neumlnshtrohet

procesit teuml granulimit me ujeuml Procesi i ftohjes neumln ndikimin e vrushkullit teuml ujit mundeumlson kristalizimin teuml shpejteuml dhe ndeumlrtim fraksional kokeumlrrimeumlt me njeuml lakore mjaft homogjene granulometrike SiO2 dhe CaO janeuml dy nga oksidet kryesore raportet neuml mes teuml cilave i peumlrcaktojneuml

Ibrahimi et al


shumiceumln e karakteristikave fiziko-mekanike teuml keumlsaj bramce Bramca e ferronikelit teuml Drenasit peumlrfaqeumlson njeuml nga mbetjet meuml teuml rrezikshme peumlr mjedis e neuml teuml njeumljteumln koheuml edhe njeuml nga resurset mjaft teuml vlefshme peumlr industrineuml e ndeumlrtimit industrineuml e ccedilimentove (portland ccedilimento me shteseuml bramceuml ccedilimentot metalurgjike) materialeve zjarrduruese qelqeve minerale asfalt betoneve llaccedilet leumlndeuml bazeuml peumlr prodhime teuml caktuara tek industria kimike etj Projektimi i recepturave me shteseuml nga kjo bramceuml peumlrveccedil qeuml konsiderohet si praktikeuml standarde tek peumlrzierjet bituminoze njeumlkoheumlsisht ka rezultuar me peumlrmireumlsim teuml ndjesheumlm neuml kualitetin e sipeumlrfaqeve qeumlndrueshmeumlrineuml ndaj deformimeve kushteve klimatike dhe ndikimeve tjera kimiko-mekanike Gjykuar nga peumlrbeumlrja granulometrike bramca e granuluar meuml seuml miri i ploteumlson kushtet peumlr prodhimin e llojeve (05s 08s dhe 011s) B5070 teuml asfalteve teuml derdhura Keumlto asfalte peumlrmbajneuml 20 divide 30 mbusheumls rreth 35 divide 55 imteumlsi gurore (meuml teuml madhe se 2 mm) dhe rreth 38 divide 8 reumlreuml teuml imteuml (009 divide 200 mm) Keumlshtu qeuml zeumlvendeumlsimi i imteumlsiseuml gurore me bramceuml teuml granuluar do teuml peumlrmbush teuml gjitha standardet teknike teuml asfaltit dhe ne meumlnyreuml funksionale do teuml keumlnaq keumlrkesat

dinamike peumlr komunikacionin bashkeumlkohor teuml shpejteuml dhe teuml reumlndeuml motorik Ideja themelore e keumltij hulumtimi eumlshteuml qeuml teuml argumentoj faktin se shfryteumlzimi i keumlsaj bramce peumlrveccedil qeuml eumlshteuml i mundur peumlr prodhimin e asfalteve teuml derdhura shtesat e saj si agregat i peumlrzierjes minerale njeumlkoheumlsisht do teuml ndikojneuml pozitivisht ne peumlrmireumlsimin e vetive mekaniko-fizike teuml asfalteve teuml derdhura do teuml uleuml kostot prodhuese dhe do teuml shprehte kontribute teuml veccedilanta ne mjedis 1 VETITEuml E MATERIALEVE QEuml SHFRYTEumlZOHEN PEumlR PRODHIMIN E ASFALTEVE TEuml DERDHURA Asfaltet e derdhura (AD) neuml proceset e realizimit gjateuml shtruarjes nuk ngjesheumln me cilindra prandaj quhen ldquoasfalte teuml derdhurardquo dhe peumlr dallim nga asfalt betonet neuml gjendjen e shtruar ato nuk peumlrmbajneuml zbrazeumltira neuml shtreseuml Ekzistojneuml dy lloje teuml asfalteve teuml derdhura dhe ate

asfalt i derdhur i forteuml me sasi teuml imteumlsiseuml gurore prej mbi 40 dhe

asfalt i derdhur me sasi meuml teuml vogeumll teuml imteumlsiseuml gurore prej 30- 40 Neuml tabeleumln 1 janeuml paraqitur llojet e materialeve peumlr prodhimin e asfalteve teuml derdhura si dhe metodat e hulumtimit

Lloji i materialit Fraksioni (mm) Vendburimi Metoda e hulumtimit

Bramca e granuluar 0 divide 2 lsquorsquoShkritorja e Ferronikelitrsquorsquo Drenas

SK EN (933-1 1097-2 1097-6)

Bitumi - lsquorsquoARMOrsquorsquo FierShqipeumlri SK EN (1426 1427 1526)

Mielli guror (filleri) - lsquorsquoBajanjarsquorsquo ShkupMaqedoni SK EN (933-1 1097-4 1097-7)

Imteumlsia gurore 0 divide 2 lsquorsquo Jarinjersquorsquo LeposaviqKosoveuml SK EN (933-1 1097-2 1097-6)

Reumlra 2 divide 4 4divide 8 8 divide 11 SK EN (933-1 1097-2 1097-6)

Tabela 1 Materialet qeuml janeuml shfryteumlzuar peumlr projektimin e peumlrzierjes paraprake te asfalteve teuml derdhura 11 Bramca e granuluar e ferronikelit Bramcat e ferronikelit radhiten neuml grupin e materialeve silikate me koncentrime teuml larta teuml SiO2 dhe MgO Keumlto okside hyneuml neuml bashkeumldyzime neuml mes vete duke formuar keumlshtu sistemet e oksideve CaO-FeO-SiO2 MgO-FeO-SiO2 dhe mineraleve tjera teuml cilat janeuml barteumlsit kryesoreuml teuml vetive teuml bramcave Edhe oksidet tjera CaO FeO MgO MnO hyneuml neuml

bashkeumldyzime kimike me SiO2 dhe oksidet tjera acidike duke formuar keumlshtu sisteme mjaft komplekse oksidesh Vetiteuml e bramceumls nga shkrirja e xeheve okside teuml nikelit neuml maseuml teuml madhe janeuml teuml varura nga vetiteuml strukturore teuml SiO2 dhe joneve silikate Me shtimin e elementeve teuml sharzheumls dhe neumln ndikimin e fluksit teuml ajrit ose oksigjenit tek bramca neuml gjendje teuml leumlngeumlt rezulton me

Ibrahimi et al


paraqitjen e geumllqeres seuml lireuml (CaO-seuml) dhe dolomiteumlve teuml lira (CaO MgO) teuml cilat e ngarkojneuml procesin dhe meuml voneuml do teuml shfaqin efekte teuml pavolitshme peumlr sa i peumlrket vetive mekaniko fizike teuml saj Procesi i shkrirjes elektro reduktuese neuml furreumln elektrike e minimizon

paraqitjen e keumltyre efekteve Agregatet e bramceumls kaneuml forma shumeuml keumlndore sipeumlrfaqe teuml vrazhdeuml dhe me tekstureuml teuml theksuar dhe shumica e vetive teuml saj i ploteumlsojneuml keumlrkesat standarde peumlr materiale silikate (tabela 2)

Hulumtimet Metoda e hulumtimit

Reze hulumt Kushti peumlr kualitet sipas stand SKEN

Bramca Silikati

Densiteti real (kgm3) SK EN 19362007 2770 2720 2000-3000


Thithshmeumlria e ujit (maseuml) peumlr =(04 mm)

SK EN 12697-8 18 17 nuk eumlshteuml e peumlrshk

Masa veumlllimore neuml gjendje teuml shkrifteuml (gcm3) SK EN 12697-6 14932 nuk eumlshteuml e

peumlrshk

Masa veumlllimore neuml gjendje teuml ngjeshur(kgm

3)

SK EN 12697-6 15871 nuk eumlshteuml e peumlrshk

Qeumlndrueshmeumlria neuml shtypje (Mpa)

neuml gjendje teuml thateuml SK EN 19262007 239 176 min 16080

pas 48 cikleve ngrirje shkrirje

SK EN 19262007 129 98 nuk eumlshteuml e peumlrshk

Rezistenca e geumlrryerjes ΔV (mm3) SK EN 141572004 6280 5690 nuk eumlshteuml e

peumlrshk

Qeumlndrueshmeumlria ne thurje (LA) SK EN 1038-1 10 14 Max 20

Peumlrbeumlrja e argjileumls ()

0

4 mm 05

4 mm 025

Peumlrbeumlrja e materieve organike () nuk peumlrmban nuk eumlshteuml e peumlrshk

Fraksionet ekuivalente () 12697-1 100

min60 teuml theumlrrmuar min 70 natyral

Fraksionet ekuivalente 00630 mm

Fraksionet ekuivalente 009 mm ()

12697-1 07 18

5 natyral

10 teuml theumlrrmuar

Tabela 2 Krahasimi ne mes vetive teuml bramceumls se ferronikelit dhe agregatit silikat nga VB Jarinje

Ngarkimi i komunikacionit

Pika e zbutjes sipas PK (

0C)

Pika e thyerjes sipas FRAAS (0C)

Komunikacioni neuml leumlvizje max75 max0

Komunikacioni neuml qeteumlsi max80 max5

Karakteristikat Metoda e hulumt Rez i hulumt Kriteri peumlr kualit SKEN 12591 Njeumlsia

Penetrimi EN 1426 622 50-70 dmm

Pika e zbutjes sipas PK EN 1427 493 46-54 0C

Indeksi i penitrimit - 086

Masa veumlllimore EN 15326 1050 kgm3

Tabela 3 Kushtet e peumlrdorimit dhe rezultatet e hulumtimit teuml vetive teuml B5070

Ibrahimi et al


Karakteristikat Metoda e hulumtimit

Rezultatet e hulumtimit

Kriteri peumlr kualitet EN 13043

Njeumlsia

Peumlrbeumlrja granulometrike EN 933-1

kalimi ne sit 2mm 100

kalimi ne sit 710 microm 100


kalimi ne sit 125 microm 85-100


kalimi ne sit 63 microm 772 70-100

Masa veumlllimore pa zbrazeumltira EN 1097-7 2620 - kgm3

Tabela 4 Rezultatet e hulumtimit teuml vetive mekaniko-fizike peumlr millin guror

Tabela 5 Projektimi i peumlrbeumlrjes seuml peumlrzierjes AD 05 mm AD 08mm dhe AD 011mm B5070

Madh e vrimave teuml siteumls (mm)

Mbetja e frak ne siteuml Fraksionet Kalimi total neuml ()

AD2 AD5 AD8 AD2 AD5 AD8

000-009 289 240 23 Filleri 289 240 23

009 - 025 138 112 132 Bramceuml 427 352 362

025 - 2 97 108 9 Imtesi guroreBramceuml 524 46 45

2 - 4 118 145 10 Reumlra Zhavori

642 605 55

4 - 8 308 215 16 950 82 71

8 ndash 112 5 116 12 100 936 85

112 - 16 64 3 100 97

16 ndash 224 100

shuma 100 100 100

Tabela 6 Analiza e sitjes-Granulometria e perzirjeve AD 05mm 08mm dhe 011mm- B5070 12 Bitumi Neuml varteumlsi nga dedikimi i sipeumlrfaqes seuml komunikacionit peumlr keumlto lloj asfaltesh peumlrdoren bitume teuml standardizuara rrugore BIT 5070 BIT-45 BIT-25 dhe BIT-15 dhe meuml kritere peumlr cileumlsi

sipas SK EN 12591 Kriteret peumlr kualitet teuml bitumit janeuml dheumlneuml neuml tabeleumln 3 13 Mielli guror ndash filleri Mielli guror peumlr asfaltet e derdhura duhet teuml jeteuml i prodhuar veteumlm nga shkeumlmbinjeuml karbonati dhe teuml

Emertimi i materialit Peumlrzierja minerare peumlr Asfalteve teuml Derdhura ()

AD 05 mm AD 08 mm AD 011 mm

Mostrat AD1 AD2 AD3 AD4 AD5 AD6 AD7 AD8 AD9

Bitumi 85 80 75 80 70 67 80 68 65

Filleri (milli guror) 265 28 295 24 255 263 22 24 26

Imteumlsia guroreBramce 02 mm

32 31 30 28 305 32 27 27 28

Reumlra 24 mm 28 285 29 22 21 19 15 15 14

Reumlra 48 mm 50 45 40 13 12 12 12 13 12

Reumlra 811 mm 5 4 4 11 102 9

Reumlra 1116 mm 5 4 45

Ibrahimi et al


ploteumlsojeuml kushtet peumlr sipas standardeve SK EN 13043 Kriteret peumlr kualitet teuml miellit guror janeuml dheumlneuml neuml tabeleumln 4 Imteumlsia gurore dhe reumlra qeuml janeuml shfryteumlzuar peumlr projektimin e peumlrzierjes paraprake janeuml materiale silikate me veti mekaniko-fizike teuml paraqitura neuml tabeleumln 4 14 Pojektimi paraprak i peumlrzierjes seuml asfalteve teuml derdhura sipas komponenteumlve peumlrbeumlreumls bramceumlagregat silikat Parimi themelor i zgjedhjes projektuese paraqet sigurimin e raporteve teuml balancuar neuml mes qeumlndrueshmeumlriseuml penetrimit dhe stabilitet (shtangimit) e qeuml arrihet me peumlrcaktimin e sakteuml teuml raporteve proporcionale teuml bramceumls dhe komponenteumlve tjereuml pjeseumlmarreumls Parallogaritja e sakeuml e komponenteumlve peumlrbeumlreumlse teuml peumlrzierjes seuml agregatit mineral dhe bitumit do teuml siguronte qeuml vetiteuml e shtresave teuml asfaltit trsquoi ploteumlsojneuml kushtet qeuml mbizoteumlrojneuml neuml rrugeuml siccedil janeuml fuqia barteumlse e shtreseumls qeumlndrueshmeumlria neumln kushtet klimatike sjellja rezistente ndaj ngarkimit neuml komunikacion dhe ploteumlsimi i keumlrkesave peumlr shpejteumlsi eksploatuse teuml rrugeumls Duke respektuar kriteret teknike teuml specifikuara sipas ZTV Asphalt STB 94 peumlrzierjet paraprake minerale kaneuml rezultuar me ndeumlrtim granulometrik sipas (fig2) Nga analiza granulometrike e bramceumls (fig2) rezulton se peumlrbeumlrja fraksionale kryesisht e ndjek zoneumln e standardizuar peumlr fraksione 02 mm sipas keumlrkesave standarde peumlr materiale silikate Hartimi i peumlrzierjes paraprake (receptureumls) eumlshteuml realizuar peumlr teuml tre llojet e asfaltit teuml derdhur AD (05 08 dhe 011)mm Komponenteumlt peumlrbeumlreumls teuml peumlrzierjes janeuml bramca e granuluar filleri karbonat imteumlsia gurore silikate reumlra gurore silikate dhe bitumi B5070 tabela 5 SHQYRTIMI EKSPERIMENTAL I NDIKIMIT TEuml BRAMCEumlS SEuml GRANULUAR NEuml PEumlRMIREumlSIMIN E VETIVE MEKANIKO-FIZIKE TEuml ASFALTEVE TEuml DERDHURA (05 08 DHE 011)mm Shqyrtimet nga provat e granulometriseuml kaneuml rezultuar meuml vlera brenda zoneumls granulometrike teuml peumlrzierjeve AD2 AD5 dhe AD8 (tabela 6 dhe fig3 4 dhe 5)

Peumlrzierja e asfalteve teuml derdhura me shteseuml teuml bramceumls seuml granuluar ka rezultuar meuml tendenceuml neuml rritje teuml zbrazeumltirave teuml shtreseumls seuml asfaltit

Ibrahimi et al


Rritja e koncentrimit teuml zbrazeumltirave ka afektuar neuml rritjen e koeficientit teuml thithshmeumlriseuml seuml ujit dhe neuml rritjen e penetrimit teuml bitumit dhe veteuml llaccedilit bituminoz Ekzaminimet e laboratorike teuml mostrave peumlr tipin e asfalt betonit AB 11s B5070 me pjeseumlmarrje teuml bramceumls seuml ferronikelit teuml peumlrfituar neuml Shkritoren e Drenasit janeuml beumlreuml konform standardeve EN- 12697-12006 EN- 12697-22006 EN- 12697-52006 EN- 12697-62006 dhe kaneuml peumlr synim qeuml teuml peumlrcaktojneuml

peumlrqindjen e bitumit

peumlrqindjen seuml fillerit

pjeseumlmarrjen procentuale teuml fraksioneve teuml peumlrzierjes minerale neuml peumlrzierjen e asfalt betonit

stabilitetin

penitrimin

dendeumlsitetin (maseumln veumlllimore)

porozitetin e peumlrzierjes minerale

porozitetin neuml mostreumln e asfaltit dhe

ploteumlsimin e zbrazeumltirave me bitum Dendeumlsiteti i peumlrzierjes andezit+bramceuml i cili ka rezultuar me ngritje shumeuml meuml teuml theksuar se sa peumlrzierja andezite ka reflektuar me vlera teuml shumeumlfishuara neuml koeficientin e shtangimit dhe stabilitetin e asfaltit teuml derdhur

Lloji i shqyrtimeve Asfaltet e derdhura andezite Asfalet e derdhura (andezit + bramce)

Metoda e hulumtimit Lloji i bitumit B65 - EN 1426 1427

Lloji i asfaltit teuml derdhur AD 05mm

AD 08mm

AD 011mm

AD 05mm

AD 08mm

AD 011mm

Standardi i keumlrkuar 55-75 ()

7 - 85 68 ndash 80 65 - 80 7 - 85 68 ndash 80 65 - 80

Bitumi (mm) 80 70 68 80 70 68

Densiteti i bitumit (kgm3) 1050 1050 1050 1050 1050 1050

Fileri (mm) 26 235 22 28 255 24

Metoda e hulumtimit Vetit mekanike

Penetrimi (mm) 525 kg (5cm

240

0C30 min)

Standardi i keumlrkuar peumlr asfalte te derdhura

Asfalt i forteuml i derdhur

komunikacion

kalimtar 16

vend qendrim 14

Asfal teuml derdh leht per biccedilikleta-

max15

15 15 15 18 16 15

Rritja e penetrimit pas 30 minutave vijues

06 06 06 08 07 07

Densiteti i peumlrzierjes minerale (kgm

3)

2684 2682 2679 2729 2727 2725

Boshlleumlqet ne peumlrzierjen minerale (vv)

Standardi i keumlrkuar

asfaltet e forteuml teuml derdhura max 18 (vv)

asfaltet e derdhura max 22 (vv)

14 16 20 15 19 21

Thithshmeumlria e ujit () (vv)]


asfaltet e forteuml teuml derdhura -10 (vv)

asfaltet e derdhura ndash 10 (vv)

098 100 1003 096 10 10

Tabela 7 Rezultatet nga ekzaminimi i vetive teuml asfalteve teuml derdhura me bazeuml nga materialet andezite dhe peumlrzierja bramceuml e granuluar dhe materiale andezite

Ibrahimi et al


DISKUTIMI I REZULTATEVE Bramca e granuluar e ferronikelit peumlr nga karakteristikat kimiko-fizike radhitet neuml grupin e materialeve silikate me afteumlsi teuml larteuml absorbimi teuml bitumit Projektimi i peumlrzierjes minerale marrja e mostrave laboratorike dhe rezultatet janeuml hartuar konform keumlrkesave standarde SK EN- 12697 1-34 2007 peumlr peumlrzierje bituminoze dhe produkte nga bitumi Shqyrtimet neuml lidhje me formeumln dhe pasteumlrtineuml rezultojneuml me faktin se kjo bramceuml ka ekuivalent te larteuml shfryteumlzimi me prezenceuml minimale teuml grimcave argjilore dhe mungeseuml teuml peumlrbeumlreumlsve teuml deumlmsheumlm organik Kualitetet e tilla minerale kaneuml rritur shkalleumln e ndeumlrveprimit fiziko-kimik neuml mes bitumit dhe fillerit dhe njeumlkoheumlsisht kaneuml minimizuar mundeumlsiteuml e bymimit teuml peumlrzierjes dhe ccedilarjen e shtresave teuml asfaltit Peumlrbeumlrja granulometrike e bramceumls sillet brenda kufijve peumlr sa i peumlrket kritereve peumlr fraksionet 0-2 mm Koncentrimi i uleumlt i grimcave meuml teuml vogla se 0063 mm dhe tendenca neuml rritje e grimcave meuml teuml meumldha se 009 mm stimulojneuml veumlllim te larteuml teuml zbrazeumltirave neuml peumlrzierjen minerale Rritja e veumlllimit te zbrazeumltirave ka minimizuar mundeumlsiteuml e paraqitjes seuml shtresave teuml holla dhe jo homogjene teuml bitumit peumlr rreth grimcave teuml agregatit ka rritur kushtet peumlr ndeumlrveprim fiziko-kimik teuml bitumit dhe ka peumlrmireumlsuar duksheumlm koeficientin e shtangimit teuml peumlrzierjes seuml asfaltit Nga teuml dheumlnat e shqyrtimeve fiziko-mekanike rezulton se kokrrizat e bramceumls kaneuml formeuml teuml rregullt shumeuml keumlndore ndeumlrtim teuml ploteuml strukturor dhe tekstura sipeumlrfaqeumlsore teuml ngjirura

duke stimuluar keumlshtu veti penetruese homogjenitet teuml shtresave andezit + bramceuml + bitum shfryteumlzim efektiv teuml bitumit rritje teuml afteumlsiseuml mbrojteumlse ndaj oksidimit ulje teuml koeficientit teuml rreumlshqitjes rritje teuml stabilitetit etj

PEumlRFUNDIM Rezultatet e keumltyre hulumtimeve kaneuml argumentuar faktin qeuml kjo bramceuml jo veteumlm qeuml mund teuml peumlrdoret si agregat peumlr prodhimin e asfaltit teuml derdhur por njeumlkoheumlsisht do teuml garantojeuml peumlrpareumlsi neuml raport me imeumlteumlsineuml gurore silikate dhe - stabilitet (rezistenceuml ndaj deformimeve neumln ndikimin e ngarkimeve teuml peumlrseumlritura neuml komunikacion) - qeumlndrueshmeumlri (ndaj ndikimeve teuml kushteve klimatike dhe veprimit teuml automjeteve barteumlse gjateuml eksploatimit teuml rrugeumls) - fleksibilitet (rezistenceuml ndaj shfaqjeve teuml lodhjes neumln ndikimin e ngarkimeve teuml peumlrseumlritura teuml automjeteve gjateuml temperaturave teuml uleumlta) - ashpeumlrsi (qeuml manifestohet si tregues funksional i sipeumlrfaqes rrugore e shprehur neuml makro dhe mikro koeficientin e feumlrkimit gjateumlsor si dhe atij radial) - zhurmeuml (si tregues i sipeumlrfaqes qeuml ka ndikim mbi rehatin gjateuml vozitjes dhe efektet negative ekologjike) - mos depeumlrtimi i ujit (e cila shpreheuml afteumlsineuml e shtreseumls seuml asfaltit kundeumlr depeumlrtimit teuml ujit nga shtresat sipeumlrfaqeumlsore) - afteumlsi peumlr shtruarje teuml lehteuml dhe ngjeshje efikase Shfryteumlzimi i keumlsaj bramce njeumlkoheumlsisht do teuml ndikonte pozitivisht neuml optimalizimin e procesit teuml prodhimit teuml ferronikelit uljen e kostove prodhuese dhe mireumlmbajtje preventive teuml asfalteve si dhe do teuml shprehte efekte teuml reumlndeumlsishme mjedisore REFERENCAT 1 Ibrahimi I Rizaj M Ramadani A Tahiraj N ldquoPossibilitiese of use of the ferronicel electrical furnaces slag for production of concrete gasrdquo Tetoveuml 2009

Ibrahimi et al


2 Donic R Milivojevic S Rap JI Zumberkovic V Telnoloska studija upotrebljivosti granularne troske visoke peci za gas betone- Metalurski institut ldquoHasan Bekiqrdquo- Zenica 1971 3 Ibrahimi I Rizaj M Ramadani A lsquorsquoResearch the possibility of transforming the ferronickel slag in the product with economical and environmental importancersquorsquo J Int Evironmental Application amp Sience Vol5 (2)278-283 2010 4 Murati N Rizaj M Beqiri E Ibrahimi I ldquoResearch on possible use of the ferronickel electrical furnacesrsquo slag for production of construction materialsrdquo Istambul 2008 5 Freddy L R Prithvi S K E Ray B Hot mix asfalt materials mixture desingand construction Texas 1996

6 Ibrahimi I Rizaj M Ramadani A lsquorsquoImpact of ferronickel slag in improve the mechanical-physical properties consumable of layer of asfalt concretersquorsquo Istambul 2010 7 Subotic P Prirucnik za asfalt Beograd 1997 8 Palloshi V Teknologjiteuml e asfalteve ne rruge Shkup 2007 9 Hervatske Autoceste dooTehnički uvjet za asfalterske radove oderžavanja kolničkih konstrukcija na autocestama 1 dio Zagreb 2004 10 Hervatske Autoceste dooTehnički uvjet za asfalterske radove oderžavanja kolničkih konstrukcija na autocestama 2 dio Zagreb 2005


PROCESSING OF NICKEL OXIDE ORES IN THE ROTARY KILN WITHOUT LIMESTONE IN ldquoFERRONIKELI I RIrdquo IN DRENAS TRAJTIMI I XEHEVE OKSIDE TEuml NIKELIT NEuml FURREumlN RROTULLUESE PA GUR GEumlLQEROR NEuml ldquoFERRONIKELIN E RIrdquo TEuml DRENASIT

SHEFIK IMERI

1 NAIM TAHIRAJ

1 MUSA RIZAJ

2

1Ferronikeli i ri Drenas Kosoveuml

2Fakulteti i Xehetariseuml dhe Metalurgjiseuml Universiteti i Prishtineumls KOSOVE

Email shefikimerikosovo-nickelcom AKTET IV 2 261-265 2011 PERMBLEDHJE Procesi i peumlrfitimit teuml ferronikelit karakterizohet meuml veumlshtireumlsi teuml meumldha tekniko-teknologjike dhe ekonomike Neuml vazhdeumln e peumlrmireumlsimit teuml procesit metalurgjik teuml shkrirjes elektrike teuml sharzheumls peumlr peumlrfitimin e ferronikelit eumlshteuml arritur qeuml teuml eliminohet nga procesi neuml teumlreumlsi shtimi i sasiseuml seuml gurit geumllqeror neuml sharzheumln e furreumls rrotulluese Efektet pozitive qeuml janeuml arritur neuml procesin e feumlrgimit neuml furreuml rrotulluese janeuml zvogeumllimi i konsumit teuml mazutit zvogeumllimi i ngjitjeve teuml feumlrgeseumls neuml zoneumln e feumlrgimit rritja e temperatureumls seuml materialit teuml feumlrguar rritja e koeficientit teuml shfryteumlzimit teuml Ni rritja e shkalleumls seuml para-reduksionit teuml materialit teuml feumlrguar dhe rritja e kapacitetit teuml furreumls rrotulluese Krahas peumlrmireumlsimit teuml procesit metalurgjik teuml prodhimit teuml Fe-Ni eumlshteuml arritur edhe zvogeumllimi i shkalleumls seuml ndotjes seuml mjedisit duke ulur sasineuml e prodhuar teuml CO2 neuml furra rrotulluese dhe furra elektrike Fjaleumlt kyccedile disocim para-reduktim feumlrgesa Fe-Ni i pa-peumlrpunuar SUMMARY Process of obtaining Fe-Ni is characterized with lot of technical-technological and economical difficulty In order to improve metallurgical process of obtaining Fe-Ni was achieved to be eliminated at all the adding of quantity of Limstone in charge of rotary kiln Positive effects which have been achieved in calcinations process of rotary kiln are reducing of mazut consumption reducing of sticking material in calcinations area increasing of temperature of calcine increasing of recovery of Ni increasing of pre-reduction of calcine and increasing of rotary kiln capacity Except improvement to the metallurgical process of obtaining Fe-Ni has been decreased the pollution of environment as well producing less CO2 in rotary kilns and electro-reduction furnaces Key words Crude Fe-Ni dissociation pre-reduction calcine

1 INTRODUCTION The aim of this investigation was to improve the metallurgical process of obtaining Fe-Ni and to increase the quantity and quality of produced calcine in rotary kiln in order to increase production capacity of obtaining Fe-Ni It was achieved eliminating at all the adding of Limstone in charge of rotary kiln

2 TREATMENT OF NICKEL OXIDE ORES IN ROTARY KILN In industrial way was approved that nickel oxide ores can be treated without problem in rotary kiln with out Limstone (sterile material) Since 5022010 the rotary kilns are operating with out adding of Limstone in the charge Under way we can give an example of operations of rotary kiln nr 2

Imeri et al


Date on 14072010 Rotary kiln nr 2 was operating as follow Average capacity 102thr Lignite 105 Ore composition () Gllavica ore 517

Cikatova ore 1725 Albanian ore ndash Aren 69 Albanian ore ndashYzo 345 Indonesian ore 207 ε = 100

Charge composition (t) Gllavica ore 5273 t Cikatova ore 1759 t Albanian ore ndash Aren 7038 t Albanian ore ndash Yzo 3519 t Indonesian ore 21115 t Lignite 1071 t Quantity of charge ε = 11271 t

Chemical composition of ore calcine temperature of calcine and gases are given in table 1 2 and 3

Ni Fe Co Cr2O3

CaO MgO

Al2O3

SiO2 Fe2O3

HP Humidity

111 199 003 106 255 1080 32 4383 2848 2347

Table 1 Average Chemical composition of ore

Ni Fetot

Co Cr2O3 CaO MgO Al2O3 SiO2 Cfix Femet FeO

Fe2O3

126 176 004 143 271 1565 28 4665 332 016 924 1487

Table 2 Average Chemical composition of calcine

Temp of

calcine OP

M8 degC

M7 degC

M6 degC

M5 degC

M4 degC

M3 degC

M2 degC

M1 degC

G7degC

G6 degC

G5 degC

G4 degC

G3 degC

G2 degC

G1degC

G0 degC

715 613 826 483 376 250 197 870 704 666 433 287 229 670 644 706 322 314 227 186 827 638 576 486 264 246 720 604 758 350 423 263 176 876 703 661 538 261 250

OP ndash Optical Pyrometer Table 3 Temperature of material and gases inside Rotary Kiln

For capacity of rotary kiln of 102thr in the charge was added 7038 t Albanian ore Aren and 3519 t Albanian ore Yzo Additional quantity of Fetotal from Albanian ore Aren 7038 t hr X 2319 Fetotal = 163 t Fetotahr Additional quantity of Fetotal from Albanian ore Yzo 3519 t hr X 3837 Fetotal = 135 t Fetotahr Total additional quantity of Fetotal = 135 t Fetotahr + 163 t Fetotahr = 298 t Fetotahr

The quantity of reducing of CaCO3 due to adding Albanian ores is 10 of the overall charge or

Rotary Kiln capacity of 102 t hr 102 thr X 10 CaCO3 = 102 t CaCO3hr or considering the moisture of CaCO3 from 085 then 102 t CaCO3hr X 09915 = 1011t CaCO3hr The practical results proved that asymp 60 of CaCO3 dissociated in rotary kiln under reaction

CaCO3 CaO + CO2

10110 kgCaCO3hr x 60 = 6066 kgCaCO3 x 44100 = 266904 kgCO2hr Or 266904 kg CO2hr x 22444 = 135878 m

3NCO2hr

Imeri et al


Which means that for the capacity of 102 thr of the rotary kiln has been produced less 135878 m

3 NCO2 hr

Or for 1t dry ore has been produced less CO2 135878 m

3NCO27806 t DO = 1741 m

3NCO2 t

DO 3 TREATMENT OF NICKEL OXIDE ORES IN ELECTRIC FURNACE CaCO3 rarr CaO + CO2

10110 kg CaCO3 hr x 40 = 4044 kg CaCO3hr x 44100 = 177936 kg C02hr

or 177936 kgCO2hr x 22444 = 905856 m

3NCO2hr

Which means that for the capacity of 102 thr of the rotary kiln inside the electrical furnace has been produced less 905 856 m

3 N CO2 hr

For 1t dry ore has been produced less CO2 905856 m

3NCO2 7806 t DO = 11605 m

3NCO2 t

DO Chemical composition of electric furnace slag with increasing of Fetotal by 389 is given in table 4 while with less Fetotal by 389 is given in table 5

Ni SiO2 Fe FeO CaO MgO Al2O3

009 6096 1209 1560 275 1843 223

Table 4 Chemical composition of electric furnace slag with increasing quantity by 389 Ftotal

Ni SiO2 Fe FeO CaO MgO

009 6419 82 1058 289 194

Table 5 Chemical composition of electric furnace slag with less of 389 Fetotal 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Increased quantity of Fe total t DO 0038t Fetotal t DO

Decreasing quantity of

CO2 in rotary kiln gases 1741 m3NCO2t DO


CO2 in electric furnaces gases 11605 m3NCO2t

DO Increased quantity of

Ni

00011t Nit DO

Increased quantity of Fetotal in electric furnace

slag 389 Fetotal

Decreasing of production cost 80 US $ t Ni From three components diagram (fig1) we can compare the liquid temperature of electric furnace slag for 2 examples depending from chemical composition of slag Chemical composition of main components of electric furnace slag

a) Slag with albanian ores SiO2 = 6096 MgO + CaO = 1843 + 275 = 2118 FeO = 1560 FeO+ MgO + CaO = 3678 Tl asymp 1630

degC

b) Slag with out albanians ores

SiO2 = 6419 MgO + CaO = 194 + 289 = 2229 FeO = 1058 FeO + MgO + CaO = 3287 Tl asymp 1690

degC

In rotary kiln is improved roasting process of calcine and is reduced quantity of sticking calcine for 50 ndash 60 Is increased quantity and quality of calcine producing more calcine with temperature around 700 C rate of pre-reduction 40 and is reduced sufficiently consumption of mazut up to 42 kg mazutt calcine ( July 2010) Total elimination of CaCO3 in metallurgical process has been increased capacity of rotary

Imeri et al


kiln by 10 and quantity of Ni by 00011 t Ni t DO decreasing production cost of Ni by 803 US $ t Ni Has been decreased realising of CO2 in gases of rotary kiln by 1741 m

3NCO2t DO and

CO2 in gases of electric furnace by 11605 m

3NCO2t DO

Increasing quantity of Fetotal in electric furnace slag by 389 have been created satisfactory condition that by decreasing of acidity of electric furnace slag to decrease the smelting point of it and in such case to have a technological process so equilibrium in electric furnace with continuous flow of slag (approximately is preserved condition

FeO + MgO + CaO = 3678 If we would operate without Albanian ores we would have these parameters

FeO + MgO + CaO = 3287

The recovery of Ni has been reached 88 in July 2010 5 CONCLUSIONS Industrial investigation has been done at smelting complex of Newco Ferroniceli Complex in Drenas By industrial experiments has been proved that nickel oxide ores could be treated without difficulty in metallurgical process of obtaining Fe-Ni with out Limstone by adding of Albanian ores increasing remarkably production capacity of Fe-Ni and decreasing of production cost as well Adding of Albanian ores in smelting

Imeri et al


process of obtaining Fe-Ni except improvement of metallurgical process has been indicated positively in decreasing of pollution of environment as well 6 REFERENCES 1 Elaboration of electric smelting process experience Elkem Osllo 1987 2 Technological instruction of obtaining Fe-Ni in ldquoFerronikelirdquo smelting complex ndash Glogoc 1983 3 Elkem as Engineering The possible adoption of the open bath process for the production of a higher grade Fe-Ni at Ferronikeli ndash Prishtina 1985

4 Daily monthly and yearly reports of obtaining Fe-Ni official documentation of smelting complex of NewCo Ferronikeli Complex ndash Drenas 2007 2008 and 2009 5 Daily monthly and yearly reports of chemical analysis of smelting complex of New Co Ferronikeli Complex Drenas 2007 2008 and 2009 6 Sh Imeri N Tahiraj H Mehmeti Processing of converter slag in the process of obtaining Fe-ni in New co Ferroniceli complex LLc of Drenas Aktet 2010

7


THE STUDY OF THERMAL PROPERTIES AND THE CORRELATION BETWEEN CALORIFIC POWER AND COAL ASH FOR THE LAYER V VI AND VII OF MEMALIAJ MINE

STUDIMI I VETIVE TERMIKE DHE KORRELACIONI MIDIS FUQISEuml KALORIFIKE DHE HIRIT PEumlR QYMYRET E SHTRESEumlS V VI DHE VII TEuml VENDBURIMIT TEuml MEMALIAJT EFROSINI KOKALARI (TELI) HAJRI HAXHI Departamenti i Kimiseuml Universiteti i Tiraneumls Shqipeumlri Email efrosiniteliyahoocom AKTET IV 2 266-272 2011 PERMBLEDHJE Korrelacioni midis fuqiseuml kalorifike dhe hirit teuml qymyreve teuml shtresave V VI dhe VII teuml vendburimit teuml Memaliajt eumlshteuml kryer me metoda matematikore Nga peumlrpunimi i teuml dheumlnave janeuml nxjerreuml ekuacione peumlrdorimi i teuml cileumlve lehteumlson kryerjen e bilanceve termike neuml teuml gjitha impiantet e djegies ku peumlrdoren qymyre Kjo ccedilon neuml peumlrdorimin racional dhe me ekonomi tregu teuml qymyreve sidomos neuml energjitikeuml Jemi nisur nga studimet meuml teuml hereumlshme teuml cilat japin njeuml relacion linear midis fuqiseuml kalorifike dhe hirit teuml raportuar ndaj maseumls pa ujeuml Rezultatet e llogaritjeve dhe verifikimi qeuml relacionet janeuml teuml pranueshme u paraqiteumln me aneumln e tabelave me teuml dheumlnat e teuml cilave u peumlrcaktuan ekuacionet e regresionit linear peumlr teuml gjitha shtresat e vendburimit teuml Memaliajt dhe u ndeumlrtuan grafikeumlt peumlrkates Funksionet e gjetur na japin mundeumlsineuml qeuml duke beumlreuml analizeumln veteumlm teuml hirit dhe teuml lageumlshtiseuml fillestare teuml gjeumlndet fuqia kalorifike dhe me teuml teuml hartohet bilanci termik i ccedilfareumldo impianti termo-energjitik Kjo meuml pareuml beumlhej me veumlshtireumlsi ose me teuml meta dhe gabime Fjaleumlt kyccedile veti termike korrelacion fuqi kalorifike metoda matematikore hi SUMMARY The correlation between calorific power and coalrsquos ash for the layers V VI and VII of the deposit of Memaliaj was carried out with mathematical methods From the processing of data are derivated equations the use of which facilitates the commission of thermal balance in all the burning plants where coal is used This leads to the rational use of coal with a market economy especially in energy We started from the earlier studies which provide a linear relation between calorific power and the ash reported by mass without water The results of calculations and verification that dependencies are acceptable were presented with tables with details of which were defined equations of the linear regression for all layers of the deposit of Memaliaj and relevant graphs were constructed Functions allow us just doing the ash and humidity analysis in initial moisture to find the calorific power and with it to do the thermal balance in every thermo-electric plant It previously was doing with difficulty or flawed and mistakes Key word Thermal properties correlation calorific power mathematical methods ash

HYRJE Qymyret e vendburimit teuml Memaliajt janeuml nga qymyret meuml me perspektiveuml teuml Shqipeumlriseuml peumlr peumlrdorim energjetik ose peumlrpunim kimik Neuml Shqipeumlri si neuml teuml gjitheuml boteumln janeuml beumlreuml studime teuml shumta lidhur me qymyret me qeumlllim qeuml teuml

gjenden rrugeuml meuml teuml peumlrshtatshme peumlr zeumlvendeumlsimin neuml teuml ardhmen teuml gazit natyror dhe nafteumls Studimi i vetive termike teuml qymyreve ka reumlndeumlsi shkencore dhe praktike sepse nga korrelacioni i teuml dheumlnave teuml analizave duke peumlrdorur metoda

Kokalari amp Haxhi


matematikore janeuml nxjerreuml ekuacione peumlrdorimi i teuml cilave lehteumlson kryerjen e bilanceve termike neuml teuml gjitha impiantet e djegies ku peumlrdoren qymyre Kjo ccedilon neuml peumlrdorimin racional dhe me ekonomi tregu teuml qymyreve sidomos neuml energjitikeuml MATERIALET DHE METODAT Fuqia kalorifike peumlrcaktohet me aneuml teuml djegjes seuml ploteuml neuml bombeumln kalorimetrike teuml njeuml sasie teuml njohur qymyri (rreth 1gr teuml peshuar me sakteumlsi prej 00002 gr) neuml prani teuml oksigjenit (shtypja 30atm) dhe nxehteumlsia e ccedilliruar merret nga njeuml sasi e njohur uji rritja e temperatureumls teuml seuml cilit regjistrohet Peumlr qymyret e vendburimit teuml Memaliajt (shtresat VVIVII) eumlshteuml llogaritur fuqia kalorifike superiore dhe fuqia kalorifike inferiore Me fuqi kalorifike superiore neumlnkuptohet nxehteumlsia qeuml ccedillirohet nga djegja e ploteuml e njeuml njeumlsie mase teuml leumlndeumls seuml djegshme teuml analizuar neuml keumlto kushte 1) Temperatura e leumlndeumls seuml djegshme para djegjes dhe e produkteve qeuml dalin pas djegies eumlshteuml 25degC 2) Uji i leumlndeumls seuml djegshme dhe uji i formuar neuml procesin e djegjes konsiderohet pas djegjes neuml gjendje teuml leumlngeumlt 3) Produktet e djegjes seuml karbonit dhe squfurit ndodhen neuml formeumln CO2

dhe SO2

neuml gjendje teuml

gazteuml 4) Nuk ndodh oksidimi i azotit Me fuqi kalorifike inferiore neumlnkuptohet nxehteumlsia qeuml ccedillirohet nga djegja e ploteuml e njeuml njeumlsie mase teuml leumlndeumls seuml djegshme qeuml analizohet si neuml kushtet e meumlsipeumlrme me peumlrjashtim teuml faktit qeuml uji i leumlndeumls seuml djegshme dhe uji i formuar nga djegja konsiderohen neuml gjendje teuml avullt Vlera e fuqiseuml kalorifike e peumlrcaktuar eksperimentalisht paraqet fuqineuml kalorifike superiore neuml proveumln peumlr analizeuml

Qs

a

= [K ( tf ndash t

i ) - g

t]m

Fuqia kalorifike inferiore llogaritet duke pasur parasysh lageumlshtineuml neuml proveumln peumlr analizeuml teuml qymyrit dhe peumlrmbajtjen e hidrogjenit

Qi

a

= Qs

a

ndash 206Ha

ndash 23Wa

Teuml dheumlnat fillestare teuml raportuara ndaj mostreumls peumlr analizeuml u shpreheumln ndaj maseumls bruto indeksi ldquoirdquo ndaj maseumls pa ujeuml indeksi ldquopurdquo dhe ndaj leumlndeumls seuml djegeumlshme indeksirdquoldrdquo U peumlrdoreumln formulat

Qs

i

= Qs

a

( 100 ndash Wi

) (100 ndash Wa

)

Qs

pu

= Qs

a

100 (100 ndash Wa

)

Qs

ld

= Qs

a

100 (100 ndash Wa

ndash Aa

)

Qi

a

= Qs

a

ndash 597 ( Wa

+ 9Ha

)

Qi

i

= (Qi

a

+597 Wa

)( 100 ndash Wi

)( 100 ndash Wa

) _

597 Wi

Qi

pu

= (Qi

a

+ 597 Wa

) 100 (100 ndash Wa

)

Qi

ld

= (Qi

a

+ 597 Wa

)100 (100 ndash Wa

ndash Aa

)

[ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] METODA MATEMATIKORE Peumlr teuml gjetur lidhjen ndeumlrmjet fuqiseuml kalorifike dhe hirit u peumlrdoreumln teuml dheumlnat e analizave teuml kryera neuml laboratorin shkencor teuml katedreumls seuml tekonologjiseuml kimike organike neuml FSHN Tiraneuml teuml raportuara ndaj maseumls pa uje (peumlr teuml shmangur gabimet qeuml vijneuml nga lageumlshtia) Neuml keumlteuml laborator janeuml peumlrcaktuar

Qa

b - Nxehteumlsia e bombeumls ( Kkalkg )

Wi

- Lageumlshtia ndaj maseumls seuml puneumls ( )

Wa

- Lageumlshtia e mostreumls peumlr analizeuml ( )

Aa

- Hiri ( )

REZULTATET DHE DISKUTIMI Rezultatet e analizave peumlr shtreseumln V VI dhe VII teuml vendburimit teuml Memaliajt janeuml paraqitur neuml tabeleumln 1 2 dhe 3 Neuml to pasqyrohen lageumlshtia (W

a) hiri (A

a) fuqia kolorifike superiore (Qs

a) dhe

fuqia kalorifike inferiore (Qia) e mostreumls peumlr

analizeuml peumlr dymbeumldhjeteuml mostra qymyresh Po ashtu janeuml pasqyruar edhe hiri (A

pu) fuqia

kolorifike superiore (Qspu

) dhe fuqia kalorifike

Kokalari amp Haxhi


inferiore (Qipu

) referuar mostrave pa ujeuml gjithashtu peumlr dymbeumldhjeteuml mostra qymyri

Lageumlshtia Hiri Fuqia kal superiore

Fuqia kal inferiore

Hiri Fuqia kal superiore

Fuqia kal inferiore

Wa A

a Qs

a Qi

a A

pu Qs

pu Qi

pu

970 1490 5326 5044 1650 5962 5660

890 3276 3912 3713 3596 4284 4134

688 885 3969 3690 950 6410 6154

626 1500 5485 5228 1600 5851 5617

460 3689 3897 3705 3861 4035 3915

922 833 5788 5509 918 6356 6129

850 1325 5503 5235 1448 6014 5756

690 2907 4406 4195 3122 4702 4236

870 2498 4699 4467 2736 5117 4949

1012 976 5623 5342 1087 6216 6037

1032 1624 5769 5507 1810 6432 6140

1021 1523 5352 5314 1754 5742 6213

Tabela 1 Rezultatet e analizave peumlr shtreseumln V teuml vendburimit teuml Memaliajt


Fuqia kal inferiore


Fuqia kal inferiore

Wa A

a Qs

a Qi

a A

pu Qs

pu Qi

pu

708 3637 3845 3613 3914 4138 3934

711 4396 3124 2941 4732 3363 3212

598 842 6036 5739 897 6420 6140

550 1421 5668 5299 1504 5812 5642

874 2714 4726 4525 2974 5179 5016

852 710 6035 5722 785 6587 6310

663 1340 5583 5324 1435 5949 5744

598 2746 4591 4366 2921 4883 4860

856 4253 3400 3271 4651 3718 3577

902 3679 3778 3572 4001 4153 3983

1022 1624 5045 4800 1808 5613 5346

1005 1612 5312 4822 1705 5712 5521

Tabela 2 Rezultatet e analizave peumlr shtreseumln VI teuml vendburimit teuml Memaliajt

Kokalari amp Haxhi



Fuqia kal inferiore


Fuqia kal inferiore

Wa A

a Qs

a Qi

a A

pu Qs

pu Qi

pu

950 3095 4038 3815 3382 4418 4225

627 5571 2747 2620 5944 2901 2835

1020 704 5907 5622 784 6538 6328

925 1507 5428 5181 1660 5981 5770

874 3231 4060 3864 3540 4449 4291

905 622 5858 5549 684 6411 6160

820 1630 5369 5101 1776 5849 5610

979 2613 4353 4122 2897 4825 4646

812 3546 3520 3325 3859 4368 4151

801 4096 4378 4129 4464 3827 3666

1188 3064 4462 4165 3477 5053 4726

1150 3086 5401 4197 3487 5085 4742

Tabela 3 Rezultatet e analizave peumlr shtreseumln VII teuml vendburimit teuml Memaliajt KORRELACIONI MIDIS FUQISE KALORIFIKE DHE HIRIT

Relacioni midis fuqiseuml kalorifike ( Qpu

) dhe hirit (

Apu

) teuml raportuar ndaj maseumls pa ujeuml eumlshteuml linear

Qpu

i = aA

pu

+ b ( sipas programit matematikor )

Q

pu

i

= f (A

pu

)

Rezultatet e llogaritjeve paraqiten neuml Tabeleumln 4 Me rezultatet e tabeleumls u peumlrcaktuan ekuacionet e regresionit linear peumlr teuml gjitha shtresat V VI VII teuml vendburimit teuml Memaliajt

Shtresa V Qpu

i = 70220353 ndash 797063A

pu

Shtresa VI Qpu

i = 67883953 ndash 712827A

pu

Shtresa VII Qpu

i = 67623335 ndash 667664A

pu

Neuml koordinatat Qpu

i dhe A

pu

u ndeumlrtuan drejteumlzat

e regresionit linear teuml cilat janeuml paraqirur neuml Figurat 1-3 α - madheumlsi konstante qeuml karakterizon hirin dhe varet pak nga masa e djegshme

α = (100aQld

i ) - 1

Figura 1 Vareumlsia e fuqiseuml kalorifike nga hiri

peumlr shtreseumln V


peumlr shtreseumln VI

Kokalari amp Haxhi



peumlr shtreseumln VII

Ai tregon pjeseumln e maseumls seuml padjegshme qeuml largohet gjateuml djegies seuml qymyrit si rezultat i ndryshimeve qeuml peumlson ajo [ 6 ] [ 7 ]

Tabela 4 Rezultatet e llogaritjeve teuml regresionit linear

Vendburimi Shtresa V Shtresa VI Shtresa VII

a -797063 -712827 -667464

b 70220353 67883953 67623335

n 12 12 12

xmes 2048 2618 2996

σnx 981 1376 1473

σ(n-1)x 1025 1437 1538

ymes 538958 492233 476250

σny 81410 98987 99813

σ(n-1)y 85030 103389 104251

t(pn) 3112 3112 3112

ΔXbmes 921 1291 1382

ΔXtmes 3190 4472 4787

ΔYbmes 76387 92880 93655

ΔYtmes 264614 321746 324430

S0 24737 14728 18944

t(pn-2) 3169 3169 3169

Sa 727 309 371

Δab 16783 3026 4369

Sb 16526 9139 12397

Δbb 8655829 2646853 4870392

r 09608 09907 09849

|T0| 1095 2306 1797

T(1-pn-2) 3112 3112 3112

Eshteuml e veumlrteteuml lidhja Po Po Po

Kokalari amp Haxhi


Qild

(Kkalkg) a α A

puQpui=0

() Qi

T

(Kkalkg)

Shtresa V 7494 -7970 006 8810 -948

Shtresa VI 7016 -7128 001 9523 -348

Shtresa VII 7251 -6674 007 1013 +88

Tabela 5 Tabeleuml peumlrmbledheumlse

Veumlrejmeuml se Drejteumlzat e regresionit linear e presin boshtin e hirave neuml vlera meuml teuml ulta se 100

(Apu

Q

pu

i = 0 )

Drejteumlzat e regresionit linear neuml Apu

=100 kaneuml

njeuml vlereuml negative ( QT

i ) qeuml karakterizon

maseumln e pa djegshme nga pikpamja termike Pasakteumlsia peumlr Shtreseumln VII vjen si rezultat i gabimeve neuml matjet eksperimentale dhe jo nga llogaritjet sepse duhet teuml pranonim qeuml edhe hiri ccedilliron nxehteumlsi PERFUNDIME

Meumlnyra meuml e mireuml peumlr peumlrcaktimin e Qld

i eumlshteuml

ekstrapolimi neuml hirin e babarabrteuml me zero i

vlerave teuml Qpu

i

Si rezultat i ndryshimeve cileumlsore teuml shoqeumlruara me ndryshime neuml pesheuml qeuml peumlson masa e djegshme gjateuml kalimit neuml hi dhe si rezultat i efekteve termike qeuml shoqeumlrojneuml keumlto ndryshime arrihet neuml peumlrfundimin se midis maseumls seuml pa djegshme dhe hirit nuk ka identitet

Nga ekuacionet e gjetura peumlr vareumlsineuml Qpu

i nga

Apu

i neuml rast se merret parasysh edhe lageumlshtia e

mostreumls bruto Wt

i

peumlrcaktohet fuqia kalorifike

inferiore Qi

i e maseumls seuml puneumls sipas ekuacionit

Qi

i = Q

ld

i ndash Q

ld

i(A

pu

100)(1 + α) ndash (Qld

i +

Qav

)Wi

t100 + Q

ld

iW

i

t100A

pu

100(1+α) Qav

-

nxehteumlsia e avullimit teuml ujit = 600 Kkalkg

Duke njohur teuml gjitha teuml dheumlnat mjafton teuml

gjendet neuml laborator Wi

t dhe A

pu

neumlmeumlnyreuml qeuml

fuqia kalorifike inferiore e maseumls seuml puneumls teuml llogaritet lehteuml dhe po keumlshtu teuml beumlhet i mundur ndeumlrtimi lehteuml i nomogramave Ekuacionet matematike qeuml sheumlrbejneuml peumlr llogaritjen e fuqiseuml kalorifike inferiore teuml maseumls seuml puneumls peumlr Shtreseumln VVI dhe VII teuml vendburimit teuml Memaliajt

Shtresa V Q

ii = 7494 - 7943A

pu - 8094W

it + 07943W

itA

pu

(Kkal )

Qii = 31369 - 33249A

pu - 33881W

it +

33243WitA

pu (KJ)

Shtresa VI Q

ii = 7251 - 7758A

pu - 7851W

it + 07758W

itA

pu

(Kkal)

Qii = 30352 - 32474A

pu - 32864W

it +

32474WitA

pu (KJ)

Shtresa VII Q

ii = 7016 - 7086A

pu - 7616W

it + 07086W

itA

pu

(Kkal)

Qii = 29368 - 29661A

pu - 31880W

it +

29661WitA

pu (KJ)

BIBLIOGRAFIA 1 H Haxhi R Dhimitri Praktikum i tekonologjiseuml kimike organike II f1-63 Tiraneuml 1982 2 Metodika e analizave laboratorike teuml qymyrit Standarti shteteumlror Ministria e Energjitikeumls

Kokalari amp Haxhi


3 Montgomery WI Standart laboratory test methods for coal and coke ndash analytical methods for coal and coal products p 194-226 New York 1978 4 Niac G Enache C Relatia Liniara dintre puterea calorifica raportara la masa si anhidra cenusa lignitinor Kraus H Kraus S Determinarea puteril calorifice a masei combustibile-mine petrol si gaze V28 Nr3 f 127-132 Craiova 1977 5 Niac G Enache C Relatia Liniara dintre puterea calorifica raportara la masa si anhidra

cenusa lignitinor Kraus H Kraus S Determinarea puteril calorifice a masei combustibile-mine petrol si gaze V28 Nr 4 f 175-179 Craiova 1977 5 R Dhimitri Statistika matematike neuml kimi f 50-80 Tiraneuml 1981 6 V Kabili KM Karapici Kurs i shkurteumlr i teoriseuml seuml probabiliteteve dhe statistikeumls matematike f 1-116 Tiraneuml 1981


INVESTIGATION OF THE THERMO-BACTERIAL PARAMETERS OF MICROORGANISMS DURING THE PRODUCTION PROCESS OF BEER AND IN BEER

HULUMTIMI PARAMETRAVE TERMO-BAKTERIALE TEuml MIKROORGANIZMAVE GJATEuml PROCESIT TEuml PRODHIMIT TEuml BIRREumlS DHE NEuml BIRREuml XHEMEuml LAJCcedilI

1 NUSHE LAJCcedilI

2

1ShArdquoBirra PEJArdquo Pejeuml dhe Fakulteti i Xehetariseuml dhe Metalurgjiseuml Mitroviceuml Universiteti i Prishtineumls

2Fakulteti i Xehetariseuml dhe Metalurgjiseuml Mitroviceuml Universiteti i Prishtineumls KOSOVEuml

Email xhlajqi62hotmailcom AKTET IV 2 273-280 2011 PERMBLEDHJE Koha e nevojshme peumlr shkateumlrrimin termik dhe rezistenca e mikroorganizmave teuml cilat janeuml teuml pranishme gjateuml procesit teuml prodhimit teuml birreumls eumlshteuml vlereumlsuar neuml bazeuml teuml parametrave termike praneuml temperaturave teuml caktuara qeuml trajton shkenca e termo-bakteriologjiseuml (Bigelov 1921 Ball 1923 Strumbo 1973) si koha e reduktimit decimal (D) dhe termo-rezistenca e baktereve (Z) teuml cilat lidhen me vetit dhe natyreumln e baktereve Materiali dhe metodat eksperimentale gjateuml hulumtimit janeuml beumlreuml sipas normave teuml MEBAK (Mitteleuropaumlische Brautechnische Analysenkommision) dhe EBC (European Brewery Convention Microbiology Committee Central European brew-technical analysis commission) Metoda zbatuar peumlr izolimin e mikroorganizmave inkubimin dhe njeumlsimin e numrit teuml kolonive (CFUml) teuml zhvilluara eumlshteuml beumlreuml sipas metodeumls seuml Koch-ut neuml terrene selektive ndeumlrsa koha e reduktimit decimal (D) dhe koeficienti i rezistenceumls termike (Z) teuml mikroorganizmave eumlshteuml njeumlsuar peumlrmes regresionit njeumlfish linear Reumlndeumlsia e keumltij punimi qeumlndron neuml uljen e shpenzimeve teuml energjiseuml neuml ruajtjen dhe sigurimin e vlerave ushqyese teuml produktit gjateuml procesit teuml prodhimit Fjale kyccedile Lactobacillus spp majateuml e egra Pediococcus spp Saccharomyces carlsbergensis SUMMARY The time needed for thermal destroy and resistance of microorganisms which are present during the production process and in beer is estimated on the basis of the thermal parameters in defined temperatures that are treated by the thermo-bacterial science (Bigelov 1921 and Ball 1923 Strumbo 1973) of bacteria such as the time of decimal reduction (D) and thermo-resistance of bacteria (Z) that are connected to the character and the nature of bacteria The material and the experimental methods during research are done according to MEBAK (Mitteleuropaische Brautechnische Analysenkommision) and EBC (European Brewery Convention Microbiology-Committee Central European brew-technical analyses commission) The method applied for the isolation of microorganisms incubation and counting of the number of colonies developed (CFUml) is done according to the Koch method of selective terrain and the time of decimal reduction (D) and the coefficient of thermal resistance (Z) of microorganisms are calculated through linear regression The importance of this work is the reducing energy costs preserving and providing nutritional values of product during production process Key words Lactobacillus Pediococcus Saccharomyces carlbergensis Wild yeast

1 HYRJE Shkaktar teuml jo stabilitetit biologjik dhe shfaqjeve teuml seumlmundjeve teuml veccedilanta teuml birreumls i takojneuml veteumlm disa gjinive teuml baktereve dhe teuml majave

Mushti si burim i leumlndeumls ushqyese peumlr prodhimin e birreumls eumlshteuml bazeuml ushqyese shumeuml e pasur me sheqerna aminoacide kripeumlra minerale acide organike biofaktoreuml vlereuml optimale pH dhe sasi

Lajccedili amp Lajccedili


oksigjeni teuml tretur teuml cilat ofrojneuml kushte teuml peumlrshtatshme peumlr rritjen dhe zhvillimin e mikroorganizmave

1

Neuml aneumln tjeteumlr flora bakteriale neuml birrari ndryshon me ndryshimin e substratit ushqyes peumlrkateumlsisht sipas fazave teuml procesit teknologjik prej fillimit teuml prodhimit teuml mushtit deri te mbushja e shisheve ose fuccedilive Peumlr keumlteuml gjateuml peumlrgatitjes dhe zierjes seuml mushtit tek mushti i kulpeumlruar prej ftohjes deri teuml fermentimi tek fermentimi kryesor (primar) tek fermentimi ploteumlsues dhe birra e gatshme paraqiten bakteret aerobe bakteret anaerobe dhe majateuml e egra

1 3

Peumlr teuml eliminuar teuml gjitha kjo ngarkesa mikrobiale te deumlmshme neuml ruajtjen dhe cileumlsineuml e birreumls eumlshteuml e nevojshme teuml beumlhet trajtimi termik i pajisjeve tubacioneve dhe birreumls seuml gatshme para ose pasi teuml beumlhet ambalazhimi i saj Neuml peumlrgjitheumlsi parametrat e zgjedhur bazohen neuml trajtimin me nxehteumlsi teuml peumlrcaktuar nga rregulloret kombeumltare ose rajonale peumlr trajtimin e produkteve ushqimore Trajtimi peumlrmes nxehteumlsiseuml i sugjeruar nga Federata Ndeumlrkombeumltare e Bulmetit (International Dairy Federation IDF 1994) dhe direktivat e EC 9246CCE [1992] mund teuml merren si referenca ldquouniversalerdquo

3 8 9

Megjithateuml as IDF [1994] dhe as direktivat e EC 9246CCE[1992] nuk sigurojneuml njeuml vlereuml teuml peumlrshtatshme teuml konstantes seuml rezistenceumls termike ldquozrdquo sipas seuml cileumls llogariteumln seria e trajtimeve ekuivalente Njeuml situateuml e tilleuml nuk merr parasysh bazeumln aktuale teuml termo-bakteriologjiseuml [Pfung 1987] dhe as propozimet e prezantuara nga Ball amp Olson [1957]

3 8 9

Prandaj koha e nevojshme peumlr shkateumlrrimin termik dhe rezistenca e mikroorganizmave teuml cilat janeuml teuml pranishme gjateuml procesit teuml prodhimit dhe neuml birreuml eumlshteuml vlereumlsuar neuml bazeuml teuml parametrave termike praneuml temperaturave teuml caktuara qeuml trajton shkenca e termo-bakteriologjiseuml peumlr bakteret koha e reduktimit decimal (D) dhe termo-rezistenca e baktereve (Z) teuml cilat lidhen me vetiteuml dhe natyreumln e baktereve

2 MATERIALI DHE METODA 21 SHQYRTIMI I LITERATUREumlS 211 Shkateumlrrimi termik i mikroorganizmave Duke studiuar shkateumlrrimin e mikroorganizmave neuml temperatura teuml larta Bigelov (1921) dhe Ball (1923) kaneuml ardhur neuml peumlrfundim se nga aspekti kimiko-fizik procesi termik i mbytjes seuml mikroorganizmave paraqet reaksion teuml rendit teuml pareuml Peumlr mikroorganizma teuml mbijetuar do teuml kemi

8 9

[21] [21] ku N eumlshteuml numri i mikroorganizmave teuml mbijetuar neuml njeumlsineuml e veumlllimit neuml cilindo moment pas fillimit teuml veprimit teuml temperatureumls k eumlshteuml konstante e shpejteumlsiseuml seuml shkateumlrrimit teuml mikroorganizmave dhe varet nga lloji i mikroorganizmit dhe temperatureumls dhe t eumlshteuml koha e veprimit teuml nxehteumlsiseuml 212 Koha e reduktimit decimal [D]

Koha e reduktimit decimal (D) paraqet koheumln e nevojshme peumlr reduktimin 90 teuml popullateumls mikrobiale Peumlrkateumlsisht reduktimi neuml teuml dhjeteumln pjeseuml teuml numrit fillestar teuml mikroorganizmave neuml njeumlsineuml e veumlllimit neuml formeuml ekuacioni shprehet

89

[22] ku No eumlshteuml numri fillestar i mikroorganizmave teuml gjalleuml 213 Konstantja e rezistenceumls termike [Z] Konstantja e rezistenceumls termike (Z) peumlrshkruan rezistenceumln termike teuml mikroorganizmave Ajo eumlshteuml peumlrcaktuar si njeuml rritje e temperatureumls seuml nevojshme peumlr teuml shkaktuar reduktim neuml 90 teuml koheumls seuml reduktimit decimal D dhe neuml formeuml ekuacioni shprehet me

89

[23]

Nkdt

dN

NNo

tD

loglog

21loglog

12

TT

TTZ



214 Koha e vdekjes termike [F] Koha e vdekjes termike eumlshteuml koha e duhur peumlr teuml shkaktuar njeuml reduktim teuml vendosur neuml njeuml popullateuml mikroorganizmash ose sporesh Kjo koheuml mund teuml shprehet si njeuml shumeumlfish i vlereumls seuml D

Zakonisht neuml proceset termike teuml

ushqimeve teuml pazbeumlrthyeshme vlera e peumlrdorur peumlr koheumln e vdekjes termike eumlshteuml F = 12 D qeuml eumlshteuml vlera e D peumlr Clostridium botulinum

89

22 MATERIALI DHE METODA Studimi i parametrave termike teuml mikroorganizmave neuml birreuml eumlshteuml kryer neuml laboratorin kimiko-mikrobiologjik teuml fabrikeumls seuml birreumls lsquorsquoSHA Birra Pejardquo neuml Pejeuml Materiali dhe metodat eksperimentale gjateuml hulumtimit janeuml beumlreuml sipas normave teuml MEBAK (Mitteleuropaumlische Brautechnische Analysenkommision) dhe EBC (European Brewery convention (Microbiology-Committee Central European brew-technical analysis commission)

2 6

Materiali Bazat ushqyese peumlr zhvillimin dhe identifikimin e mikroorganizmave ⁻ MRS Agar peumlr bakteret Lactobacillus spp dhe Pediococcus spp ⁻ Malt Agar peumlr majaneuml Saccharomyces carlsbergensis ⁻ Crystal Violet Agar peumlr majateuml e egra neuml birreuml ⁻ Tretja e Ringovit tretje fiziologjike

2 6 10

Pajisjet Vargu i epruvetave me nga 9 ml teuml treteumlsireumls fiziologjike teuml sterilizuar raftet peumlr epruveta pipeumlzat sterile prej 1 ml kutiteuml sterile teuml Pjetrit

( 10 cm) lapsi peumlr shkrim mbi qelq epruveta me agarin ushqyes teuml peumlrgatitur peumlr derdhje flakorja mikroskopi banja peumlr ngrohjen e ujit sterilizatori inkubatori anaerob dhe aerob pH-metri

23 IZOLIMI DHE KULTIVIMI I MIKROORGANIZMAVE

Meumlnyrat e izolimit teuml mikroorganizmave neuml teuml gjitha rastet eumlshteuml beumlreuml sipas metodeumls seuml Koch-ut neuml terren selektiv neuml kateumlr etapa

2 6 10

ndash marrja e mostrave birra dhe maja janeuml marreuml gjateuml procesit teuml prodhimit

- peumlrgatitja e hollimeve neuml principin 1101 110

2

1103 110

4 dhe110

5

⁻ mbjellja neuml terrene ushqyese selektiveuml MRS Agar peumlr bakteret Lactobacillus spp dhe Pediococcus spp Malt Agar peumlr majaneuml Saccharomyces carlsbergensis dhe Crystal Violet Agar peumlr majateuml e egra neuml birreuml

26

- numeumlrimi i kolonive teuml formuara - njeumlsimi i numrit teuml mikroorganizmave neuml mostreumln bazeuml neumln supozimin se secila koloni e ka prejardhjen (formuar) prej njeuml qelize teuml vetme

6 10

Mostrat bazeuml peumlr hulumtim trajtimit termik teuml mikroorganizmave teuml izoluara janeuml si neuml vijim Peumlr bakteret e gjiniseuml Lactobacillus spp-Mostra e pareuml 12∙10

4[CFUml] mostra e dyteuml

56∙10

4

CFUml+ mostra e treteuml 36∙104 [CFUml] dhe

mostra e kateumlrt 50∙104 [CFUml]

Peumlr bakteret e gjiniseuml Pediococcus spp-Mostra e pareuml 67∙10

4 [CFUml] mostra e dyteuml

525∙10

4

[CFUml] mostra e treteuml 68∙104 [CFUml] dhe


Peumlr majateuml e egra-mostra e pareuml 145∙105

[CFUml] mostra e dyteuml 40∙10

5 [CFUml]

mostra e treteuml 52∙104 [CFUml] dhe mostra e

kateumlrt 34∙105 [CFUml]

Peumlr majateuml Saccharomyces carlsbergensis-kateumlr

mostrat 1105 [CFUml]

3 REZULTET DHE DISKUTIMI 31 Peumlrcaktimi i koheumls seuml reduktimit decima D Numri i mikroorganizmave teuml mbijetuar gjateuml trajtimit neuml temperatura peumlr koheuml teuml caktuar peumlr bakteret Lactobacillus spp (54 56 58 dhe 60 ordmC) eumlshteuml paraqitur neuml tabeleumln 31 peumlr bakteret Pediococcus spp (56 58 60 dhe 62 ordmC) neuml tabeleumln 32 peumlr majateuml e egra (48 50 52 dhe 54ordmC) neuml tabeleumln 33 dhe peumlr majateuml Saccharomyces carlsbergensis (47 49 50 dhe 52ordmC) neuml tabeleumln 34 Njeumlsimi i koheumls seuml reduktimit decimal eumlshteuml beumlreuml peumlrmes regresionit njeumlfish linear teuml programit MINITAB 15 i cili eumlshteuml paraqitur gjithashtu neuml figurat 31 33 35 dhe 37

38



Barazimet matematikore dhe koeficientet e drejtimit (kd) teuml drejteumlzave teuml fituara peumlr njeumlsimin koheumls seuml reduktimit decimal janeuml Peumlr bakteret Lactobacillus spp Neuml 54 C Y = -00111 X + 4079 σ

2 = 0995

Neuml 56 C Y = -001995 X + 4746 σ2 = 0980

Neuml 58 C Y = -003327 X + 4556 σ2= 0984

Neuml 60 C Y = -005537 X + 4699 σ2 = 0988

Koha e reduktimit decimal e njeumlsuar neuml 54 C (D= 15 min) 56 C (D=0835 min) 58 C (D=05 min) dhe 60 C (D=03 min) Peumlr bakteret Pediococcus spp Neuml 56 C Y= - 0036 X + 4827 σ

2 = 1

Neuml 58 C Y = - 00648 X + 472 σ2 = 0998

Neuml 60 C Y = - 01165 X + 483 σ2 = 0952

Neuml 62 C Y = - 0165 X + 5505 σ2 = 0952

Koha e reduktimit decimal e njeumlsuar neuml 56 C (D=0463 min) 58 C (D=0257 min) 60 C (D=0143 min) dhe 62 C (D= 0101 min)

Peumlr majateuml e egra Neuml 48 C Y = - 02447 X + 5457 σ

2= 0987

Neuml 50 C Y = - 0679 X + 576 σ2= 0997

Neuml 52 C Y = - 189 X + 5725 σ2= 0994

Neuml 54 C Y = - 00857 X + 565 σ2= 0983

Koha e reduktimit decimal e njeumlsuar neuml 48 C (D=408 min) 50 C (D=147 min) 52 C (D=053 min) dhe 54 C (D= 0195 min) Peumlr majateuml Saccharomyces carlsbergensis Neuml 47 C Y = - 029∙X + 41 σ

2 = 0954

Neuml 49 C Y = - 00102∙X + 41 σ2

= 0950 Neuml 50 C Y = - 00282∙X + 44 σ

2 = 0962

Neuml 52 C Y = - 0069∙X + 42 σ2

= 0964 Koha e reduktimit decimal e njeumlsuar neuml 47 C (D=345 min) 49 C (D=163 min) 50 C (D=059 min) dhe 52 C (D= 024 min)

54degC 56degC 58degC 60degC

Koha [s] N [CFUml] Koha [s] N [CFUml] Koha [s] N [CFUml] Koha [s] N [CFUml]

0 12000 0 55730 0 36000 0 50000

50 5010 30 3500 20 15180 10 6530

100 660 60 310 40 960 20 1920

150 340 90 290 60 154 30 350

200 60 120 170 80 56 40 166

250 20 150 24 100 20 50 50

300 5 180 10 120 3 60 22

360 1 220 14 140 1 80 1

Tabela 31 Numri i baktereve Lactobacillus sp teuml mbijetuar





0 67150 0 52500 0 68000 0 320000

15 15890 10 7386 5 6336 5 12550

30 5540 20 2530 10 9497 10 15530

45 1380 30 410 15 510 15 405

60 456 40 120 20 436 20 210

75 120 50 23 25 41 25 13

90 38 60 6 30 20

105 10 70 1

120 3

Tabela 32 Numri i baktereve Pediococcus sp teuml mbijetuar


Koha [min] N [CFUml] Koha [min] N [CFUml] Koha [min] N [CFUml] Koha [min] N [CFUml]

0 144980 0 400000 0 520000 0 340000

5 45135 2 38805 1 3220 025 51240

10 706 4 520 2 194 05 535

15 93 6 53 3 2 075 90

20 3 8 2 4 1 3

Tabela 33 Numri i majave teuml egra teuml mbijetuar


Koha min N CFUml Koha min N CFUml Koha min N CFUml Koha min N CFUml

0 10000 0 10000 0 10000 0 10000

3 4355 1 12890 05 12060 025 5788

6 94 2 191 1 1450 05 33

9 50 3 538 15 22 075 19

12 4 4 23 2 6 1 107

5 22 25 2

6 3

Tabela 34 Numri i mikroorganizmave teuml mbijetuar Saccharomyces carlsbergensis

32 Peumlrcaktimi i rezistenceumls termike-Z



Konstantja e rezistenceumls termike Z eumlshteuml njeumlsuar peumlrmes vlerave teuml regresionit njeumlfish linear teuml logaritmit teuml koheumls seuml reduktimit decimal dhe eumlshteuml paraqitur neuml grafikun gjysmeuml logaritmik neuml figurat 32 34 36 dhe 38

3 8 Konstantja e

rezistenceumls termike Z eumlshteuml peumlrcaktuar peumlrmes vlereumls pozitive reciproke teuml koeficientit teuml drejtimit (kd = - 1Z) teuml drejteumlzave teuml fituara Peumlr bakteret Lactobacillus Y = - 011585 X +1954 σ

2 = 0999

peumlr Pediococcus sp Y = - 0112 X + 77 σ

2 = 0987

peumlr majateuml e egra Y = - 0239∙X + 1358 σ

2 = 0970

peumlr majateuml Saccharomyces carlsbergensis Y = - 022 X + 11168 σ

2= 1

Figura 31 Grafiku gjysmeuml logaritmik i popullateumls

mikrobiale Lactobacillus sp teuml mbijetuar

Figura 32 Grafiku gjysmeuml logaritmik i koheumls seuml reduktimit decimal neuml vareumlsi teuml temperatureumls


mikrobiale Pediococcus sp teuml mbijetua



seuml majave teuml egra teuml mbijetuar





teuml majave Saccharomyces carlsbergensis teuml mbijetuar


PEumlRFUNDIMI

1 Peumlr bakteret Lactobacillus sp koha e reduktimit decimal eumlshteuml neuml 54

oC (D=150 min)

56oC (D=083 min) 58

oC (D=050 min) 60

oC

(D=030 min) dhe konstantja e rezistenceumls termike Z=863

oC

2 Peumlr bakteret Pediococcus sp koha e reduktimit decimal eumlshteuml neuml 56

oC (D=0463 min) 58

oC

(D=0257 min) 60oC (D=0143 min) 62

oC

(D=0101 min) dhe konstantja e rezistenceumls termike Z=89 degC 3 Peumlr majateuml e egra koha e reduktimit decimal eumlshteuml neuml 48

oC (D=408 min) 50

oC (D=147 min)

52 oC (D=053 min) 54

oC (D=0195 min) dhe

konstantja e rezistenceumls termike Z= 454oC

4 Peumlr majateuml e birreumls Saccharomyces carlsbergensis koha e reduktimit decimal eumlshteuml neuml 47

oC (D=345 min) 49

oC (D=163 min) 50

oC

(D=059 min) 52oC (D=024 min) dhe konstantja e

rezistenceumls termike Z= 418 oC

LITERATURA 1 DE Briggs CA Boulton PA Brewing Science and practice Brookes and Roger Stevens chapter 17 Microbiology pp622-863 2 Mihailoviċ MB Markoviċ SB Praktikum praktične vežbe iz mikrobiologjie IDP Naučna knjigarsquorsquo Beograd 1991 f-37-45 63-67 105-106 157-158 3 Tucker SG Food Biodeterioration and Preservation Chapter 3 Thermal Processing Ian J Britt copy 2008 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd pp 62-70 4 Mariċ V Bohunicki J Priručnik za microbiologe u pivovarstvu Tehnološki fakultet Zagreb 1972 pp 63 73 83 95-99 110124 141 153 5 Morello AJ Granato AP Mizer EH Laboratory Manual and Workbook in Microbiology Applications to Patient Care 7th Edition SBN 0-07-246354-6 Publication Date June 2002 Pp 15-22 33-35 54-55 59-62 65-67 247-253 6 Muškatiroviċ M Prevod Dipinž Analitika EBC III i Microbiološka analitika EBC Evropska Pivarska Konvencija Beograd 1985 Pp 183-212 192-217 243-262



7 Hysko M Manual i mikrobiologjiseuml FSHM-N UP Tiraneuml 2005 Pp 14-26 41 81-102 133 147 8 Ramesh K Shah Rochester Fundamentals of heatexchanger design Institute of Technology Rochester New York Formerly at Delphi Harrison Thermal Systems Lockport New York Dusan P Sekulic University of Kentucky Lexington Kentucky Pp 1-72 9 Russell H amp Ayliffes Principles and Practice of Disinfection Preservation amp Sterilization Edited by Adam P Fraise Peter A Lambert Jean-Yves Fourth edition 2004 Blackwell Publishing F-361-377 10 Wilhelm LR Suter DA Brusewitz GH Food amp Process Engineering Technology Amer Society of Agricultural (2005) f-163-172

11 Ramesh K Shah Rochester FUNDAMENTALS OF HEAT EXCHANGER DESIGN Institute of Technology Rochester New York Formerly at Delphi Harrison Thermal Systems Lockport New York Dusan P Sekulic University of Kentucky Lexington Kentucky f-1-72 12 Russell Hugo amp Ayliffes Principles and Practice of Disinfection Preservation amp Sterilization Edited by Adam P Fraise Peter A Lambert Jean-Yves Fourth edition 2004 Blackwell Publishing F-361-377 13 Wilhelm LR Suter DA Brusewitz GH Food amp Process Engineering Technology Amer Society of Agricultural (2005) Pp 163-172


CRAK PROBLEMS IN THE METALIC STEEL STRUCTURE AND THE USE OF COMPUTING METHODS FOR THE DEFINITION OF THE STRESS STATE IN THE CRAKS AREA

IDENTIFIKIMI I PROBLEMEVE TEuml CcedilARJEVE NEuml STRUKTURAT METALIKE DHE PEumlRDORIMI I METODAVE KOMPJUTERIKE PEumlR PEumlRCAKTIMIN E GJENDJES SEuml SFORCUAR NEuml ZONEumlN E CcedilARJEVE KLODIAN GUMENI JORGAQ KACcedilANI ODISE KOCcedilA KESH sha Tiraneuml Shqipeumlri Universiteti Politeknik i Tiraneumls Tiraneuml Shqipeumlri Email gumenikkeshal AKTET IV 2 281-286 2011 PERMBLEDHJE Qeumlllimi i keumltij punimi eumlshteuml paraqitja e meumlnyreumls seuml identifikimit teuml ccedilarjeve neuml strukturat metalike teuml galvanizuara (me zink) neuml teuml nxehteuml dhe zgjidhjet konstruktive peumlr riparimin e tyre Gjithashtu peumlrshkruhen dhe metodat joshkateumlrruese qeuml peumlrdoren peumlr kontrollin e keumltyre kolonave peumlr gjetjen e defekteve teuml ndryshme strukturore teuml lindura gjateuml procesit teuml prodhimit saldimit ose galvanizimit teuml tyre Neuml keumlteuml punim tregohet metodologjia e gjetjes seuml shkaqeve qeuml kaneuml ccediluar neuml ccedilarjen e koloneumls (shtylleumlzeumls) si dhe zgjidhjet konstruktive e aksionet korrigjuese teuml peumlrdorura peumlr rivendosjen e karakteristikave fiziko-mekanike teuml koloneumls Peumlr teuml kontrolluar keumlteuml zgjidhje konstruktive u peumlrdoreumln metodat analitike dhe ato me elemente teuml fundme teuml llogaritjes seuml koloneumls seuml riparuar Peumlr llogaritjen me elemente teuml fundme u peumlrdor programi Straus 7 bazuar neuml Eurocodin 3 Peumlr verifikimin e karakteristikave mekanike teuml materialit teuml kolonave u beumlneuml testet shkateumlrruese si edhe vrojtimet kristalografike peumlr peumlrcaktimin e struktureumls Fjaleumlt kyccedile koloneuml metalike galvanizim neuml teuml nxehteuml ekzaminim mikrografik testime joshkateumlrruese testime shkateumlrruese modelim struktural peumlr analizeuml kompjuterike SUMMARY The aim of this paper is to show the identification of the cracks in hot deep galvanized steel structure and to give the solution for their repair Also are described the nondestructive test used in order to control and determinate the several structure defects comes from the processes of the fabrication welding and galvanization Also is given a root cause analyses in order to detect the problems that give as a result the cracks in the column and the corrective action used in order to reinstate the physical and mechanical features of the column In order to check this constructive solution analytic methods and also finite element programs are used For the finite element calculation the Straus 7 soft is used based on Euro cod 3 In order to verify the mechanical features of the row material destructive test are used and also crystallographic survey for the structure feature Key words steel column hot dip galvanized micrographic examination nondestructive test destructive test structural modeling for computer analysis

HYRJE Neuml diteumlt e sotme peumlrdorimi i strukturave prej ccedileliku ka marreuml njeuml zhvillim teuml madh Peumlr mbrojtjen e tyre nga korrozioni merren masa

mbrojteumlse neuml peumlrgjitheumlsi peumlrdoret zinkimi neuml teuml nxehteuml Por shpesh moszbatimi i parametrave teuml proceseve teknologjike si dhe mungesa e njeuml plani teuml mireuml teuml kontrollit teuml cileumlsiseuml beumlhen shkak

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qeuml teuml kemi defekte teuml ndryshme neuml strukturat metalike dhe mosgjetja neuml koheuml e tyre beumlhet shkak peumlr shkateumlrrime teuml keumltyre strukturave Pikeumlrisht humbja e keumltyre koordinatave teknike kaneuml ccediluar edhe neuml problemin qeuml do teuml trajtohet neuml keumlteuml artikull Neuml keumlteuml artikull do teuml peumlrshkruhen metodologjia dhe analizat e kryera peumlr gjetjen e defekteve dhe meuml pas riparimi i tyre Objektivi i keumltij studimi ishte gjetja e njeuml meumlnyre riparimi peumlr teuml evituar zeumlvendeumlsimin me kolona teuml reja teuml cilat do teuml kishin njeuml kosto mjaft teuml larteuml Detektimi i ccedilarjeve dhe aksionet korrigjuese peumlr eliminimin e tyre Kolonat metalike mbajteumlse teuml defektuara janeuml pjeseuml e njeuml ndeumlrtese industriale Detektimi i keumltyre ccedilarjeve u beuml pas montimit teuml kolonave neuml pozicionet e tyre peumlrfundimtare dhe prej aty filloi faza e analizeumls seuml shkakut teuml keumltyre ccedilarjeve [1] Materiali i peumlrdorur ishte S275JR ccedilelik jo i lidhur peumlr qeumlllime strukturale Kolonat ishin kolona teuml peumlrbeumlra prej dy pjeseumlve kryesore IPE 400 teuml lidhura me profile U 100x50 mm dhe L 80x80 mm neuml formeumln e kapriateumls Pas matjeve teuml kryera u vu re se ccedilarjet kishin njeuml gjateumlsi rreth 10 cm dhe ndodheshin neuml dy kolona sakteumlsisht neuml teuml njeumljteumln larteumlsi nga bazamenti rreth 13 m teuml vendosura si neuml murin e koloneumls ashtu edhe neuml dy fleteumlt e saj Peumlr teuml ndaluar progresin e ccedilarjes neuml teuml dy aneumlt e ccedilarjes u beumlneuml dy vrima teuml vogla Gjithashtu u kontrollua zona 250 mm rreth tyre me teste joshkateumlrruese me pjeseumlza magnetike (Figura 1) peumlr teuml verifikuar neumlse do teuml kishim dhe mikroccedilarje teuml tjera neuml ateuml zoneuml Rezultati i testeve joshkateumlrruese ishte pozitiv neuml faktin se nuk u gjenden mikroccedilarje teuml tjera neuml zoneumln peumlrreth si edhe neuml zona teuml tjera neuml larteumlsi teuml ndryshme teuml koloneumls Shkaqet e keumltyre ccedilarjeve mund teuml ishin teuml ndryshme meuml teuml mundshmet ishin 1 Materiali bazeuml i koloneumls nuk ishte sipas specifikimeve teknike 2 Fabrikimi i tyre pra parametrat dhe meumlnyra e saldimit mund teuml kishin qeneuml teuml gabuara

3 Parametrat e zinkimit neuml teuml nxehteuml (temperatura dhe koha e qeumlndrimit neuml vaskeuml) mund teuml kishin qeneuml teuml gabuara Verifikimi i sa meuml sipeumlr filloi teuml beumlhej neuml rrugeuml paralele peumlr teuml pasur neuml njeuml koheuml sa meuml teuml shkurteumlr informacionin e duhur dhe peumlr teuml gjetur meuml pas zgjidhjen e problemit Analizat e procesit teuml fabrikimit kaneuml evidentuar shkakun e mundsheumlm teuml njeuml defekti teuml tilleuml Gjateuml fazeumls seuml prodhimit teuml koloneumls ka ndodhur njeuml peumlrkulje e brendshme e bazeumls seuml pafiksuar teuml koloneumls me njeuml vlereuml rreth 15-20 mm peumlr shkak teuml saldimit teuml pllakave dhe L-ve mbajteumlse neuml komponenten vertikale Peumlr ta rikthyer koloneumln neuml formeumln korrekte gjeometrike neuml bazeumln e koloneumls eumlshteuml salduar njeuml profil dhe pastaj me aneuml teuml njeuml kriku hidraulik eumlshteuml ushtruar forceuml neuml gjendje teuml ftohteuml duke krijuar keumlshtu tensione teuml brendshme neuml pikeumln e ccedilarjes Meuml pas gjateuml procesit teuml galvanizimit zhytja neuml banjeuml teuml ngrohteuml zinku dhe meuml pas ftohja ka ccedilliruar keumlto tensione teuml brendshme dhe peumlr pasojeuml gjateuml transportit dhe shkarkimit teuml kolonave ka filluar ccedilarja e tyre

Figura 1 NDT me pjeseumlza magnetike

Pas keumlsaj analize u vendos ndeumlrhyrja neuml kolonat e deumlmtuara duke vendosur pllaka peumlrforcuese teuml lidhura me bulona neuml njeuml aneuml peumlr fleteumlt aneumlsore vertikale dhe neuml teuml dy aneumlt peumlr murin vertikal teuml koloneumls Njeuml lloj garancie peumlr keumlteuml zgjidhje jepte dhe rezultati pozitiv i testimeve joshkateumlrruese Neuml keumlteuml pikeuml u kalua neuml llogaritjen e soliditetit teuml

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kolonave teuml modifikuara me elemente teuml fundme [2 3] Peumlr keumlto llogaritje u peumlrdor softueri struktural Straus 7 me ndihmeumln e teuml cilit u realizua kontrolli i gjendjes seuml sforcuar neuml seksionin kritik [4 5] Peumlr trsquou peumlrafruar me gjendjen hipotetike teuml deumlmtimit teuml koloneumls neuml fundin e saj aplikohet njeuml zhvendosje 20 mm si rrjeteuml peumlrdoren elementet horizontale teuml koloneumls peumlr nyjeuml janeuml zgjedhur pllakat praneuml seksionit kritik teuml koloneumls Keumlto llogaritje u beumlneuml sipas eurokodeve (1 3 5 6)

Figura 2 Tensionet neuml pjeseumln e poshtme teuml koloneumls

MATERIALET Ccedileliku i struktureumls (profili dhe pllakat) S275JR (me veti mekanike neuml peumlrputhje me standardin UNI 10233-3)

Bulonat 88 Neuml figureumln 2 jepet shpeumlrndarja e sforcimeve neuml pjeseumln e poshtme kurse neuml figureumln 3 jepet shpeumlrndarja e sforcimeve neuml seksionin kritik

Figura 3 Shpeumlrndarja e tensioneve neuml seksionin

kritik Pasi u beumlneuml llogaritjet e koloneumls me metodeumln e peumlrshkruar meuml sipeumlr u vu re se sforcimi maksimal neuml seksionin kritik ishte 250 MPa praneuml kufirit teuml rrjedhshmeumlriseuml seuml materialit Tensioni maksimal neuml peumlrforcuesen horizontale ishte 134 MPa ndeumlrsa neuml peumlrforcuesen diagonale ishte 141 MPa neuml elementet e jashtme 171 MPa neuml pikeumln e Gausit dhe 235 MPa neuml pikeumln e tehut Edhe pse sforcimet neuml seksionin kritik ishin meuml teuml uleumlta se kufiri i soliditetit teuml materialit bashkeumlveprimi i proceseve teuml saldimit dhe teuml galvanizimit neuml teuml nxehteuml mund teuml shpjegonin formimin e ccedilarjeve teuml veumlrejtura Kontrolli i lidhjeve me bulona

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Forcat e jashtme maksimale qeuml veprojneuml neuml koloneuml teuml marra nga llogaritjet peumlr verifikimin e ndeumlrteseumls me konstruksione metalike jepen si meuml poshteuml

Nd = ndash 18106 kN Mdy = 1066 kNm Mdz = 46 kNm Vd = 58 kN

Nd ndahet ndeumlrmjet murit teuml koloneumls dhe dy fleteumlve aneumlsore neuml peumlrpjeseumltim me sipeumlrfaqet e tyre Bashkimi neuml murin e koloneumls Sipeumlrfaqja e murit = 331 x 86 = 28466 mmsup2 Sipeumlrfaqja totale e seksionit = 8450 mmsup2 Forca aksiale 18106 x 28466 8450 = 6099 kN Bulonat 6 M24 klasa 88 2 plane rezistente Forca prereumlse qeuml vepron neuml bulon Sd = [(60962 x 6)sup2 + (582 x 6)sup2]

05 = 510 kN

Llogaritja neuml prerje e bulonit Sr = 06 x 353 x 800125 = 1355 kN gt 510 kN Peumlr siguri i referohemi dhe zoneumls me sforcime neuml teumlrheqje teuml bulonit Llogaritja neuml shtypje lokale (trasheumlsia e murit 86 mm) FbRd = 25 x 275 x 24 x 86 125 x 1000 = 1135 kN gt 2 x 510 = 1020 kN Kontrolli global i pllakeumls trasheumlsia e pllakeumls 10 mm) σ = 609600 2 x 10 x (250 ndash 3x24 ) = 1712 Mpa lt 275 MPa Bashkimi me fleteumln vertikale teuml koloneumls Forca aksiale (18106 -6099) 2 = 60035 kN bulonat 6 M24 klasa 88 1 plan rezistent Forca prereumlse qeuml vepron te buloni Sd = 60035 6 + 1066 04x6 + 46 01x3 = 1001 + 45 + 153 = 1199 kN Llogaritja neuml prerje e bulonit Sr = 06x353x800125 = 1355 kN gt 1199 kN Peumlr siguri i referohemi dhe zoneumls me sforcime neuml teumlrheqje teuml bulonit Llogaritja neuml shtypje lokale (trasheumlsia e fleteumls 135 mm) FbRd = 25 x 275 x 24 x 135 125 x 1000 = 1782 kN gt 1199 kN Kontrolli global i pllakeumls (trasheumlsia e pllakeumls 20 mm)

σ = 119900 x 6 20 x (180 ndash 2 x 24 ) = 2725 MPa lt 275 MPa Rezultatet tregojneuml se kjo zgjidhje ishte e peumlrshtatshme dhe restauronte kushtet fillestare Megjitheumlse llogaritja me elemente teuml fundme ofronte garanci peumlr funksionalitetin e struktureumls dhe jeteumlgjateumlsineuml e saj sipas projektit ajo nuk tregonte shkaqet e keumltij defekti Prandaj neuml funksion teuml ideseuml se ndoshta materiali i peumlrdorur nuk ishte sipas specifikimeve teknike u shkua meuml thelleuml neuml keumlteuml drejtim duke testuar me prova shkateumlrruese mostra (kampioneuml) teuml marra si nga zona me defekt ashtu edhe nga ajo e padefektuar e koloneumls Peumlrveccedil provave mekanike do teuml beumlhej edhe ekzaminimi i struktureumls seuml mostrave teuml marra Teuml dy mostrat e marra iu neumlnshtruan testeve teuml njeumljta si meuml poshteuml 1 Dokumentacioni fotografik 2 Ekzaminimi mikrografik 3 Prova neuml teumlrheqje 4 Prova neuml goditje Sharpi (me prerje V neuml

temperatureumln nga ndash66degC neuml 40degC) 5 Peumlrcaktimin e trasheumlsiseuml seuml shtreseumls seuml zinkut

peumlr njeumlsi teuml sipeumlrfaqes Rezultati peumlr mostreumln e marreuml nga zona pa ccedilarje eumlshteuml Mostra rezulton me njeuml struktureuml ferritike me ishuj perliti prani peumlrfshirjesh jometalike me formeuml teuml zgjatur Duke iu referuar rezultateve teuml testeve materiali i peumlrdorur ishte neuml peumlrputhje me keumlrkesat e materialit teuml deklaruar Rezultati peumlr mostreumln e marreuml nga zona me ccedilarje eumlshteuml Neuml Figureumln 4 tregohet zona termikisht e alteruar me njeuml mikroccedilarje ecje ndeumlrkokrrizore dhe njeuml struktureuml ferritike me ishuj perliti prani peumlrfshirjesh jometalike me formeuml teuml zgjatur Prova neuml teumlrheqje Rezultatet e testit jepen neuml Tabeleumln 1 Prova neuml goditje Rezultatet e testit jepen neuml tabeleumln 2

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Duke iu referuar rezultateve teuml testeve shohim se materiali i peumlrdorur ishte neuml peumlrputhje me

keumlrkesat e materialit teuml deklaruar

Marka Pozicioni A trasheumlsia

mm B gjereumlsia

mm seksioni

mm2

ReH Nmm

2

Rm Nmm

2

ε

T1 gjateumlsor me traun 129 199 25671 33150 47090 3333

Tabela 1 Rezultati i testit peumlr proveumln neuml teumlrheqje

Marka Pozicioni atrasheumlsia mm

bgjereumlsia mm

Temperatura degC

Energjia J

Mesatarja J

B1() KV in PM 1000 1000 -7 186 158

B2() KV in PM 1000 1000 -7 152

B3() KV in PM 1000 1000 -7 135

Sheumlnim () Mostra eumlshteuml marreuml neuml pjeseumln e jashtme teuml koloneumls (piata) Tabela 2 Rezultati i testit peumlr proveumln e soliditetit neuml goditje (Ccedilekici i Sharpit)

Mostra Masa e mostreumls para heqjes seuml

veshjes (g)

Masa e mostreumls pas heqjes seuml

veshjes (g)

Madheumlsia e sipeumlrfaqes seuml

ekspozuar teuml mostreumls (mm

2)

Masa e njeumlsiseuml seuml sipeumlrfaqes gjateuml

zhytjes neuml teuml nxehteuml (gmm

2)

Trasheumlsia e veshjes (μm)

Me ccedilarje 887045 851623 252343 140372 19496

Tabela 3 Rezultati i testit peumlr peumlrcaktimin gravimetrik teuml maseumls seuml njeumlsiseuml seuml sipeumlrfaqes seuml veshjes teuml materialeve ferroze gjateuml zhytjes neuml banjeuml teuml nxehteuml zinku

Peumlrcaktimi gravimetrik i maseumls seuml njeumlsiseuml seuml sipeumlrfaqes seuml veshjes seuml materialeve ferroze gjateuml zhytjes neuml banjeuml teuml nxehteuml zinku Rezultatet e testit jepen neuml Tabeleumln 3 Analiza e studimit teuml kryer Nga studimi i kryer nuk ishte e mundur teuml identifikohej njeuml indikacion i qarteuml dhe univok peumlrse kishin ndodhur ccedilarjet neuml kolona U verifikua qeuml vetiteuml fiziko-mekanike ishin neuml peumlrputhje me vlerat qeuml jepen neumlpeumlr standarde peumlr materialin e dheumlneuml keumlshtu qeuml supozohet se ccedilarjet janeuml shkaktuar si pasojeuml e veprimit teuml njeumlkohsheumlm teuml disa faktoreumlve 1 Proces jo i peumlrshtatsheumlm i galvanizimit neuml teuml nxehteuml (psh parangrohje jo e peumlrshtatshme koha e zhytjes neuml banjeuml peumlrbeumlrje ose temperatureuml e gabuar e banjeumls seuml zinkut) prania e tensioneve teuml mbetura (teuml shkaktuara nga saldimi ose zhytja disa hereuml neuml banjeuml e pjeseumlve me peumlrmasa teuml meumldha ose meumlnyrat e lidhjes) zgavra teuml struktureumls fenomeni i brishteumlzimit likuid teuml metalit pra humbja e duktilitetit teuml

ccedilelikut neuml prani teuml njeuml likuidi teuml caktuar kjo dukuri veumlrehet pikeumlrisht gjateuml zinkimit neuml teuml nxehteuml (Liquid Metal Embrittlement ndash LME Liquid Metal Assisted Cracking ndash LMAC) siccedil evidentohen edhe neuml literatureumln shkencore [6] 2 Analizat e kryera tregojneuml se ccedilarjet kaneuml ndodhur gjateuml ose menjeumlhereuml pas koheumls seuml zhytjes neuml banjeumln e zinkut ky aspekt evidentohet me zinkun e derdhur neuml drejtim teuml sipeumlrfaqes seuml ccedilareuml keumlshtu duke u bazuar neuml verifikimet e meumlsipeumlrme dhe duke u bazuar neuml sigurineuml e materialit bazeuml siccedil tregohet nga analizat ishte evidente se nuk janeuml teuml pritshme ccedilarje teuml tjera teuml reja 3 Trasheumlsia (dhe trasheumlsia e ndryshme e shtresave teuml zinkuara) si dhe pamja finale e galvanizimit neuml teuml nxehteuml janeuml rezultat i parametrave teuml ndrysheumlm peumlrbeumlrja kimike e ccedilelikut (neuml meumlnyreuml teuml veccedilanteuml peumlrmbajtja e silicit karbonit dhe fosforit) konditat e sipeumlrfaqes temperatura dhe peumlrbeumlrja kimike e zinkut teuml peumlrdorur neuml banjeuml si dhe koha e zhytjes

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4 Megjithateuml trasheumlsia e madhe e veshjes pamja gri e erreumlt janeuml njeumllloj me pamjen me shkeumllqim neuml termat e shkalleumls seuml korrodimit

atmosferik siccedil tregohet edhe neuml literatureumln shkencore [6]

Figura 4 Ekzaminimi mikrografik i mostreumls teuml marreuml nga pjesa e deumlmtuar e koloneumls

PERFUNDIME

Vetiteuml fiziko-mekanike teuml materialit bazeuml janeuml neuml peumlrputhje me vlerat e dheumlna neuml standarde peumlr keumlteuml material

Ccedilarjet kaneuml ardhur si pasojeuml e ccedillirimit teuml tensioneve teuml mbetura nga procesi jo i rregullt i saldimit

Nuk janeuml respektuar parametrat e zinkimit neuml teuml nxehteuml duke i dheumlneuml keumlshtu koheuml materialit teuml ccedillirojeuml tensionet e mbetura dhe teuml ccedilahet BIBLIOGRAFIA 1 A Liu Mechanics and Mechanisms of fracture An Introduction (1993) 2 G Ballio e C Bernuzi (2008) Progettare costruzioni in acciaio

3 UNI EN 1993-1-12005-Eurocode 3 ndash Design of steel structure - Part 1-1 General rules and rules for buildings 4 G Ballio e FM Mazzolani (2009) Strutture in acciaio Sistemi strutturali - Sicurezza e carichi - Materiale unioni e collegamenti - Resistenza e stabilita 5 UNI EN 1998-1-82005-Eurocode 3 ndash Design of steel structure - Part 1-8 Design of connecting devices 6 ASM Handbook Corrosion fundamentals testing and protection (1994)


ELECTROCHEMICAL BEHAVIORS OF LEAD AND LEAD ALLOYS IN SULFURIC ACID SOLUTION FOR THE PRODUCTION OF LEAD ACID BATTERIES VETITE ELEKTROKIMIKE TEuml PLUMBIT DHE LIDHJEVE TEuml PLUMBIT NEuml ACIDIN SULFURIK PEumlR PRODHIMIN E BATERIVE ACIDE TEuml PLUMBIT NUSHE LAJCcedilI MIRJANA METIKOS-HUKOVIC Email nushelajqiyahoocom) AKTET IV 2 287-293 2011 PERMBLEDHJE Vetiteuml elektrokimike teuml plumbit teuml pasteumlr dhe lidhjeve Pb-Sb Pb-Ca-Sn neuml acid sulfurik eumlshteuml studiuar me aneuml teuml voltametriseuml ciklike Mikrostruktura e lidhjeve eumlshteuml ekzaminuar me aneumln e mikroskopit elektronik Antimoni eumlshteuml njeuml element lidheumls me rendeumlsi neuml qeuml peumlrdoret neuml prodhimin e baterive acidike teuml plumbit peumlr shkak teuml vetive teuml tij pozitive Megjithateuml ai ka edhe ndikim negativ te bateriteuml prandaj eumlshteuml rritur tendenca e zvogeumllimit teuml sasiseuml seuml tij neuml lidhje ose zeumlvendeumlsimi me Ca Antimoni ndikon neuml rritjen e mbitensionit te oksigjenit dhe zvogeumllimit te mbitensionit te hidrogjenit prandaj bateria acidike e plumbit keumlrkon mireumlmbajtje teuml rregullt Lidhja e plumbit me kalcium dhe kallaj nuk ka ndikim neuml vetiteuml elektrokimike teuml plumbit neuml acid sulfurik Kalciumi si element lidheumls ka ndikim pozitiv ne vetiteuml mekanike teuml plumbit prandaj po rritet peumlrdorimi i tij peumlr prodhimin e baterive pa mireumlmbajtje Fjaleuml kyccedile elektrodat e plumbit plumb-antimon dhe plumb-kalcium SUMMARY The electrochemical properties of pure lead Pb-Sb and Pb-Ca-Sn alloys in sulfuric acid solution in potential range between hydrogen and oxygen evolution has been studied using cyclic votammetry The microstructure of investigated alloys was examined by using scanning electronic microscopy Antimony is an important alloying agent in lead alloys for lead acid battery production due to its positive influence and some lacks too there is tendency of lowering its amount in lead alloys or its replacement with Ca It was found that that antimony increases the oxygen overvoltage and decreases the hydrogen one Therefore the lead acid battery needs regular maintance Alloying lead with calcium and tin has no influence on its electrochemical behavior in sulfuric acid solution Ca as alloying element has a positive effect on mechanical properties of lead alloy and therefore its use in the maintance free lead acid battery production in increasing Key words lead lead-antimony and lead-calcium electrodes

1 HYRJE Vetiteuml elektrokimike teuml elektrodeumls seuml plumbit neuml acid sulfurik korrepondojneuml me vetiteuml elektrokimike teuml baterive acidike teuml plumbit Edhe pse materiali i rrjetave teuml baterive nuk merr pjeseuml direkt neuml proceset primare teuml ngarkimit dhe shkarkimit ai shpesh hereuml e kufizon shfryteumlzimin e maseumls aktive dhe jeteumln e bateriseuml Antimoni ende peumlrdoret si element lidheumls peumlr prodhimin e

rrjetave teuml baterive acidike teuml plumbit Ai shtohet peumlr peumlrmireumlsimin e vetive mekanike teuml plumbit procesit teuml derdhjes dhe mikrostruktureumls

1-14

Antimoni poashtu peumlrmireumlson lidhjen e rrjeteumls seuml plumbit me maseuml aktive dhe jeteumlzgjatjen e bateriseuml Por shtimi i antimonit ka edhe ndikim negativ Ai e ka mbitensionin e lirimit teuml hidrogjenit meuml teuml uleumlt se plumbi dhe vjen deri te lirimi i gazeve dhe veteumlzbrazja e pllakeumls negative

Lajccedili amp Metikos-Hukovic


Peumlr keumlteuml arsye lidhja Pb-Sb (45-11 Sb) nuk mundet teuml peumlrdoret neuml bateriteuml e mbyllura pa mireumlmbajtje Vitet e fundit peumlrbeumlrja e antimonit neuml lidhje eumlshteuml zvogeumlluar ose eliminuar ploteumlsisht Me zeumlvendeumlsimin e rrjetave teuml legureumls plumb-antimonit me legureumln plumb-kalcium reaksionet ndihmese (lirimi i oksigjenit neuml elektrodeumln pozitive dhe lirimi i hidrogjenit neuml elektrodeumln negative) janeuml kufizuar qeuml ka rezultuar neuml baterineuml pa mireumlmbajtje Me qeumlllim teuml njohjes seuml ndikimit teuml elementeve leguruese antimonit dhe kalciumit neuml bateriteuml acidike teuml plumbit janeuml hulumtuar veti elektrokimike teuml plumbit teuml pasteumlr dhe legurave Pb-Sb dhe Pb-Ca neuml mesin e acidit sulfurik me aneumln e voltametriseuml ciklike dhe janeuml beumlreuml hulumtimet e mikrostruktureumls seuml keumltyre legurave me aneumln e mikroskopit elektronik (Scanning Electron Microscopy SEM ) 2 MATERIALET DHE METODAT Neuml keumlteuml punim janeuml hulumtuar vetiteuml elektrokimike teuml plumbit teuml pasteumlr lidhjeve Pb-Sb dhe Pb-Ca neuml treteumlsireumln 05 M H2SO4 Peumlrqeumlndrimi prej 05 M H2SO4 eumlshteuml peumlrqendrimi i acidit teuml baterive 21 Peumlrbeumlrja kimike e materialeve Plumbi i pasteumlr 99998 Pb Lidhja Pb-Sb (1) 450 Sb 0025 Sn 005 Cu 009 As

(2) 275 Sb 0160 Sn 006 Cu 011 As 0007 S

(3) 130 Sb 0220 Sn 008 Cu 016 As 0010 S Lidhja Pb-Ca 01 Ca 021 Sn 003 Al 22 Metodat e matjeve Elektrodat e hulumtuar punuese nga plumbi dhe legurat Pb-Sb dhe Pb-Ca neuml formeuml pllake kundeumlr elektroda nga platini dhe elektroda referente e Kalomelit teuml gjitha potencialet neuml punim janeuml dheumlneuml neuml raport me keumlteuml elektrodeuml Para ccedildo matje mostra eumlshteuml geumlrryer me leteumlr teuml lageumlsht zmerile SiC deri neuml madheumlsi 1000 eumlshteuml pastruar

neuml avullin e izopropanolit shpeumlrlareuml neuml ujeuml dy hereuml teuml distiluar pastruar ultrazeuml dhe thareuml neuml ajeumlr Matjet elektrokimike janeuml beumlreuml neuml qeluleumln me tri elektroda Corrosion Cell System Model K47 me aneuml teuml aparatureumls teuml firmeumls Princeton Applied Research (PARampEGG (model 273) potenciostatgalvanostat Te gjitha eksperimente janeuml beumlreuml neuml temperatureuml teuml dhomeumls (22

oC) Para

ccedildo matje mostra eumlshteuml polarizuar katodikisht ne potencialin -07 V peumlr 60 s meuml qellim teuml reduktimit te oksidit te formuar spontanisht neuml sipeumlrfaqen e elektrodeumls Mikrostruktura e legurave te hulumtuara eumlshteuml beumlreuml me aneumln e mikroskopi elektronik (Scanin Electron Microscopy SEM) 3 REZULTATET DHE DISKUTIMI 31 Analiza e lidhjeve teuml Pb me aneumln e metodeumls ldquoSEMrdquo 341 Ndikimi i Sb neuml mikrostruktureumln e legurave teuml Pb-Sb Lidhjet plumb-antimon teuml cilat peumlrdoren peumlr prodhimin e baterive acidike teuml plumbit peumlrmbajneuml 45-12 Sb Antimoni ndikon ne peumlrmireumlsimin e vetive mekanike teuml plumbit lidhjen e rrjeteumls se plumbit me maseuml aktive dhe jeteumlzgjatjen e bateriseuml Antimoni megjithateuml ka ndikim negativ ne disa karakteristika teuml baterive Mbitensioni i lirimit teuml hidrogjenit neuml elektrodat nga legura plumb-antimon eumlshteuml meuml i ulet seuml sa i plumbit teuml pasteumlr Njeuml nga metodat peumlr pengimin e ndikim te deumlmsheumlm te antimonit pa zvogeumllimin e ndikimit pozitiv teuml tij eumlshteuml zvogeumllimi i sasiseuml se tij ne legure deri 1 Sb Por me zvogeumllimin e sasiseuml se antimonit neuml legure keqeumlsohen vetit mekanike teuml legureumls Derdhja e lidhjes me peumlrbeumlrje 4-6 Sb beumlhet pa pengesa Rrjetat ngurteumlsohen shpejt dhe peumlrmbajneuml strukture teuml imeumlt kristalore siccedil shihet neuml figureumln 1 Me zvogeumllimin e sasiseuml seuml antimonit neuml legure deri 2-3 dhe matej deri 1 Sb prodhimi i rrjetave veumlshtireumlsohet mjaft legura ngurteumlsohet veumlshtireuml dhe formohen struktura teuml dendriteve teuml gjata

4

10 Struktura kristalore e vrazhdeuml gjateuml koheumls seuml

ftohjes shkakton ccedilarje teuml rrjetave



Figura 31 SEM mikrografiteuml e lidhjeve teuml plumbit (a) 45 Sb (b) 275 Sb pa pranineuml e nukleanteve (c) 13 Sb pa pranineuml e nukleanteve (d) 13 Sb me bakeumlr dhe sulfur si nukleant

Problemi i derdhjes seuml lidhjeve me sasi teuml zvogeumlluar teuml antimonit eumlshteuml zgjidhur me shtimin e bakrit dhe sulfurit si elemente nukleus Elementet nukleus ndikojneuml neuml formimin e struktureumls seuml imeumlt uniforme teuml rrjetave teuml plumbit siccedil shihet neuml figureumln 1d 32 Ndikimi i Ca neuml mikrostruktureumln e legura e teuml Pb-Ca Problemi kryesor gjateuml derdhjes se rrjetave teuml legureumls Pb-Ca eumlshteuml kontrollimi i peumlrbeumlrjes seuml kalciumit dhe formimi i madh i skorieve qeuml shkaktohet me oksidimin e kalciumit Peumlr peumlrbeumlrje normale teuml kalciumit (008-01) rrjetat ngurteumlsohen dhe peumlrmbajneuml strukture teuml imeumlt kristalore Neuml mungeseuml teuml kalciumit rrjetat e derdhura peumlrmbajneuml struktureuml teuml vrazhdeuml kristalore (figura 32) janeuml relativisht teuml buta dhe nuk mund teuml pastohen

Figura 32 SEM mikrografiteuml e lidhjeve teuml

plumbit (a) 01 Ca (b) 065 Ca Zmadhimi 600 X

(d)



Problemi i oksidimit teuml kalciumit dhe formimit teuml skories zgjidhet me shtimin e aluminit neuml lidhjen Pb-Ca Alumini neuml lidhjet plumb-kalcium neuml sasiteuml prej 0012 neuml meumlnyreuml efikase e pengon oksidimin e kalciumit dhe kjo legure mund teuml zeumlvendeumlsoj legurat plumb-antimon peumlr prodhimin e baterive acidike teuml plumbit Shtimi i aluminit neuml legureuml peumlrmireumlson vetit mekanike sepse e teumlreuml sasia e kalciumit peumlrdoreumlt peumlr ngurteumlsimin e rrjeteumls Faktor kufizues teuml vetive elektrokimike teuml legureumls plumb-kalcium eumlshteuml qeuml gjateuml ngarkimit formohet cipa pasive (PbO-tetragonale) neuml sipeumlrfaqen e rrjeteumls Me shtimin e 02-03 Sn neuml lidhjet plumb-kalcium dhe lidhja plumb-antimon e peumlrmireumlson duksheumlm procesin e ngarkimit dhe pas shkarkimit teuml thelleuml dhe e pengon formimin e cipeumls seuml PbO neuml mes rrjeteumls dhe maseumls aktive

11

12

32 Vetiteuml elektrokimike teuml Pb neuml 05 M H

2SO

4 Kur elektroda e plumbit polarizohet neuml mes potencialeve teuml lirimit teuml hidrogjenit dhe oksigjenit zhvillohen njeuml sereuml reaksioneve Dy reaksione teuml cilat zhvillohen neuml potencialet reversibile PbPbSO4PbO2PbSO4 iu peumlrgjigjen

reaksioneve teuml shkarkimit dhe ngarkimit teuml elektrodeumls negative dhe pozitive neuml bateriteuml acidike teuml plumbit PbO2H2SO4Pb

Pb + SO42- harr PbSO4 +2e-

Eo = -0356 V vs ENH 31

PbO2 + SO42- + 4H+ +2e- harr PbSO4 + 2H2O

Eo = 1685 V vs ENH 32

PbO2 + 2H2SO42- + Pb harr 2 PbSO4 + 2H2O

Eo = 2041 V vs ENH 33 Reaksionet aneumlsore gjateuml ngarkimit teuml bateriseuml janeuml

2H+ + 2e- rarr H2 34

H2O rarr frac12O2 + 2H+ + 2e- 35

Neuml figureumln 33 eumlshteuml dheumlneuml voltamogrami ciklik i regjistruar neuml fusheumln e potencialeve prej -01 deri 23 V me shpejteumlsi teuml ndeumlrrimit teuml potencialit prej

10 mV s-1

Polarizimi anodik fillon neuml potencialin -01 dhe zhvillohet lirimi i hidrogjenit sipas reaksionit 34 Me rritjen e potencialit vije deri teuml rritja e rrymave anodike peumlr shkak teuml rritjes seuml tretshmeumlriseuml plumbit Jonet e formuara teuml Pb

2+

reagojneuml me jonet SO42-

dhe fundeumlrrojneuml si PbSO4

Pb = Pb2+ + 2e 36

Pb2+ + SO42- =PbSO4 37

Figura 33 Voltamogrami ciklik i Pb-elektrodeumls neuml

05 M H2SO4 shpejteumlsia e ndeumlrrimit teuml

potencialit = 10 mV s-1

Si rezultat i formimit te PbSO4 neuml voltamogram lajmeumlrohet maksimumi anodik i rrymeumls A1

1-3 Me

polarizimin e meumltejsheumlm rryma bije duksheumlm dhe eumlshteuml e pavarur nga potenciali Sipeumlrfaqja e elektrodeumls mbulohet me shtreseumln poroze teuml PbSO4 Neuml keumlteuml meumlnyreuml formohet sistemi elektrodik PbPbSO4H2SO4 Ndeumlrsa neuml sipeumlrfaqen kufitare PbPbSO4 vije deri teuml formimi i PbO sipas reaksionit Pb

2+ + 2OH

- = Pb(OH)2 = PbO + H2SO4 38

Si rezultat i keumltij procesi neuml voltamogramin ciklik lajmeumlrohet maksimumi i rrymeumls A2

5-7 Neuml

potencialet meuml pozitive neuml meumlnyreuml teuml vazhdueshme ndeumlrron stekiometria e oksidit Oksidi PbO oksidohet neuml PbOn (1ltnlt2) dhe vije

-PbO2 PbO rarr PbOn -PbO2 39 Me polarizimin e meumltejmeuml anodik vije deri teuml oksidimi i PbSO4 -PbO2 neuml sipeumlrfaqen kufitare



PbSO4H2SO46 7

Rritja e madhe e rrymeumls neuml potencialet mbi 165 V eumlshteuml rezultat i lirimit teuml

-PbO2

H2O rarr frac12O2 + 2H+ + 2e- 310

Maksimumi i rrymeumls seuml formimi -PbO2 eumlshteuml i mbuluar nga rryma e lirimit teuml oksigjenit megjithateuml maksimumi i rrymeumls K3 i peumlrgjigjet reduktimit teuml keumltij oksidi

-PbO2rarr PbSO4 311 Neuml ciklin katodik maksimumi i rrymeumls K2 lajmeumlrohet si rezultat i reduktimit teuml PbO

2 -

PbO2rarr PbSO4 ndeumlrsa maksimumi i rrymeumls K1

eumlshteuml rezultat i reduktimit teuml PbSO4 rarr Pb

33 Ndikimi i Sb neuml vetiteuml elektrokimike teuml Pb neuml 05 M H

2SO

4 Hulumtimi i elektrodave Pb-Sb me peumlrbeumlrje teuml ndryshme teuml antimonit eumlshteuml beumlreuml me qeumlllim teuml njohjes seuml ndikimit teuml antimonit neuml vetit elektrokimike teuml plumbit Figura 34 ilustron voltamogramin tipik ciklik i cili eumlshteuml fituar neuml elektrodat Pb dhe Pb-Sb neuml potencialet prej -10 deri 23 V neuml 05 M H2SO4 Me krahasimin e voltamogrameve ciklike teuml fituara neuml plumb teuml pasteumlr dhe elektrodat Pb-Sb neuml kushte teuml njeumljta shihet se neuml ciklin anodik neuml potencialin 01 V lajmeumlrohet maksimumi i rrymeumls As ndeumlrsa neuml ciklin katodik neuml potencialin -02 V maksimumi reduktues teuml cileumlt iu peumlrgjigjen oksidimit dhe reduktimit teuml antimonit teuml pranisheumlm neuml legureuml

Gjate polarizimit anodik seuml pari oksidohet plumbi duke formuar shtreseumln poroze teuml PbSO4 qeuml i peumlrgjigjeumlt maksimumit teuml rrymeumls A1 Prania e antimonit neuml legure nuk ndikon duksheumlm ne keumlteuml maksimum teuml rrymeumls Me oksidimin e meumltejme teuml elektrodeumls vije deri oksidimi i antimonit neuml Sb2O3 qeuml neuml voltamogramin ciklik i peumlrgjigjet

maksimumi As Neuml potencialet meuml pozitive nga potenciali i oksidimit teuml antimonit (As) vije deri te formimi i oksidi i peumlrzier PbSb2O6

8 9 Prania e Sb neuml

shtreseumln e oksidit si PbSb2O6 favorizon formimin e -PbO2 (tetragonik ngjyre e kuqe) dhe

-PbO2 (ortorombik

ngjyreuml e verdh)13 14

Procesi anodik i formimit teuml

PbO2 dhe lirimit te oksigjenit neuml elektrodeumln Pb-Sb zhvillohet neuml potencialet meuml pozitive neuml krahasim me elektrodeumln e plumbit

Figura 34 Voltamogramet ciklike neuml elektrodat (a) Pb (b) Pb-Sb 275 Sb (c) Pb-Sb 45 Sb neuml

05 M H2SO4 = 10 mV s-1

Neuml ciklin katodik madheumlsia e maksimumeve K3 dhe K2 qeuml iu peumlrgjigjen reduktimit teuml -PbO2 (K3)



dhe oksideve tjera teuml plumbit (K2) janeuml duksheumlm meuml teuml vegjeumll se sa teuml plumbit teuml pasteumlr Kjo neumlnkupton se antimoni ndikon neuml zvogeumllimin e shpejteumlsiseuml se formimit teuml -PbO2 gjateuml oksidimit anodik Ky efekt ndikon neuml rritjen e jeteumlzgjatjes seuml pllakeumls pozitive teuml bateriseuml acidike teuml plumbit

11

Figura 35 Voltamogram ciklik i fituar neuml

elektrodeumln Pb-Ca-Sn neuml 05 M H2SO4 = 10 mV

s-1

34 Ndikimi i Ca neuml vetiteuml elektrokimike teuml Pb neuml 05 M H

2SO

4 Hulumtimi i vetive elektrokimike teuml legureumls Pb-Ca ka njeuml rendeumlsi teuml madhe peumlr bateriteuml acidike pa mireumlmbajtje Kalciumi shtohet peumlr peumlrmasimin e vetive mekanike teuml plumbit Prania e kalciumit neuml legure ndikon neuml vetit elektrokimike teuml plumbit por jo aq duksheumlm si antimoni Sipas I-E lakoreumlve teuml paraqitura neuml figureumln 35 shihet qarteuml se legura Pb-Ca-Sn neuml pikeumlpamje elektrokimike eumlshteuml me e ngjashme me plumbin se sa me legureumln Pb-Sb Megjithateuml neuml pikeumlpamje teuml vetive mekanike ajo eumlshteuml me e ngjashme me legureumln plumb-

antimon Peumlr teuml pareuml meuml qarteuml ndikimin e kalciumit ne I-E karakteristikat janeuml beumlreuml matje teuml ndjeshme teuml rrymeumls neuml plato neuml mes potencialeve -02 dhe 12 V Nga voltamogrami ciklik shihet se rrymat anodike janeuml me teuml uleumlta neuml elektrodeumln Pb-Ca-Sn se sa neuml plumbin e pasteumlr Kjo neumlnkupton se qe kalciumi e zvogeumllon porozitetin e shtreseumls se PbSO4 peumlr ccedilka dhe procesi i formimit teuml PbO fillon ne potencialet meuml negative Neuml ciklin katodik teuml rrymeumls maksimumi i rrymeumls K3 eumlshteuml meuml i vogeumll neuml krahasim me plumbin e pasteumlr dhe eumlshteuml shfaqur ne potencialet meuml negative Elektroda pozitive e baterive acidike teuml plumbit nga rrjetat Pb-Ca-Sn pas ngarkimit peumlrmban me shumeuml -PbO2 neuml krahasim me elektrodeumln Pb-Sb

4 12

4 PEumlRFUNDIM Janeuml hulumtuar vetit elektrokimike teuml Pb dhe legurave Pb-Sb Pb-Ca-Sn neuml 05 M H2SO4 neuml mes

potencialit teuml lirimit teuml hidrogjenit dhe lirimit teuml oksigjenit Peumlr hulumtimin e proceseve oksido-reduktuese teuml cilat janeuml me rendeumlsi peumlr puneumln e baterive acidike teuml plumbit janeuml shfryteumlzuar metoda e voltametrise ciklike me ndeumlrrimin e shpejteumlsiseuml se polarizimit dhe neuml kufij teuml ndrysheumlm teuml potencialit Mikrostruktura e legurave Pb-Sb dhe Pb-Ca-Sn teuml hulumtuara eumlshteuml beumlreuml me aneumln e metodeumls SEM Me polarizimin e plumbit teuml pasteumlr neuml acid sulfurik formohet sistemi redoks Pb PbOn(12) PbSO4

Neuml voltamogramim ciklik maksimumi i rrymeumls i shfaqur paraqet formimin e PbSO4 Karakteri membraneuml i keumltij filmi shkakton rritjen e alkalinitetit neuml poret e tij dhe favorizon oksidimin e Pb neuml PbO maksimumi i rrymeumls i shfaqur qarteuml neuml voltamogramin ciklik Rezultatet e matjes tregojneuml se antimoni ndikon neuml kinetikeumln e proceseve oksido-reduktuese teuml plumbit neuml mesin e acidit sulfurik Nga analiza e maksimumeve teuml rrymeumls mund veumlrehet se antimoni ndikon neuml zvogeumllimin e shpejteumlsiseuml seuml formimit teuml -PbO2 ndash PbO2 ndash PbO2 qe ka ndikim pozitiv

neuml jeteumlzgjatjen e bateriseuml acidike teuml plumbit



Prania e kalciumit neuml legure ndikon neuml vetit elektrokimike teuml plumbit por jo aq duksheumlm si antimoni Megjithateuml neuml pikeumlpamje teuml vetive mekanike ajo eumlshteuml me e ngjashme me legureumln plumb-antimon 5 BIBLIOGRAFIA 1 Bojinov M Salmi K Sundlholm G J Electroanal Acta 39 (1994) 719 2 Cartigny Y Fiorani J M Maıtre A Vilasi M Materials Chemistry and Physics 103 (2007) 270-277 3 Cooper AJ Power Sources 133 (2004) 116-125 4 Dimitrov M Pavlov D Journal of Power Sources 93 (2001) 2342-57 5 Maıtre A Bourguignon G Fiorani JM Ghanbaja J Steinmetz J Mater Sci Eng A 358 (2003) 233

6 Mattesco P Bui N Simon P Albert L J Electrochim Soc 144 (1997) 443 7 Moseley PT Rand DAJ J Power Sources 133 (2004) 104-109 8 Pavlov D Dinev Z J Electrochem Soc 127 (1980) p855 9 Pavlov D J ElectroanalChem 118 (1981) p167 10 Prengaman R David Journal of Power Sources 158 (2006) 1110-1116 11 Rocca E Bourguignon G J Steinmetz Journal of Power Sources 161 (2006) 666-675 12 Rocca E Steinmetz J Electrochim Acta 44 (1999) 4611 13 Toniazzo V Lambert U J Power Sources 133 (2004) 94-103 14 Wislei R Osorio Daniel M Rosa Amauri Garcia Journal of Power Sources 175 (2008) 595-603

(d)

(a) (b) (d) (c)

(a) (b)


IDENTIFICATION EVALUATION AND EFECTIVE MONITORING OF CRITICAL CONTROL POINTS BY THE IMPLEMENTATION OF HACCP SYSTEM IN BEER PRODUCTION

IDENTIFIKIMI VLEREumlSIMI DHE MONITORIMI I EFEKTSHEumlM I PIKAVE KRITIKE TEuml KONTROLLIT NEumlPEumlRMJET IMPLMENTIMIT TEuml SISTEMIT HACCP NEuml PRODHIMIN E BIRREumlS MYBESHIR PAJAZITI RENATA KONGOLI KADRI BERISHA ShArdquoBirra PEJArdquo Pejeuml dhe Universiteti Bujqeumlsor Tiraneuml Shqipeumlri Fakulteti i Bioteknologjiseuml dhe Ushqimit Universiteti Bujqeumlsor Tiraneuml Shqipeumlri Fakulteti i Xehetariseuml dhe Metalurgjiseuml Mitroviceuml Universiteti i Prishtineumls KOSOVEuml Email mpajaziti57hotmailcom AKTET IV 2 294-297 2011 PERMBLEDHJE Studimi neuml fjaleuml pati qeumlllim identifikimin vlereumlsimin monitorimin dhe verifikimin e rreziqeve potencialeuml teuml veumlrejtur neuml prodhimin e birreumls neuml Fabrikeumln ldquoBirra Pejaldquo Studimi gjitheumlpeumlrfshireumls u krye peumlrgjateuml gjitheuml zinxhirit teuml prodhimit teuml birreumls peumlrfshireuml mjediset brenda dhe jashteuml saj si ato teuml prodhimit edhe teuml sheumlrbimit dhe neuml bashkeumlpunim teuml ngushteuml me teuml gjitheuml stafin e prodhimit dhe ateuml teuml laboratorit teuml fabrikeumls Nga analiza dhe vlereumlsimi i rrezikut neuml keumlto procese pune 9 prej tyre u peumlrcaktuan si pika kritike teuml kontrollit (PKK) teuml cilat neuml fazeumln e zbatimit u reduktuan neuml dy dhe neuml peumlrfundim teuml vendosjes seuml masave korrigjuese dhe parandaluese pas verifikimit teuml sistemit teuml dokumentuar teuml ngritur neuml peumlrputhje me HACCP sistemi rezultoi i efektsheumlm Provat eksperimentale neuml laborator dhe vlereumlsimi i tregut treguan peumlr njeuml peumlrmireumlsim teuml duksheumlm teuml cileumlsiseuml seuml produktit peumlrfundimtar sidomos neuml aspektin e jeteumlgjateumlsiseuml seuml tij Fjaleumlt kyccedile Birra HACCP MEBAK rrezik pikat kritike teuml kontrollit SUMMARY This study was undertaken for the identification evaluating monitoring and verification of potencial risks observed in the beer production factory ldquoBirra Pejardquo Comprehensive study was carried out for all the beer production chain including areas inside and outside as well as those of production and servise in close cooperation vith all production staff and laboratory to the factory From analysis and risk assessment in these work processes nine of them were identified as critical control points (CCP) which in the implementation phase was reduced to two and the completion of the deployment of corrective and preventive measures after the verification system documented established in accordance with HACCP the system resulted effective Experimental tests in the laboratory and market survey showed a significant improvement of the quality of the final product particularly in light of his shelf life Key words Beer HACCP MEBAK Hazard Risk Critical control point

HYRJE Siguria e ushqimeve dhe mbrojtja ligjore e tyre janeuml dy pika shumeuml teuml reumlndeumlsishme qeuml preokupojneuml prodhuesit konsumatoreumlt organizatat keumlrkimore si dhe institucionet

ligjveumlneumlse Rritja e numrit teuml helmimeve nga ushqimet eumlshteuml tashmeuml problem i reumlndeumlsisheumlm sheumlndeteumlsor dhe social-ekonomik peumlr shumeuml vende neuml mbareuml boteumln

Pajaziti et al


Historikisht kontrolli i ushqimeve dhe meumlnjanimi i patologjove me origjineuml ushqimore eumlshteuml bazuar neuml 6 tipe ndeumlrhyrjesh Kontrolli i seumlmundjeve me origjineuml ushqimore kontrolli i ushqimeve kontrolli i personelit qeuml merr pjeseuml neuml peumlrpunimin e ushqimit dhe edukimin e tyre kontrolli i mjeteve qeuml peumlrdoren peumlr prodhimin dhe peumlrgatitjen e ushqimeve kontrolli mbi procedurat e peumlrdorura dhe edukimi i konsumatorit

Vlereumlsimi sensorial vetiteuml fiziko-kimike dhe keumlrkimet mikrobiologjike janeuml baza e kontrollit Siguria e ushqimeve bazohet neuml kontrollin e proceseve teuml peumlrpunimit teuml ushqimeve qeuml nga momenti ku leumlndeumlt e para hyjneuml neuml ndeumlrmarrje deri neuml momentin kur pas trajtimit dhe peumlrgatitjes ushqimet shpeumlrndahen shiten ose konsumohen Implementimi i sistemit HACCP realizon keumlteuml qeumlllim

Materiali faza

Rreziku P1 P2 P3 P4 PKK Arsyetim

1 a Pranimi i maltit

MB- Prania e M O Peumlr gjateuml rritjes seuml lageumlshtiseuml

PO PO PO JO


K- Prania e mbetjeve teuml pesticideve mbi sasineuml e lejuar meuml rregullore

JO JO JO JO JO Rreziku neumln kontrollin e furnitorit

1 c Pranimi i kulpeumlrit


PO JO PO JO JO Rreziku neumln kontrollin e furnitorit

10 a Zierja e mushtit meuml kulpeumlr

MB- Mbijetesa e M O PO JO JO JO JO

19 a Filtrimi MB- Mbetja e M O F- Mbetja e pa pasteumlrtive fizike

PO JO JO JO JO

20 a Deponimi i birreumls se filtruar

MB- Zhvillimi i M O PO JO JO JO JO

22 a Pasterizimi i birreumls

MB- Mbijetesa e M O PO JO JO JO PO

24 a Ftohja MB- Zhvillimi i M O PO JO JO JO JO

26 a Mbushja dhe mbyllja


27 m Inspektori

MB- Depeumlrtimi i M O K- Depeumlrtimi i mbetjes seuml bazeumls F- Depeumlrtimi i pa pasteumlrtive

PO PO JO JO PO

Tabela 1 Pikat kritike teuml kontrollit

Pajaziti et al


MATERIALI DHE METODA Peumlr realizimin e studimit u peumlrdor Sistemi HACCP (Hazard Analysis amp Critical Control Point) pra ldquoAnalizat e Rrezikut dhe Pikat Kritike te Kontrollitrdquo i cili eumlshteuml sinonim i drejtimit teuml siguriseuml seuml ushqimeve 7 Parimet e sistemit HACCP janeuml

Zbatimi i analizeumls se rrezikut (diagrama e rrjedhjes peumlr ccedildo hap njohja e rrezikut regjistrimi amp caktimi i masave teuml kontrollit)

Peumlrcaktimi i pikave kritike teuml kontrollit (PKK)

Vendosja e kufijve kritikeuml (sigurojneuml kontrollin e se cileumls pikeuml kritike teumlkontrollit)

Vendosja e sistemit teuml kontrollitmonitorimit

Konstatimi i masave korrigjuese

Vendosja e sistemit teuml verifikimit

Vendosja e dokumentacionit Peumlr zbatimin e parimeve teuml HACCP u peumlrdoreumln 12 hapa teuml peumlrcaktuar nga Codex Alimentarius Meqeumlneumlse prodhimi i birreumls eumlshteuml njeuml cikeumll qeuml zgjat rreth 40 diteuml mundeumlsiteuml e ndotjes seuml saj janeuml teuml meumldha por edhe birra eumlshteuml njeuml pije e cila konsumohet neuml maseuml prandaj kontrolli i peumlr sigurineuml e produktit eumlshteuml detyreuml pareumlsore e prodhuesit Studimi u krye neuml mjediset e teuml fabrikeumls seuml birreumls neuml Pejeuml Sh A ldquo Birra Peja rdquo Analizat fiziko-kimike mikrobioogjike dhe sensoriale u kryen neuml laboratorin e fabrikeumls REZULTATE DHE DISKUTIME 1 Analiza e rrezikut peumlr procesin e prodhimit teuml birreumls Gjateuml analizeumls seuml rrezikut u peumlrcaktuan 76 hapa peumlr analizim ku prej tyre u vlereumlsuan si pareumlsore 36 dhe 40 si dyteumlsore U analizuan teuml gjitha proceset e prodhimit duke filluar nga pranimi i leumlndeumls seuml pareuml deri tek doreumlzimi i prodhimit peumlrfundimtar tek blereumlsi Me keumlteuml rast janeuml peumlrshkruar proceset neuml meumlnyreuml teuml detajuar dhe shkaqet e mundshme teuml rrezikut U vlereumlsua reumlndeumlsia e ccedildo rreziku si dhe u dhaneuml masat e kontrollit peumlr keumlto rreziqe Rreziqet janeuml trajtuar peumlr mundeumlsineuml e ndikimit teuml kontaminuesve mikrobiologjikeuml kimikeuml fizikeuml dhe cileumlsoreuml teuml prodhimit dhe konkretisht mikroflora e gypave neumlpeumlr teuml cileumlt rrjedh treteumlsira

e eumlmbeumll birra e re dhe birra e gatshme Mikrofloreumln e majaseuml neuml eneumlt peumlr ruajtjen dhe dozimin e majaseuml Mikrofloreumln e birreumls seuml re dhe birreumls seuml gatshme neuml rezervuareumlt e fermentimit kryesor dhe rrugeumlve teuml rrjedhjes gjateuml procesit Mikrofloreumln neuml filteumlr teuml birreumls dhe neuml rrugeumlt e rrjedhjes Neuml rreziqet kimike u analizun Ndikimet e agjenteumlve kimikeuml gjateuml qeumlndrimit teuml majaseuml neuml kazaneumlt peumlr ruajtje dhe dozim ndikimet e agjenteumlve kimikeuml neuml fermentimin kryesor dhe fermentimin ploteumlsues si dhe gjateuml filtrimit teuml birreumls Pas teuml gjitha keumltyre analizave qe janeuml beumlreuml eumlshteuml ardhur neuml peumlrfundim se neuml procesin teknologjik teuml prodhimit teuml birreumls neuml ldquo Birra Peja ldquo ndash Pejeuml nuk ka kontaminues seriozeuml teuml cileumlt do ta rrezikonin prodhimin si dhe sheumlndetin njereumlzor Pra ccedildo proces i prodhimit teuml birreumls eumlshteuml i peumlrcjelleuml me peumlrshkrimin e rreziqeve dhe vlereumlsimin e tij si dhe masat qeuml duhet teuml ndeumlrmerren qeuml rreziku teuml jeteuml neumln kontroll Kjo analizeuml beumlhet peumlr tabeleumln 1 e cila peumlrshkruan teumlreuml procesin teknologjik teuml prodhimit teuml birreumls neuml ShA ldquoBirra Pejaldquo ndash Pejeuml duke filluar nga pranimi i leumlndeumls seuml pareuml zhvillimin e procesit neumlpeumlr faza deri te shpeumlrndarja e prodhimit teuml gatsheumlm tek furnitoreumlt apo konsumatoreumlt 2 Peumlrcaktimi i pikave kritike teuml kontrollit peumlr procesin e peumlrfitimit teuml birreumls Janeuml analizuar 10 hapa teuml procesit teknologjik teuml prodhimit teuml birreumls peumlr teuml cilat eumlshteuml dyshuar se janeuml kritike dhe janeuml studiuar meuml holleumlsisht se cila prej tyre nga kateumlr pika Neuml bazeuml teuml studimit teuml beumlreuml eumlshteuml ardhur neuml peumlrfundim se si pika kritike teuml kontrollit janeuml procesi i pasterizimit dhe kontrolli i inspektorit apo personelit Ccedilrsquorregullimi i regjimit teuml pasterizimit meuml seuml shumti ndodh peumlr shkak teuml ndryshimeve teuml temperaturave teuml avullit gjithashtu edhe peumlr shkak teuml mbushjes me mbeturina teuml sitave qeuml beumljneuml pastrimin e avullit i cili peumlrdoret peumlr ngrohje dhe pasterizim Pra gjateuml studimit teuml beumlreuml dy hapa janeuml ndareuml dhe veumlrtetuar si pika kritike teuml kontrollit

Pajaziti et al


Peumlr keumlto dy hapa teuml procesit teknologjik teuml prodhimit teuml birreumls janeuml ndeumlrmarreuml masa shteseuml peumlr monitorimin e tyre seuml pari u investua neuml linjeumln e prodhimit teuml avullit peumlr teuml shmangur ndotjen rrjedhjen dhe uljen e temperatureumls seuml avullit u shtuan pajisje mateumlse peumlr kontrollin e temperatureumls dhe presionit teuml avullit u shtua njeuml regjisteumlr pune neuml teuml cilin sheumlnohen koheumlt e sakta teuml pasterizimit me parametrat teknologjikeuml peumlrkateumls u shtua njeuml regjisteumlr peumlr peumlrshkrimin vizual teuml shisheve teuml mbushura teuml birreumls 3 Raportet laboratorike teuml analizave mikrobiologjike Si shembull janeuml marr raportet mujore teuml analizave mikrobiologjike teuml muajit dhjetorneuml koheumln e peumlrfundimit teuml punimit nga ekipi i HACCP-it peumlr operacione teuml ndryshme teuml procesit teuml prodhimit teuml birreumls duke filluar nga zierja mushtit apo treteumlsireumls seuml eumlmbeumll deri tek birra e mbushur neuml shishe apo fuccedili teuml kryera neuml laboratorin e ShaldquoBirra Pejardquo Pejeuml neuml sektorin e mikrobiologjiseuml Rezultatet e analizave treguan se neuml asnjeuml rast nuk ka patur prani teuml baktereve teuml deumlmshme peumlr prodhim PEumlRFUNDIM Neuml zbatim teuml sistemit HACCP neuml industrineuml e birreumls janeuml studiuar 36 operacione pareumlsore teuml prodhimit teuml birreumls dhe 40 operacione dyteumlsore duke filluar nga pranimi i leumlndeumls seuml pareuml e deri teuml transportimi i produktit neuml treg duke analizuar teuml gjitha rreziqet mikrobiologjike kimike fizike

Nga analiza e rrezikut teuml keumltyre operacioneve janeuml evidentuar veteumlm dy me risk peumlr produktin peumlrfundimtar procesi i pasterizimit dhe kontrolli vizual i shisheve teuml birreumls seuml peumlrfunduar nga inspektori i shoqeumlruar me regjistrim Masat parandaluese teuml vendosura konsistuan neuml shtimin e dokmentacionit teuml regjistrimit neuml keumlto dy pika teuml prodhimit Ky studim ndihmoi Fabrikeumln ldquoBirra Pejaldquo peumlr teuml rritur jeteumlgjateumlsineuml e produktit dhe peumlr teuml peumlrmireumlsuar cileumlsineuml e birreumls seuml prodhuar neuml teumlreumlsi Arritem qeuml produktin teuml cilin e kishim me jeteumlgjateumlsi njeuml muajshe tani trsquoa kemi me gjasht muaji LITERATURA 1 Ph Carson 2002 Hazardous Chemicals Handbook second edition Butterworth-Heinemann An imprint of Elsevier Science Linacre House Jordan Hill Oxford OX2 8DP 225 Wildwood Avenue Woburn MA 01801 2 FAO 1997 General Requirements (Food Hygiene) Codex Alimentarius (Supplement to Volume 1B) 3 European Concil 1993 Directive 9343EEC on the Hygiene of Foodstuffs Official Journal No L 175 19071993 4 FDA 2001 Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) Procedures for Safe and Sanitary Processing and Importing of Juice Federal Register Vol66 (13)


THE IMPACT OF MICROSTRUCTURE AND CORROSION ON THE PIPES OF POWER PRODUCTION IN KEK POWER PLANT NDIKIMI I MIKROSTRUKTUREumlS DHE KORROZIONIT TEuml GYPAVE NEuml PRODHIMIN E ENERGJISEuml NEuml TERMOCENTRALIN E KEK-UT MURSEL RAMA

a ALI SADIKU

a HAMIT MEHMETI

a RRAHIM MAKSUTI

a MILAJETE SHALA-MEHMETI

a

AVNI BEQIRIb

AKTET IV 2 298-304 2011 PERMBLEDHJE Qeumlllimi i hulumtimit eumlshteuml peumlrcaktimi i ndryshimeve teuml mundshme qeuml ndodhin neuml sistemin e gypave neuml TC Kosova neuml Kastriot si rezultat i veprimit teuml korrozionit neuml muret e tyre dhe neuml bazeuml teuml keumltyre ndryshimeve teuml ndikojmeuml neuml regjimin e puneumls seuml blloqeve peumlr prodhimin e energjiseuml elektrike Gypat janeuml teuml prodhuar nga ccedileliqet e qeumlndruesheumlm mekanikisht neuml temperatura teuml larta teuml lidhur me krom dhe molibden Eumlshteuml beumlreuml analiza reumlntgenografike e struktureumls dhe neuml bazeuml teuml difraktogrameve eumlshteuml veumlrtetuar prania e Fe2O3 dhe Fe3O4 neuml shtreseumln e ndryshkur Gjithashtu mostrat janeuml vrojtuar me mikroskop teuml driteumls Neuml mikrofotografiteuml digjitale eumlshteuml bere matja e trasheumlsiseuml seuml shtreseumls se ndryshkur Duke u bazuar neuml rezultatet e fituara gjate hulumtimit teuml korrozionit kemi konstatuar ndikimin e korrozionit dhe mikrostruktureumls neuml efikasitetin e puneumls seuml pajisjeve termoenergjetike neuml TC Kosova Fjaleumlt kyccedile gyp korrozion mikrostruktureuml mosteumlr shtreseuml SUMMARY The purpose of this research is the determination of possible change that happens on tubes system on TC Kosova in Kastriot as a result of corrosion on the surface of tubes and on base of these changes we influence on working rate of blocks for producing electrical energy The pipes are made of mechanic steel resistant on high temperatures linked with chromium and molybdenum We made X-ray diffraction analyses of structure and it was proved the presence Fe2O3 and Fe3O4 on corroded layer The samples were observed with light microscope too It was measured the thickness of corroded layer from digital micro photos Based on gained results during the research we noticed the influence of corrosion and microstructure on work efficiency wart efficacy on termoenergetic equipment of TC Kosova Key words corrosion layer microstructure pipe sample

HYRJE Gjateuml prodhimit teuml energjiseuml elektrike shfryteumlzimi maksimal i pajisjeve neuml termocentrale qeuml punojneuml me leumlndeuml djegeumlse fosile mund teuml rritet neumlse rriten temperatura dhe shtypja e avullit qeuml hyjneuml neuml kaldajeuml Peumlr keumlteuml qeumlllim janeuml prodhuar ccedileliqe teuml veccedilanta teuml cileumlt peumlrdoren peumlr puneuml neuml kushte teuml veumlshtira (ccedileliqe teuml qeumlndruesheumlm mekanikisht neuml temperatura dhe shtypje teuml larta) [3] teuml cileumlt janeuml teuml peumlrshtatsheumlm peumlr puneuml efikase gjateuml prodhimit teuml energjiseuml elektrike Prandaj detyreuml

afatgjate e instituteve shkencore neuml boteuml si neuml Evropeuml Japoni [4] etj qeuml merren me hulumtime neuml leumlmine e shkenceumls seuml materialeve eumlshteuml prodhimi i markave teuml reja teuml ccedileliqeve peumlr puneuml neuml kushte super kritike (temperatureuml teuml avujve neuml rreth 650

0C dhe shtypje deri neuml 350 bar) [4]

Ccedileliqet ferrite me peumlrbeumlrje prej 1-12 krom dhe 05-1 molibden peumlrdoren neuml termocentralet bashkeumlkohore me qymyr teuml cilat punojneuml neuml temperaturat neumln 600

0C Me rritjen e

temperatureumls seuml avullit mbi 6000C mund teuml rritet

Rama et al


edhe shkalla e shfryteumlzimit ndeumlrsa shkalla e emetimit teuml CO2 zvogeumllohet [2] Ccedileliqet konvencional neuml bazeuml teuml kromit dhe molibdenit nuk posedojneuml qeumlndrueshmeumlri teuml mjaftueshme ndaj shkarjes dhe nuk kaneuml rezistenceuml teuml mjaftueshme ndaj oksidimit neuml temperatura mbi 600

0C[3] Peumlr keumlteuml shkak gjateuml viteve teuml fundit

janeuml prodhuar si dhe janeuml aplikuar neuml termocentralet bashkeumlkohore ccedileliqe me shumeuml Cr si psh P92-X10CrWMoNb 9 2 dhe P122-X12CrWCuMoVNbN 11 2 1) [1] [10] neuml teuml cilat ccedileliqe Mo eumlshteuml zeumlvendeumlsuar pjeseumlrisht ose ploteumlsisht me W Peumlrdorimi i keumltyre ccedileliqeve mundeumlson qeuml temperatura e avullit teuml arrijeuml 650

0C ose meuml shumeuml Keumlsisoj eumlshteuml peumlrmireumlsuar

efikasiteti i pajisjeve si dhe eumlshteuml zvogeumlluar emetimi i CO2 neuml raport me termocentralet ekzistuese [2] MATERIALE DHE METODAT Gypat e hulumtuar janeuml teuml prodhuar prej ccedileliqeve teuml markave teuml ndryshme dhe teuml qeumlndruesheumlm mekanikisht neuml temperatura teuml larta [3] kryesisht ccedileliqet St35-8 St 35-4 13Mo3 13CrMo 4 4 10CrMoV810 14CrMoV63 [10] Metodat kryesore neuml hulumtimin e ndikimit teuml korrozionit dhe mikrostruktureumls seuml materialit teuml gypave neuml TC e KEK janeuml mbeumlshtetur neuml - vrojtimet vizuale - peumlrcaktimin e sasiseuml dhe llojit teuml shtreseumls seuml depozituara neuml gypa

- ndryshimi i mikrostruktureumls seuml materialit teuml gypave dhe - ndryshimi i vetive mekanike teuml ccedileliqeve para dhe pas eksploatimit Hulumtimi i mostrave eumlshteuml beumlreuml neuml laboratorin qendror teuml UP Mostrat janeuml ndareuml neuml dy grupe Peumlr matjen e maseumls seuml produkteve teuml korrozionit mostrat janeuml geumlrryer ndeumlrsa mostrat tjera janeuml peumlrgatitur peumlr hulumtimin e mikrostruktureumls Mostrat metalografike janeuml peumlrgatitur neuml formeuml teumlrthore dhe gjateumlsore[9] Nga mostrat e geumlrryera eumlshteuml larguar shtresa e korroduar dhe eumlshteuml beumlreuml matja e maseumls neuml peshore analitike me sakteumlsi deri neuml 01mg peumlr njeumlsi teuml sipeumlrfaqes Keumlsisoj eumlshteuml caktuar maseumls specifike e shtresave teuml brendshme teuml korroduar neuml gypa peumlr pozicione dhe kuota teuml ndryshme Gjithashtu keumlto shtresa janeuml hulumtuar neuml difraktometeumlr me rreze reumlntgen peumlr ta caktuar peumlrbeumlrjen fazore teuml shtreseumls seuml korroduar Keumlndet e hulumtimit 2θ janeuml nga 20 - 80

0

Mostrat metalografike kaneuml kaluar neumlpeumlr keumlto faza peumlrgatitore - Prerja neuml makineumln universale me disqe nga SiC - Smerilimi me letra abrazive Nr 320 500 dhe 800 - Polirimi me Sprey Diamanti me madheumlsi teuml kokrrizave prej 6 3 dhe 1 microm si dhe neuml Lecka DUR NAP dhe MOL dhe - Brejtur me metodeumln e kimike 2 HNO3 neuml etil alkool

Simboli i ccedilelikut

C

Si

Mn

Cr

Mo

Pmax

Smax

Rm Nmm

2 A5

Kv J

St 35-8 Deri 017

010-035

Deri 040

- - 005 005 340-440 25

St 35-4 Deri 022

010-035

Deri 040

- - 005 005 440-540 21

13 Mo 3 012-020

015-035

050-080

- 025-035

004 004 440-570 22 48

13CrMo 4 4 010-018

015-035

040-070

07-10

040-050

004 004 440-570 22 48

10CrMoV8 10 Deri 015

015-050

040-060

20-25

09-11 004 004 440-590 20

Tabela 1 Peumlrbeumlrja kimike dhe vetiteuml mekanike teuml ccedileliqeve para eksploatimit

Sipeumlrfaqja e mostrave teuml peumlrgatitura eumlshteuml hulumtuar me mikroskop teuml driteumls portativ[10] dhe statik[9] ndeumlrsa mikrostrukturat e beumlra janeuml shfryteumlzuar edhe peumlr llogaritjen e trasheumlsiseuml seuml shtreseumls seuml korroduar Neuml tab 1 eumlshteuml pasqyruar peumlrbeumlrja kimike dhe vetiteuml mekanike teuml ccedileliqeve peumlr puneuml neuml temperatura teuml larta teuml qeumlndruesheumlm mekanikisht dhe qeuml peumlrdoren neuml TC [3] [10]

Figura 1 Shtresa e brendshme neuml mostreumln nr 5

REZULTATET EKSPERIMENTALE Nga gjithsej 20 mostrat e peumlrgatitura janeuml peumlrzgjedhur mostrat 5 8 dhe 15 si meuml reprezentative dhe meuml kualitative Pamja e shtreseumls seuml brendshme peumlr mostreumln Nr-5 eumlshteuml treguar neuml fig 1 ndeumlrsa masa e shtreseumls seuml korrodur dhe teuml depozituara peumlr mostreumln Nr 5 eumlshteuml llogaritur teuml jeteuml rreth 229mgcm

2

Figura 2 Mikrostruktura e mostreumls nr 5

Figura 2 paraqet mikrostruktureumln e prerjes teumlrthore teuml murit teuml gypit barteumls teuml kaldajeumls shihet se struktura e materialit teuml gypave eumlshteuml

ferrito perlite dhe nuk veumlrehen deumlmtime Gjithashtu mund teuml konstatojmeuml se shtresa e korroduar eumlshteuml relativisht e holleuml 13 deri 25microm Nga mikrofotografi shohim prerjet teumlrthore teuml korrozionit neuml formeuml ldquoshpellaverdquo gjeuml qeuml tregon mekanizmin e korrozionit

Figura 3 Difraktogrami peumlr mostreumln nr 5

Figura 4 Shtresa e formuar peumlr mostreumln nr 8

Figura 5 Pamja e shtreseumls peumlr mostreumln teumlrthore

nr 8 Difraktogrami i keumlsaj mostre (fig 3) tregon se produktet e korrozionit janeuml oksidet teuml cilat

Rama et al


formohen neuml temperatura meuml teuml vogeumll se 570 0C[5] pra Fe2O3 dhe Fe3O4


Figura 7 Difraktogrami i mostreumls nr 8 Pamja e shtreseumls neuml sipeumlrfaqes seuml brendshme teuml mostreumls 8 eumlshteuml treguar neuml fig 4 Neuml fotografi mund teuml veumlrehen pore neuml shtreseumln e korroduar Masa e produkteve teuml korrozionit e shtreseumls seuml korroduar eumlshteuml 603mgcm

2 Ndeumlrsa neuml fig 5

eumlshteuml paraqitur mikrofotografia e keumlsaj mostre Nga fig 5 shihet se shtresa e korroduar ka trasheumlsi teuml ndryshme prej 30-160microm Gjithashtu shihet se vije deri ke harxhimi-ndarja e materialit teuml gypave paralelisht me sipeumlrfaqen e murit teuml gypave gjeuml qeuml na tregon se keumltu kemi teuml beumljmeuml me formeumln e korrozion teuml shkaktuar si rezultat i veprimit teuml sforcimeve ose ngarkesave -korrozioni neumln tension (stress corrosion [5]) Fig 6 tregon se struktura e materialit teuml gypave eumlshteuml ferrito-perlite Difraktogrami i keumlsaj mostre fig 7 tregon se produktet e korrozionit janeuml oksidet Fe2O3 dhe Fe3O4

Figura 8 tregon pamjen e shtreseumls peumlr mostreumln Nr-15 Trasheumlsia e shtreseumls seuml korroduar eumlshteuml peumlrcaktuar nga mikrofotografia e treguar neuml fig 9 dhe 10

Figura 8 Shtresa e brendshme e mostreumls nr 15

Figura 9a Shtresa e korroduar

Figura 9b Mikrostruktura e gypave peumlr mostreumln nr 15

Trasheumlsia e shtreseumls seuml korroduar sillet nga 22-97microm Neuml mikrofotografi veumlrehen teuml ccedilara teuml cilat janeuml paralel me sipeumlrfaqen e gypave gjeuml qeuml

Rama et al


tregon se ato janeuml krijuar si rezultat e korrozionitn neumln tension[6] Gjithashtu veumlrehet se ka ndodhur ndryshim i mikrostruktureumls seuml materialit teuml gypave ndash peumlrgjateuml sipeumlrfaqes seuml brendshme teuml gypave struktura e materialit eumlshteuml ferrite Si rezultat i tejnxehjeve lokale teuml materialit teuml gypave zhvillohet procesi i dekarbonizimit teuml materialit Ky fenomen shkakton edhe zvogeumllimin e vetive mekanike [7] [8] teuml gypave (tab 3) si dhe

zvogeumllon qeumlndrueshmeumlrineuml ndaj korrozionit teuml gypave Gjithashtu eumlshteuml veumlrtetuar se shtresa e korrozionit peumlrbeumlhet prej oksideve teuml hekurit teuml llojit Fe2O3 dhe Fe3O4 Hulumtimi i vetive mekanike peumlr gypat mbajteumls (ngriteumls-leumlshues) teuml ECO neuml kuota pozicione dhe dimensione teuml ndryshme janeuml dheumlneuml neuml tab 2 Neuml meumlnyreuml eksperimentale (tab 3) kemi hulumtuar ndryshimin e forteumlsiseuml seuml gypave barteumls dhe furnizues

D0

mm B0

mm Lc

mm Lu

mm Re

Nmm2

Rm Nmm

2 A

Kv J

Z

Gypi ngriteumls Oslash38x5 mm- I

512 20 80 100 2634 4592 287 48 518

Gypi leumlneumls Oslash38x5 mm- II

510 20 80 100 266 461 29 49 52

Gypi Oslash38x5 mm pozicioni V13 kuota 35 m Materiali 15Mo3

51 20 80 100 270 456 275 40 50


51 20 80 100 271 455 27 39 495

Gypi lidheumls Oslash445x4 mm kuota 28 m neuml mes kolektorit

42 20 80 100 3166 480 225 36 407

Gypi tavanor Oslash 455x4 mm kuota 54 m Materiali 15Mo3

42 20 80 100 315 530 25 43 455

Gypi Oslash38x5 mm kuota 43 m

513 20 80 100 284 526 268 40 48

Gypi Oslash38x5 mm kuota 43 m Gypat mbajteumls teuml ECO

511 20 80 100 288 518 25 38 455

Gypi Oslash38x5 mm kuota 45 m Gypat mbajteumls teuml ECO-nxeheumlsi i ujit

51 20 80 100 285 514 26 39 47

Gypi i kolektorit hyreumls Oslash445x4 mm Materiali 15Mo3

419 20 80 100 326 449 225 38 408

Tabela 2 Vetiteuml mekanike teuml gypave peumlr pozicione dhe kuota teuml ndryshme neuml TEC e KEK-ut

Mostra Gypa teuml pa Zgjatja e Ngushtimi i Ndryshimi mes pozicioneve 1 2

Rama et al


deformuar HV

mureve HV

mureve HV

dhe 3 (vlera mesatare) HV

1 148-156 240-244 180-189 90 dhe 323

2 149-153 225-230 188-192 765 dhe 39

3 150-158 245-248 180-195 925 dhe 335

4 144-149 239-242 175-181 94 dhe 295

5 150-155 235-240 188-197 85 dhe 40

6 147-156 244-250 186-194 955 dhe 285

Tabela 3 Ndryshimi i forteumlsiseuml seuml gypave teuml lakuar DISKUTIMI I REZULTATEVE Gjateuml hulumtimit teuml pjeseumlve neuml TC teuml KEK peumlrkateumlsisht i sistemit teuml gypave neuml kaldaje janeuml veumlrejtur ndryshime teuml cilat formohen gjateuml eksploatimit teuml tyre Keumlto ndryshime pasqyrohen - Neuml shtreseumln e korrozionit - Neuml ndryshimin e makrostruktureumls edhe - Neuml paraqitjen e gabimeve neuml mure teuml gypave Shtresa e formuar kryesisht peumlrbeumlhet nga peumlrzierja e oksideve Fe2O3 dhe Fe3O4 Neuml bazeuml teuml pamjes seuml deumlmtimeve nga korrozioni konstatohet se ato janeuml krijuar si rezultat i veprimit teuml korrozionit shpellor ose korrozionit neumln tension ose edhe teuml kombinuara Neuml rastin e hulumtimit teuml gypave tek teuml cilat kemi veumlrejtur plasaritje ato janeuml krijuar gjateuml veprimit teuml korrozionit neumln tension dhe eumlshteuml e qarteuml se gjateuml eksploatimit teuml keumltyre gypave do vije deri ke zgjerimi i teuml ccedilarave teuml cilat do shkaktojneuml edhe shkateumlrrimin e tyre Gjithashtu tek disa mostra kemi veumlrejtur se si rezultat i tejnxehjeve lokale ndryshon edhe mikrostruktura e materialit teuml gypave nga ferritondashperlite neuml ferrite PERFUNDIMI 1 Neuml mostrat e hulumtuara mbizoteumlron korrozioni shpellor dhe ai neumln tension i gypave ndeumlrsa formohet shtreseuml e cila kryesisht peumlrbeumlhet prej Fe2O3 dhe Fe3O4 2 Neuml gypat tek teuml cileumlt janeuml lajmeumlruar plasaritje si rezultat i veprimit teuml korrozionit neumln tension ekziston rreziku nga rritja dhe zgjerimi i plasaritjeve e meuml keumlteuml edhe i shkateumlrrimit teuml tyre

3 Neuml njeuml numeumlr teuml caktuar teuml mostrave si rezultat i tejnxehjeve lokale shkaktohet

dekarbonizimi i mureve teuml brendshme teuml gypave e meuml keumlteuml edhe ndryshime neuml mikrostruktureumln ferrito-perlite neuml ferrite

4 Procesi i ndryshkjes nuk eumlshteuml i mundur teuml ndeumlrpritet por ai veteumlm mund teuml ngadaleumlsohet Pra tek sistemet ujeuml-avull veumlshtireuml eumlshteuml monitorimi ose pengimi i korrozionit teuml gypave Qeuml teuml zvogeumllohen pasojat e veprimit teuml korrozionit nevojitet teuml aplikohen metoda teuml shumta dhe bashkeumlkohore gjateuml prodhimit teuml ujit me kualitet peumlrkateumls e i cili ka ndikim minimal neuml procesin e korrozionit

5 Gjateuml vitit 2009 si rezultat i rrjedhjes seuml ujit neuml kaldaje (veprimit teuml korrozionit) neuml teuml gjitha blloqet e TC A dhe B neuml KEK kishte 20 hereuml ndeumlrprerje mesatarisht

BIBLIOGRAFIA 1 Abe F amp Tabuchi M Microstructure and Creep Strength of Weldsin Advanced Ferritic Power Plant Steels National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) 1-2-1 Sengen Tsukuba 305-0047 Japan 2 Albert SK et al (2002) Microstructural investigations on type IV cracking in a high Cr stele ISIJ International Vol 42 No 12 pp 1497-1504 3 Filetin T Kovacicek F amp Indof J (2002) Svojstva i primjena materiala Udzbenici Sveucilista-Zagreb 4 Francis JA Mazur W Bhadeshia HKDH (2006) Type IV cracking in ferritic power plant steels Materials Science and Technology Vol 22 No12 pp 1387-1395

Rama et al


5 Paolucci G M ldquoLeksione teuml METALURGJISEumlrdquo peumlrktheu A Deshiri Veumlll1 Botimi i 2

teuml Botuar neuml

Itali meuml 2006 Faqe 350 Fig 103 6 Capelle J Gilgert J Dmytrakh I Pluvinage G (2009) Hydrogen effect on fatigue and frakture resistance of a pipe stele UDC62164302766915539431 Structural integryty and life Vol9 No1 pp9-14 7 Maksuti Rr Mehmeti H Baum H Rama M Ccedilerkini N (2009) Correlation of microstructure and toughness of the welded joint of pipeline steel X65 Damage and fracture mechanice Failure Analysis of Engineering Materials and Structures Publisher Springer Netherlands DOI 101007978-90-481-2669-9_3363 Chapters 31-40 pp 315-322

8 Rama M Maksuti Rr Mehmeti H Mehmeti-Shala M (2009) ldquoHardness and microstructural changes during repaired welding of the pipes of power plant Kosovardquo Medwell Journals laquoJournal of Engineering and Applied Sciencesraquo 4(5-6)348-352 (ISSN 1816-949X) (Print) ISSN 1818-7803 (Online-Open Access) Pakistan 9 Rama M (2009) ldquoMetodat hulumtuese neuml Laboratorin Qendror teuml Universitetit teuml Prishtineumlsrdquo-ldquoUntersuchungsmethoden in CLUndashUP Seminar profesionalndashWeiterbildungs-seminar Prishtineuml 10 Shahini R (2009) Gjendja aktuale neuml KEK dhe nevoja peumlr bashkeumlpunim teuml ngushte me Institutin Inkos dhe laboratoreumlt e UP Seminar profesional ndash Weiterbildungsseminar Prishtineuml 24-25092009


CORROSION OF THE REINFORCED CONCRETE IN THE INDUSTRIAL BUILDING OF BATTERY ELECTROLYTE PRODUCTION IN TREPCcedilA

KORROZIONI I BETONARMESEuml NEuml OBJEKTIN INDUSTRIAL PEumlR PEumlRGATITJEN E ELEKTROLITIT TEuml BATERIVE NEuml TREPCcedilEuml ALI SADIKU

a MURSEL RAMA

a FERAT SHALA

b BEHAJDIN SKEJA

a BEKIM BAJRAKTARI

c MILAIM SADIKU

a

(a ndashFXM

b- FIEK

c- FSHTA) UP

aDepartamenti i Teknologjiseuml FXM Universiteti i Prishtineumls Kosoveuml

Parku industrial TREPCcedilA Mitroviceuml Kosoveuml Email alisadikuhotmailcom AKTET IV 2 305-310 2011 PERMBLEDHJE Konstruksionet e objekteve teuml cilat janeuml me betonarme gjateuml shfryteumlzimit i neumlnshtrohen veprimit teuml deumlmsheumlm teuml faktoreumlve teuml natyreumls kimike dhe fizike Neuml objektin peumlr peumlrgatitjen e elektrolitit neuml industrineuml e baterive Trepccedila veumlrehet shumeuml qarteuml ndikimi i mesit agresiv neuml korrozionin e betonit Sipeumlrfaqja e ndeumlrteseumls ka qeneuml e mbrojtur me pllaka kundeumlr acide por korrozioni ka peumlrfshireuml shumiceumln e sipeumlrfaqes dhe eumlshteuml korrozion sulfat Produktet e korrozionit janeuml kripeumlra sulfate qeuml kaneuml veumlllim teuml madh dhe shkaktojneuml ndarje neuml mes shtreseumls mbrojteumlse e betonit dhe deumlmtim teuml struktureumls seuml betonarmeseuml Me formimin e plasaritjeve krijohen kushte qeuml teuml korrodojneuml shufrat e ccedilelikut neuml beton qeuml eumlshteuml proces elektrokimik e qeuml ka pasoja neuml funksionalitetin dhe sigurineuml e objektit Qeumlllimi i punimit eumlshteuml peumlrcaktimi i shkalleumls seuml deumlmtimit pasojat nga degradimi i betonit dhe masat qeuml duhen ndeumlrmarreuml peumlr mbrojtjen nga korrozioni i meumltejsheumlm neuml objekt Fjaleumlt kyccedile acid sulfurik beton betonarme ccedilelik korrozion SUMMARY Constructions which are built from reinforced concrete during their utilization are exposed to harmful agents which can be of chemical or physical nature On the premises of electrolytes preparation in Battery Factory Trepccedila are clearly notice the impact of aggressive environment in concrete Surface area of the building was protected with acid resistant ceramics but corrosion is noticeable across most of the surface manifested as sulphate type corrosion Corrosion products are sulphate salts that have large volume and cause separation between protective layer and concrete and damage the structure of reinforced concrete The formation of cracks creates the conditions for corrosion of steel bars which is the electrochemical process that has consequences on the functionality and security of the facility The purpose of the paper is to determine the degree of damage consequences of degradation of concrete and measures to be taken for protection from further corrosion at the facility Key words sulfuric acid concrete reinforced concrete steel corrosion

HYRJE Betoni dhe betonarmeja sot janeuml materialet meuml teuml peumlrhapura ndeumlrtimore Peumlr vetiteuml funksionin e kontributin e betonit neuml qeumlndrueshmeumlrineuml e veprave me teuml drejteuml ai konsiderohet si materiali meuml ldquointeligjentrdquo i zbuluar nga njeriu 4+

Konstruksionet e ndeumlrtesave dhe objekteve teuml tjera prej betoni gjateuml procesit teuml eksploatimit i neumlnshtrohen edhe ndikimeve teuml ndryshme teuml faktoreumlve teuml natyreumls fizike dhe kimike Korrozioni i betonit eumlshteuml proces i shkateumlrrimit si pasojeuml e reaksioneve kimike teuml substancave

Sadiku et al


agresive nga mjedisi dhe teuml peumlrbeumlreumlsve teuml betonit Korrozioni kimik i betonit mund teuml shkaktohet nga uji treteumlsirat ujore teuml materialeve teuml ndryshme organike dhe inorganike neuml gjendje agregate teuml ngurteuml leumlngeumlt ose gazteuml Qeumlndrueshmeumlria e betonarmeseuml kryesisht varet nga mundeumlsia e depeumlrtimit teuml substancave agresive neuml strukturat e betonit Shembujt meuml teuml shpeshta teuml keumltij lloji korrozioni janeuml korrozioni sulfat dhe korrozioni neuml ujeuml teuml detit Si rezultat i reaksioneve kimike neuml mes teuml treteumlsirave teuml sulfateve dhe peumlrbeumlreumlsve teuml ccedilimentos formohen produkte teuml korrozionit qeuml shoqeumlrohen me rritje teuml veumlllimit 2 deri 25 hereuml Si rrjedhojeuml shfaqen nderje teuml brendshme teuml cilat shkaktojneuml plasaritje teuml shtresave mbrojteumlse dhe degradimin e strukturave teuml betonit

Degradimi i strukturave teuml betonit zakonisht i paraprineuml korrozionit teuml armatureumls seuml ccedilelikut neuml beton Korrozioni i ccedilelikut ndodh peumlr shkak teuml zvogeumllimit teuml alkalitetit neuml beton pra kur pHlt12 gjateuml karbonizimit dhe teuml ndikimit aktivizues teuml klorureve dhe sulfateve Vareumlsisht nga shkalla e degradimit teuml strukturave seuml betonarmeseuml ato mund teuml riparohen Njeumlra nga meumlnyrat e riparimit eumlshteuml vendosja e betonit teuml freskeumlt i cili duhet teuml siguroj qeuml ccedileliku prapeuml eumlshteuml kthyer neuml mesin alkalik[2] mjedis qeuml favorizon formimin e shtreseumls pasive dhe ndeumlrprerjen e korrozionit si dhe zbatimin e ndonjeuml sistemi teuml peumlrshtatsheumlm teuml mbrojtjes nga korrozioni neuml ateuml mjedis agresiv

Shkalleumlt e agresivitetit teuml mjedisit sipas standardit evropian EN 206-1

Peumlrqendrimi i joneve sulfate SO42-

mgl

Cileumlsimi i mjedisit Simboli Ujeuml Tokeuml

Me agresivitet teuml vogeumll XA1 ge 200 deri le 600 ge 2000 deri le 3000

Me agresivitet teuml meseumlm XA2 gt 600 deri le 3000 gt3000 deri le12000

Me agresivitet teuml madh XA3 gt3000 deri le 6000 lt12000 deri le 14000

Tabela 1 Shkalleumlt e agresivitetit teuml mjedisit dhe peumlrqendrimi i joneve SO42-

sipas standardit evropian Korrozioni sulfat i betonit Klasifikimi i mjediseve agresive dhe peumlrqendrimi i joneve sulfate neuml teuml cilat janeuml ekspozuar strukturat e betonit janeuml dheumlneuml me standardin evropian EN 206 -1 (tab1)[6] Korrozioni sulfatik ndodh nga veprimi neuml beton i ujeumlrave me peumlrmbajte prej 250 mgl teuml joneve SO4

2-

Degradimi ose shkateumlrrimi i strukturave teuml betonit shkaktohet nga veprimi i solucioneve agresive teuml acidit sulfurik mbi peumlrbeumlreumlsit e ngurteumlsuara teuml ccedilimentos kryesisht teuml Ca(OH)2 e 3CaO∙Al2O3∙6H2O Reaksionet kimike teuml keumltyre komponenteumlve teuml ccedilimentos me treteumlsirat e acidit sulfurik mund teuml paraqiten me barazimet[1] Ca(OH)2 + H2SO4 = CaSO4∙2H2O 3CaO∙Al2O3∙6H2O + 3CaSO4 + 25 H2O = 3CaO∙Al2O3∙3CaSO4∙31H2O

Figura 1 Kristalet e etringitit

Formimi neuml pore i hidrosulfoaluminatit teuml kalciumit (etringiti) shoqeumlrohet me rritje teuml

Sadiku et al


veumlllimit prej 2 deri 25 hereuml neuml krahasim me veumlllimin e komponenteumlve nga teuml cilat krijohet Si rrjedhojeuml shfaqen nderje teuml brendshme teuml cilat mund teuml kalojneuml kufirin e rezistenceumls neuml teumlrheqje teuml betonit qeuml shkaktojneuml plasaritje neuml betonarme Kristalet e etringitit kaneuml formeuml gjilpeumlrave teuml gjata e teuml holla i ngjajneuml bacileve dhe peumlr shkak teuml veprimit teuml tyre shkateumlrrues quhen bacilet e ccedilimentos (fig1) Korrozioni i ccedilelikut neuml strukturat e betonit Korrozioni i ccedilelikut neuml beton eumlshteuml proces elektrokimik (fig 2) ndodh peumlr shkak teuml zvogeumllimit teuml alkalitetit teuml elektrolitit qeuml e rrethon ccedilelikun (pHlt12) dhe shkaktohet nga jonet aktivizuese klorure ose sulfate [5] teuml cilat arrijneuml deri te ccedileliku

Figura 2 Korrozioni i ccedilelikut neuml beton

Korrozioni lajmeumlrohet gjateuml depeumlrtimit jo teuml njeumltrajtsheumlm teuml joneve aktivizuese neuml beton teuml cilat shkateumlrrojneuml cipeumln pasive teuml armatureumls dhe shpejteumlsia varet nga peumlrshkueshmeumlria e betonit peumlr agjenteumlt e korrozionit Depeumlrtimi i joneve sulfate neuml strukturat e betonit neuml fillim ka karakter difuziv por meuml vone komplikohet Mekanizmi fillestar eumlshteuml peumlrthithja e tyre veccedilaneumlrisht kur sipeumlrfaqja eumlshteuml e thateuml por neumlse betoni eumlshteuml neuml kontakt direkt me treteumlsirat sulfate ateumlhereuml absorbimi eumlshteuml i

shpejteuml duke pas parasysh poret dhe kapilaret neuml gurin e ccedilimentos[1] Reaksionet e korrozionit teuml ccedilelikut neuml betonarme mund teuml paraqiten si vijon Reaksioni anodik Fe rarr Fe

2+ + 2e

-

Reaksioni katodik 2e- + H2 + frac12 O2 rarr 2OH

-

Reaksionet anodike dhe katodike janeuml reaksionet e para teuml formimit teuml oksideve teuml hekurit Shkalleuml tjera janeuml formimi i ferro hidroksidit i cili oksidohet dhe kalon neuml ferri hidroksid dhe pastaj neuml ferri oksidin e hidratuar Fe

2+ + 2OH

- rarr Fe(OH)2 + O2 + H2O rarr Fe(OH)3 rarr

Fe2O3∙H2O + H2O Oksidi ferrik i pahidratuar ka veumlllim deri dy hereuml meuml teuml madh se hekuri qeuml ka reaguar Kur hidratohet ai bymehet dhe beumlhet meuml poroz kjo shkakton rritjen veumlllimi neuml fazeumln kufitare ccedilelik-beton nga 2 deri 10 hereuml [1] Kjo rritje shkakton plasaritje dhe ceflisje teuml shtresave teuml betonit MATERIALET DHE METODA Teuml dheumlna peumlr objektin e peumlrgatitjes seuml elektrolitit Korrozionit sulfat i betonarmese eumlshteuml hulumtuar neuml objektin e peumlrgatitjes seuml elektrolitit (treteumlsirave teuml acidit sulfurik) neuml Industrineuml e baterive Trepccedila neuml Mitroviceuml Gjateuml procesit teuml prodhimit neuml Ind e baterive Trepccedila peumlrdoren sasi teuml meumldha teuml treteumlsirave teuml acidit sulfurik me densitete teuml ndryshme Neuml keumlteuml objekt strukturat e betonit kaneuml qeneuml dhe janeuml neumln ndikimin e veprimit agresiv teuml treteumlsirave teuml acidit sulfurik Objekti ka peseuml kate teuml gjitha pllakat e kateve janeuml nga betonarmeja ndeumlrsa muret janeuml nga tullat Materiali peumlr punim e strukturave teuml betonarmeseuml eumlshteuml betoni i markeumls MB 300 ndeumlrsa armatura e hekurit eumlshteuml ccedilelik i konstruksioneve [3] Mbi sipeumlrfaqen e dyshemeve eumlshteuml veumlneuml shtresa mbrojteumlse me pllaka kundeumlr acide muret janeuml teuml veshura me pllaka qeramike ndeumlrsa sipeumlrfaqet e traversave mbajteumlse dhe tavaneve janeuml teuml lyera me lyereumls kundeumlr acid Vendet e sulmuara nga korrozioni sulfat dhe matja e sipeumlrfaqeve teuml deumlmtuara janeuml peumlrcaktuar me kontrollim vizuale dhe matjet fizike neuml objekt

Sadiku et al


si mjet ndihmeumls eumlshteuml peumlrdor aparati fotografik digjital Rezultatet e matjeve teuml sipeumlrfaqeve teuml deumlmtuara neuml objekt nga korrozioni sulfat janeuml dheumlneuml neuml tab 2 Ndeumlrsa larteumlsia e ngritjes seuml shtreseumls seuml pllakave si pasojeuml e formimit teuml produkteve teuml korrozionit neuml strukturat e betonit eumlshteuml dheumlneuml neuml tabeleumln 3

Sipeumlrfaqja e katit

Sipeumlrfaqja e deumlmtuar

Kati m2 m

2

Peumlrdhes 25842 28 108

I 21562 140 649

II 21562 153 709

III 21562 148 686

IV 12246 110 898

Gjithsej 102774 579 5635

Tabela 2 Sipeumlrfaqja deumlmtuar e shtreseumls seuml betonarmeseuml nga veprimi agresiv i treteumlsirave teuml

acidit sulfurik

Kati I II III IV

Ngritja mesatare e shtreseumls seuml pllakave cm

12 10 15 18

Thelleumlsia e depeumlrtimit teuml korrozionit neuml beton cm

1 ndash 15

2 ndash 32

3 ndash 35

3 ndash 4 5

Tabela 3 Larteumlsia e ngritjes seuml shtreseumls seuml deumlmtuar dhe thelleumlsia e depeumlrtimit teuml korrozionit Peumlr peumlrcaktimin e thelleumlsiseuml seuml shtreseumls seuml deumlmtuar eumlshteuml beumlreuml matja e vlereumls pH teuml treteumlsirave ujore teuml produkteve teuml korrozionit Matja e vlereumls pH eumlshteuml beumlreuml me indikator universal teuml tipit Merck Peumlr marrjen e mostrave teuml produkteve teuml korrozionit neuml dyshemeteuml e kateve kemi larguar pllakat neuml 2 vende me sipeumlrfaqe 18x36cm Thelleumlsia mesatare e

depeumlrtimit teuml korrozionit peumlr keumlto vende eumlshteuml dheumlneuml neuml tabeleumln 3 Peumlr teuml treguar karakterin acidik teuml produkteve teuml korrozionit sulfat kemi matur vlereumln pH teuml treteumlsirave teuml produkteve teuml korrozionit nga vendet e deumlmtuar Mostrat e keumltyre produkteve janeuml marr neuml vende teuml ndryshme me aneuml teuml shpueses mekanike Vlerat e matura teuml pH janeuml dheumlneuml neuml tabeleumln 4

Vendi i marrjes seuml mostrave

Mbi sipeumlrfaqe

Bazamentet e rezervuareumlve

Tavanet Sipeumlrfaqja e padeumlmtuar

Vlera pH 03-Jan 06-May

5 - 9 12

Tabela 4 Vlera pH e produkteve teuml korrozionit neuml objekt

DISKUTIMI I REZULTATEVE Duke ditur kushtet dhe destinimin e objektit nuk ka dyshim se degradimi i betonit neuml keumlteuml objekt eumlshteuml shkaktuar nga veprimi agresiv i treteumlsirave teuml acidit sulfurik pra kemi teuml beumljmeuml me korrozionin sulfat teuml betonit respektivisht teuml betonarmeseuml Nga kontrolli vizuale veumlrehet se deumlmtimet nga korrozioni sulfat janeuml pasojeuml e deumlmtimit fillestar teuml shtreseumls mbrojteumlse teuml pllakave kundeumlr acid Deumlmtimi i keumlsaj shtrese neuml fillim eumlshteuml shkaktuar gjateuml instalimit teuml rezervuareumlve sidomos bazamentet mbajteumlse teuml tyre qeuml meuml voneuml ka mundeumlsuar degradimin e struktureumls seuml betonit neuml ccedildo kat (fig 3 dhe 4)

Sadiku et al


Figura 3 Sipeumlrfaqe e deumlmtuar

Figura 4 Larteumlsia e ngritjes seuml shtreseumls mbrojteumlse

Figura 5 Korrozioni i betonit dhe armatureumls

Figura 6 Korrozioni i betonarmeseuml

Ndeumlrsa neuml pjeseumln e dyshemeve teuml rrafsheumlta sulmi neuml strukturat e betonit eumlshteuml pasojeuml e depeumlrtimit teuml treteumlsirave acide neumlpeumlr vrimat e shtreseumls mbrojteumlse ose neuml vijat ndareumlse teuml pllakave Degradimi i strukturave teuml betonit nga agresioni

sulfat pasqyrohet me ngritjen e sipeumlrfaqeve teuml teumlra teuml pllakave mbrojteumlse fig3 dhe 4 Nga keumlto teuml dheumlna dhe duke ditur ambientin neuml teuml cileumln eumlshteuml punuar lehteuml mund teuml konkludojmeuml se keumlto ldquongritjerdquo teuml shtreseumls mbrojteumlse janeuml pasojeuml e shkateumlrrimit teuml strukturave teuml betonit Ngritja ekstreme neuml vende teuml caktuar arrin vlereumln prej 25 cm

Figura 7 Mostrat e produkteve teuml korrozionit

sulfat Produktet e korrozionit neuml keumlto sipeumlrfaqe janeuml peumlrzierje e produkteve teuml korrozionit teuml betonit dhe shtreseumls ngjiteumlse teuml pllakave me beton Korrozioni sulfat i strukturave teuml betonit eumlshteuml meuml i duksheumlm neuml pjeseumlt kulluese teuml secilit kat dhe ateuml neuml sipeumlrfaqet e poshtme teuml dyshemeseuml ose teuml tavaneve figura 6 dhe 7 Keumlto pjeseuml kaneuml qeneuml teuml mbrojtura me veteumlm me shtreseuml teuml lyereumlsit kundeumlr acid Neuml teuml gjitha vendet ku kalojneuml tubat kulluese shihen qarteuml produktet e korrozionit teuml betonit Sipeumlrfaqja e deumlmtuar rreth keumltyre gypave eumlshteuml rreth 1 m

2 Te keumlto vende

pjesa e degraduar e betonit ka reumlneuml peumlr shkak teuml gravitetit dhe mund teuml shihet armatura e korroduar neuml keumlto struktura teuml betonit fig 6 dhe 7 Mostrat e produkteve teuml marra mbi sipeumlrfaqe (fig 3) kaneuml vlera pH =1-3 neuml shumiceumln e rasteve sigurisht edhe peumlr shkak teuml praniseuml seuml treteumlsirave teuml acidit sulfurik Mostrat e marra me aneuml teuml shpimit me shpuese neuml bazamentet e rezervuareumlve (thelleumlsi shpimi 10 cm) kaneuml vlereumln pH=5-6 ccedilka tregon se betoni neuml keumlto vende eumlshteuml shumeuml i deumlmtuar Neuml vendet ku

Sadiku et al


produktet e korrozionit janeuml larguar (fig 6 dhe 7) pH eumlshteuml 5-9 ndeumlrsa pH e strukturave teuml padeumlmtuar teuml betonit eumlshteuml 12 Edhe pse neuml objekt sasia e elektrolit qeuml peumlrgatitet tani eumlshteuml minimale nga vlerat e pH teuml produkteve teuml korrozionit mund teuml konkludojmeuml se korrozioni sulfat neuml betonarme neuml keumlteuml objekt ende vazhdon dhe riparimet e strukturave teuml betonarmeseuml neuml keumlteuml objekt duhet teuml beumlhen neuml meumlnyreuml emergjente PEumlRFUNDIME Neuml bazeuml teuml kontrollit vizual matjeve teuml sipeumlrfaqeve teuml deumlmtuara peumlrcaktimit teuml thelleumlsiseuml seuml sulmit teuml korrozionit vlereumls pH dhe duke njohur kushtet e puneumls neuml objekt shihet qarteuml se degradimet e strukturave teuml betonit janeuml shkaktuar nga veprimi agresiv i treteumlsirave teuml acidit sulfurik Deumlmet e shkaktuara janeuml pasojeuml e mungeseumls seuml mireumlmbajtjes jo adekuate gjateuml koheumls dhe mos riparimi i menjeumlhersheumlm i deumlmtimeve teuml shtreseumls mbrojteumlse Pasi qeuml neuml Industrineuml e baterive edhe pas privatizimit do teuml vazhdohet me prodhimin e baterive teuml plumbit nevojitet qeuml teuml riparohet objekti peumlr peumlrgatitjen e elektrolit sepse neumlse vazhdohet me progresin e sulmit teuml korrozionit sulfat ndeumlrtesa mund teuml peumlsojeuml deumlmtime teuml pariparueshme Zgjedhja e meumlnyreumls seuml riparimit varet nga shkalla e deumlmtimit kompleksiteti i konstruksionit kostoja e riparimit dhe preferencat e specialisteumlve Peumlr rastet e tilla neuml praktikeumln boteumlrore zakonisht rekomandohet peumlrdorimi i mbrojtjes me barriereuml

evitimi i kontaktit teuml treteumlsirave agresive teuml H2SO4 me strukturat e betonit dhe neuml keumlteuml rast duhet peumlrdor pllaka kundeumlr acide[5] Meumlnyra e riparimit neuml keumlteuml rast eumlshteuml instalimi i shtresave mbrojteumlse teuml reja zeumlvendeumlsimi i shtreseumls seuml betonit teuml deumlmtuar me beton teuml freskeumlt si dhe ndeumlrrimi i armatureumls seuml deumlmtuar Me vendosjen e betonit teuml ri do teuml krijoheshin kushte qeuml pH teuml keteuml vlera 12ndash125 dhe ccedileliku do teuml ishte pasiv i mbrojtur nga korrozioni Peumlr riparimet e nevojshme peumlrveccedil mjeteve financiare nevojitet qeuml puneumlt peumlr sanimin e deumlmtimeve nga korrozioni sulfat teuml kryhen me korrekteumlsi dhe profesionalizeumlm BIBLIOGRAFIA 1 Broomfield PJ ldquoCorrosion of steell in concrete Understanding investigation and repairrdquo London amp New York 2003 faqe 6-15 20ndash28 51ndash53 85-103 2 Concrete Society Techinacal report ldquoRepair of concrete damaged by reinforcement corrosionrdquo No 26 London 1985 faqe 5-9 15-25 3 Dokumentacioni teknik neuml Industrineuml e baterive ldquoProjekti ndeumlrtimor dhe i pajisjeve neuml objektin peumlr acid sulfurikrdquo Instituti Plumb Zink Trepccedila Mitroviceuml 1984 4 Kadiu F ldquoTeknologjia e materialeve teuml ndeumlrtimitrdquoTiraneuml 2004 faqe 157-167 181-183 292-297 5 Mladenoviq S ldquoKorozija i zashtita materijalardquo Beograd 1985 faqe 66-70 6 httpwwwzagsi


INFLUENCE OF OXYGEN DURING THE FERMENTATION OF WORT AND BEER NDIKIMI I OKSIGJENIT GJATEuml PROCESIT TEuml FERMENTIMIT TEuml MUSHTIT DHE NEuml BIRREumlN E GATSHME NSHALA

a E KARAKASHI

b

aShArdquoBirra Pejardquo Pejeuml Kosoveuml

bFakulteti i Xehtariseuml dhe Metalurgjiseuml Universiteti i Prishtineumls Kosoveuml

Email nshala1hotmailcom AKTET IV 2 311-315 2011 PERMBLEDHJE Qeumlllimi i punimit eumlshteuml teuml tregohet ndikimi i oksigjenit gjateuml procesit teuml fermentimit teuml mushtit dhe birreumls seuml gatshme Gjateuml procesit teuml fermentimit teuml mushtit ky peumlrmban oksigjen kur beumlhet inokulimi me maja Gjateuml frymeumlmarrjes aerobe teuml majaseuml lirohet meuml shumeuml energji peumlr glikolizeumln e sheqerit se sa neuml rastin e frymeumlmarrjes anaerobe Pa ajrim fermentimi ndeumlrpritet sepse oksigjeni eumlshteuml njeuml faktor limitues peumlr rritjen e majave Pas peumlrfundimit teuml fermentimit birra mbrohet nga oksigjeni peumlr teuml shmangur oksidimin Oksidimi sjell ndryshime neuml shije aromeuml gjithashtu dhe neuml ngjyreuml Oksigjeni peumlrfaqeumlson peumlr ne njeumlkoheumlsisht njeuml mik dhe armik Ashtu siccedil eumlshteuml shumeuml i nevojsheumlm sidomos gjateuml procesit teuml fermentimit po ashtu duhet edhe teuml eliminohet ploteumlsisht kontakti i tij meuml birreumln gjateuml transferimit nga njeuml tank tek tjetri i birreumls seuml peumlrfunduar si dhe gjateuml ambalazhimit neuml shishe kanaccedile apo fuqi Fjaleumlt kyccedile birra fermentimi majaja mushti oksigjeni oksidimi SUMMARY The purpose of the paper is to show the influence of oxygen during the fermentation of wort and beer ready During the fermentation process wort wort contain more oxygen when yeast inoculation During aerobic respiration of yeast release more energy than sugar glycols in the case of anaerobic respiration Without ventilation fermentation terminated because oxygen is a limiting factor for yeast growth After completion of fermentation beer is protected from oxygen to avoid oxidation Oxidation brings changes in taste flavor and color also Oxygen represents for us also a friend and foe Just as is necessary especially during the fermentation process so must also be completely eliminated his contact with beer during transfer from one tank to another of the finished beer as well as during packaging in bottles cans or force Key words beer fermentation yeast wort oxygen oxidation

1 HYRJE Oksigjeni eumlshteuml njeuml peumlrbeumlreumls shumeuml i reumlndeumlsisheumlm neuml etapa teuml caktuara teuml prodhimit teuml birreumls Roli i oksigjenit eumlshteuml shumeuml i reumlndeumlsisheumlm dhe vendimtar peumlr marrjen e njeuml birre me parametra brenda standardeve Kur oksigjeni injektohet neuml musht neuml fillim konsumohet teumlreumlsisht nga majaja keumlshtuqeuml birra neuml fund teuml fermentimit kryesor ndodhet neuml gjendjen meuml teuml varfeumlr meuml oksigjen Pas

peumlrfundimit teuml fermentimit teuml mushtit birra mbrohet nga oksigjeni peumlr teuml shmangur oksidimin Theksojmeuml se pika meuml kritike neuml procesin e prodhimit teuml birreumls eumlshteuml mbushja sepse birra kalon neuml njeuml eneuml plot ajeumlr Ccedildo tundje ose peumlrplasje gjateuml mbushjes shkakton kapje teuml oksigjenit Oksigjeni neuml birreuml vepron meuml peumlrbeumlreumls teuml ndrysheumlm duke ccediluar neuml oksidimin e tyre Disa jone metalesh si hekuri dhe bakri mund teuml

Shala amp Karakashi


shkaktojneuml gjithashtu oksidim Oksidimi eumlshteuml njeuml faktor qeuml sjell ndryshime neuml shije aromeuml gjithashtu dhe neuml ngjyreuml Peumlrcaktimi i oksigjenit teuml tretur neuml musht dhe birreuml llogaritet neumlpeumlrmjet sensoreumlve elektro- kimikeuml teuml oksigjenit Kjo beheumlt neuml meumlnyreuml elektronike meuml njeuml kalibrim teuml ndareuml si neuml Aparatin Digox Matjen e niveleve teuml larta teuml oksigjenit teuml tretur neuml musht (10 deri 50 mgliteumlr) dhe peumlr detektimin e niveleve teuml ulteuml teuml oksigjenit (001 deri 05 mgliteumlr) neuml birreuml Si peumlrfundim oksigjeni eumlshteuml i dobisheumlm ne fermentimin e mushtit ndeumlrsa neuml birreuml teuml gatshme eumlshteuml i deumlmsheumlm Teuml gjitha teuml dheumlnat e paraqitur neuml punim janeuml neuml bazeuml teuml puneseuml praktike teuml kryer neuml fabrikeumln e birreumls neuml Pejeuml 2 NDIKIMI I OKSIGJENIT GJATEuml FERMENTIMIT TEuml MUSHTIT Mushti peumlrmban oksigjen kur beheumlt inokulimi meuml maja Ajrimi i mushtit beheumlt peumlr dy arsye teuml ndryshme peumlr teuml beumlreuml ndarjen e turbullireumls se ftohte dhe peumlr teuml furnizuar meuml oksigjen peumlr fermentimin e mushtit Shpejteumlsia e fermentimit rritet shumeuml kur mushti i birreumls ajroset intensivisht Peumlr ajrosjen e mushtit peumlrdoreumln qirinj (kapuqe) prej argjile poroze teuml pjekur ose rrjeta teli prej ccedileliku inoks qeuml mbushin daljen intensive teuml buleumlzave teuml vogla ajri neuml meumlnyreuml intensive Nga koha neuml koheuml kapuccedili poroz pastrohet Peumlr pasteumlrtineuml e ajrit qeuml teuml jeteuml sa meuml steril peumlrdoret filtri sterilNeuml procesin e kthjellimit teuml mushtit lidhet oksigjeni fizik dhe kimik do teuml thoteuml peumlrpara temperaturave teuml larta e cila ndikon neuml rritjen e ngjyreumls dhe shpejteumlsineuml e fundeumlrrimit [1 2] Procesi meuml i deumlshiruar peumlr lidhjen fizike teuml oksigjenit janeuml temperaturat e uleumlta dhe koncentrimi i mushtit i ulet Sheqernat neuml mushtin kaneuml dometheumlnie meuml teuml larteuml se sa materiet ekstraktues teuml tjereuml sepse neuml kohen e ftohjes se mushtit oksigjeni lidhet kryesisht meuml sheqerna Lidhja e oksigjenit neuml teuml shumteumln e rasteve varet nga pH-ja e mushtit meuml rritjen e pH-seuml materiet tanine oksidohen dhe shumeuml shpejt kalojneuml neuml lidhje tjera Futja e oksigjenit eumlshteuml e nevojshme dhe e domosdoshme peumlr shumeumlzimin e majaseuml

[1 2 5 6] Pa ajrim fermentimi ndeumlrpritet sepse oksigjeni eumlshteuml njeuml faktor limitues peumlr rritjen e majave Ne fig 2 eumlshteuml paraqitur aparati peumlr ajrosje te mushtit Majaja e birreumls eumlshteuml aerobike dhe neuml mungeseuml teuml sajeuml shumeumlzimi ndeumlrpritet si rrjedhim edhe fermentimi ndalet Keumlto ndikime negative i meumlnjanoj meuml ajrosjen e mushtit neuml temperatura teuml uleumlta [12] Tretja e oksigjenit neuml musht kushteumlzohet nga keumlta faktoreuml Temperatura nga koheumlzgjatja e gurgullimit nga madheumlria e buleumlzave dhe nga trazimi Njeuml liteumlr musht pas ngopjes meuml ajeumlr neuml temperatura teuml ndryshme treteuml sasiteuml e oksigjenit si meuml poshteuml Temperatura 0 5 10 15 20 Sasia e 02 ne mgl 116 104 93 83 74 Sa meuml teuml vogla teuml jeneuml buleumlzat e ajrit qeuml gurgullohen neuml musht dhe sa meuml shumeuml teuml zgjas koha e gurgullimit aq meuml shumeuml oksigjeni tretet dhe aq meuml intensiv eumlshteuml fermentimi Peumlr realizimin e njeuml fermentimi optimal neuml mushtin e ftohteuml duhet teuml gurgullojneuml (imeumlt) rreth 5-7 mg oksigjenliteumlr neuml ccedilastin e inokulimit [1 2 10] 3 NDIKIMI I OKSIGJENIT NEuml BIRREuml TEuml GATSHME Neuml industrineuml e birreumls prej kohesh dihet qeuml oksigjeni prish shijen e birreumls dhe ndikon keq neuml qeumlndrueshmeumlrineuml e saj Kontakti i oksigjenit duhet teuml eliminohet ploteumlsisht gjateuml transferimit nga njeuml tank tek tjetri i birreumls seuml peumlrfunduar si dhe gjateuml ambalazhimit neuml shishe teuml qelqit pet kanoccedile dhe fuccedili Rrezikun meuml teuml madh e paraqet oksigjeni qeuml ndodhet neuml hapeumlsireumln e grykeumls se shishes [3 5 7] Peumlrzierja e gazeve qeuml ndodhen neuml hapeumlsireumln e grykeumls se shishes vjen pjeseumlrisht nga ajri i shishes shishes bosh qeuml mbushet pjeseumlrisht nga gazi qeuml vjen meuml birreumln nga kazani gjateuml realizimit teuml shtypjes neuml mbushje dhe pjeseumlrisht nga gazi karbonik qeuml lirohet nga birra Metoda meuml e thjeumlshteuml eumlshteuml largimi i ajrit nga gryka e shishes meuml eneuml teuml shkumeumlzimit teuml birreumls para taposjes seuml saj Shkuma qeuml krijohet mbi birreuml neuml gryken e shishes e nxjerr jashteuml gjitheuml ajrin dhe oksigjenin nga gryka Shkumeumlzimi eumlshteuml i vlefsheumlm ploteumlsisht veteumlm ateumlhereuml neuml qofte se shkuma e dendur arrin neuml buzeumlt e sipeumlrme teuml ccedildo shisheje Si metodeuml meuml teuml mireuml teuml uljes se sasiseuml

Shala amp Karakashi


se ajrit neuml gryken e shishes peumlrmendim at e cila mbushjen e shishes e realizon duke e mbajtur birreumln vazhdimisht nen shtypje teuml gazit karbonik [8 5 12]Birra neuml aparatin mbusheumls ndodhet nen shtypje gazi karbonik keumlshtu qeuml para ardhjes se birreumls neuml shishe vjen gazi karbonik i cili e shpeumlrlan shishen nga ajri dhe e mbush meuml gaz

karbonik Birra qeuml mbush shishen neuml keumlteuml rast eumlshteuml e meumlnjanuar nga prania e ajrit dhe oksigjenit Fillimisht nga shishja meuml an teuml vakuumit largohet ajri (afeumlrsisht 97 vakum) [4] neuml keumlto kushte nga makineria mbusheumlse vjen neuml fillim gaz karbonik pastaj fillon mbushja

Oksigjeni gjateuml fermentimit teuml mushtit Oksigjeni neuml birreumln e gatshme

AjrimiMushtitmg l Llojibirreumls shishja O2 maturmg l O2 total mg l

48 Rend Pet 2 l 0 08 0 18

47 Njivj Pet 2 l 0 07 0 12

48 Njivj Pet 2 l 0 13 0 21

48 Rend Pet 2 l 0 08 0 13

50 Rend 0 5 l 0 04 0 11

48 Rend 0 5 l 0 05 0 10

0 Rend 0 5 l 0 04 0 09

50 Rend 0 5 l 0 04 0 11

49 Rend 0 5 l 0 04 0 12

48 Njivj 0 33 l 0 06 0 14

48 Rend 0 33 l 0 05 0 11

49 Njivj 0 33 l 0 05 0 16

49 Rend 0 33 l 005 011

0 Njivj 0 33 l 0 06 0 15

Tabela 1 Rezultatet e oksigjenit gjateuml fermentimit teuml mushtit dhe neuml birreumln e gatshme 4 PEumlRCAKTIMI I OKSIGJENIT TEuml TRETUR NEuml BIRREuml Eumlshteuml treguar se birra gjateuml procesit teknologjik teuml prodhimit e deri teuml mbushja e sajeuml neuml shishe teuml qelqit kanaqe apo shishe plastike mund teuml pranoj oksigjenin Oksigjeni neuml birreuml eumlshteuml shkaktar i formimit teuml turbullireumls se sajeuml e sidomos neuml prani teuml hekurit 5 mgl bakrit 1 mgl dhe kallajit 01 mgl Eumlshteuml treguar se keumlto metale janeuml shkaktar teuml oksidimit teuml birreumls Birra e oksiduar ka shije neuml teuml hidhur meuml teuml theksuar ccedilka nuk parapeumllqehet teuml konsumatoret Aparatura meuml teuml cileumln matet sasia e oksigjenit teuml tretur neuml mgl quhet DIGOX 6 dhe eumlshteuml shumeuml e sofistikuar [5 9 11] Neuml bazeuml teuml mostreumls se punuar neuml laborator neuml aparatin e DIGOX 6 dhe neuml aplikim teuml formuleumls teuml dheumlneuml neuml tabeleumln 1 del rezultati neuml ekran Ku mesatarja e mostrave teuml punuar e oksigjenit eumlshteuml O2 = 010 ndash 20 mgl

Diagrami 1 Oksigjeni neuml birreumln me shishe 033 l

Oksigjeni i tretur duhet teuml jeteuml neuml kufijteuml siccedil eumlshteuml e paraqitur siccedil vijon [11] [9] [5]

Mireuml normale dobeumlt O2 neuml birreuml mgl 005 ndash 01 010 ndash 020 025 ndash 20

Shala amp Karakashi


Mireuml normale dobeumlt Ajri neuml qafeuml teuml shishes mlshishe lt 1 10 ndash 15 15 ndash 10 Birra neuml qelq apo kanaqe merret pas mbushjes dhe neuml laborator beheumlt shpuarja e tapos se shishes dhe neuml aparatin e digoxit lexohet vlera e oksigjenit ashtu qeuml neuml bazeuml teuml formuleumls se paraqitur neuml tab 2 gjendet vlera totale e oksigjenit

Temperatura 136

O2 i matur 007

Vol i plot 340

Vol i birreumls 334

G 27315

T 28675 B6+B1

A 0021374 0000000415B7B7 + 00002B7-00701

B 0017964 (B3-B4)B4

C 2429415 0082B710332

D 1505744 (32000B8B9B10) +1

O2 0105402 B2B11

Tabela 2 Formula peumlr llogaritjen e oksigjenit neuml birreuml

5 REZULTATET E NDIKIMIT TEuml OKSIGJENIT GJATEuml FERMENTIMIT TEuml MUSHTIT DHE NEuml BIRREumlN E GATSHME Neuml bazeuml teuml rezultateve teuml paraqitur meuml poshteuml neuml tabeleumln 1 gjateuml procesit teuml fermentimit teuml mushtit shihet sasia e injektuar peumlr fermentim teuml mushtit Neuml bazeuml teuml rezultateve sasia e injektimit eumlshteuml neuml normalen e lejuar Neuml birreumln e gatshme do teuml thoteuml mbasi ti vendoset shishes seuml qelqit tapa birreumls neuml 2l teuml plastikes apo kanaccedile merret mostra peumlr tu analizuar Oksigjeni neuml birreumln e gatshme neuml rezultatin e paraqitur neuml tabeleumln e meumlposhtme eumlshteuml neuml kufijteuml e normales Ashtu qeuml oksigjeni neuml birreuml mos teuml vepron meuml peumlrbeumlreumls teuml ndrysheumlm duke ccediluar birreumln neuml oksidim Oksidimi eumlshteuml njeuml faktor qeuml sjell ndryshime neuml shije aromeuml gjithashtu dhe neuml ngjyreuml

Figura 1 Aparati peumlr ajrosjen e mushtit

Figura 2 Aparati Digox 6 peumlr peumlrcaktimin e

oksigjenit neuml birreuml 6 DISKUTIMET DHE PEumlRFUNDIMI Oksigjeni gjateuml procesit teuml fermentimit teuml mushtit dhe neuml birreumln e gateumlshme peumlrfaqeumlson njeumlkoheumlsisht njeuml mik dhe armik Duke u bazuar neuml puneumln praktike ekipore se bashku edhe me eksperteuml gjermaneuml dhe slloveneuml procesi i fermentimit teuml mushtit eumlshteuml automatizuar dhe instrumentit i jepen parametrat peumlr injektim teuml oksigjenit peumlrgjateuml teumlreuml koheumls seuml transferimit Rezultatet e dheumlna neuml tabeleumln 1 janeuml neuml kufijteuml e normatives Ajrimi i mushtit beumlhet peumlr dy arsye teuml ndryshme peumlr teuml beumlreuml ndarjen e turbullireumls seuml ftohteuml dhe peumlr teuml furnizuar meuml oksigjen fermentimin e mushtit Neuml qofteuml se mushti i ftohur peumlrmban ajeumlr neuml formeumln e flluskave neuml ccedilastin qeuml mushti kalohet neuml tankun e fermentimit turbullira e ftohteuml e formuar gjateuml ftohjes do teuml ngjitet neuml sipeumlrfaqe prej flluskave teuml ajrit dhe meuml pas largohet Duke u bazuar neuml

Shala amp Karakashi


rezultate teuml paraqitura neuml tab1 mushti peumlrmban 5-7 mg oksigjen liteumlr neuml ccedilastin e inokulimit Kemi ardhur neuml peumlrfundim neuml bazeuml teuml rezultateve teuml analizave teuml beumlra neumlse i epet sasi meuml e madhe sesa normalja mushtit oksigjen majaja oksidon teuml gjitha sheqernat e fermentueshme si dhe teuml gjitha acidet organike aldehidet alkoolet neuml ujeuml dhe dyoksid karboni Po ashtu neuml mungeseuml teuml oksigjenit ndalon procesi i fermentimit teuml mushtit Peumlr keteuml arsye duhet rregulluar peumlrmbajtja e oksigjenit neuml musht peumlrpara se teuml fillojeuml procesi i fermentimit Pas peumlrfundimit teuml fermentimit birra mbrohet nga oksigjeni peumlr teuml shmangur prishjen dhe oksidimin Peumlrzierja e gazeve qeuml ndodhen neuml hapeumlsireumln e grykeumls se shishes vjen pjeseumlrisht nga ajri i shishes bosh qeuml mbushet Pjeseumlrisht nga gazi qeuml vjen meuml birreumln nga kazani gjateuml realizimit teuml shtypjes neuml mbushje dhe pjeseumlrisht nga gazi karbonik qeuml lirohet nga birra Neuml bazeuml teuml analizave dhe rezultateve teuml arritura qeuml jan paraqitur neuml tekst meuml par eumlshteuml ardhur neuml peumlrfundim peumlr uljen e sasiseuml seuml oksigjenit neuml hapeumlsireumln e grykeumls seuml shishes mund teuml peumlrdoret largimi i ajrit nga gryka e shishes meuml eneuml teuml shkumeumlzimit teuml birreumls para taposjes seuml saj Ajrimi eumlshteuml i dobisheumlm gjateuml procesit teuml fermentimit teuml mushtit ndeumlrsa oksigjeni neuml birreumln e gatshme eumlshteuml i deumlmsheumlm BIBLIOGRAFIA [1] V Kola - Teknologjia e prodhimit teuml birreumls Tiraneuml 2007 ref 104-113150-151 2+ Krebs EumlM and Haddad IA ldquoThe Oxygen Electrode in Fermentation Systemsrdquo

Developments in Indrustrial Microbiology 1972 13 113 3+ CHem T SCHőn Dr Ing H M Anger Dr Ing S SCHildbach - Chemical ndash Technical Analyses Berlin 2006 ref 74-97 [4] J SHough D E BriggsndashNauqni Aspekti Sladarstva i Pivarstva Beograd 1976 ref 566-575 [5] Wolfgang Kunze ndash Dr H J Manger Technology Brewing And Malting VLB Berlin 2004 ref 353-355597-599771-779867 [6] VOJISLAV KRAJOVAN ndash Priruqnik za laboratorijske vezhbe iz SLOBODAN GAQESHA Tehnologije Piva Sarajevo 1979 ref102-107 [7] SEMIZ DR ING MAHMUDndashTehnologija Piva Sarajeveuml 1976 ref 81-83101-104 [8] P M MALCEV ndash Tehnologija Slada I Piva Beograd 1967 ref 330-354 [9] Brautechische Analysen Methoden MEBAK H Miedaner D-85350 Freising-Weihenstephan 2002 ref 128-136171-185 [10] GEA Process Engineering Division Tuchenhagen Brewery Systems GmbH Am industriepark 2ndash10 21514 Buumlchen Germany 2007 ref2-10 [11] KShtefaniccedil V Mariccedil Pivarski Priruccedilnik Sirovine u proizvodnji slada i piva Jugoslavensko odruzhenje pivovara Beograd 1990 ref90134135 12+ Hahn CW and Hill JC ldquoFactors Affecting Dissolved Oxygen Analyses in Beer and Waterrdquo Journal of the American Society of Brewing Chemists 1980 38 53


RATIONAL RISK ASSESSMENT AT THE OPENING OF THE SOUTH-WEST MINE SIBOCIT

VLEREumlSIMI RACIONAL I RREZIKUT NEuml HAPJEN E MINIEREumlS NEuml JUGPEREumlNDIM TEuml SIBOCIT IZET SHEHU Korporata Energjetike e Kosoveumls (KEK) Prishtineuml KOSOVEuml Email izetshehukek-energycom AKTET IV 2 316-322 2011 PERMBLEDHJE Bazuar neuml hulumtimet keumlrkimore-shkencore dhe teuml arriturat e peumlrvojeumls seuml gjertanishme neuml minierat ekzistuese teuml qymyrit neuml Kosoveuml mbeumlshteten zhvillimi i teknikeumls seuml siguriseuml si shkenceuml multidisiplinore e cila mbulon hulumtimin dhe peumlrcaktimin e aktiviteteve komplekse neuml drejtim teuml zhvillimit teuml procesit teknologjik neuml hapjen dhe zhvillimin e miniereumls seuml re JP ndash Siboc Neuml keumlteuml punim janeuml shtruar faktoreumlt e rrezikshmeumlriseuml qeuml ndikojneuml neuml sigurineuml e personelit si pjeseuml e pandareuml e zhvillimit racional neuml procesin teknologjik teuml minierave ekzistuese si dhe hapjes seuml miniereumls seuml re qeuml eumlshteuml qeumlllimi i keumltij punimi Teuml dheumlnat e paraqitura (2005-2009) mbi ndikimin e faktoreumlve dhe vlereumlsimin e rrezikshmeumlriseuml (identifikimi i mundeumlsive kontrolli masat etj) Ndikimi i tyre si koncept neuml procesin e hapjes dhe shtrirjes seuml miniereumls janeuml madheumlsi reale neuml strategjineuml e saj Fjaleumlt kyccedile aksidente humbje leumlndime procese rrezikshmeumlria stabilitet siguria SUMMARY The scientific research as well as the outcomes of the work experience acquired so far is supporting the development of safety technique as a multidisciplinary science which covers exploration and determination of complex activities toward development of technological process in the opening up of the Sibovc Southwest Mine This paper treats the risk factors that affect on the personnel safety as an integral part of the rational development in the technological process of the existing mines as well as in the opening up of the new mine which is the objective of this paper The data presented (2004-2009) are related to the impact of factors and the risk assessment (identification of possibilities control measures etc) Their impact as a concept in the opening up and the development of the mine are the realistic ranges in the opening up strategy for the Southwest Mine Key words injury loss injury process the risk stability safety

HYRJE Kosova ka rezerva teuml meumldha qymyrguri qeuml paraqet njeuml potencial teuml larteuml zhvillimi energjetik rritje ekonomike dhe ngritje teuml cileumlsiseuml seuml jeteumls qytetare qeuml rrjedh nga zhvillimi dhe avancimi i gjenerimit teuml kapaciteteve energjetike e neuml veccedilanti nga afteumlsia prodhuese bazuar neuml resurset natyrore Minierat e qymyrit teuml Kosoveumls peumlrsa u peumlrket kushteve gjeologjike janeuml ndeumlr meuml teuml favorshmet neuml Evropeuml me njeuml raport djerrineuml-qymyr 171 Ky

raport si dhe sasiteuml eksplotabile me mbi 11 mld ton paraqesin njeuml burim teuml fuqisheumlm energjetik Kjo mundeumlson prodhimin ambicioz teuml energjiseuml elektrike peumlrmes furnizimit teuml objekteve gjeneruese me kapacitete teuml meumldha dhe me nivel teuml larteuml teuml siguriseuml e me ccedilmim teuml parashikuesheumlm Qymyret e Kosoveumls janeuml teuml grupit teuml linjiteve me ngjyreuml teuml zezeuml teuml erreumlt me sasi teuml konsiderueshme lageumlshtie e cila neuml kontakt me diellin humb shpejt duke sjelleuml coptimin dhe ndryshimin e pamjes me njeuml diferencim teuml njeumlsive

Shehu


litologjike Peumlr nga kualiteti termik klasifikohet neuml kateumlr klasa Klasa e pareuml me 12hi vlera klorike mbi 9211 [KJkg] dhe klasa e kateumlrt me mbi 21hi me vlereuml klorike 5862 [KJkg] peumlrmbajtja e lageumlshtiseuml sillet prej 45 ku 18 e saj eumlshteuml lageumlshti hidroskopike Procesi i peumlrfitimit teuml qymyrit neuml basenin e Kosoveumls zhvillohet peumlrmes minierave sipeumlrfaqeumlsore Secila fazeuml e procesit eumlshteuml e obliguar peumlr respektimin e rregullave ndash standardeve teuml peumlrcaktuara nga veteuml prodhuesi dhe standardeve dhe teknikave bashkeumlkohore teuml vlereumlsimit teuml rrezikshmeumlriseuml dhe sistemit teuml investigimit teuml siguriseuml nga aksidentet dhe avarit Rregullat e ekonomiseuml seuml tregut janeuml teuml pa meumlshirshme qe quhet konkurrence gjithashtu kjo konkurrence eumlshteuml e neumlnshtruar nga kontrolli cileumlsor i procesit teuml prodhimit neuml raport me objektet gjeneruese prandaj siguria neuml pune duhet teuml jeteuml sistem dhe ccedildo aksident neuml vende pune neumlnkupton hedhjen poshteuml teuml produktit final teuml tij Andaj faktoreumlt e siguriseuml neuml miniereuml janeuml teuml domosdosheumlm peumlr teuml pasur stabilitet teuml gjithmbarsheumlm nga aspekti gjeomekanik peumlrzgjedhja e faktorit teuml siguriseuml eumlshteuml e mundur edhe peumlrmes avancimit teuml geumlrmimit teuml masave teuml formacioneve argjilore dhe shpateve teuml palosjeve ( stivimit) si dhe shpateve aneumlsore peumlr gjate frontit punues Sipas praktikave teuml gjer tanishme faktoreumlt meuml teuml uleumlt teuml siguriseuml janeuml teuml mundshme neumlse gjateuml operimit minerar teuml avancuar dhe shpatet e palosjes kaneuml koheuml teuml shkurt jeteumlsore Neuml minierat ekzistuese eumlshteuml e njohur dukuria e rreumlshqitjeve lokale qeuml hereuml pas here lajmeumlrohen edhe neuml shkalleumlt punuese qeuml paraqesin rrezik peumlr pajisje por edhe peumlr vete puneumltoret Keumlto rreumlshqitje kaneuml pas shtrirje teuml konsiderueshme si dhe me pasoja fataliteti ( rasti v 2004 Mirash) ku humbin jeteumln dy puneumltor Zakonisht keumlto rreumlshqitje paraqiten gjateuml atakimit me rastin e geumlrmimit neumlpeumlr zona me forteumlsi poligonale teuml dobeumlta ( material me sipeumlrfaqe teuml leumlmuar) Faktor tjeteumlr i reumlndeumlsisheumlm peumlr reduktim teuml stabilitetit eumlshteuml edhe lidhja e argjileumls tavanore Keumlto lidhje hereuml pas here veprojneuml si sipeumlrfaqe rreumlshqiteumlse ku pa paralajmeumlrim shkeumlputen masat neuml formeuml teuml blloqeve teuml vogla apo teuml meumldha

Duke u nisur nga peumlrvojat si dhe hulumtimet gjeomekanike dhe gjeofizike teuml minierave ekzistuese si dhe njohurit e peumlrvojave teuml gjertanishme me rastin e rreumlshqitjeve teuml masave argjilore apo teuml serive teuml qymyrit eumlshteuml ma se e reumlndeumlsishme teuml studiohet vlereumlsimi racional i rrezikut gjateuml hapjes seuml miniereumls teuml Sibocit Jug- Pereumlndim Vlereumlsimi i shkalles seuml rrezikshmeumlriseuml peumlr vendet e bashkimit Evropian eumlshteuml beumlreuml detyrim qeuml nga viti 1989 sipas rregullores 89391 EEC e cila pastaj neuml vitin 1996 ploteumlsohet me udheumlzimet peumlr rregullativa ligjore dhe aplikim teuml tyre 10 VLEREumlSIMI I SHKALLEumlS SEuml RREZIKSHMEumlRISEuml Teknika e Siguriseuml neuml miniereuml eumlshteuml pjeseuml e pa ndare e organizimit teuml puneumls dhe e realizimit teuml njeuml procesi teuml puneumls e cila realizohet me aplikimin e standardeve teuml shkruara teuml kontraktuara por teuml cilat janeuml kompatibile me vendet e BE Vlereumlsimi i rrezikut nuk eumlshteuml as gjeuml tjeteumlr pos analizim i peumlrpikteuml i asaj qeuml gjateuml puneumls ndash operimit neuml miniereuml deumlmton puneumltoret dhe mundeumlt teuml matet se sa janeuml marr masa teuml duhura teuml siguriseuml apo teuml merren masa shtese parandaluese peumlr ti ikur rrezikut Qeumlllimi duhet teuml jete qeuml ase kush mos teuml peumlsoi leumlndim apo seumlmundje profesionale Neuml baze teuml hulumtimeve teuml shumeuml instituteve ndeumlrkombeumltare peumlr siguri kaneuml ardhur deri neuml peumlrfundim se 15 teuml problemeve neuml miniera mund teuml kontrollohen peumlrmes eksperteumlve individual deri sa 85 mund teuml kontrollohen veteumlm peumlrmes sistemit teuml menaxhimit teuml siguriseuml Peumlr vlereumlsimin e rrezikshmeumlriseuml eumlshteuml mase e nevojshme teuml identifikohen faktoreumlt neuml meumlnyre qeuml teuml sigurojmeuml teuml dheumlna teuml besueshme qeuml pasqyrojneuml relacionet neuml meseuml teuml keumlrkesave peumlr sheumlndetin e personelit rregullave teuml siguriseuml mjedisit teuml puneumls mbrojtjes karshi procedurave gjyqeumlsore teuml cilat i shoqeumlrojneuml aksidentet me humbje teuml meumldha dhe me fatalitete Neuml vendet e zhvilluara ekonomikisht procesi i vlereumlsimit eumlshteuml i ndeumlrtuar prej tre faktoreumlve teuml reumlndeumlsisheumlm teuml siguriseuml

Shehu


1 peumlr menaxhim teuml suksessheumlm duke e ndier peumlrgjegjeumlsin peumlr sigurineuml dhe sheumlndetin e personelit si dhe mbrojtjen e mjedisit teuml puneumls (ambient i sigurt i puneumls) 2 menaxhimi i mire i siguriseuml sheumlndetin dhe ambientin e puneumls qeuml siguron mundeumlsi teuml meumldha peumlr menaxhim teuml humbjeve peumlr ccedildo nivel organizativ 3 menaxhimin duhet keumlrkuar peumlr meseuml zvogeumllimit teuml humbjeve si pasoj e aksidenteve apo incidenteve neuml puneuml peumlr meseuml strategjiseuml seuml peumlrgjithshme teuml menaxhimit teuml miniereumls profitit kontrollimit teuml deumlmeve teuml proneumls humbjet gjateuml procedurave teuml hulumtimit teuml aksidentit si ndalesa e puneseuml zeumlvendeumlsimi me personel tjeteumlr trajnimi i tij si dhe kualitetin e puneumls Duke u bazuar neuml ligjshmeumlrineuml e rregullave teuml keumlsaj problematike neuml vendet e zhvilluara dhe demokratike proceset e vlereumlsimit teuml rrezikshmeumlriseuml janeuml teuml ndeumlrtuara neuml disa faza teuml menaxhimit - identifikimi i puneumls dhe prioritetit - standardet neuml puneuml - llogaria e peumlrformanses me standarde - vlereumlsimi i rezultateve - shpeumlrblimet dhe peumlrmireumlsimet kontakteve I teumlreuml ky proces duhet te mbeumlshtetet neuml veprimet preventive teuml operimit minerar neuml meumlnyreuml qeuml numri i leumlndimeve neuml puneuml teuml zvogeumllohet dhe peumlrmes keumlsaj teuml zvogeumllohen shpenzimet Pra puneuml e sigurt ndash puneuml produktive Proceset e rrezikshme duhet identifikuar dhe eliminuar deri neuml maseuml teuml minimumit teuml rrezikshmeumlriseuml ose edhe teuml eliminohen teumlreumlsisht peumlrmes keumlsaj krijohen kushtet peumlr puneuml teuml sigurt neuml miniereuml e me keumlteuml arrihet ngritje e produktivitetit teuml puneumls 11 IDENTIFIKIMI I RREZIKUT NEuml PUNEuml SIPAS PRIORITETIT Identifikimi i rrezikut eumlshteuml hapi i pare dhe ma i reumlndeumlsisheumlm neuml menaxhimin e siguriseuml neuml miniereuml me detyrim teuml identifikimit teuml shkaktareve teuml mundsheumlm peumlr aksidente teuml puneumltoreumlve gjateuml operimit minerar Kjo eumlshteuml rrugeuml e vetme e sigurt kur dihen dhe evidentohen shkaktareumlt e mundsheumlm teuml rrezikut qeuml ccedilojneuml deri neuml humbje me peumlrmasa teuml meumldha

Bazuar neuml peumlrvojat e gjer tanishme neuml minierat ekzistuese si dhe teuml dheumlnat e hulumtimeve gjeologjike fusha e miniereumls J-P gjendeumlt neuml zoneumln e peumlrfshirjes me leumlvizje tektonike disjungtive pospliocenike e cila ndan masat e seriseuml qymyrore neuml makro dhe mikro blloqe denivelizuese Keumlto leumlvizje me reproduksion teuml spostimit teuml trollit duksheumlm u paraqiten neuml fund te vitit rsquo80 Eumlshteuml faze e pare neuml teuml cileumln identifikohen shkaktareumlt e rrezikut peumlr personelin dhe vet pajisjen Ky eumlshteuml hapi i pareuml i menaxhimit teuml siguriseuml ku duhet vlereumlsuar si fazeuml obliguese peumlr vlereumlsimin e shkalleumls seuml rrezikshmeumlriseuml Kjo faze e identifikimit teuml faktoreumlve dhe rreziqeve qeuml peumlrfshin njeuml vlereumlsim kritikeuml teuml gjitha rreziqeve potenciale peumlr personelin dhe pajisjet eumlshteuml peumlrgjegjeumlsi e stafit menaxhues teuml miniereumls Metodologjia e identifikimit teuml mundeumlsive teuml rrezikshmeumlriseuml duhet mbeumlshtetur neuml identifikimin e problemeve dhe radhitjen e tyre neuml grupe peumlrkateumlse sipas prioritetit - aktivitetet e ndeumlrmarra teuml operimit minerar si pjeseuml e metodologjiseuml - mireumlmbajtja e rregullt e pajisjeve dhe stabilimenteve dhe - investimet (operative dhe kapitale) Njohurit themelore peumlr puneuml teuml sigurt nga aspekti i siguriseuml peumlr teuml gjitheuml personelin duke u mbeumlshtetur neuml tri shtylla kryesore a trajnimi i teuml puneumlsuarve peumlr puneuml teuml sigurt b afteumlsimi i personelit peumlr dheumlnie teuml ndihmeumls seuml pareuml dhe c afteumlsimi i personelit peumlr mbrojtje kundeumlr zjarrit Faza e identifikimit teuml rreziqeve potenciale si bazament ka ligjet neuml fuqi standardet e aprovuara peumlr puneuml dhe teknologji teuml avancuar dhe teuml sigurt qeuml rregullojneuml problemet e sheumlndetit dhe siguriseuml teuml puneumltoreve gjateuml puneumls si dhe kodet e aplikueshme teuml BE etj 12 VLEREumlSIMI I SHKALLEumlS SEuml RREZIKSHMEumlRISEuml Vlereumlsimi shkalleumls seuml rrezikshmeumlriseuml eumlshteuml metodologji me teuml cileumln verifikohet shkalla e

Shehu


rrezikut intensiteti (peumlrmasat) madheumlsia e leumlndimit neuml puneuml seumlmundjet profesionale dhe teuml gjitha seumlmundjet tjera teuml lidhura me ambientin e puneumls teuml cilat kaneuml ndikim neuml kualitetin e sheumlndetit teuml puneumltoreve Neuml keumlteuml faze teuml rritjes seuml siguriseuml neuml miniera kemi teuml beumljmeuml me vlereumlsimin e rrezikut qeuml mund teuml vije neuml njeuml apo disa burime Grumbullimi i informative teuml besueshme eumlshteuml mundeumlsia ma e mireuml e identifikimit teuml shkalleumls seuml rrezikshmeumlriseuml Vlereumlsimi i rrezikshmeumlriseuml peumlrfshin aktivitete minerare ku beumlhet parandalimi dhe kontrollimi i rrezikshmeumlriseuml dhe parashihen masat adekuate teuml aplikueshme peumlr qasje shumeuml dimenzionale teuml keumlsaj problematike Peumlr situata teuml tilla duhet aplikuar tri variante teuml veprimit - Ashpeumlrsia- peumlr kontroll jo adekuate si dhe veprim teuml gabuar peumlr humbjen Humbje e vogeumll shumeuml vogeumll e mesme e larteuml dhe shumeuml e larteuml - Frekuenca- peumlrseumlritja e rastit shumeuml rralleumlrralleuml hereuml pas here shpesh dhe shumeuml shpesh - Mundeumlsia- konsiderohet lidhshmeumlri neuml meseuml teuml puneumltorit - pajisjes- materialit-mjedisit teuml puneumls- faktoreumlt neuml procesin e operimit minerar Sakteumlsia e vlereumlsimi teuml shkalles seuml rrezikshmeumlriseuml determinon lehteumlsiteuml e peumlrballjes me pasoja apo probabilitetin e ngjarjes se ndodhur Peumlrgjegjeumlsin e vlereumlsimit teuml shkalles seuml rrezikut e bartin stafi profesional dhe menaxherial andaj ata janeuml teuml obliguar teuml licencohen peumlr vlereumlsim teuml rrezikut sipas rregullave teuml peumlrcaktuar me ligj peumlrkateumlse por e reumlndeumlsishme eumlshteuml edukimi i vazhduesheumlm i teuml puneumlsuarve peumlr mbrojtje neuml puneuml dhe verifikimi i dijes Keumlshtu mundet teuml mireumlt si model Ligji peumlr Siguri Sheumlndet dhe Ambient teuml puneumls seuml Kosoveumls ku obligon ccedildo kompani qeuml posedon numeumlr meuml teuml madh teuml puneumlsuarve se 250 teuml ofrojeuml sheumlrbim profesional peumlr siguri neuml puneuml Kosova nuk posedon Ligjin e Minierave si dhe shumeuml rregullore teknike dhe standarde mangeumlsiteuml legjislative paraqesin njeuml problem neuml vete 13 KONTROLLI I RREZIKSHMEumlRISEuml Kjo faze e procesit teuml rrezikshmeumlriseuml ka teuml bej me sjelljen e vendimeve dhe masave peumlrkateumlse peumlr

reduktimin dhe kontrollin e rrezikut neuml procesin e puneumls Kontrolli pason pas identifikimit teuml shkalles seuml rrezikshmeumlriseuml dhe vlereumlsimit teuml saj Sjellja e keumltyre veprimeve i paraprin baza ligjore kompetente qeuml mundeumlson mbajtjen neumln kontroll teuml shkalles seuml rrezikshmeumlriseuml Peumlr kontroll dhe mbikeumlqyrje minerare eumlshteuml mase e nevojshme njohja e standardeve minerare dhe implementimi i tyre marrja e masave teuml duhura dhe neuml koheuml vlereumlsimi i rezultateve dhe peumlrmireumlsimi i pa rregullsive neuml puneuml Derisa te sistemi i kontrollit jo adekuat eumlshteuml mos peumlrfillja e standardeve dhe mos harmonizimi i tyre neuml kuadeumlr teuml njeuml apo meuml shumeuml minierave neuml njeuml kompani Me qeumlllim arritjen e objektivave eumlshteuml e domosdoshme paraprakisht teuml merren keumlto masa - eliminimi i rrezikshmeumlriseuml duke u bazuar neuml standarde dhe procedura - izolimi i pozicioneve teuml rrezikshme peumlr mes operimeve nga distanca apo rrethimi i tyre - peumlrdorimi i pajisjeve personale mbrojteumlse (PPM) sipas standardeve te BE si dhe - organizimi dhe kompletimi i sheumlrbimeve emergjente Meumlnyra meuml e mireuml e kontrollit teuml rrezikut neuml miniereuml eumlshteuml observimi i puneumls dhe pajisjeve Ndryshimet jashteuml standarde neuml vende pune janeuml burimet kryesore teuml faktoreumlve qeuml kontribuojneuml neuml shfaqjen e aksidenteve Keumlta faktoreuml paraqiten hereuml pas here neuml periudha te shkurtra apo teuml gjata kohore Identifikimi i tyre neuml fazeumln meuml teuml hershme shndeumlrrohen neuml standarde teuml reja prndaj observimi i planifikuar eumlshteuml metodeuml veumlzhgimi i kushteve dhe praktikave teuml njeuml apo meuml tepeumlr operacionesh minerare neuml meumlnyreuml sistematike dhe teuml organizuar 14 MASAT PEumlR IMPLEMENTIMIN E LIGJSHMERISEuml Masat e implementimit teuml detyrave kaneuml teuml bej me aplikimin e standardeve dhe procedurave teuml aprovuara peumlr mbrojte neuml puneuml Implementimi keumltij procesi peumlrmes programit teuml siguriseuml dhe menaxhimit teuml sistemit peumlr siguri korrelacioni i observimit neuml njeumlreumln aneuml dhe mireumlmbajtjes seuml

Shehu


pajimeve dhe stabilimenteve neuml aneumln tjeteumlr qeuml neuml literatureuml boteumlrore shpesh hasemi si korrelacion njeri- makineuml Peumlrmes seuml cileumls identifikohet prania e rrezikut me vlera reale peumlr rrezik konkret peumlr personelin pajisjen apo mjedisin e puneumls Kjo metodeuml peumlr ccedildo skenar teuml shpenzimeve si pasoj e aksidenteve peumlrcakton probabilitetin peumlrkateumls peumlrmes pikave teuml vlereumlsimit por gjithnjeuml duke pas peumlr bazeuml seriozitetin e rrezikut dhe klasifikimin neuml kategori teuml peumlrcaktuar Neuml shpenzime kryesisht peumlrfshihen aksidentet me fatalitet

ndeumlrprerja e punese aksidentet me invaliditet te peumlrkohsheumlm apo peumlrhersheumlm vareumlsisht nga shkalla e leumlndimit deumlmtimi i pajisjeve apo stabilimentit deri te ndeumlrprerja e prodhimtariseuml etj Teuml dheumlnat gjateuml zbatimit teuml kontrollit teuml rrezikut shprehen peumlr njeumlsi specifike teuml parametrave teuml procesit teuml ngjarjes ( koha e humbur humbjet neuml prodhim ccedilmimi vlera e deumlmit shpenzimet ploteumlsuese si dhe shpenzimet e kompensimit peumlr mes gjykatave)

Viti Leumlndraport 1 - 30 diteuml hhumb euro gt30 diteuml hhumb euro

2005 197 147 13372 20652 398 59000 92182

2006 164 134 11804 18445 534 65742 102697

2007 104 78 7350 12006 355 54172 90865

2008 97 77 7688 13054 385 59328 101917

2009 100 72 6360 11280 480 74024 137081

Totali 662 508 46574 75437 2152 312266 524742

Tabela 1

Periudha Muajt e vitit

2005-2009 I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII

Fataliteti 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0

Lenraport 60 65 75 57 60 56 53 62 37 48 46 48

Shk 100p 175 190 219 166 175 163 155 181 108 140 134 140

Len Hum 50 53 52 44 46 48 47 38 31 34 30 48

Shk100p 146 155 152 128 134 140 137 111 090 099 088 140

Tabela 2 2 ANALIZA E LENDIMEVE NE MINIERAT EKZISTUESE (2005-2009) Duke iu referuar statistikave teuml aksidenteve neuml minierat ekzistuese neuml KEK sh a peumlr periudheumln 2005-2009 teuml paraqitur neuml tabela 1 janeuml raportuar 662 raste teuml aksidenteve prej tyre 508 raste me humbje prej 1 deri 30 diteumlpune si dhe 2152 raste qeuml kaneuml pas tretman teuml kurimit mbi 30 diteuml Si pasoj e leumlndimeve deri neuml 30 diteumlpune janeuml humbur 46574 oreuml pune qeuml me vete bartin koston e humbjeve prej 7543700 euro Humbjet kaneuml teuml beumljneuml me humbje kohe peumlr rastet e aksidenteve qe duhet kurim me i gjate se 30 dite me 312266 oreuml pune shprehur neuml koston e humbjeve 52474200 euro

Peumlrmes hartimit dhe zbatimit teuml programit teuml siguriseuml si dhe menaxhimit teuml keumltij sistemi i cili ka teuml beumlj me krijimin e sheumlrbimeve eficcediliente profesionale me synim teuml krijimit teuml ambientit punues teuml sigurteuml peumlr personelin dhe pajisjet peumlr mes implementimit dhe harmonizimit teuml standardit teuml kontrollit dhe mbikeumlqyrjes si dhe minimizimit teuml humbjeve duke eliminuar shkaktareumlt e mundsheumlm peumlr aksidente si dhe duke proceduar raportim real peumlr to Peumlrmes implementimit teuml keumltij programi teuml siguriseuml numri i teuml aksidentuarve nga viti 2005 neuml 2009 ka njeuml zvogeumllim teuml theksuar prej 98 Zvogeumllim i numrit teuml aksidentuarve ka bartur me vete zvogeumllimin humbjeve peumlr 9796 oreumlt e humbura si pasoje e aksidenteve deri neuml 30 dite janeuml zvogeumlluar peumlr 200 por te rastet qeuml kaneuml

Shehu


krijuar humbje kohe me rastin e kurimit mbi 30 dite ka rritje teuml humbjeve teuml oreumlve teuml puneumls peumlr 203 Me keumlteuml raste ka rritje teuml shpenzimeve financiare peumlr keumlteuml kategori teuml aksidentuarish peumlr 3275 Neuml bazeuml teuml analizave del se njeuml numeumlr i personelit teuml aksidentuar nuk eumlshteuml rehabilitua ndashsheumlruar nga pasojat e deumlmeve sheumlndeteumlsore si pasojeuml e sheumlrimit jo adekuat neuml institute mjekeumlsore Neuml meumlnyreuml graduale neuml keumlteuml periudheuml kohore eumlshteuml rriteuml numri i personelit teuml leumlnduar me humbje kohe me ma tepeumlr se 30 dite pune si dhe numri i oreumlve teuml humbura qeuml me vete bartin rritje teuml kostos financiare Neuml tabeleumln nr 2 janeuml analizuar teuml dheumlnat statistikore teuml numrit teuml leumlndimeve teuml raportuara dhe shkalleumls seuml leumlndimeve peumlr 100 puneumltor si dhe numri i leumlndimeve qeuml krijojneuml humbje dhe shkalleumls seuml leumlndimeve qeuml krijojneuml humbje neuml 100 puneumltor Muaji mars dhe shkurt janeuml muajt me numeumlr meuml teuml madh teuml leumlnduarve si tek leumlndimet e raportuara njashtu edhe te leumlndimet qeuml krijojneuml humbje me shkalleuml neuml 100 puneumltor prej 190 gjer shkalleumln 219 situata eumlshteuml e njeumljteuml edhe te rastet e teuml leumlnduarve qeuml krijojneuml humbje me shkalleuml teuml leumlndimit neuml 100 puneumltor 152 gjer neuml 155 Neuml miniera sipeumlrfaqeumlsore sigurineuml neuml puneuml e reumlndojneuml edhe kushtet e veumlshtira teuml mjedisit punues neuml peumlrgjitheumlsi e neuml sezonet me ndryshime teuml meumldha klimatike neuml veccedilanti PEumlRFUNDIM DHE REKOMANDIME Peumlrvojat e deri tanishme neuml implementimin e programit teuml siguriseuml neuml minierat ekzistuese janeuml begati e madhe neuml shfryteumlzim teuml tyre peumlr hapjen dhe zhvillimin e miniereumls J-P teuml fusheumls seuml Sibocit Eumlshteuml mase e nevojshme qeuml keumlto peumlrvoja gjate hapjes seuml miniereumls seuml re dhe zhvillimit teuml kapaciteteve eksploatuese teuml masave teuml qymyrit sidomos peumlrvojat nga miniera e Bardhit me rastin e shfaqjeve teuml rreumlshqitjeve teuml peumlrseumlritura ( nga 1975 deri ne vitin 2002)qeuml me veti kaneuml barteuml shumeuml shpenzime ploteumlsuese deumlme te meumldha material angazhime ploteumlsuese teuml resurseve humane investime etj Keumlto peumlrvoja inxhinjeriko ndash gjeologjike teuml shkaktareve teuml paraqitjes seuml rreumlshqitjeve duhet teuml zeumlneuml vend me prioritet neuml

programin zhvillimor me qellim teuml arritjes seuml shkalleumls seuml siguriseuml neuml miniereuml Miniera J-P eumlshteuml vazhdimeumlsi e miniereumls seuml Bardhit (shpati verior)me njeuml tektonik teuml brishte ku neuml pjeseumln jugore teuml keumltyre shkarjeve depeumlrton grepeni tektonik me njeuml shtrirje transversale peumlr gjateuml boshtit teuml basenit prej 650 m dhe me njeuml gjereumlsi 130 m i cili kufizohet me dy shkarjet transversale gravitacionale peumlr gjateuml teuml cilave ka spostime teuml masave teuml qymyrit me vlera deri 24m Shkaktaret kryesor teuml krijimit teuml rreumlshqitjeve neuml minierat ekzistuese dhe mekanizmi i formimit teuml tyre duhet keumlrkua neuml dy faktor esencial Njeri eumlshteuml metoda e eksploatimit neuml vendin e hapjes dhe krijimit teuml dy minierave me avancim teuml frontit njeumlra ndaj tjetreumls Faktori tjeteumlr eumlshteuml shume ma kompleksiveuml kur duhet zhvillohen teuml gjitheuml parametrat inxhinjeriko- gjeologjike teuml cileumlt definojneuml ekzistimin dhe drejtimin e leumlvizjeve teuml trollit Njeuml qarje e tilleuml eumlshteuml edhe tani prezenteuml neuml pjeseumln e shpatit lindor teuml fusheumls J-P Thelleumlsia e qarjes eumlshteuml relativisht e ceket dhe sillet prej 15 deri 20 m dhe mundet teuml vendoset neuml grupin e rreumlshqitjeve teuml kontaktit neuml meseuml dy strukturave teuml argjileumls Teuml gjitha keumlto kushte teuml cilat bien deri te formimi i rreumlshqitjeve janeuml pasoj e marreumldheumlnieve strukturale qeuml neuml literatureuml janeuml pak teuml peumlrshkruara deri sa neuml praktik janeuml treguar shumeuml prezenteuml Peumlr keumlteuml arsye peumlr pune teuml sigurte neuml miniere JP eumlshteuml mase e nevojshme teuml epen informacionet ploteumlsuese mbi ndeumlrtimin tektonik dhe kushtet e depozitimit gjeologjik kushtet hidrogjeologjike vetiteuml fiziko-mekanike kushtet e kufijve teknologjik te miniereumls si dhe vetit specifike teuml trenit Prioritetet e integrimeve evropiane ne fusheumln e siguriseuml neuml puneuml kaneuml teuml beumljneuml me implementimin e standardeve evropiane krahas peumlrkrahjes seuml nevojave teuml puneumldheumlneumlsit duke ndeumlrtuar dialogun social dhe zbatuar ateuml neuml peumlrpikeumlri Bazuar neuml teuml dheumlnat e paraqitura neuml keumlteuml punim vlen maksima meumlsim e cila duhet teuml kuptohet se meuml mireuml eumlshteuml teuml investohet neuml parandalim teuml

Shehu


rrezikut se sa teuml merremi me sheumlrimin e pasojave BIBLIOGRAFIA 1 European Economoc Community Concil

Directive 8939EEC on the introducition of measures toencourage improvements in the safety of workers at work Luxembourg 1989

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5 I Shehu Programi dhe metodat e organizimit teuml teknikeumls seuml siguriseuml neuml Miniera dhe Industri Teknika 3Prishtineuml 2003

6 I Shehu Kontribut neuml zhvillimin racional teuml punimeve sipeumlrfaqeumlsore teuml qymyrit dhe hapjes miniereumls seuml Re Sibovc punim doktorature Mitroviceuml 2009


CALCULATION THE LOADING AND TRANSPORTATION OF ORE AND STERILE IN THE MAGNESIUM MINE OF ldquoSTREZOCrdquo LLOGARITJA E NGARKIMIT DHE TRANSPORTIMIT TEuml MINERALIT DHE STERILIT NEuml MINIEREumlN E MAGNEZITIT ldquoSTREZOCrdquo REXHEP SPAHIU Komisioni i Pavarur peumlr Miniera dhe Minerale Prishtineuml Kosoveuml Email Rexhep-Spahiuhotmailcom AKTET IV 2 323-328 2011 PERMBLEDHJE Teknologjia e ngarkimit dhe transportimit teuml xehes sterilit dhe materialit jashteuml bilancore janeuml proceset kryesore teknologjike te zgjedhjes seuml pajisjeve peumlr ngarkim teuml xehes dhe sterilit dhe kapacitetin e verifikuar teuml pajisjeve teuml zgjedhura Duke i marreuml parasysh vetit fiziko mekanike teuml shkeumlmbinjve kapaciteti i keumlrkuar i shfryteumlzimit sipeumlrfaqeumlsor dhe unifikimi i pajisjeve vendosim peumlr pajisje ngarkuese neuml ngarkim teuml xehes dhe sterilit Lopata ngarkuese ldquoZettelmayer KL-305rdquo prodhimi Gjerman dhe IH-90E IH-560 prodhimi Amerikan Zgjidhja e pajisjeve peumlr transportimin e xehes dhe sterilit Neuml miniereumln e magnezitit ldquoGuri Bardherdquo neuml Strezoc peumlrdoren ldquoDamperat Pelinirdquo teuml prodhimit Italian teuml tipit ldquoPerlinirdquo T20 dhe Damperat T 30 S Zgjedhja e pajisjeve peumlr rregullimin e deponiseuml seuml sterilit mireumlmbajtjes seuml rrugeumlve dhe etazheve neuml miniereuml janeuml zgjedhur pajisja buldozer TD-25 C ldquoInternacionalrdquo Fjaleumlt ccedileleumls Magneziti lopata ngarkuese damperat buldozeri SUMMARY Transportation technology of ore loading and outside balance sterile material are the main processes of tecnological solution for equipment of sterile and verifying the capacity of selected equipment Including mechanical and physical character of roads the capacity of required mining surface equipment and the equipments unification we can put the loading shovels of the mineral and sterile of the Laden shovels ldquoZettelmayer KL -305 ldquo made in Germany and American products IH-90 E The solution of the transportation of sterile and minerals in the magnesium minerdquoGuri i Bardheumlrdquo ine Strezovc is practicablerdquopelini Dumpersrdquo Italian production type ldquoPerlini T20rdquo and Dumpers T20 and T 30 S The equipment choice for repairing of landfill of sterile road maintenance and mining stages are selected TD ndash 25 C bulldozer ldquoInternationalrdquo Key Words Magnesium loading shovels dumpers bulldozer(dozer)

1 HYRJE Vendburimi i magneziteve ldquoGuri i Bardheumlrdquo gjendet neuml aneumln lindore teuml basenit teuml terciarit teuml Strezocit Vendburimi eumlshteuml zbuluar neuml vitin 1952 kurse shfryteumlzimi ka filluar neuml vitin 1960 Vendburimi i magnezitit ldquoGuri i Bardheumlrdquo gjendet neuml jugpereumlndim teuml majeumls seuml lartcekur qeuml formon krahun jugor teuml masivit malor teuml Gollakut neuml kufirin lindor teuml Kosoveumls eumlshteuml neuml afeumlrsi teuml fshatit Strezoc 16 km larg nga Kamenica Rruga eumlshteuml

asfaltuar e cila kalon neumlpeumlr lugineumln e lumit Kriva Rek

2 VLEREumlSIMI GJEOLOGJIK I VENDBURIMIT MINERAR ldquoGURI I BARDHEumlrdquo Neuml lokacionin ldquoGuri i Bardheumlrdquo deri tani njihen 8 trupa minerar teuml magnezitit Trupat minerar janeuml lajmeumlruar neuml pjeseumln e fundit teuml sedimentit teuml pellgut terciar teuml Strezocit dhe kaneuml formeumln e

Spahiu


thjerreumlzave teuml zgjatura neuml drejtim teuml shtrirjes lindje ndash pereumlndim dhe verilindje- jugpereumlndim Nga vertikalja keumlto trupa shtrihen neuml meseuml teuml izohipsave (600 ndash 800)m Trupat xeheror neumln ndikimin e veprimeve tektonike kaneuml pasur deformime teuml meumldha Neuml bazeuml teuml formave tekstuale dallojmeuml keumlto lloje teuml magneziteve Magneziti masiv magneziti breqioz dhe magneziti shtresoreuml Dyshemeneuml e trupave xeheror e peumlrbeumljneuml shkeumlmbinjteuml sedimentareuml teuml peumlrfaqeumlsuar nga mergelet alevoritet dhe ranoret ndeumlrsa tavani me trupa xeheroreuml Magneziti brekqe peumlrfshin 60 teuml maseumls seuml peumlrgjithshme teuml vendburimitteuml trupit minerar nr 4 kurse magneziti shtresor 30 Rezervat e teumlreumlsishme gjeologjike te shfryteumlzimit dhe industriale janeuml teuml paraqitura neuml tabeleumln nr1 Figura nr 1 parqet skemeumln e radhitjes hapeumlsinore teuml rezervave neuml miniereuml

Kategoria Rezervat gjeologjike (t)

Rezervat e shfryteumlzueshme (t)

Rezervat industriale (t)

A + B + C1

3 746 087 3 371 478 1 316 925

Tabela 1 Rezervat e teumlreumlsishme

Figura 1 Meumlnyra e shfryteumlzimit sipeumlrfaqeumlsor 3 OPERACIONET TEKNOLOGJIKE TEuml NGARKIMIT TRANSPORTIT TEuml XEHES STERILIT Pas fazeumls seuml shpimit teuml vrimave beumlhet minimi dhe pas minimit beumlhet ngarkimi i materialit teuml minuar me lopata ngarkuese transportuese IH560 IH-90 dhe ldquoZettelmeyerrdquo

Transportimi i xehes seuml magnezitit dhe mbuleseumls apo sterilit beumlhet me kamioneuml teuml tipit Perlini i prodhimit Italian T 20 dhe T30- S Transportimi i sterilit beumlhet me kamion dhe buldozer i cili peumlrdoret edhe peumlr rregullimin e deponis seuml sterilit i tipit ldquoInternacionalrdquo TD-25 C i prodhimit Amerikan Paisjet teuml cilat peumlrdoren neuml miniereuml janeuml teuml dheumlna neuml tabeleumln nr2 Figura nr 2 paraqet lopateumln ngarkuese transportuese

Emeumlrtimi Sasia copeuml

Garnitura shpuese me kompresor PR-700

2

Lopata ngarkuese IH 560 2


Lopata ngarkuese ldquoZetenmeyerrdquo 1

Bulduzer ldquoInternacionalrdquo -TD 25C 2

Dampera Perlini T 20 3


Tabela 2 Pajisjet teuml cilat peumlrdoren neuml miniereuml

Figura 2 Lopata ngarkuese transportuese ldquoZettelmeyerrdquo

31 LLOGARITJA E MASEumlS SEuml OBJEKTEVE DHE E PAISJEVE PEumlR ZHVILLIMIN E OPERACIONEVE Me shfryteumlzim sipeumlrfaqeumlsor duhet teuml shfryteumlzohet kjo sasi e xehes 3 371 474 tona si dhe teuml largohet kjo sasi e mbuleseumls 3 773 160m

3 Prodhimin

vjetor teuml koncentratit e kemi 70000 tona dhe peumlr prodhimin e njeuml toni koncentrat nevojiten 4 tona xehe prodhimi vjetor i xehes eumlshteuml 280000 tona koeficienti i mbuleseumls eumlshteuml 105 ku kemi 294000 m

3 mbules e cila duhet teuml largohet

Spahiu


311 NGARKIMI I MINERALIT DHE STERILIT Lopatat ngarkuese transportuese IH 90 E dhe IH-560 neuml praktikeuml janeuml treguar efikase dhe kaneuml afat teuml gjateuml qeumlndrimi Karakteristikat teknike teuml lopateumls ngarkuese me rrota IH-90-E Shpejteumlsia e leumlvizjes(74-514)kmh veumlllimi i lugeumls 3 m

3

Karakteristikat teknike teuml lopateumls ngarkuese IH- 560 Shpejteumlsia e leumlvizjes (72-3572)kmh veumlllimi i lugeumls 439 m

3

Teuml dy lopatat ngarkuese e kaneuml sistemin hidraulik teuml mbyllur me kontrollimin e shtypjes Kapaciteti orar caktohet sipas formuleumls

hmxkt

xk3600xVxkQ 3

kshc

shmh

maseuml kompakte ku eumlshteuml V- veumlllimi i lugeumls V IH - 90=3m

3 V IH -560=439m

3 Km-koeficienti i

mbushjes seuml lugeumls km=08 Ksht- koeficienti i shfryteumlzimit teuml koheumls ksht =083 Kshk - koeficienti i shkrifeumlrimit k shk =145 Tc ndashkoha e ciklit teuml ngarkimit tc=45 sec Kapaciteti orar i lopateumls ngarkuese IH-90 E QhIH-90 =10990 m

3h maseuml kompakte

Kapaciteti orar i lopateumls ngarkuese IH -560 QhIH-560 = 16119 m

3h maseuml kompakte

Fondi i koheumls punuese Numri i diteumlve punuese neuml vit 270 numri i ndeumlrrimeve 2numri i oreumlve punuese 4320 hvit Sipas normeumls numri efektiv i oreumlve punuese teuml lopateumls ngarkuese sillet prej (2500 ndash 3000) oreuml neuml vit Nga kushtet punuese parashihet 2700 oreuml efektive punuese neuml vit Prodhimi vjetor i shfryteumlzimit parashihet 280000 txehe 28000027 =1037704 m

3 xehe dhe

654160221=296000 m3 mbuleseuml maseuml

kompakte Gjitheumlsejt =400000 m

3

Kapaciteti i nevojsheumlm orar i lopateumls ngarkuese merret

hm6924320

400000 3

neuml steril 64 m3h

neuml xehe 286 m3h

Kapaciteti vjetor i lopateumls ngarkuese IH-90 E Qh IH-90 x 2700 =1099 x 2700= 296730 m

3vit

Kapaciteti vjetor i lopateumls ngarkuese IH 560 Qh IH 560 x 2700 = 1612 x 2700 = 435213 m

3vit

Duke e marr parasysh sigurimin e kapacitetit rezerveuml neuml rast teuml ndaljes eumlshteuml marreuml parasysh paisja e lopateumls ngarkuese 1lopata ngarkuese me rrota IH 90 E njeuml copeuml me kapacitet 296730 m

3vit

1lopata ngarkuese me rrota IH 560 njeuml copeuml me kapacitet 435213 m

3vit

kapaciteti i peumlrgjitheumlsim = 731943 m3vit

32 PEumlRCAKTIMI I KAPACITETIT TEuml MJETEVE TRANSPORTUESE PEumlR BARTJEN E MINERALIT Peumlr ngarkimin e xehes eumlshteuml zgjedhur lopata ngarkuese me rrota e tipit internacional IH-90 me veumlllim teuml lugeumls V= 30m

3

Peumlr transport teuml xehes eumlshteuml parapareuml kamioni i tipit ldquoPerlinirdquo T-30 S kurse numri i kamioneumlve i cili do teuml peumlrdoret do teuml gjendet sipas llogariseuml Veumlllimi i arkeumls seuml kamionit V= 15 m

3 shpejteumlsia

mesatare e leumlvizjes vm =20kmh - koha e ngarkimit tn=45 min - gjateumlsia mesatare e rrugeumls nga shfryteumlzimi sipeumlrfaqeumlsor e deri te bunkeri i seperacionit Lm=1600 m peumlr transport teuml xehes seuml ngarkuar dhe boshe - shpejteumlsia mesatare e leumlvizjes seuml kamioneumlve neuml drejtim teuml seperacionit dhe shfryteumlzimit sipeumlrfaqeumlsor Vm= 20 kmh duke i marreuml parasysh kushtet e transportit karakteristikat e kamionit dhe rrugeumlve kjo leumlvizje i ploteumlson kushtet

min6920

60x61x2

V

60xLx2t

m21

- Koha e zbrazjes dhe manovrimit te seperacioni merret tz=15 min - Koha e peumlrgjithshme e njeuml cikli merret

Tc= tn + t12 + tz =45 +96+15 =156 min

Neuml bazeuml teuml keumlsaj llogaritet kapaciteti orar i kamionit

hm8848615

830x15x60

T

xVxk60Q 3

c

shh

maseuml kompakte ku eumlshteuml

Spahiu


V- masa barteumlse e kamionit V= 15 m3 maseuml

kompakte Ksh- koeficienti i shfryteumlzimit teuml oreumlve punuese ksh=083 Kapaciteti efektiv vjetor peumlr njeuml damper merret

vitm1292762700x8848Q 3vj maseuml

kompakte

Numri i nevojsheumlm i dampereumlve peumlr bartjen e xehes eumlshteuml N =2 dhe njeuml damper rezerveuml peumlr bartjen e keumlsaj mase 280000 tona nevojiten 3 dampereuml T-30 S Figura nr3 paraqet Damperin Perlini

Figura 3 Damperi Perlini T-30

Figura 4 Buldozeri i tipit ldquoInternacionalrdquo TD-25 C i prodhimit Amerikan

33 PEumlRCAKTIMI I MJETEVE TRANSPORTUESE PEumlR BARTJEN E STERILIT 1 lopata ngarkuese IH -90 22 m

3

1 lopata ngarkuese IH -560 30 m3

Peumlr transport teuml sterilit janeuml peumlrcaktuar dampereumlt e tipit ldquoPerlinirdquo 30 S kurse numri i dampereumlve peumlrcaktohet neuml bazeuml teuml llogarive

Spahiu


Koha e ngarkimit teuml damperit T-30 S neumlse ngarkimi beumlhet me lopateuml ngarkuese IH ndash 90 merret tn= 45 minuta neumlse beumlhet me lopateuml ngarkuese IH 560 tn= 3 minuta Praktikisht peumlr llogaritje merret vlera mesatare e ngarkimit teuml sterilit

Tn = 375 minuta gjateumlsia mesatare e rrugeumls nga shfryteumlzimi sipeumlrfaqeumlsor e deri te deponia e sterilit eumlshteuml

L= 2000 m shpejteumlsia mesatare e leumlvizjes seuml kamioneumlve teuml ngarkuar dhe boshe merret Vm=20 kmh koha transportuese e kamioneumlve teuml ngarkuar dhe boshe

min2020

2x60x2t 21

koha e zbrazjes dhe e manovrimit teuml kamioneumlve neuml depo teuml sterilit

tzm=15 minuta koha e zgjatjes teuml njeuml cikli e njeuml kamioni eumlshteuml

min25175112753tttT mzmnc

Neuml bazeuml teuml keumlsaj peumlrcaktohet kapaciteti orar i kamionit

hm30432517

830x15x60

T

xVxk60Q 3

c

th

maseuml kompakte Kapaciteti vjetoreuml eumlshteuml

vitm116910343x2700Q 3vj

Peumlrcaktimi i numrit teuml kamioneumlve peumlr bartjen e sterilit 327403 m

3 maseuml kompakte

N= 25 e peumlrveteumlsojmeuml neuml 3 dampereuml keumlteuml numeumlr e rrisim peumlr 20 pra i kemi 4 dampereuml T 30 peumlr bartjen 294000 m

3vit maseuml kompakte

34 KAPACITETI I BULDOZERIT Neuml bazeuml teuml propozimit qeuml transportimi maksimal neuml gjereumlsi teuml depos Lt=15 m kapaciteti teorik i dy buldozereumlve TD-25C eumlshteuml Qte=950 m

3 maseuml e shkrifrueme

Nga llogaritja me parashikimin e faktorit korrektues i cili e paraqet puneumln reale neuml situacion Neuml tab 3 eumlshteuml paraqiteuml faktori korrektues i puneumls seuml buldozerit

360FxGxHAxBxCxDxExKf

Te oreumlt efektive teuml kapacitetit teuml buldozerit

merret hm342360x950xkQQ 3fteef

maseuml e shkriferueshme Peumlr teuml dy buldozereumlt 253 m

3h maseuml kompakte

NR Emeumlrtimi faktori

A Afteumlsia punuese e manipuluesit

075

B Materiali i deponuar mergel

075

C Shikueshmeumlria e terenit e mireuml

100

D Shfryteumlzimi i oreumlve punuese 50min

08

Ccedil Shfryteumlzimi i transmisionit mesatareuml

08

F Forma e reperit R 12

G Shtrirja horizontale 100

H Shkrishmeumlria e materialit 083

Tabela 3 Faktori korrektues i puneumls seuml buldozerit Kapaciteti vjetor i buldozereumlve eumlshteuml

vitm923400342x2700xQTQ 3efvvj maseuml

e shkrifteuml = 683100 m

3 vit maseuml kompakte

Ose kapaciteti vjetor i buldozerave

vitm1846800684x2700xQTQ 3efvvj

maseuml e shkrifteuml

vitm1366200 3 maseuml kompakte

Tabela nr3 paraqet faktorin korrektues teuml puneumls seuml buldozerit 35 LLOGARITJA E NUMRIT TEuml BULDOZERVE Numri i buldozereumlve qeuml duhet teuml punojneuml neuml deponin e sterilit dhe masave jashteuml bilancore eumlshteuml i lidhur neuml dinamiken e prodhimit neuml shfryteumlzimin sipeumlrfaqeumlsor Nga llogaritjet del se peumlr shtyrjen e maseumls 2193000 m

3 maseuml kompakte duhet 1 buldozerit

internacional TD 25 C dhe njeuml buldozer rezerveuml

264100x5

213100x

5i

Spahiu


Buldozeri rezerveuml mund teuml shfryteumlzohet neuml puneuml ndihmeumlse neuml shfryteumlzimin sipeumlrfaqeumlsoreuml dhe neuml deponi Figura nr4 paraqet buldozerin Masat e peumlrgjithshme teuml siguriseuml gjateuml ngarkimit teuml serilit dhe xehes si dhe transportim teuml xehes dhe sterilit duhet teuml respektohen standardet e minierave dhe teknika e sigurimit PEumlRFUNDIMI Peumlr shfryteumlzim neuml meumlnyreumln sipeumlrfaqeumlsore e kemi keumlteuml maseuml teuml xehes 3 371 478 ton kurse steril teuml pasteumlr dhe xehe jashteuml bilancit i kemi 3 731 600m

3

Koeficienti i mbuleseumls eumlshteuml 105m3 neuml raport

steril xehe Shfryteumlzimi i 3 371 478 ton xehe neuml kontureumln e shfryteumlzimit sipeumlrfaqeumlsor fitohen 886200 tona koncentrat nga e cila 315 000 tona koncentrat teuml kualitetit teuml pareuml dhe 571200 ton teuml kualitetit teuml dyteuml dhe mesatarja e shfryteumlzimit neuml seperacion eumlshteuml 25 Peumlr njeuml ton koncentrat duhet teuml mihen 4 ton xehe dhe 42m

3 steril Peumlr prodhim vjetor 70000 ton

koncentrat duhet teuml shfryteumlzohen 280000 ton xehe dhe 294000m

3 steril

Gjithsej shfryteumlzimi vjetor i xehes dhe sterilit eumlshteuml 1015000 tona ose 397700 m

3

Afati i shfryteumlzimit teuml miniereumls merret 12 vite Duhet ceket se kjo zgjidhje e problemit teuml shfryteumlzimit neuml miniereumln e Strezocit ka mungesa dhe probleme teuml pa zgjidhura dhe teuml hapura Pozita statografike e kualitetit teuml trupit xeherorrdquo Magnezitit tekstur breqerdquo nuk lejohet qeuml neuml teuml

njeumljteumln koheuml teuml shfryteumlzohet si tipet e tjera teuml magnezitit breqe Peumlr hapjen e frontit teuml shfryteumlzimit neuml xehe teuml kualitetit keumlrkohet largimi i sasiseuml seuml sterilit dhe xehes jo bilancore rretheuml 900000 m

3 Me mekanizmin qeuml e disponojmeuml dhe

me kushte qeuml teuml arrihet gjendje e mireuml peumlr keumlteuml neuml miniereuml duhet teuml punohet prej (3-4) vite neuml steril pa prodhim teuml xehes Neuml keumlteuml koheuml mbetet pyetja e hapur e puneumlsimit teuml puneumltoreumlve teuml seperacionit dhe fabrikeumls si dhe gjitheuml sistemi i puneumls do teuml ccedilrregullohet si neuml seperacion dhe fabrikeuml

BIBLIOGRAFIA [1] Ahmedi F Mekanika e dherave Prishtineuml 1997 10-12 30-41 47-92 115-200 [2] Dushi M Makinat Minerare Prishtineuml 1975 63 71-76 [3] Dushi M Makinat minerare transportuese Prishtineuml 1996 [4] Konomi N Gjeologjia inxhinierie Tiraneuml 2002 16-33 35-4955-70 [5] Mehmeti B Mekanika e shkeumlmbinjve dhe e dherave Mitroviceuml 2000 1-23 [6] Nuredini H Teknika e sigurimit Prishtineuml 1996 99-107 114-118 [7] Popoviccedil N Nauccedilna osnovna projektovanje povrshinskog kopa Sarajeveuml 1975 48-56 130-334 484-485 672-680 766-792 [8] Sauku H Mekanika e shkeumlmbinjve Tiraneuml [9] Shabani B Shpimet keumlrkimore me injektim Prishtineuml 1999 23-41 56-58 86-87 209215


ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGE OF MODERN TECHNOLOGIES AND COAL BURNING SFIDA MJEDISORE E TEKNOLOGJIVE MODERNE NEuml DJEGIEN E QYMYREVE ARTAN HOXHA ALTIN DORRI MAJLINDA ALCANI Department of Energy Polytechnic University of Tirana Tiraneuml ALBANIA Email ahoxhafimedual AKTET IV 2 329-335 2011 PERMBLEDHJE Sfida kryesore aktualisht e hasur nga industria prodhuese e energjiseuml eumlshteuml ploteumlsimi i keumlrkeseumls neuml rritje teuml konsumatorit peumlr elektricitet njeumlkoheumlsisht duke reduktuar emetimet toksike neuml ajeumlr dhe gazet serreuml neuml peumlrputhje me normat Qymyri do teuml mbetet njeuml burim i reumlndeumlsisheumlm i energjiseuml neuml ccedildo plan teuml besuesheumlm energjetik peumlr teuml ardhmen sepse eumlshteuml i lireuml dhe me shumiceuml Neuml artikull do teuml analizojmeuml rolin e qymyrit neuml njeuml boteuml ku kufizimet neuml emetimet e karbonit janeuml adoptuar peumlr teuml zvogeumlluar ngrohjen globale Qeumlllim i veccedilanteuml i studimit eumlshteuml teuml krahasojeuml performanceumln dhe koston e teknologjive teuml ndryshme teuml djegies seuml qymyrit kur kombinohen me njeuml sistem teuml integruar peumlr kapjen dhe sekuestrimin e CO2 Keumlto teknologji minimizojneuml pengesat ekonomike dhe ambientale qeuml kufizojneuml peumlrdorimin e ploteuml teuml qymyrit Objektivi yneuml eumlshteuml teuml identifikojmeuml masat qeuml duhen marreuml peumlr teuml siguruar disponueshmeumlrineuml e teknologjive teuml demonstruara qeuml do teuml ndihmojneuml arritjen e qeumlllimeve peumlr reduktimin e emetimeve teuml karbonit Fjaleumlt kyccedile qymyr djegie teknologji e qymyreve teuml pastra CCT kontrolli i emetimeve SUMMARY The primary challenge currently faced by the power generation industry is meeting the increasing consumer demand for electricity while reducing airborne toxic emissions and greenhouse gases in compliance with regulations Coal will remain an important source of energy in any conceivable future energy scenario because it is cheap and abundant The purpose of the paper is to examine the role of coal in a world where constraints on carbon emissions are adopted to mitigate global warming The studyrsquos particular emphasis is to compare the performance and cost of different coal combustion technologies when combined with an integrated system for CO2 capture and sequestration These technologies minimize the economic and environmental barriers that limit the full utilization of coal Our purpose is to identify the measures that should be taken to assure the availability of demonstrated technologies that would facilitate the achievement of carbon emission reduction goals Key words coal combustion Clean Coal Technology CCT emissions control

1 Hyrje

Qymyri ka qeneuml dhe vazhdon teuml mbetet njeuml nga leumlndeumlt bazeuml peumlr prodhimin e energjiseuml Sot keumlrkesat peumlr energji ploteumlsohen nga qymyri 25 gazi natyror 21 nafta 34 nuklearet 65 hidro 22 biomasa dhe mbetjet 11 dhe veteumlm 04 e keumlrkeseumls globale peumlr energji ploteumlsohet nga energjia gjeotermale diellore dhe e ereumls [1]

Qymyri do teuml luajeuml njeuml rol meuml teuml madh neuml teuml ardhmen energjetike teuml boteumls peumlr dy arsye E para peumlr koston meuml teuml uleumlt teuml burimit fosil peumlr prodhimin e energjiseuml elektrike dhe e dyta rezervat e qymyrit ndodhen anembaneuml boteumls Rezervat totale teuml qymyrit teuml shfryteumlzueshme teuml llogaritura janeuml pak meuml tepeumlr se 900 bilion ton teuml mjaftueshme peumlr teuml ploteumlsuar keumlrkesat aktuale peumlr gati 200 vjet [1] Neuml vendin toneuml rezervat e

Hoxha et al


qymyreve gjendje janeuml 794 milion toneuml dhe neuml Kosove 104 miliardeuml toneuml Qymyret neuml peumlrgjitheumlsi janeuml teuml tipit teuml linjiteve me vlereumln e nxehteumlsiseuml seuml djegies qeuml leumlviz neuml kufijteuml 8374-23447 kJkg (mesatarisht 13398-13817) [2] Emetimet (CO2 NOx-et SOx-et) e impianteve qeuml djegin qymyr janeuml meuml teuml larta (njeuml impiant 500

MW prodhon afeumlrsisht 3 milioneuml toneuml CO2 neuml vit) krahasuar me ato me nafteuml ose me gaz Peumlr keteuml arsye peumlrdorimi i teknologjive moderne neuml djegien e qymyreve do teuml jeteuml rruga e vetme peumlr reduktimin e emetimeve dhe plotesimin e kritereve ambientale

Figura 1 Skema e Njeumlsiseuml Neumlnkritike me fuqi 500 MW pa kapjen e CO2

Figura 2 Skema e Njeumlsiseuml Ultra-Superkritike me fuqi 500 MW pa kapjen e CO2

2 Teknologjiteuml aktuale teuml prodhimit teuml energjiseuml nga impiantet qeuml djegin qymyr Eficensa termike neuml njeumlsiteuml e sotme qeuml punojneuml me qymyr varion nga 33 deri 43 [3] Neuml teknologjiteuml prodhuese teuml djegies seuml qymyrit me fryrje ajri qeuml peumlrbeumljneuml kryesisht bazeumln e njeumlsive me djegie qymyri neuml funksionim sot dhe qeuml do teuml ndeumlrtohen janeuml kateumlr teknologji kryesore Keumlto peumlrfshijneuml djegien e qymyrit pluhur sipas ciklit teuml avullit neumlnkritik superkritik ultra superkritik dhe djegien me shtrat fluidi qarkullues (Circulating

Fluidized Bed) CFB peumlr linjitet Funksionimi neumlnkritik i referohet parametrave teuml avullit dhe temperatureumls respektivisht neumln 220 MPa dhe 550

0 C Njeumlsiteuml me qymyr pluhur (Pulverized Coal)

PC me parametra neumlnkritikeuml kaneuml eficcedilenseumln midis 33 deri 37 neuml vareumlsi teuml cileumlsiseuml seuml qymyrit funksionimit parametrave teuml projektuar dhe vendndodhjes [3] Kushtet e zakonshme teuml ciklit teuml avullit me parametra neumlnkritikeuml janeuml 165 MPa dhe 540

0C dhe eficcedilensa e projektuar mbi keumlto

parametra 343 [3] Neuml njeumlsiteuml superkritike

Hoxha et al


eficcedilensa varion nga 37-40 neuml vareumlsi teuml projektimit teuml parametrave teuml funksionimit dhe llojit teuml qymyrit Keumlto njeumlsi peumlrfshijneuml parametra prej 243 MPa dhe 565

0C teuml cileumlt rezultojneuml neuml njeuml

eficcedilenseuml prej 38 [3] Kushtet e funksionimit teuml

ciklit teuml avullit me parametra sipeumlr 565 0C

referohen si ultra-superkritike Zhvillimi dhe keumlrkimi i tanisheumlm synojneuml parametrat e ciklit teuml avullit 365-385 MPa dhe temperatureumln 700-720 0C

Figura 3 Skema e Njeumlsiseuml Neumlnkritike me fuqi 500 MW me kapjen e CO2

Figura 4 Skema e Njeumlsiseuml Ultra-Superkritike me fuqi 500 MW me kapjen e CO2

Njeuml meumlnyreuml e djegies seuml qymyrit pluhur eumlshteuml djegia me shtrat fluidi qarkullues (CFB) (ose vlues) CFB janeuml peumlrshtatur meuml mireuml peumlr mbetjet e leumlndeumlve djegeumlse me kosto teuml uleumlt dhe cileumlsi teuml dobeumlt ose qymyret me vlereuml teuml uleumlt teuml nxehteumlsiseuml seuml djegies Shtrati operon neuml temperatura teuml uleumlta rreth 427

0C e cila termodinamikisht

favorizon formimin e uleumlt teuml NOx-eve dhe kapjen e SO2 nga reaksioni me CaO peumlr teuml formuar CaSO4 [8] Avantazhi kryesor i teknologjiseuml CFB eumlshteuml afteumlsia peumlr teuml kapur SO2 neuml shtrat mundeumlsia peumlr teuml djegur qymyre me veti teuml ndryshme si qymyret me nxehteumlsi teuml uleumlt teuml djegies peumlrmbajtje teuml larteuml

Hoxha et al


teuml hirit peumlrmbajtje teuml uleumlt teuml volatileve dhe ndryshimi i llojit teuml qymyrit gjateuml funksionimit 3 Teknologjiteuml e seuml ardhmes

Njeumlsiteuml me qymyr pluhur mund teuml jeneuml neumlnkritike ose ultra-superkritike me kapje teuml CO2 ose jo Figura 1 jep njeuml paraqitje skematike teuml detajuar teuml njeuml njeumlsie neumlnkritike me qymyr pluhur 500 MW me teuml dheumlnat kryesore teuml rrymave dhe

kushteve teuml tyre Largimi total i mbetjeve teuml veccedilanta eumlshteuml 999 shumica e teuml cilit eumlshteuml hi fluturues i kapur neumlpeumlrmjet precipitatorit elektrostatik Emetimet e veccedilanta neuml ajeumlr janeuml 11 kgh Emetimet e NOx-eve janeuml reduktuar 114 kgh nga kombinimi i djegeumlsve me NOx teuml uleumlt me reduktimin katalitik selektiv (Selective Catalytic Reduction ) SCR [3]

Figura 5 Skema e njeumlsiseuml me shtrat fluidi qarkullues me fuqi 500 MW me djegie linjiti

Figura 6 Skema e njeumlsiseuml superkritike me oksigjen (oxi-fuel PC) me fuqi 500 MW me kapje teuml CO2

Njeumlsia e desulfurizimit teuml gazeve te shkarkimit (Flue Gas Desulfurization) FGD largon mbi 99 teuml SO2 duke reduktuar emetimet neuml 136 kgh Largimi i merkurit me hirin fluturues ose FGD do teuml jeteuml meuml i larteuml se 70-80 [3] Eficensa e keumlsaj njeumlsie peumlr keumlto kushte peumlr qymyr bituminos (25530 kJkg) dhe me peumlrmbajtje teuml larteuml squfuri

325 eumlshteuml 343 ndeumlrsa peumlr qymyr bituminos me peumlrmbajtje teuml uleumlt squfuri 354 Kjo eficenseuml peumlr qymyr neumlnbituminos dhe peumlr linjitet do teuml jeteuml respektivisht 331 dhe 319 Llogaritja e eficenseumls peumlr keumlteuml njeumlsi nenkritike u krye me aneumln e softit peumlrkateumls qeuml eumlshteuml veteumlm peumlr njeumlsiteuml me qymyr pluhur PC dhe diferencat vijneuml si

Hoxha et al


rezultat i cileumlsiseuml seuml qymyrit kushteve teuml projektuara neuml reduktimin e emetimeve dhe kushteve teuml modelit si temperatura e ujit ftoheumls etj Njeuml njeumlsi ultra-superkritike PC 500MW me teuml dheumlnat e rrymave dhe kushtet funksionuese jepet neuml figureumln 2 Eficensa e kontrollit teuml emetimeve teuml gazit eumlshteuml e njeumljteuml Diferencat kryesore krahasuar me njeumlsineuml neumlnkritike janeuml neuml

eficenseumln e cila eumlshteuml 433 kundrejt 343 dhe neuml shkalleumln e ushqimit me qymyr e cila eumlshteuml 21 meuml e uleumlt ku dhe shkalla e emetimit teuml CO2 eumlshteuml po kaq meuml e uleumlt [4] Shkalla e prodhimit teuml ndoteumlsve teuml tjereuml eumlshteuml meuml e uleumlt por shkalla e emetimit teuml tyre peumlrcaktohet nga shkalla e kontrollit teuml emetimeve teuml gazeve teuml shkarkimit

Figura 7 Skema e njeumlsiseuml IGCC me fuqi 500 MW pa kapje teuml CO2

Figura 8 Skema e njeumlsiseuml IGCC me fuqi 500 MW me kapje teuml CO2

31 Prodhimi i energjiseuml neuml impiantet me qymyr pluhur me kapje teuml CO2

Dy njeumlsiteuml PC peumlrfaqeumlsuese janeuml impianti neumlnkritik dhe impianti ultrasuperkritik Keumlta

impiante ndryshojneuml nga impiantet e shqyrtuara meuml sipeumlr veteumlm neuml drejtim teuml shtimit teuml pajisjeve shteseuml peumlr kapjen e CO2 e cila sjell ndikim teuml duksheumlm neuml efektivitetin e impiantit Kapja e CO2

Hoxha et al


neuml njeumlsiteuml me djegie teuml qymyrit pluhur peumlrfshin veccedilimin dhe largimin nga gazet e shkarkimit neuml peumlrqendrim teuml uleumlt dhe presion parcial teuml uleumlt Njeuml njeumlsi neumlnkritike me fuqi neto 500 MW me kapje teuml CO2 keumlrkon njeuml rritje prej 37 neuml peumlrmasat e impiantit dhe konsumin e qymyrit (76000 kgh qymyr shteseuml) peumlr shkak teuml shtimit teuml pajisjes seuml kapjes seuml CO2 kundrejt njeumlsiseuml seuml njeumljteuml pa kapje teuml CO2 gjithashtu edhe eficensa zvogeumllohet nga 343 neuml 251 [5] Njeuml paraqitje skematike e detajuar e impiantit neumlnkritik 500 MW PC me rrymat dhe kushtet funksionuese kryesore me reduktim teuml CO2 me 90 bazuar tek aminat jepet neuml figureumln 3 Njeuml paraqitje skematike e rrymave dhe kushteve funksionuese teuml njeuml impianti ultra-superkritik paraqitet neuml figureumln 4 Njeuml njeumlsi ultra-superkritike me PC me kapje teuml CO2 me fuqi neto 500 MW kundrejt teuml njeumljteumls njeumlsi pa kapje teuml CO2 keumlrkon njeuml rritje prej 27 neuml peumlrmasat e njeumlsiseuml dhe shkalleumln e ushqimit teuml qymyrit gjithashtu ajo ka njeuml reduktim prej 92 neuml eficensen e peumlrgjithshme Reduktimi i eficenseumls peumlr kapjen e CO2 eumlshteuml 21 kundrejt 27 te impianteve neumlnkritike [5] Peumlr njeumlsiteuml me PC pa kapjen e CO2 kosto e energjiseuml elektrike zvogeumllohet nga 484 neuml 469 ckWh nga njeumlsiteuml me teknologji neumlnkritike neuml ato ultra-superkritike Rritja e ccedilmimit teuml energjiseuml elektrike nga ata pa kapje tek ata me kapje teuml CO2 varion nga 33 ckWh peumlr ata neumlnkritike neuml 27 ckWh tek ata ultrasuperkritike [6] Peumlr teknologjiteuml me djegie teuml PC me fryrje ajri kostoja e shmangies teuml CO2 eumlshteuml 41 $ peumlr ton [6] 32 Prodhimi i energjiseuml neuml impiantet me shtrat fluidi qarkullues (CFB) Teknologjia me shtrat fluidi meuml e peumlrdorur sot dhe neuml teuml ardhmen eumlshteuml djegia me shtrat fluidi qarkullues CFB Formimi i NOx-eve menaxhohet neumlpeumlrmjet temperatureumls seuml uleumlt teuml djegies dhe injektimit teuml shkalleumlzuar teuml ajrit djegeumls Emetimet e SOx kontrollohen neumlpeumlrmjet leumlndeumls thitheumlse teuml geumllqeres seuml leumlngeumlzuar neuml shtratin e fluidit [7]

Njeuml paraqitje skematike e njeuml njeumlsie CFB me rrymat dhe kushtet funksionuese paraqitet neuml figureumln 5 33 Prodhimi i energjiseuml neuml impiantet me fryrje oksigjeni Problemet peumlr kapjen e CO2 nga njeumlsiteuml me PC me fryrje ajri vijneuml si rezultat i nevojeumls peumlr teuml kapur CO2 nga gazet e shkarkimit neuml peumlrqendrime teuml uleumlta dhe presion parcial teuml vogeumll peumlr shkak teuml sasive teuml meumldha teuml azotit neuml gazet e shkarkimit i futur me ajrin djegeumls Njeuml rrugeuml peumlr kapjen e CO2 eumlshteuml zeumlvendeumlsimi i ajrit teuml djegies me oksigjen duke eliminuar azotin Keumlto njeumlsi referohen si njeumlsi teuml djegies seuml qymyrit pluhur (PC) me oksigjen (oxi-fuel PC) Kjo meumlnyreuml peumlr kapjen e CO2 nga njeumlsiteuml me qymyr pluhur peumlrfshin djegien e qymyrit me afeumlrsisht 95 oksigjen teuml pasteumlr neuml vend teuml ajrit si oksidues [8] Ne figureumln 6 jepet njeuml skemeuml e detajuar me rrymat dhe kushtet funksionuese peumlr njeuml impiant 500 MW superkritik me oksigjen

34 Prodhimi i energjiseuml neuml impiantet me cikeumll

teuml kombinuar dhe gazifikim teuml integruar (IGCC)

Njeuml rrugeuml tjeteumlr eumlshteuml teuml gazifikojmeuml qymyrin dhe teuml largojmeuml CO2 peumlrpara djegies Teknologjia me cikeumll teuml kombinuar me gazifikim teuml integruar (IGCC) prodhon elektricitet fillimisht duke gazifikuar qymyrin dhe prodhuar syngazin njeuml peumlrzierje e hidrogjenit dhe monoksidit teuml karbonit Syngazi mbasi pastrohet digjet neuml dhomeumln e djegies seuml njeuml turbine gazi Kjo teknologji me cikeumll teuml kombinuar eumlshteuml e ngjashme me teknologjineuml e peumlrdorur neuml impiantet moderne me cikeumll teuml kombinuar me gaz natyral Komponenti kryesor neuml IGCC eumlshteuml gazifikuesi Figura 7 eumlshteuml njeuml paraqitje skematike e detajuar e njeuml njeumlsie IGCC me fryrje oksigjeni pa kapje teuml CO2 ku paraqiten rrymat kryesore dhe kushtet e tyre Konsumi i energjiseuml seuml brendshme eumlshteuml rreth 90 MW dhe eficensa rreth 384 [8] Kontrolli i emetimeve teuml NOx-eve eumlshteuml njeuml ccedileumlshtje e djegies neuml turbineuml dhe arrihet neumlpeumlrmjet azotit teuml holluar peumlrpara djegies peumlr teuml reduktuar temperatureumln e djegies Shtimi i SCR

Hoxha et al


do teuml rezultojeuml neuml reduktimin e NOx-eve neuml nivele shumeuml teuml uleumlta Neuml figureumln 8 jepet skema e detajuar qeuml tregon ndikimin e shtimit teuml pajisjes seuml kapjes seuml CO2 neuml njeuml njeumlsi me cikeumll teuml kombinuar dhe gazifikim teuml integruar (IGCC) 500 MW [8] Eficensa e peumlrgjithshme eumlshteuml 312 e cila reduktohet me 72 krahasuar me njeumlsineuml IGCC pa kapjen e CO2 Shtimi i kapjes seuml CO2 keumlrkon 23 rritje neuml shkalleumln e ushqimit me qymyr [8] PERFUNDIME

Neuml impiantet e prodhimit teuml energjiseuml elektrike me qymyr pluhur me parametra neumlnkritikeuml apo ultra-superkritikeuml pa kapje teuml CO2 eficensa e kontrollit teuml emetimeve teuml gazit eumlshteuml e njeumljteuml por peumlr shkak teuml eficenseumls meuml teuml larteuml teuml njeumlsiseuml ultra-superkritike (433 kundrejt 343) emetimet e CO2 janeuml 21 meuml teuml uleumlta

Impiantet me parametra neumlnkritikeuml apo ultra-superkritikeuml me kapje teuml CO2 kaneuml njeuml eficenseuml meuml teuml uleumlt krahasuar me ata pa kapje teuml CO2 por njeuml reduktim shumeuml meuml teuml larteuml teuml emetimeve teuml CO2 neuml vareumlsi teuml teknologjiseuml seuml peumlrdorur peumlr kapjen e CO2

Teknologjia e djegies me shtrat fluidi qarkullues (CFB) ka njeuml efektivitetit teuml larteuml neuml djegien e qymyreve me nxehteumlsi teuml uleumlt teuml djegies dhe kontrollin e emetimeve teuml SOx-eve dhe NOx-eve

Impiantet e prodhimit teuml energjiseuml me fryrje oksigjeni kaneuml avantazhe meuml teuml meumldha neuml drejtim teuml kapjes dhe sekuestrimit teuml CO2 si

dhe neuml efektivitetin e eliminimit teuml ndoteumlsve teuml tjereuml kundrejt njeumlsive neumlnkritike apo ultra-superkritike me kapje teuml CO2

BIBLIOGRAFIA [1] AN INTERDISCIPLINARY MIT STUDY (2007)

The Future of Coal Massachusetts Institute of Technology amp DOE

[2] Cukalla M Dyrmishi Ccedil (2007) ldquoPerspektiva e shfryteumlzimit teuml qymyrit dhe torfeumls neuml sektorin energjitikrdquo AJTNS Tiraneuml

[3] Beer JM (2000) ldquoCombustion Technology Developments in Power Generation in Response to Environmental Challengesrdquo Elsevier Progress in Energy and Environmental Sciences 26 p 301-327

[4] Bechtel (2003) ldquoGasification Plant Cost and Performance Optimization Final Reportrdquo Global Energy Nexant San Francisco

[5] Holt N (2005) ldquoAdvanced Coal Technologies for CO2 Capturerdquo in EPRI Global Climate Change Research Seminar Washington DC

[6] Booras G and N Holt (2004) ldquoPulverized Coal and IGCC Plant Cost and Performance Estimates in Gasification Technologiesrdquo Washington DC

[7] Wilson E Johnson T Ketih D (2005) Combustion-Engineering ldquoFluid Bed Combustion Technology for Ligniterdquo

[8] Jordal K and et al (2004) ldquoOxyfuel Combustion of Coal-Fired Power Generation with CO2 Capture -Opportunities and Challengesrdquo XDQ


REPAIRING THE EXISTING OLD CONCRETE STRUCTURES BY APPLYING MODERN METHODS AND NEW MATERIALS RIPARIMI I STRUKTURAVE TEuml VJETRA PREJ BETONI ME METODA DHE MATERIALE BASHKEumlKOHORE NASER KABASHI CENEuml KRASNIQI University of Prishtina Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture Prishtineuml KOSOVA Email nkabashigmailcom AKTET IV 2 336-342 2011 PERMBLEDHJE Nevoja peumlr teuml peumlrdorur strukturat e vjetra ekzistuese nga betoni neuml kushte teuml caktuara teuml ambientit keumlrkon njeuml analizeuml meuml teuml thelleuml teuml keumltyre strukturave sesa teuml strukturave teuml reja Keumlto struktura kryesisht kanale dhe rezervuareuml nga betoni qeuml peumlrdoren peumlr furnizimin e hidrocentraleve neuml Kosoveuml paraqesin njeuml sfideuml teuml mundeumlsiseuml seuml shfryteumlzimit teuml strukturave ekzistuese peumlrmes aplikimit teuml materialeve dhe teuml metodave te reja gjateuml procesit teuml sanimit (riparimit) teuml tyre Strukturat e tilla prej betoni degradohen me kalimin e koheumls dhe riparimi i tyre eumlshteuml i domosdosheumlm meqeuml ato gjenden neuml vende teuml papeumlrshtatshme peumlr ndeumlrtim teuml ri Vjeteumlrsia e keumltyre objekteve eumlshteuml kryesisht meuml shumeuml se 60 vjet prandaj sanimi (riparimi) i tyre me metoda dhe materiale teuml reja do ta peumlrmireumlsonte duksheumlm shfryteumlzimin e tyre Neuml keumlteuml punim janeuml prezantuar disa raste neuml Kosove si Kanali i Degeumlzimit teuml Ujit peumlr hidrocentralin neuml Radaccedil afeumlr Pejeumls dhe Rezervuari i Ujit neuml Podujeveuml Aplikimi i metodave dhe materialeve eumlshteuml pjeseuml e realizimit teuml keumltyre projekteve qeuml janeuml studiuar njeuml koheuml teuml caktuar Fjaleumlt kyccedile betoni materialet metodat ekzaminimet vlereumlsimet SUMMARY The need for using existing concrete structures under the several environmental conditions during the long period requires a deeper analysis than new structures These structures mainly concrete channels and water tanks for supplying hydro plants in Kosova present a challenge for all those wanting to use existing structures by applying new methods and new materials during repairing process They wear of normally as the time passes and their repairing is necessary because they occupy such positions that make new construction difficult In most cases they are over 60 years old therefore repairing them with new methods and new materials would significantly improve their utilization In this paper we present several cases in Kosova such as Derivation water channel in Radac near Peja and Water Tank in Podujeva Application of methods and materials is part of execution of these projects realization which have been studied for many years Key words concrete materials methods examinations assessment

INTRODUCTION Application of concrete as a construction material has passed through several important phases which have observed in continually with changes of constituent components and production technology

In general the constituent components were limited depending on the technological process were are use aggregate from river not separated in fractions cement of that time and water Also the concrete production technology was mainly manual which makes uninterrupted production difficult

Kabashi amp Krasniqi


Facilities that have been at the focus of this analysis and their positions brought unfavorable elements relative to their geographic position and their altitude above sea level Structures are finalized in certain conditions and it made it possible for these facilities to be used for relative long period of time for certain purpose But time under the several environmental conditions has had significant impact in these facilities and this is mostly presented as damages to concrete as the main material The need to use the same facility for more than one purpose made us think of need to repair and improve concrete as a material in construction since it was studied and found to be the most efficient option for the moment 1a The behavior of concrete as a material during the stages of use in the first facility In structures analyzed in this paper the derivation water channel in Radac near Peja and the water tank in Podujeva concrete has been subject under the several conditions In both cases the facilities were underground so the effect of outside temperatures is not taken into consideration

Characteristics of derivation water channel in Radac near Peja The water channel is underground and it is 500 meters long The role of this channel is to bring water from water source to the water tank The function is stopped since the hydroplant in Radac became dysfunctional The present situation of channel is presented in the following photos

Pictre 1 The channel condition at the time of the

assessment



Geometric elements and existing state of the channel The shape of the channel is an ellipse form with a height of ~ 120 m The carrying capacity of the channel with these dimensions cannot withstand the design capacity The impact of loads has caused very big cracks as can be seen in the picture above Some segments are heavily to completely damaged from the lateral and above load as a result of the impact of slope dirt to the channel itself Sources of grave concern were a number of segments where joints were not functioning due to considerable displacement of the slabs The channel was built in 1939 when the inside surface was plastered manually Mainly the constituent materials such aggregate used directly by stream of river Drini i Bardhe which is crushed in several pieces during the flowing We can see that there are many coarse aggregate or pieces of gravel in big dimensions and variety of aggregate The cement of that time did not have any high quality technology but it played its bending between the aggregate The most adverse elements are the cracks respectively the division the slabs from the wall which causes loss of water or make it dysfunctional This assessment state is done to evaluate and to undertake the following steps

Assessment of current state and recommendations The water channel in current conditions is out of use but the level of damages is not the same in total length In this sense they were divided in three parts such as - Severe level damage that cannot be repaired - Severe damage but reparable - Medium level and reparable damage Since damages of first part which cannot be repaired is not the objective of our study we analyzed the reparable parts of the channel followed by adequate recommendations a second part Since the damages are smaller and the cracks are rarer in channelrsquos surface taking into consideration the existing conditions it was

recommended to repair them by undertaking these activities - Removing damaged parts ie non quality concrete - Cleaning the surface - Injecting the cracks in considerable depth - Water stopping from flowing in place where are the water loss - Repairing the channel surface with polymer materials b third part We deal with damages that do not express any serious problem with cracks present even though to a smaller extent In this part the following activities were undertaken - Injecting in certain places in deeper distance - Repairing the surface with polymer based

materials

1b The behavior of concrete as a material during the stages of use in the second structures

Characteristics of Water Tank in Podujeva The destination of this water tank is to supply water to the town of Podujeva with 120000 citizens This tank has been used without being maintenance therefore the impact of loads caused cracks which started to grow with time and caused the major water loss This was the reason of increased water reduction in this town The conditions of the structure in the time it was emptied for assessment and the state are given in the following photos



Picture 2 Conditions of the structure during

the evaluation moment

Evaluation of the existing state of structure Major water loss happens as a consequence of segregated concrete in some parts that caused significant water leaks But the most important elements that caused the loss of water are cracks between the tank slab and walls in many parts of perimeter of structure Consequence of the lack of maintenance for a long time is also the corrosion in some parts of concrete structure as well as in the steel tubes inside the water tank that are used for taking the water from the tank to the distribution[1 4] Recommendations in this structure are in direct connections with followed steps - Cleaning the concrete surfaces - Removing damaged concrete pieces with high pressure water - Stopping the water leaks - Injection in perimeter of water tank especially in the connection between the slab and the wall - Protection the reinforcement steel from the further corrosion

- Protecting the concrete structure in segregated places with appropriate plastering with polymer materials

2 Repairing the concrete methodology and materials 2a Repairing the concrete in derivation channel in Radac near the Peja Repairing the concrete is closely linked with the previous assessment but it is directly linked with the quality of existing materials in this case the concrete

Injection method [1 2 4] The quality of the concrete shows that expect in some places where damages are evident there arenrsquot any damages in structure This was a facilitating circumstance which allowed us to apply the injection method in repairing the cracks that were quit big dimensions The injection method is followed by internal expanding forces which require sustainable structure in cases of major cracks as they were present here In places where cracks were very big dimensions there was used preparatory method which requires specific materials that is known as the method of leak closure Using this method we managed to eliminate the big leaks which result with water loss while flow through the channel Injection method is interlinked with a special technology which requires certain equipments and materials Mainly these equipments are pumps with relatively high pressure and the material is quite liquid and also performs movement of material through the gaps and when it stops it results with expansion and fills the gaps All this movement is followed with a pressure which is possible to follow in equipment where the filling of the cracks is ascertained The injectors are placed in mechanic way in wholes prepared before and their position is depends of filling the structural cracks during the process The repaired parts then in next step are plastered in large area of surface in order to provide protection of repaired parts as well as the



uniform water stream through the channel without loss A sample execution is presented in the following photos [1] [3]

Picture 3 Phases of executing of the work in

derivation channel

2b Repairing the concrete in Water Tank in Podujeva Water tankrsquos function itself requires a different approach which is linked with repairing of key pint which are potential of causing water loss identified in preliminary assessment

Methodology of water stop Fast and huge amount water streams occur frequently in facilities like water tanks Applications of quick hardening method which is followed by expansion is very efficient because the hardening becomes effective within 30 seconds and the water is stopped In general the material contains polymer and accelerator such as additives for quick hardening as it is shown in literature or in this practice case [2] [3] [7]

Picture 4 Water stops leaks with quick hardening

materials Application this quick method are creates precondition for creating appropriate surface for the next step which is placing injectors and application the injecting method in most parts of perimeter and in this case to create a ldquoknitting-connectionrdquo between concrete slab and wall This method and the steps of application are presented in following photo 3 Materials used during repairing the structures In general material has been evaluated in the function of the structure which has been repaired



Picture 5 Repairing steps in the water tank

The content of materials are polymers and additive in depend of position where it is applied In general the essential condition is the connection between two materials the base material and new material that will be applied In this case is important to reach compatibility in the behavior of the both materials so that they behave as a whole It is particularly important their behavior in the first phase deformations and creep must be controlled to protect them from eventual cracks that can cause problems in the function of the structure itself To make this clearer we will present some technical characteristics of these materials in the following Table 1

Class based on Standard EN 1504-3

R4

Type CC

Density (grcm3) 135

Content of solid substance ()

100

Content of chlorides () le005

Compressive strength (MPa) EN 12190

ge45(after 28 days)

Flexure strength (MPa) EN 1961

Not request

Module of elasticity (GPa) EN 13 412

ge20 (after 28 days)

Strength relating to the concrete EN 1542

ge2 (after 28 days)

Depth of penetration (mm) EN123908

Not request

Table 1 Physical and mechanical properties of materials used as mortar for repairing [3] The execution of repairer is linked with an important element which is the examination or evaluation of repairing compared with the requirements set by the project In the above mentioned projects the required technical conditions have been met and the examinations have shown a safe performance Time is the key factor in this type of repairs For this reason we present that the Water Tank in Batllava is checked every year for water loss and



it shows that the repairing is functioning well And relating to the derivation channel in Radac the project hasnrsquot been finished yet but it has been more than a year and there is no seen the eventual damages or cracks

Density (kgm3) 1100


100

pH of mixtures 128


17 (after 30 min) 46 (after 28 days)

Flexure strength (Nmm2) 3 (after 30 min)

9 (after 28 days)

Table 2- Physical and mechanical properties of materials for rapid closure of leaks [3]

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Issue of repairing requires broad knowledge in several aspects related to the given structure In particular repairing is closely related to the information and knowledge available on existing materials in the facility opportunities to apply new materials and methods in this field Based on the experience from different (especially in these two projects) projects we can conclude as follows

The first step should consist of assessment of conditions of existing structure or materials

Ensuring the good binding between the layers so that they can behavior such a same material

Selecting the adequate materials and carrying out preliminary evaluation of materials properties

Application of new methods that are interlinked with a well trained staff what we can say that is lacking in our region For a justification and improvement of this field we recommend

The establishment of specific groups for training in this field that would deal mainly with the application of methods and materials for repairing important structures that need to be repaired and there isnrsquot economic justification to build new ones LITERATURE ACI 318-05 Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete ACI Committee USA 2004 ACI 546R-04 Concrete Repair Guide ACI Committee 546 USA 2004 MAPEI - Products and technical Data Milano Italy 2003 Sušteršiš J Dobnikar V Leskovar I Sanacije Betonskih Objektov Ljublana 2004 Elsner B Corrosion Inhibitors for Steel in Concrete International Congress on Advanced Materials 2000 Emmons PH Concrete Repair and Maintenance ACI USA 2003 MAPEI INTERNATIONAL - Journal 2005


INVESTIGATION OF HEAVY METALS IN SOME TYPES OF MULTIVITAMIN JUICES STUDIMI I METALEVE TEuml REumlNDA NEuml DISA LLOJE TEuml LEumlNGJEVE MULTIVITAMINA AFEumlRDITA LAJCcedilI

1 XHEMEuml LAJCcedilI

2

1SHME ldquoAli Hadrirdquo Pejeuml dhe Fakulteti i Xehetariseuml dhe Metalurgjiseuml Mitroviceuml Universiteti i Prishtineumls


KOSOVEuml Email alajqihotmailcom AKTET IV 2 343-347 2011 PERMBLEDHJE Leumlngjet multivitaminike konsumohen si burim i vitaminave dhe mineraleve peumlr teuml ploteumlsuar nevojat e organizmit Peumlrveccedil mineraleve teuml domosdoshme ato peumlrmbajneuml edhe metale teuml reumlnda teuml cilat depozitohen neuml inde apo organe teuml veccedilanta dhe beumlhen toksike peumlr sheumlndetin e njeriut kur janeuml me tepriceuml Neuml sasi mbi normat maksimale teuml lejuara sipas standardit CODEX STAN 45-1981 (World-wide Standard) dhe FAOOMS ato paraqesin rrezik peumlr sheumlndetin dhe jeteumln e njeriut Peumlr keumlteuml studim janeuml analizuar peumlrmbajta e sasiseuml seuml metaleve teuml reumlnda Cd Pb Fe Cu dhe Zn neuml leumlngjet multivitaminike Tango Bibita-Juice dhe Pfanner Peumlrcaktimit i keumltyre metaleve eumlshteuml beumlreuml me aneuml teuml metodeumls seuml kalcinimit dhe spektrometrit teuml absorbimit atomik (SAA) Reumlndeumlsia e keumltij punimi qeumlndron neuml ruajtjen e sheumlndetit dhe sigurimin e vlerave ushqyese gjateuml konsumimit teuml keumltyre leumlngjeve Fjaleumlt kyccedile hulumtimi metalet e renda (Cd Cu Fe Pb Zn) leumlngjet standardet metodat SUMMARY Multivitamin concentrated juices consummation as a source of vitamins and minerals to maintain organism needs is increasing day by day Except minerals that are necessary for organism other heavy metals take place they are placed in tissues or special organs and they become toxic if exceed the normal rates Quantities that exceed maximal rates allowed by CODEX STAN 45-1981 (World-wide Standard) and FAOOMS present risks (toxicity) to human health Research is done by analyzing the content of heavy metals Cd Pb Fe Cu and Zn in multivitamine juices Tango Bibita-Juice dhe Pfanner The determination of these metals is made by the methods of calcinations and Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) The importance of this work is the protection of human health and insurance of nutritional value during the consummation of these juices Key-words research heavy metals (Cd Cu Fe Pb Zn) juices standards methods 1 HYRJA Leumlngjet e frutave kaneuml vlereuml teuml uleumlt energjitike por vlera ushqyese e tyre eumlshteuml shumeuml e larteuml dhe konsumimi i tyre peumlrmireumlson marrjen e shumeuml mikroelementeve teuml nevojshme peumlr organizmin e njeriut Konsumimi ditor i frutave teuml freskeumlta leumlngjeve teuml frutave dhe perimeve (gt 400 gditeuml) rekomandohet peumlr teuml ndihmuar parandalimin e seumlmundjeve teuml reumlndeumlsishme jo-ngjiteumlse si seumlmundjet kardiovaskulare dhe disa kancereve

1-8 Mineralet janeuml teuml nevojshme peumlr

jeteumln e njeriut dhe luajneuml njeuml rol me reumlndeumlsi neuml funksionin e metabolizmit

si neuml mireumlmbajtjen e

pH-seuml presionit osmotik sistemit nervor prodhimit teuml energjiseuml dhe pothuaj teuml gjitha aspektet e jeteumls

58

Neuml pikeumlpamje fiziologjike makromineralet meuml teuml reumlndeumlsishme janeuml Ca K Na dhe Mg ndeumlrsa mikrominerale janeuml Fe Cu dhe Zn Edhe pse mineralet janeuml esenciale peumlr zhvillimin dhe sheumlndetin normal teuml njeriut konsumimi i tyre neuml sasi teuml meumldha ka veprim toksik Vlereumlsimi i



rrezikut nga keumlto elemente kimike tregon seuml konsumimi i larteuml i tyre ka ndikim toksik ndeumlrsa mos marrja ose marrja e uleumlt e tyre rezulton neuml probleme teuml leumlndeumlve ushqyese teuml nevojshme peumlr organizmin e njeriut

68 Prandaj eumlshteuml me reumlndeumlsi

marrja e sasive seuml nevojshme teuml disa substancave peumlr parandalimin e efekteve negative neuml sheumlndetin e njeriut Peumlr keumlteuml qeumlllim Komisioni i Eksperteve peumlr Shtimin e Aditiveve Ushqimor (Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA)) e Organizateumls seuml Boteumlrore e Sheumlndetit (World Health Organisation (WHO 2000)

ka

dheneuml vlerat e tolerueshme teuml marrjes seuml keumltyre substancave respektivisht kufirin e lejueshem teuml toksitetit

58

Qeumlllimi i keumltij punimi eumlshteuml peumlrcaktimi i sasiseuml seuml metaleve teuml reumlnda Pb Cd Fe Zn dhe Cu neuml leumlngje teuml pemeumlve multivitamina Tango Bibita Juice Pfanner me aneuml teuml SAA Krahasimi i vlerave teuml fituara me vlerat maksimale teuml lejuara sipas standardit CODEX STAN 45-1981 (WORLWIDE STANDARD) dhe standardeve tjera

3

2 MATERIALI DHE METODAT Hulumtimi dhe peumlrcaktimi metaleve te reumlnda Fe Pb Cu Cd dhe Zn neuml leumlngje teuml pemeumlve multivitamina Tango Bibita Juice Pfanner eumlshteuml beumlreuml neuml Institutin e Bujqeumlsiseuml neuml Pejeuml dhe Institutin INKOS 21 Materiali Materialet e hulumtuara neuml keumlteuml punim janeuml leumlngjet e frutave Tango multivitamina Bibita Juice multivitamina dhe Pfanner multivitamina 22 Pajisjet Hulumtimi i peumlrmbajtjes seuml metaleve teuml reumlnda dhe peumlrcaktimi i peumlrqendrimeve teuml tyre eumlshteuml beumlreuml me aneuml teuml spektrometrit teuml absorbimit

Atomik (SAA) teuml tipit AA6300 SHIMADZU Pajisjet e tjera te nevojshme janeuml eneumlt e platineumls furra thareumlse e tipit Sterimatic-st-11 esikatori peumlr ftohje peshorja analitike furra e tipit Protherm peshoja e tipit Gerhard menzura eneuml normale 23 Metodat e matjeve Peumlrgatitja e mostrave peumlr peumlrcaktimin e metaleve teuml reumlnda me aneuml teuml Spektrometrit teuml Absorbimit Atomik eumlshteuml beumlreuml sipas metodeumls seuml kalcinimit

247 Seuml pari eneumlt e platineumls janeuml thar neuml

temperatureuml 100 ordmC neuml furreuml thareumlse teuml tipit-STERIMATIC-ST-11 neuml koheumlzgjatje prej 20 minutave pastaj janeuml futur neuml eksikator peumlr ftohje Pas ftohjes eumlshteuml beumlreuml matja e keumltyre eneumlve teuml zbrazeumlta dhe neuml secileumln eneuml eumlshteuml shtuar nga 25 ml mosteumlr teuml leumlngjeve dhe janeuml matur peumlrseumlri Pastaj eneumlt me leumlngje janeuml futur neuml furreuml thareumlse teuml tipit STERIMATIC ST-11 neuml koheumlzgjatje 1-2 oreuml derisa leumlngjet janeuml avulluar Procesi i kalcinimit teuml keumltyre leumlngjeve eumlshteuml beumlreuml neuml furreumln e tipit PROTHERM Procesi i kalcinimit fillon nga temperatura 150 ordmC dhe vazhdon deri neuml temperatureumln 450-500 ordmC Leumlngjet e kalcinuara treten neuml acidin klorhidrik Neuml eneuml eumlshteuml shtuar 10 ml HCl teuml holluar me ujeuml neuml raport 11 duke e nxehur deri neuml vlim neuml reshoneuml GERHARD Treteumlsira e peumlrgatitur neuml keumlteuml meumlnyreuml eumlshteuml holluar me ujeuml te distiluar neuml eneuml normale prej 50 ml dhe si e tilleuml eumlshteuml peumlrdorur peumlr analizeuml neuml absorber atomik Standardet janeuml marr te gatshme dhe eumlshteuml punuar sipas metodeumls seuml standardizimit Lakoret janeuml fituar duke incizuar standardet peumlrkateumlse Gjateumlsiteuml valore peumlr elementet e hulumtuara janeuml keumlto Cu = 3248 nm Cd = 2288 nm Pb = 2833 nm Fe = 2483 nm dhe Zn = 2139 nm

Nr mostreumls Parametrat

Fe [mgl] Pb [mgl] Cu [mgl] Cd [mgl] Zn [mgl]

1 05948 01299 02551 00263 00387

2 01310 02041 01474 00038 00166

3 03092 01577 02154 00023 00278

Vlera mesatare 03450 01639 02060 00108 00277

Vlerat e lejuar 1500 0300 500 0300 500

Tabela 31 Vlera e sasiseuml seuml metaleve neuml leumlngun TANGO multivitamina



3 REZULTATET 31 Peumlrcaktimi i metaleve teuml reumlnda neuml leumlngjet

Tango multivitamina Pesha e eneumlve teuml zbrazeumlta

1) Ao-343181g 2) Ao-360846 g 3) Ao-343392 g

Pesha e eneumlve me 25 ml mosteumlr teuml leumlngjeve Tango multivitamina

1) A1-592783g 2) A1-605850g 3) A1-592415g

Pas tharjes kalcinimit tretjes neuml acideuml hollimit dhe inccedilizimit neuml absorber atomik rezultatet e fituara teuml metaleve teuml reumlnda Fe Pb Cu Cd Zn [mgl] neuml leumlngjet Tango multivitamina janeuml dheumlneuml neuml tabeleumln 31

32 Peumlrcaktimi i metaleve teuml reumlnda neuml leumlngjet Bibita Juice multivitamina

Pesha e eneumlve teuml zbrazeumlta 1) Ao-343198 g 2) Ao-360849 g 3) Ao-343434 g

Pesha e eneumlve me 25 ml mosteumlr teuml leumlngjeve Bibita Juice multivitamina

1) A1-587934 g 2) A1-602497 g 3) A1-588697 g

Pas tharjes kalcinimit tretjes neuml acideuml hollimit dhe inccedilizimit neuml absorber atomik rezultatet e fituara teuml metaleve teuml reumlnda Fe Pb Cu Cd Zn [mgl] neuml leumlngjet Bibita Juice multivitamina janeuml dheumlneuml neuml tabeleumln 32

Nr Parametrat


1 01746 02041 03401 00038 00316

2 01564 02598 03104 00034 00154

3 01873 02784 03401 00038 00062

Vlera mesatare 01728 02474 03302 00037 00177

Vlerat e lejuar1 1500 0300 500 0300 500

Tabela 32 Vlera e sasiseuml seuml metaleve neuml leumlngun multivitamina BIBITA JUICE multivitamina

Nr Parametrat


1 05748 02505 03175 00015 01168

2 00746 02691 02920 00026 00264

3 01837 02320 02863 00038 00247

Vlera mesatare 02777 02505 02986 00026 00560

Vlerat e lejuara 1500 0300 500 0300 500

Tabela 33 Vlera e sasiseuml seuml metaleve neuml leumlngun PFANNER multivitamina 33 Peumlrcaktimi i metaleve teuml reumlnda neuml leumlngjet

Pfanner multivitamina Pesha e eneumlve teuml zbrazeumlta

1) Ao-343181 g 2) Ao-360838 g 3) Ao-343437 g

Pesha e eneumlve me 25 ml mosteumlr teuml leumlngjeve Pfanner multivitamina

1) A1-585093 g 2) A1-612232 g

3) A1-595727 g Pas tharjes kalcinimit tretjes neuml acideuml hollimit dhe inccedilizimit neuml absorber atomik rezultatet e fituara teuml metaleve teuml reumlnda Fe Pb Cu Cd Zn [mgl] neuml leumlngjet Pfanner multivitamina janeuml dheumlneuml neuml tabeleumln 33 4 DISKUTIMI I REZULTATEVE Neuml figurat 41-45 janeuml dheumlneuml vlerat e metaleve teuml reumlnda peumlr tri lloje teuml leumlngjeve multivitamina



Tango Bibita Juice dhe Phanner teuml caktuara me aneumln e SAA Gjithashtu eumlshteuml beumlreuml krahasimi i vlerave teuml fituara teuml secilitit metal peumlr tri mostrat

Figura 41 Grafiku i peumlrmbajtjes seuml hekurit neuml leumlngjeumlt multivitamina Tango Bibita Juice dhe

Phanner

Figura 42 Grafiku i peumlrmbajtjes seuml plumbit neuml leumlngjeumlt multivitamina Tango Bibita Juice dhe

Phanner

Figura 43 Grafiku i peumlrmbajtjes seuml bakrit neuml leumlngjeumlt multivitamina Tango Bibita Juice dhe

Phanner

Figura 44 Grafiku i peumlrmbajtjes kadmiumit neuml leumlngjeumlt multivitamina Tango Bibita Juice dhe

Phanner

Figura 45 Grafiku i peumlrmbajtjes seuml zinkut neuml leumlngjeumlt multivitamina Tango Bibita Juice dhe

Phanner Nga rezultatet e fituara duke u bazuar neuml standardet ndeumlrkombeumltare (figura 41) shihet se niveli i hekurit neuml leumlngjet e pemeumlve teuml hulumtuara eumlshteuml neuml kufi teuml lejuar

3 Ai eumlshteuml meuml i

larteuml neuml leumlngun TANGO multivitamin 0345 dhe meuml i uleumlt neuml BIBITA juice 017828 Neuml leumlngun e importuar PHANNER vlera e hekurit eumlshteuml 02777 Nga figura 42 shihet seuml sasia e plumbit neuml keumlto leumlngje eumlshteuml meuml e larteuml neuml leumlngun PFANNER dhe BIBITA juice ndeumlrsa neuml leumlngun TANGO multivitamina eumlshteuml meuml e uleumlt Sasia e plumbit neuml keumlto leumlngje eumlshteuml neuml kufijteuml e lejuar sipas normave ndeumlrkombeumltare

3 Prandaj konsumimi i

keumltyre leumlngjeve nuk paraqet rrezik peumlr sheumlndetin e njeriut Nga figura 43 shihet seuml sasia e bakrit eumlshteuml meuml e larteuml neuml leumlngun BIBITA juice dhe PHANNER dhe



meuml e uleumlta neuml leumlngun TANGO multivitamina Sasia e bakrit eumlshteuml neuml kufijteuml e lejuar neuml baze teuml normave ndeumlrkombeumltare

3 Me konsumimin e

keumltyre leumlngjeve organizmi i njeriut merr mineralin e bakrit teuml nevojsheumlm duke mos kaluar kufirin e epeumlrm qeuml do teuml kishte veprim toksik Nga figura 44 shihet seuml sasia e kadmiumit neuml keumlto leumlngje eumlshteuml meuml e larteuml neuml leumlngun TANGO multivitamina ndeumlrsa neuml leumlngjet BIBITA juice dhe PHANNER eumlshteuml meuml e ulet Sasia e kadmiumit neuml keumlto leumlngje eumlshteuml neuml kufijteuml e lejuar sipas normave ndeumlrkombeumltare


keumltyre leumlngjeve nuk paraqet rrezik peumlr sheumlndetin e njeriut Nga figura 45 shihet se sasia e zinkut eumlshteuml meuml e larta neuml leumlngun PHANNER dhe me e ulta neuml leumlngun TANGO multivitamina Sasia e zinkut eumlshteuml neuml kufijteuml e lejuar neuml bazeuml teuml normave ndeumlrkombeumltare

3 Me konsumimin e keumltyre

leumlngjeve organizmi i njeriut merr mineralin e zinkut teuml nevojsheumlm duke mos kaluar kufirin e epeumlrm qeuml do teuml kishte veprim toksik 5 PEumlRFUNDIME Neuml bazeuml teuml rezultateve teuml fituara gjateuml hulumtimit teuml peumlrbeumlrja seuml metaleve toksike Pb Cd dhe metaleve teuml reumlnda Fe Cu dhe Zn neuml dy leumlngje vendore Bibita Juice multivitamina Tango multivitamina dhe Pfanner multivitamina vijmeuml neuml peumlrfundim

Peumlrmbajtja e Pb eumlshteuml meuml larteuml tek leumlngjet Pfanner dhe Bibita Juice multivitamina ndeumlrsa meuml uleumlt tek Tango multivitamina

Peumlrmbajta e Cd eumlshteuml shumeuml meuml e theksuar teuml leumlngu Tango multivitamina dhe meuml uleumlt tek leumlngjet Pfanner dhe Bibita Juice multivitamina

Peumlrmbajtja e Fe eumlshteuml meuml theksuar teuml leumlngu Tango multivitamina

Peumlrmbajtja e Cu eumlshteuml meuml theksuar tek Bibita Juice multivitamina

dhe peumlrmbajtja e Zn eumlshteuml meuml theksuar tek leumlngu Pfanner multivitamina Sasia e gjetur e hekurit bakrit dhe zinkut eumlshteuml e mjaftueshme peumlr zhvillimin normal teuml organizmit teuml njeriut por vlerat e fituara nuk janeuml shumeuml teuml meumldha qeuml teuml keneuml efekt toksik

78

Sasia e keumltyre mikroelementeve teuml gjetur neuml keumlto leumlngje eumlshteuml neuml pajtim me normat ndeumlrkombeumltare CODEX STAN 45-1981 teuml lejuara

3

6 BIBLIOGRAFIA 1 Ashurst R Philip Chemistry and Technology of Soft Drinks and Fruit Juices 2

nd Edition 2005

by Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2 Cantle-en Edward John Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (Techniques and instrumentation in analytical chemistry) Elsevier Science Ltd (1982-10) 3 CODEX standard 45-1981 (World Wide Standard) 4 Ebdon L Evans HE Fisher SA Hill JS An Introduction to Analytical Atomic Spectrometry University of Plymouth UK Edited by EH Evans Copyright copy 1998 by John Wiley amp Sons Ltd 5 Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) and (World Health Organisation (WHO 2000) 6 Szefer P and Nriagu OJ Mineral components in foods CRC Taylor amp Francis 2007 7 Vracar OL ldquoPrirucnik za kontrolu kvaljiteta svezeg preradjenog voca i poverca pecurki i osvezhavajucih bezalkoholnih picardquo TFNovi Sad 2001 8 World Health Organization 2003 Diet Nutrition and the Prevention of Chronic Diseases WHO Geneva


BUTT WELDING OF PE 100 POLYETHYLENE PIPE WITH A HEATED TOOL SALDIMI BALLOR I GYPAVE PREJ POLIETILENI PE 100 ME VEGEumlL TEuml NXEHTEuml HYSNI OSMANI BAJRUSH BYTYQI Universiteti i Prishtineumls Fakulteti i Inxhinieriseuml Mekanike Prishtineuml KOSOVEuml Email hysniosmaniyahoocom AKTET IV 2 348-354 2011 PERMBLEDHJE Neuml punim janeuml paraqitur teuml dheumlnat peumlr saldimin e gypave nga polietileni PE100 me saldim ballor me vegeumll teuml nxehteuml Saldimi ballor i gypave eumlshteuml njeuml metodeuml e cila peumlrdoret peumlr saldim teuml gypave me diameteumlr teuml njeumljteuml dhe me trasheumlsi teuml njeumljteuml Neuml keumlteuml proces sipeumlrfaqet qeuml saldohen duhet teuml rrafshohen shumeuml mireuml qeuml teuml peumlrputhen sa meuml mireuml pastaj ato duhet teuml nxehen deri neuml temperatureumln e saldimit dhe ateumlhereuml duhet vepruar me shtypje neuml to me qeumlllim teuml bashkimi teuml tyre Shtypja temperatura dhe koheumlzgjatja e saldimit duhet teuml peumlrzgjidhen neuml ateuml meumlnyreuml qeuml ato teuml mos ndikojneuml neuml dobeumlsimin e vetive teuml materialit Cileumlsia e saldimit ballor teuml gypave teuml salduar duhet teuml jeteuml meuml e mireuml ose e njeumljteuml me cileumlsineuml e gypave peumlrkateumlsisht me cileumlsineuml e materialit bazeuml Me qeumlllim teuml arritjes seuml cileumlsiseuml seuml mireuml teuml bashkeumlsiseuml seuml salduar eumlshteuml e nevojshme qeuml teuml beumlhet peumlrzgjedhja e drejteuml dhe me kujdes e parametrave teuml saldimit (temperatura shtypja dhe koheumlzgjatja) Fjaleumlt ccedileleumls gypat e polietilenit parametrat e saldimit PE 100 saldimi ballor vegla e nxehteuml SUMMARY Butt-welding is a method which is used to join pipes and fittings of the same diameter and wall thickness In this process the contact faces of the components are planed so that a perfect contact is achieved and then heated to the welding temperature and then heated contact faces are joined under pressure Welding pressure temperature and time is adjusted so that the physical and chemical properties of the original material are retained A good quality butt-welded joint assures that the joint strength is the same as valid for the original pipe itself And in order to achieve a good quality joint welding parameters (temperature pressure and time) should be adjusted carefully Key-words Polyethylene pipes PE 100 butt welding heated tool ndash plate welding parameters

HYRJE Me peumlrdorimin e saldimit neuml prodhim jo veteumlm qeuml rritet prodhueshmeumlria por arrihen edhe efekte teuml tjera konstruksioni lehteumlsohet zhduket dyfishimi i llamarinave zvogeumllohen gjithnjeuml e meuml tepeumlr nevojat peumlr profile teuml ndeumlrlikuara (sepse tash prodhohen me saldim) lehteumlsohet transporti shpejtohet montimi (shumica e bashkeumlsive qeuml saldohen peumlrgatiten neumln kushte normale-brenda neuml reparte prodhuese dhe si teuml tilla transportohen neuml terren) Saldimi po ashtu e shkurton afatin e ndeumlrtimit-investimeve pajisja eumlshteuml relativisht e lireuml dhe e thjeshteuml peumlr peumlrdorim dhe mireumlmbajtje afteumlsimi i

fuqiseuml puneumltore beumlhet meuml shpejt etj Peumlr keumlteuml arsye sot saldimi gjeti peumlrdorimin e tij prej puneumltoriseuml meuml teuml thjeshteuml e deri te ndeumlrtimi i fluturakeve kozmike Neuml krahasim me metodat e tjera teuml bashkimit teuml masave plastike (ngjitja me ngjiteumls bashkimi me ribatina dhe bulona) saldimi ka peumlrpareumlsi teuml konsiderueshme Peumlrpareumlsiteuml kryesore janeuml

produktiviteti i larteuml

koha e shkurteumlr e bashkimit

qeumlndrueshmeumlria e larteuml

homogjeniteti i bashkeumlsiseuml

kursimi i materialit dhe

kushtet me teuml peumlrshtatshme teuml puneumls

Osmani amp Bytyqi


Peumlr saldim nevojitet sipeumlrfaqe me e vogeumll e bashkimit se sa peumlr ngjitje Duke u bazuar neuml peumlrpareumlsiteuml e peumlrmendura mund teuml konstatojmeuml

se saldimi i masave plastike ka peumlrdorim teuml gjereuml neuml degeuml teuml ndryshme teuml industriseuml Klasifikimi i metodave teuml saldimit teuml masave plastike eumlshteuml treguar neuml Figureumln 1

Figura 1 Metodat e saldimit teuml masave plastike

Parametrat e saldimit me vegeumll teuml nxehteuml Peumlr teuml realizuar saldim me cileumlsi teuml larteuml eumlshteuml e domosdoshme zgjedhja e drejteuml e parametrave teuml regjimit teuml saldimit [1] [2] Parametrat e regjimit teuml saldimit ballor peumlrzgjidhen neuml vareumlsi nga lloji i materialit bazeuml trasheumlsia e murit teuml gypit (gjateuml saldimit ballor teuml gypave) ose trasheumlsia e pllakave dhe duke u mbeumlshtetur neuml standardin DVS 2207-3 Parametrat qeuml duhet teuml peumlrzgjidhen gjateuml saldimit ballor me vegeumll teuml nxehteuml janeuml - Larteumlsia minimale e fryrjes seuml buzeumlve teuml puthitura peumlr vegleumln nxeheumlse gjateuml peumlrshtatjes - Koha e nxehjes - Koha maksimale e largimit teuml nxeheumlsit - Koha minimale e bashkimit Parimi i nxehjes mbeumlshtetet neuml nxehjen me nxeheumls elektrostatik teuml sipeumlrfaqeve qeuml bashkohen Nxehja beumlhet deri neuml temperatureumln qeuml i peumlrgjigjet temperatureumls seuml puneumls teuml termoplastit Sipeumlrfaqet qeuml bashkohen duhet teuml

kontaktohen (puthiten) me trupin nxeheumls (vegleumln e nxehteuml) gjateuml teumlreuml koheumls seuml nxehjes Kur sipeumlrfaqet qeuml saldohen nxehen deri neuml temperatureuml teuml dheumlneuml ato takohen dhe shtypen duke i mbajtur teuml shtreumlnguara neuml vegeumll shtreumlnguese deri sa teuml ftohen Kjo metodeuml eumlshteuml e peumlrshtatshme peumlr saldim me doreuml teuml shufrave peumlr saldim teuml mekanizuar teuml pllakave teuml mbeumlshtetura e sidomos peumlr saldim ballor teuml gypave Peumlr keumlteuml arsye krahas veglave nxeheumlse peumlrdoren edhe vegla shtreumlnguese teuml cilat sheumlrbejneuml peumlr qendeumlrzim dhe peumlr peumlrgatitje peumlr bashkim Paraleleumlsia e sipeumlrfaqeve qeuml nxehen arrihet me peumlrdorimin e prereumlsit (formuesit) planparalel Me ndihmeumln e tij rrafshohen sipeumlrfaqet kontaktuese Pas largimit teuml prereumlsit beumlhet kontrollimi i rrafsheumlsiseuml seuml buzeumlve duke i takuar (puthitur) sipeumlrfaqet Gjereumlsia maksimale e hapeumlsireumls sipas diametrit eumlshteuml 05 mm kurse denivelizimi sipas diametrit mund teuml jeteuml plusmn10 e trasheumlsiseuml seuml murit teuml gypit

Osmani amp Bytyqi


por jo meuml shumeuml se 10 mm Meuml pas sipeumlrfaqet qeuml saldohen ndahen dhe largohen dhe ndeumlrmjet tyre vendoset nxeheumlsi termostatik i nxehur deri neuml temperatureuml teuml saldimit Diagrami i procesit teuml saldimit me vegeumll teuml nxehteuml eumlshteuml treguar neuml figureumln 2 kurse skema parimore e saldimit neuml figureumln 3 Pamja e saldimit teuml gypave eumlshteuml treguar neuml figureumln 4

Figura 2 Diagrami i procesit teuml saldimit

Figura 3 Skema parimore e saldimit me vegeumll teuml nxehteuml

Figura 4 Saldimi ballor i gypave Parametrat e regjimit teuml saldimit me vegeumll teuml

nxehteuml janeuml treguar neuml tabelat 1 2 dhe 3

Trasheumlsia e murit teuml gypit

mm

Larteumlsia minimale e fryrjes seuml buzeumlve teuml

puthitura peumlr vegleumln nxeheumlse gjateuml

peumlrshtatjes neuml shtypje Plt015 Nmm

2

Koha e nxehjes (10 x trasheumlsia

e gypit) s

Koha max e largimit

teuml nxehteumlsit

s

Koha min e bashkimit s

Me shtypje

Me ftohje minuta

Deri 45 05 45 5 5 6

45-7 10 45-70 5-6 5-6 6-10

7-12 15 70-120 6-8 6-8 10-16

12-19 20 120-190 8-10 8-11 16-24

19-26 25 190-260 10-12 11-14 24-32

26-37 30 260-370 12-16 14-19 32-45

37-50 35 370-500 16-20 19-25 45-60

50-70 40 500-700 20-25 25-35 60-80

Tabela 1 Parametrat e preferuar teuml saldimit ballor teuml gypave ose lidheumlseve nga HDPE Shtypja qeuml vepron neuml drejtim aksial teuml gypit eumlshteuml 15 Ncm

2 Meuml pas gypat largohen neuml drejtim

aksial dhe me shpejteumlsi largohet nxeheumlsi Gjateuml keumlsaj duhet pasur kujdes qeuml teuml mos deumlmtohen sipeumlrfaqet e nxehura dhe teuml zbutura teuml gypave Pastaj sa meuml shpejt gypat afrohen dhe

kontaktohen Kur sipeumlrfaqet teuml takohen ateumlhereuml rritet forca e shtreumlngimit e cila njeumlhereumlsh paraqet edhe forceumln e saldimit Sipeumlrfaqet mbahen neuml gjendje teuml shtreumlnguar peumlr koheumln e parapareuml teuml saldimit Vegla shtreumlnguese lirohet ateumlhereuml kur temperatura e tegelit bie neumln

Osmani amp Bytyqi


35 OC deri neuml 40

OC Njeuml nga peumlrmasat

karakteristike qeuml duhet teuml merren parasysh gjateuml saldimit ballor me vegeumll teuml nxehteuml eumlshteuml larteumlsia e fryrjes neuml vendbashkimin e buzeumlve teuml gypave ose pllakave (fig 5) Pas prurjes seuml sipeumlrfaqeve neuml

poziteuml paralele dhe aksiale ato ndahen dhe ndeumlrmjet tyre vendoset nxeheumlsi termostatik i nxehur neuml temperatureuml teuml saldimit peumlr HDPE ajo eumlshteuml 230

OC kurse peumlr PP neuml 240

OC


mm




2

Koha e nxehjes

s

Koha max e largimit teuml

nxehteumlsit s


Me shtypje

Me ftohje minuta

Deri 45 05 135 5 5 6

45-7 05 135-175 5-6 5-6 6-12

7-12 10 175-245 6-8 6-8 12-20

12-19 10 245-330 8-10 8-11 20-30

19-26 15 330-400 10-12 11-14 30-40

26-37 20 400-485 12-16 14-19 40-55

37-50 25 485-560 16-20 19-25 55-70

Tabela 2 Parametrat e preferuar teuml saldimit ballor teuml gypave ose lidheumlseve nga PP


mm




2

Koha e nxehjes

peumlr Plt002Nmm

2

(10 x trasheumlsia e gypit)

s

Koha max e largimit

teuml nxehteumlsit

s

Koha min e bashkimit s pasymp010Nmmsup2

Me shtypje (04 х trasheumlsia

e murit + 25 sek)

Me ftohje minuta

19- 35 05 59-75 3 3-4 5-6

45-55 05 75-95 3 4-5 6-85

55-10 05-10 95-140 4 5-7 85-14

10-15 10-13 140-190 4 7-9 14-20

15-20 13-17 190-240 5 9-11 20-26

20-25 17-20 240-290 5 11-13 26-32

Tabela 3 Parametrat e preferuar teuml saldimit ballor teuml gypave ose lidheumlseve nga PVDF (Polyvinylidene Fluoride)

Zgjedhja e temperatureumls seuml saldimit duhet teuml beumlhet neuml vareumlsi nga trasheumlsia e murit teuml gypit ose e murit teuml pllakeumls [3] Neuml figureumln 6 eumlshteuml treguar diagrami i vareumlsiseuml seuml temperatureumls seuml saldimit nga trasheumlsia e murit teuml gypit Mund teuml veumlrehet se peumlr trasheumlsi teuml vogeumll duhet teuml peumlrzgjidhet temperatureuml meuml e larteuml kurse peumlr trasheumlsi meuml teuml madhe temperatureuml meuml e uleumlt Peumlr ccedildo material duhet teuml ekzistojeuml kufiri i poshteumlm dhe kufiri i epeumlrm i temperatureumls seuml saldimit

Cileumlsia e bashkeumlsiseuml seuml salduar eumlshteuml kontrolluar neuml peumlrshtatje teuml ploteuml me rekomandimet e standardit ISO 1167 [4] Saldimi i kampioneumlve (mostrave) Diagrami i procesit teuml saldimit eumlshteuml treguar neuml figureumln 7

Osmani amp Bytyqi


Figura 5 Larteumlsia e fryrjes neuml vendbashkimin e

buzeumlve teuml gypave ose pllakave

Figura 6 Vareumlsia e temperatureumls nga trasheumlsia e

murit teuml gypit [3]

Figura 7 Diagrami i procesit teuml saldimit teuml PE 100 Saldimi i gypave nga polietileni PE 100 me diameteumlr teuml jashteumlm Oslash 160 mm dhe me trasheumlsi teuml murit e = 80 mm eumlshteuml beumlreuml me keumlta parametra teuml saldimit T = 210

O C

p1 = 015 [Nmm2]

p2 = 038 [Nmm2]

t1max = 8 [s] t3max = 8 [s] t5 = 18 [min] = 1080 [s] p5 = 19 ndash 23 [Nmm

2]

t2 = 112 ndash 124 [s] t4 = 7 ndash 9 [s]

Simboli Emeumlrtimi Njeumlsia

de diametri i jashteumlm i gypit mm

e trasheumlsia minimale e murit teuml gypit mm

A fryrja e buzeumlve

(fundi i koheumls seuml peumlrshtatjes ndash rrafshimit) mm

afeumlrsisht (05+01e) ndash duhet teuml jeteuml rrethore

B fryrja e buzeumlve

(fundi i koheumls seuml ftohjes neumln shtypje) mm

minimum 3 + 05 e maksimum 5 + 075 e

P1 shtypja gjateuml paranxehjes Nmm2 018 +- 001

p2 shtypja gjateuml nxehjes Nmm2 zakonisht deri 001

p3 shtypja gjateuml saldimit Nmm2 018 +- 001

p4 shtypja gjateuml ftohjes Nmm2 0 (pa shtypje pa lakim dhe pa sforcime)

t1 koha e paranxehjes

s derisa teuml arrihet madheumlsia e fryrjes seuml buzeumlve A

t2 koha e nxehjes s (12 +- 1) e

t3 koha e largimit teuml vegleumls s 3 + 001 de

t4 koha maksimale e arritjes seuml shtypjes

salduese s

3 + 003 de

t5 koha maksimale e saldimit neumln veprimin e

shtypjes min 3 + e

t6 koha maksimale e ftohjes neumln shtypje min 15 e

Osmani amp Bytyqi


Kampioneumlt (mostrat) e salduar me parametra teuml regjimit sipas standardit DVS 2207 janeuml paraqitur neuml figureumln 8

Figura 8 Kampioneumlt e salduar

PEumlRFUNDIM Saldimi i gypave nga polietileni me saldim ballor me vegeumll teuml nxehteuml eumlshteuml njeuml ndeumlr metodat meuml teuml mira teuml bashkimit teuml gypave Me keumlteuml metodeuml mund teuml saldohen gypat e ndrysheumlm nga plastika Gypat qeuml saldohen duhet teuml keneuml diameteumlr dhe trasheumlsi teuml njeumljteuml

Kusht peumlr cileumlsi teuml mireuml teuml gypave teuml salduar eumlshteuml zgjedhja e drejteuml e parametrave teuml saldimit sipas standardit DVS 2207 [5] Kampioneumlt e salduar me keumlteuml metodeuml janeuml teuml cileumlsiseuml seuml larteuml dhe neuml ta nuk veumlrehen devijime dhe ndryshime teuml theksuara teuml larteumlsiseuml seuml tegelit Kontrolli me presion i bashkeumlsiseuml seuml salduar i beumlreuml sipas standardit ISO 1167 ka treguar se tegeli i salduar me parametrat e zgjedhur teuml regjimit teuml saldimit eumlshteuml i cileumlsiseuml seuml njeumljteuml me cileumlsineuml e materialit bazeuml BIBLIOGRAFIA 1 Handbook of Plastics Joining - A Practical Guide Plastics Design Library 1997 2 Handbook of PE Pipe The Plastics Pipe Second Edition Institute Inc wwwplasticpipeorg 3 DVS2207 Welding of thermoplastics heated tool welding of pipes pipeline components and sheets made from PE-HD 1995 4 ISO 11671976 Determination of the resistance to internal pressure 5 ASTM Volume 0804 Plastic Piping Systems January 2010


WELDING REPAIR OF WEARED OUT AND BROKEN DETAILS RIPARIMI ME SALDIM I DETALEVE TEuml KONSUMUARA DHE TEuml THYERA BAJRUSH BYTYQI HYSNI OSMANI GAZMEND GASHI Universiteti i Prishtineumls Fakulteti i Inxhinieriseuml Mekanike Prishtineuml KOSOVEuml Email b_bytyqiyahoocom AKTET IV 2 354-358 2011 PERMBLEDHJE Riparimi i detaleve teuml konsumuara dhe teuml thyera eumlshteuml proces mjaft delikat dhe i ndeumlrlikuar Beumlhet neuml raste emergjente dhe peumlr ta shkurtuar afatin e kthimit neuml funksion teuml detaleve teuml deumlmtuara gjateuml puneumls ose peumlr shkak teuml vjeteumlrsimit teuml tyre Riparimi neuml teuml shumteumln e rasteve beumlhet me saldim dhe procese teuml ngjashme me teuml Detalet e riparuara me saldim jo veteumlm qeuml janeuml teuml sigurta por kaneuml qeumlndrueshmeumlri meuml teuml larteuml dhe jetueshmeumlri (afatsheumlrbim) shpesh meuml teuml gjateuml sesa vet detalet origjinale Me keumlteuml metodeuml ka mundeumlsi teuml riparohen teuml gjitha detalet qeuml mund teuml ccedilmontohen pas deumlmtimit dhe montohen pas riparimit Deumlmtimet meuml teuml shpeshta teuml detaleve peumlr shkak teuml kushteve teuml eksploatimit dhe faktoreumlve ndikues feumlrkimit ngarkesave dhe momenteve janeuml konsumimi i sipeumlrfaqeve peumlrdredhjet thyerjet plasaritjet ccedilarjet dhe keumlputjet Detalet qeuml riparohen kryesisht kalojneuml neumlpeumlr keumlto faza diagnostikimi vlereumlsimi i mundeumlsive teuml riparimit peumlrgatitja saldimi peumlrpunimi termik dhe peumlrpunimi peumlrfundimtar me prerje neuml peumlrmasa dhe cileumlsi teuml caktuar teuml dimensioneve dhe sipeumlrfaqeve punuese Peumlrkundeumlr deumlshireumls seuml madhe keumlta dhe faktoreuml teuml tjereuml nuk ploteumlsohen gjithmoneuml neuml nivel teuml keumlnaqsheumlm gjateuml realizimit teuml riparimit andaj ndodhin edhe gabime Kjo e shtron nevojeumln e pashmangshme teuml kontrollit teuml cileumlsiseuml Kontrolli i cileumlsiseuml seuml detaleve qeuml riparohen duhet beumlreuml neuml tre faza para se teuml fillojeuml riparimi gjateuml riparimit dhe pas riparimit Kontrolli i tilleuml eumlshteuml shumeuml i reumlndeumlsisheumlm neuml meumlnyreuml qeuml teuml sigurohemi se detali i riparuar i ploteumlson kushtet teknike teuml nevojshme qeuml teuml kthehet peumlrseumlri neuml procesin e eksploatimit dhe teuml kryejeuml funksionin neuml meumlnyreuml cileumlsore Fjaleumlt ccedileleumls detali konsumi riparimi thyerja saldimi SUMMARY Repair of consumed and broken details is a delicate and complicate process It is done mainly to shorten the time for the damaged details to return in their working process In most of the cases repair is done by welding or other similar methods Repaired details are pretty safe and they have also solid durability sustainability and service lifetime some times more than original details itself With this method is possible to be repaired all the details that are to be demount after damage and mount after repair Details that mostly are exposed consumption or are damaged are shafts axes bearings tumblers teeth of gears etc Reparation method chosen is depending from dimensions the detail has function it performs and other factors Details that are going to be repaired passes usually through these phases control before reparation estimation if the damaged detail will be able to be repaired preparation welding heat processing and cut and finishing processing as the last operation before repaired detail is returned back in the working process Despite the will that those and other factors to be chosen in the best way possible still is impossible mistakes to not happen Thatrsquos why in the repaired details mistakes of different types are shown This implies the need of the control of repaired details At this point quality control is very important and is done to make sure that repaired detail fulfils the necessary technical conditions to be back in the working process Key words consumption breakage detail repair welding HYRJE Saldimi peumlrkufizohet si bashkim i dy a meuml shumeuml detaleve me ose pa material ploteumlsues neuml

meumlnyreuml qeuml konstruksioni ose bashkeumlsia e fituar me saldim trsquoi keteuml cileumlsiteuml e nevojshme peumlr ccedilka edhe eumlshteuml dedikuar (Fig 1a)

Bytyqi et al


Regjenerim quhet mbushja me material e vendit teuml peumlrgatitur peumlr marrjen e peumlrmasave vetive mekanike apo vetive teuml caktuara (Fig 1b) Riparimi peumlrfshin saldimin dhe rigjenerimin (Fig 1c)

Figura 1 a) Saldimi b) Regjenerimi c) Riparimi

Figura 2 Detalet qeuml riparohen me saldim

Figura 3 Detalet e kontrolluara me sy teuml lireuml Gjateuml riparimit teuml detaleve me saldim me hark elektrik meuml seuml shumti peumlrdoret metoda HED Metoda e saldimit me hark elektrik me doreuml MAG Metoda e saldimit me hark elektrik neumln mbrojtjen e gazit aktiv (CO2) MIG Metoda e saldimit me hark elektrik me elektrodeuml teuml shkrishme neuml mbrojtjen e gazit inert TIG Metoda e saldimit me hark elektrik me elektrodeuml teuml pashkrishme neumln mbrojtjen e gazit inert (heliumi ose argoni)

SNP Saldimi me hark elektrik me elektrodeuml teuml shkrishme neumln mbrojtjen e pluhurit Detalet e deumlmtuara qeuml riparohen me saldim janeuml teuml formave dhe madheumlsive teuml ndryshme (Fig 2) MEumlNYRAT E RIPARIMIT TEuml DETALEVE TEuml DEumlMTUARA

Teuml gjitha detalet qeuml konsumohen apo deumlmtohen mekanikisht neuml njeuml meumlnyreuml a tjeteumlr riparohen neumlse deumlmtimi nuk i ka kaluar kufijteuml e tilleuml qeuml detali teuml mos jeteuml i afteuml teuml kryej funksionin qeuml e ka kryer deri neuml ateuml koheuml [1]

Riparimi i detaleve teuml deumlmtuara beumlhet vareumlsisht prej natyreumls seuml deumlmtimit teuml tij Dallohen

meumlnyra e riparimit teuml detaleve teuml konsumuara

meumlnyra e riparimit teuml detaleve me deumlmtime mekanike

meumlnyra e riparimit teuml detaleve me deumlmtime kimiko-termike

meumlnyra e riparimit teuml detaleve qeuml e kaneuml teuml deumlmtuar shtreseumln antikorrozive PEumlRGATITJA E DETALEVE PEumlR RIPARIM ME SALDIM Peumlrgatitja e detaleve peumlr riparim eumlshteuml njeuml proces shumeuml i reumlndeumlsisheumlm i njeuml riparimi cileumlsor teuml detaleve Neuml keumlteuml proces peumlrfshihen shumeuml faktoreuml qeuml duhet teuml merren parasysh gjateuml hartimit teuml procesit teknologjik teuml riparimit dhe teuml realizimit teuml riparimit teuml ccedildo detali Faktori i pareuml qeuml merret parasysh eumlshteuml kontrolli i holleuml i detaleve pra peumlrcaktimi i shkalleumls dhe natyreumls seuml deumlmtimit dhe meumlnyra e riparimit [2] Kontrolli me sy (vizual) Para se teuml fillojeuml procesi i riparimit ccedildo detal kontrollohet me sy (me metodeumln vizuale) peumlr vlereumlsimin e deumlmtimit teuml mundsheumlm (Fig 3) Detali i deumlmtuar ose i konsumuar seuml pari pastrohet e pastaj kontrollohet shkalla e deumlmtimit dhe maten peumlrmasat e deumlmtimit me pajisje mateumlse (nonius mikrometeumlr subitor etj) Konstatohet se a eumlshteuml deumlmtimi i jashteumlm apo i brendsheumlm dhe peumlrcaktohet lloji i deumlmtimit Neuml bazeuml teuml keumltij vlereumlsimi peumlrcaktohet metoda dhe teknika e riparimit

Bytyqi et al


Figura 4 Kontrolli i peumlrmasave teuml detaleve para se teuml fillojeuml riparimi

Kontrolli dimensional Detali i deumlmtuar ose i konsumuar seuml pari pastrohet e pastaj kontrollohet shkalla e deumlmtimit dhe maten peumlrmasat e deumlmtimit me pajisje mateumlse (nonius mikrometeumlr subitor etj) shiko figureumln 4 Konstatohet neumlse deumlmtimi eumlshteuml i jashteumlm apo i brendsheumlm dhe peumlrcaktohet lloji i tij Neuml bazeuml teuml keumltij vlereumlsimi peumlrcaktohet metoda dhe teknika e riparimit kryhet vizatimi i detalit hartohet procesi teknologjik me gjitheuml specifikat e nevojshme peumlr realizimin e suksessheumlm teuml tij

Figura 5 Peumlrgatitja e vendriparimit teuml detalit me peumlrpunim me prerje neuml torno

Peumlrgatitja peumlr riparim Pas identifikimit teuml natyreumls seuml deumlmtimit dhe marrjes seuml dimensioneve teuml duhura teuml detaleve teuml deumlmtuara hartohet procesi teknologjik me teuml gjitha holleumlsiteuml e realizimit

Veprimi i pareuml pas kontrollit me sy teuml detalit teuml deumlmtuar eumlshteuml peumlrpunimi me prerje ldquopastrimi i vendriparimitrdquo sipas vizatimit teuml puneumltoriseuml i cili beumlhet neuml makina metalprereumlse (Fig 5)

Kontrolli i forteumlsiseuml seuml detaleve para riparimit Riparimi cileumlsor i detaleve me saldim eumlshteuml njeuml proces qeuml peumlrcillet me lirim teuml madh teuml nxehteumlsiseuml Harku elektrik qeuml te metoda e saldimit me metodeumln MIGMAG realizohet peumlrmes kontaktit teuml majeumls seuml telit neuml sipeumlrfaqen e pjeseumls punuese paraqet shkarkim teuml forteuml elektrik neuml hapeumlsireumln neuml mes majeumls seuml telit dhe

vendit teuml saldimit Neuml keumlteuml rast energjia elektrike shndeumlrrohet neuml energji teuml nxehteumlsiseuml neuml temperatura shumeuml teuml larta (4000-7000

degC) ashtu

qeuml materiali ploteumlsues dhe buzeumlt e detalit punues shkrihen neuml vendin e paraqitjes seuml harkut elektrik Neuml ldquoPalaj-KEKrdquo Prishtineuml matja e forteumlsiseuml seuml detaleve beumlhet me aparatin e forteumlsiseuml MIC 10 Krautkraumlmer para dhe pas riparimit (Fig 6)

Figura 6 Matja e forteumlsiseuml seuml detaleve teuml ndryshme para riparimit me aparatin MIC 10

Vendosja dhe nivelimi i detaleve qeuml neuml riparim Element i reumlndeumlsisheumlm neuml riparimin cileumlsor teuml detaleve eumlshteuml vendosja dhe nivelimi i drejteuml dhe i sakteuml neuml makinat ku beumlhet peumlrpunimi i sipeumlrfaqeve peumlr regjenerim apo riparim (Fig 7) RIPARIMI I DETALEVE TEuml DEumlMTUARA ME SALDIM Metoda MAG e saldimit eumlshteuml njeuml metodeuml shumeuml e njohur peumlr riparimin e detaleve me saldim Dihet se sipas shkalleumls seuml mekanizimit metoda MIGMAG mund teuml ndahet neuml gjysmeuml e automatizuar e automatizuar dhe e robotizuar Neuml industri e poashtu edhe neuml ldquoPalajndashKEKrdquo peumlrdoret shumeuml kjo metodeuml sepse eumlshteuml e peumlrshtatshme peumlr teuml gjitha kushtet e puneumls ka prodhimatari teuml larteuml dhe zeumlvendeumlson ploteumlsisht saldimin me hark elektrik me doreuml (HED) Keumlto metoda janeuml peumlrdorur neuml peumlrputhje me standardet evropiane dhe ndeumlrkombeumltare EN ISO 4063 (metodat 111 131 dhe 135) Peumlrzgjedhja e parametrave teuml saldimit Peumlrzgjedhja e parametrave teuml saldimit-regjenerimit beumlhet qeuml neuml fillim teuml riparimit Pas vendosjes dhe peumlrqendrimit teuml detaleve neuml makineumln peumlr riparim peumlrcaktohen me kujdes parametrat e regjimit teuml saldimit dhe teknika qeuml do teuml peumlrdoret peumlr realizimin e tij Parametrat e regjimit teuml saldimit kaneuml rolin vendimtar peumlr

Bytyqi et al


Figura 7 Vendosja shtreumlngimi dhe peumlrqendrimi i detaleve neuml makineumln peumlr riparim me saldim

Figura 8 Zgjedhja e distanceumls seuml kokeumls salduese shpejteumlsiseuml hapit dhe numrit teuml shtresave

fitimin e shtreseumls seuml riparuar cileumlsore teuml detaleve Peumlrzgjedhja e mireuml si dhe rregullimi i mireuml i tyre jep hark elektrik stabeumll (teuml qeumlndruesheumlm) dhe bashkeumlsi teuml salduar cileumlsore (Fig 8) Peumlrzgjedhja e temperaturave dhe e shpeumlrndarjes seuml tyre gjateuml riparimit me saldim Procesi i saldimit manifestohet me temperatura teuml larta qeuml shtrihen neuml diapazon mjaft teuml gjereuml Ato janeuml meuml teuml larta neuml zoneumln e shkrireuml ndeumlrsa meuml teuml uleumlta neuml rrethineuml teuml zoneumls seuml salduar Peumlrcaktimi i temperaturave dhe ndjekja e tyre gjateuml saldimit eumlshteuml mjaft i komplikuar dhe mbeumlshtetet neuml ligjet themelore teuml fizikeumls dhe termodinamikeumls Ajo kryhet neuml tri meumlnyra [3]

Meumlnyra teorike mbeumlshtetet neuml ekuacionin diferencial teuml energjiseuml gjateuml procesit teuml saldimit

Meumlnyra empirike mbeumlshtetet neuml peumlrvojeumln e fituar gjateuml matjeve teuml shumta eksperimentale teuml temperaturave dhe shkrirjes seuml materialeve

Meumlnyra modelore krijohet modeli qeuml emeton kushte laboratorike teuml bashkeumlsiseuml seuml veumlrteteuml

Figura 9 Kamera e peumlrdorur ldquoThermovisulerdquo Metoda termovizuale ndash peumlrdoret peumlr peumlrcaktimin e temperaturave gjateuml procesit teuml saldimit peumlrcjelljen e shpeumlrndarjes seuml tyre dhe peumlrcjelljen e drejtpeumlrdrejteuml teuml procesit teuml saldimit Peumlrdorimi i keumlsaj metode (Fig 9) mundeumlson jo veteumlm peumlrcaktimin e temperaturave maksimale por dhe shpeumlrndarjen e tyre neuml zoneumln e saldimit si dhe zgjedhjen dhe zgjidhjen e keumltyre problemeve

Qeuml gjateuml procesit teuml saldimit veccedilaneumlrisht teuml atij me hark elektrik procesin e saldimit e beumln teuml duksheumlm peumlr syrin e njeriut materialin e shkrireuml procesin e ngurteumlsimit etj qeuml mandej teuml njeumljtat teuml mund teuml analizohen dhe studiohen

Qeuml teuml gjendet vareumlsia ndeumlrmjet elementeve teuml ciklit termik dhe teuml karakteristikave mekanike teuml bashkeumlsiseuml seuml salduar (materialit bazeuml ploteumlsues dhe bashkeumlsiseuml seuml salduar)

Qeuml teuml peumlrsosen edhe meuml tej proceset e saldimit automatizimi robotizimi kompjuterizimi dhe optimalizimi i parametrave teuml regjimit teuml saldimit PEumlRPUNIMI TERMIK I DETALEVE TEuml RIPARUARA Peumlrpunimi termik i bashkeumlsive teuml salduara beumlhet pas riparimit Ka peumlr qeumlllim peumlrmireumlsimin e vetive mekanike fizike dhe teknologjike peumlrmes ndryshimit teuml ndeumlrtimit teuml brendsheumlm strukturor teuml bashkeumlsiseuml seuml salduar neuml gjendje teuml ngurteuml Ndeumlrsa paranxehja e detaleve para riparimit beumlhet neuml disa raste Neuml ldquoPalaj-KEKrdquo zakonisht paranxehja beumlhet peumlr rastin kur kemi detale teuml keumlputura ploteumlsisht Qeumlllimi eumlshteuml normalizimi i struktureumls seuml brendshme zvogeumllimi- eliminimi i sforcimeve teuml mbetura teuml pjeseumls seuml re dhe asaj ekzistuese para se teuml beumlhet riparimi peumlrfundimtar me saldim Temperatura e paranxehjes varet prej peumlrbeumlrjes seuml materialit qeuml riparohet dhe dimensioneve teuml tij Duhet theksuar se neuml keumlto raste peumlrpunimi termik beumlhet edhe pas riparimit

Bytyqi et al


Neuml ldquoPalaj-KEKrdquo peumlrpunimi termik beumlhet neuml repartin e veccedilanteuml teuml peumlrpunimit termik (Fig 10)

Figura 10 Reparti i peumlrpunimit termik PEumlRPUNIMI ME PRERJE I DETALEVE TEuml RIPARUARA Para se teuml beumlhen kontrollimet e cileumlsiseuml seuml vetive mekanike peumlrbeumlrjes kimike ose kontrollit me metodat pa shkateumlrrim teuml detaleve pas riparimit me saldim detalet ldquopastrohenldquo nga shtresa e riparuar me aneuml teuml peumlrpunimit me prerje Peumlrpunimi me prerje beumlhet veteumlm neuml ato pjeseuml a sipeumlrfaqe ku eumlshteuml realizuar riparimi dhe neuml dimensionet qeuml janeuml keumlrkuar me vizatim teuml puneumltoriseuml Zakonisht peumlrpunimi me prerje peumlrfshin operacionin e tornimit zdrukthimit shpimit etj dhe beumlhet neuml torno universale apo speciale si dhe neuml makina NC vareumlsisht prej llojit teuml materialit teuml riparuar formeumls dhe dimensioneve teuml detalit teuml riparuar (Fig 11)

Figura 11 Meumlnyrat e shtreumlngimit peumlrqendrimi dhe nivelimi i detaleve neuml makinat peumlr peumlrpunim me prerje duke peumlrdorur indikatorin e detaleve

PEumlRFUNDIM Riparimi i detaleve me saldim eumlshteuml njeuml metodeuml mjaft e avancuar qeuml peumlrdoret peumlr riparimin e detaleve teuml konsumuara dhe teuml thyera e cila me mjaft sukses po realizohet neuml Fabrikeumln e Pajimeve Xehetare neuml ldquoPalaj-KEKrdquo ndash Prishtineuml Dominon

riparimi i akseve dhe boshteve teuml ndryshme por teuml shpeshta janeuml edhe riparimet e detaleve teuml tjera si tamburet shteumlpizat e kushinetave shteumlpizat e reduktoreumlve dheumlmbeumlt e rroteumls seuml ekskavatorit etj Peumlr riparim me saldim teuml detaleve peumlrdoren metoda teuml ndryshme teuml saldimit por neuml ldquoPalaj-KEKrdquo dominojneuml metoda e saldimit me hark elektrik me doreuml (HED) dhe metoda MAG (CO2) Duhet theksuar se faktori emergjent dhe ekonomik eumlshteuml vendimtar neuml peumlrzgjedhjen dhe peumlrdorimin e keumltyre metodave Koha e eksploatimit teuml detaleve teuml riparuara eumlshteuml mjaft e gjateuml dhe mjaft mireuml e arsyeton keumlteuml proces Po ashtu vetiteuml mekanike teuml detaleve teuml riparuara janeuml teuml mira kurse cileumlsia e detaleve teuml riparuara eumlshteuml neuml nivel teuml keumlnaqsheumlm Kjo eumlshteuml veumlrtetuar edhe me aneuml teuml matjeve dhe kontrollit teuml beumlreuml teuml detaleve teuml riparuara me metodat e ndryshme pas saldimit Neuml teuml ardhmen zhvillimi dhe peumlrsosja e metodave ekzistuese por edhe fillimi i aplikimit teuml metodave dhe teknologjive teuml reja eumlshteuml njeuml sfideuml qeuml duhet teuml jeteuml e pranishme jo veteumlm neuml KEK por edhe neuml teuml gjitha fabrikat dhe puneumltoriteuml e tjera ku kryhet riparimi i detaleve me saldim Neuml keumlteuml drejtim duhet menduar edhe neuml afteumlsimin dhe shkollimin e personelit qeuml merret me procesin e riparimit sepse peumlrdorimi i materialeve teuml ndryshme keumlrkon edhe njohuri peumlrkateumlse dhe peumlrdorim teuml teknikave meuml teuml avancuara teuml riparimit Kontrollit me metodat pa shkateumlrrim eumlshteuml beumlreuml neuml peumlrputhje me normat evropiane dhe ndeumlrkombeumltare EN ISO 3452 dhe ISODIS 16823 BIBLIOGRAFIA 1 Bytyccedili B Supstitucija elektrolucnog zavarivanja elektrootporskim zavarivanjem Disertacion i doktorateumls UP FIM Prishtineuml 1985 2 Gashi G Kontrolli i cileumlsiseuml seuml detaleve teuml salduara me saldim punim masteri UP FIM Prishtineuml 2008 3 Ramaj V Ndikimi i materialit bazeuml dhe ploteumlsues neuml cileumlsineuml e riparimit teuml akseve dhe boshteve punim magjistrature shkencore UP FIM Prishtineuml 2008


THE INFLUENCE OF CAVITATIONS PHENOMENON AND WATER HAMMER IN PUMPING STATION OF MITROVICA NDIKIMI I DUKURISEuml SEuml KAVITACIONIT DHE GRUSHTIT HIDRAULIK NEuml STACIONIN E POMPAVE NEuml MITROVICEuml NASER LAJQI

a SHPETIM LAJQI

a GJELOSH VATAJ

b ARBEN AVDIU

a

a Universiteti i Prishtineumls Fakulteti i Inxhinieriseuml Mekanike Prishtineuml KOSOVEuml

b Kompania Ujeumlsjelleumlsi Rajonal PRISHTINA Prishtineuml KOSOVEuml

Email naserlajqihotmailcom AKTET IV 2 359-365 2011 PERMBLEDHJE Dukuria e kavitacionit dhe e grushtit hidraulik hyjneuml neuml grupin e karakteristikave kritike teuml turbomakinave dhe eumlshteuml njeuml fenomen i deumlmsheumlm qeuml mund teuml paraqitet gjateuml eksploatimit teuml tyre Grushti hidraulik paraqitet neuml rastet kur presionet ndryshojneuml si pasojeuml e ndryshimit teuml shpejteuml teuml shpejteumlsiseuml seuml rrymimit teuml fluidit Si maseuml parandaluese nga grushti hidraulik eumlshteuml ngadaleumlsimi i shpejteumlsiseuml seuml rrymimit teuml fluidit dhe teuml gjitha rekomandimet bazohen neuml arritjen e keumltij qeumlllim dhe janeuml teuml kategorizuara neuml ngadaleumlsimin e shpejteumlsiseuml seuml rrymimit mbrojtjen nga reumlnia e presionit etj Neuml keumlteuml punim janeuml analizuar dukuriteuml e kavitacionit dhe teuml grushtit hidraulik peumlrmes modelit matematikor dhe nga llogaritjet e beumlra janeuml marreuml masat adekuate neuml meumlnjanim e keumltyre dukurive neuml sistemin kryesor teuml furnizimit me ujeuml teuml pijsheumlm peumlr banoreumlt e qyteteve Mitroviceuml Vushtrri dhe Skenderaj Fjaleumlt kyccedile Kavitacioni grushti hidraulik pompat shpejteumlsia e rrymimit teuml fluidit tubat SUMMARY Cavitations phenomenon and water hammer come in group of critical characteristic of turbo machinery and is a pernicious phenomenon that may occur during their exploitation Water hammer appears in case when pressures change as a result of rapidly changing flow velocity of the fluid As a preventive measure by water hammer is slowdown of the flow velocity of the fluid and all recommendations based on this purpose are categorized into slowdown flow velocity of the fluid protection from pressure drop etc In this paper are analyzed the phenomenon of cavitations and water hammer through the mathematical model and from the calculations made are well taken adequate measures in avoidance of such occurrences in the main drinking water supply residents of the city of Mitrovica Vushtrri and Skenderaj Key words Cavitations water hammer pumps flow velocity pipes

1 HYRJE Kavitacioni si fenomen paraqet formimin e zonave lokale teuml avullit neuml brendi teuml fluidit rrymues si pasoje e kalimit teuml presionit statik absolut neuml presion teuml avullimit [1] Kavitacioni paraqitet neuml ujeumlsjelleumls pompa si dhe neuml pajisje teuml tjera hidraulike Hulumtimet kaneuml treguar se turbulencat e rrymimit teuml fluidit pas kthesave dhe pas pengesave teuml ndryshme neuml armatureumln

gypore kavitimi eumlshteuml intensiv korrozioni meuml i shprehur dhe shtresat mbrojteumlse janeuml meuml teuml deumlmtuara Kavitacioni neuml meumlnyre drastike ndikon neuml jeteumlgjateumlsineuml e pompave Pasojat teuml cilat shfaqen neuml pompeuml me rastin e dukuriseuml seuml kavitimit janeuml zvogeumllimi i rrjedheumls seuml fluidit zhurmeuml e theksuar vibrime [2]

Lajccedili et al


Grushti hidraulik eumlshteuml pasojeuml e rritjes momentale teuml presionit kur papritmas ndryshon drejtimi ose shpejteumlsia e rrjedhjes seuml fluidit ose kur njeuml valvul shpejteuml ose papritmas mbyllet neuml keteuml rast ndeumlrpritet rrjedhja e fluidit neumlpeumlr tuba dhe energjia e presionit transferohet neuml murin e tubave valvulave ose pompeumls dhe peumlr pasojeuml kemi deumlmtimin e tubave pajisjeve valvulave pompave etj 2 PARAQITJA E DUKURISEuml SEuml KAVITACIONIT Njeuml turbomakineuml do teuml punojeuml pa kavitacion neuml qofteuml se efekti i energjiseuml seuml stabilimentit eumlshteuml meuml i madh sesa efekti i energjiseuml seuml pompeumls [1]

HHA YY (1)

ku janeuml

HAY Jkg ndash efekti specifik i stabilimenteve dhe

HY Jkg ndash efekti specifik i pompeumls

Figura 1 Fluidi eumlshteuml mbi aksin e pompeumls [4] 21 Niveli i fluidit ndodhet mbi aksin e pompeumls Neuml keumlteuml rast niveli i fluidit (ujit) eumlshteuml mbi aksin e pompeumls dhe llogaritja e efektit specifik beumlhet sipas shprehjes (Fig 1)

hgHg

2

cppY zgj

2eav0

HA (2)

Humbjet hidraulike teuml fluidit neumlpeumlr tuba (h m) llogariten me aneuml teuml shprehjeve

g2

c

d

l

g2

chhh

22

gjatlok (3)

g2

ch

2

lok (4)

g2

c

d

lh

2

gjat

(5)

ku janeuml ph po pav bar ndash presioni neuml hyrje teuml pompeumls neuml rezervuar dhe presioni i avullimit ρ kgm

3 ndash dendeumlsia e ujit

Q m3s ndash prurja e pompeumls

lokh gjath m ndash humbjet lokale dhe

gjateumlsore l d m ndash gjateumlsia dhe diametri i tubit

ndash koeficienti hidraulik i feumlrkimit

ndash koeficienti i rezistencave lokale

ec ms ndash shpejteumlsia e ujit neuml rezervuar (~0)

dhe Hthgj m ndash larteumlsia reumlneumlse gjeodezike Pas disa rregullimeve neuml shprehjen (2) nxirret larteumlsia reumlneumlse gjeodezike Hzgj

h

g2

c

g

pp

g

YH

2eavoHA

zgjeo (6)

Shprehja (6) paraqet larteumlsineuml reumlneumlse gjeodezike (Hzgj) minimale peumlr teuml mos u shfaqur dukuria e kavitacionit 3 PEumlRCAKTIMI I VLEREumlS SEuml NPSH NEuml STACIONIN E POMPAVE NEuml MITROVICEuml Shkurtesa NPSH (angl Neto Positive Suction Head) paraqet larteumlsineuml neto teuml energjiseuml neuml seksionin thitheumls teuml pompeumls Pompat centrifugale i neumlnshtrohen meuml seuml shumti rrezikut nga dukuria e kavitimit e cila ndikon neuml konsumimin e qarkut punues shteumlpizeumls rritjen e nivelit teuml zhurmeumls dhe teuml vibrimeve [2] Qeuml teuml mos kemi kavitacion duhet qeuml rezerva e kavitacionit teuml stabilimenteve - (NPSH)STAB teuml jeteuml meuml e madhe sesa rezerva e kavitacionit teuml pompeumls - (NPSH)POMP - jepet nga prodhuesi shprehja (7) (NPSH)STAB ge (NPSH)POMP (7) Rezerva e kavitacionit teuml stabilimenteve llogaritet me shprehjen

g

YhH

g2

c

g

pp)HSPN( totzgjeo

2eav0

STAB

(8) Fabrika ekzistuese e ujit neuml Mitroviceuml ka qeneuml e projektuar me kapacitet Q = 450 ls peumlr trsquoi furnizuar me ujeuml banoreumlt e Mitroviceumls Vushtrriseuml dhe Skenderajt Mireumlpo pas lufteumls kapaciteti ekzistues nuk ka mjaftuar as peumlr 50 teuml

Lajccedili et al


furnizimit teuml rregullt me ujeuml peumlr shkak teuml shtimit teuml popullateumls Faleuml Komisionit Evropian eumlshteuml mundeumlsuar zgjerimi i kapacitetit teuml fabrikeumls peumlrmes projektimit detal teuml sistemit peumlr furnizimi me ujeuml (Fig 2) me kapacitet prej Q = 1000 ls dhe realizimit teuml keumltij projekti teuml filluar neuml vjeshteumln e vitit 2010 Larteumlsia reumlneumlse gjeodezike e ujit eumlshteuml Hzgj = 500 m Rezerva e kavitacionit peumlr pompat Omega 250ndash370 teuml prodhuesit KSB ka vlereumln NPSH = 483 m (Fig 3) Numri i pompave eumlshteuml 6 (5 neuml puneuml + 1 neuml gjendje gatishmeumlrie) me kapacitet Q1 ndash 5 = 5x200 = 1000 ls dhe larteumlsi shtyteumlse totale Htot = 36 m (Fig 4) Vlera e NPSH e pompeumls duhet teuml jeteuml seuml paku 05 metra meuml e uleumlt se vlera NPSH e stabilimenteve Teuml dheumlnat

e nevojshme peumlr llogaritjen e NPSH janeuml dheumlneuml neuml Tabeleumln 1

Figura 2 Plani i situacionit teuml sistemit peumlr furnizim me ujeuml teuml pijsheumlm neuml Mitroviceuml

Figura 3 Karakteristikat punuese teuml pompave teuml prodhuesit KSBndashe

Lajccedili et al


Figura 4 Prerja teumlrthore e Stacionit teuml ri teuml Pompave neuml Mitroviceuml (Lushteuml)

Karakteristika Vlera Njeumlsia mateumlse

Presion neuml rezervar po = 10

10105

bar Pa

Presion i avullimit pav = 0016

016105

bar Pa

Dendeumlsia e ujit ρ = 1000 kgm3

Nxitimi gravitacional g = 981 ms2

Shpejteumlsia e ujit neuml rezervuar ce =

00 ms

Larteumlsia reumlneumlse gjeodezike Hzgj =

50 m

Vlera e (NPSH)POMP = 483 m

Gjateumlsia e tubit thitheumls L = 20 m

Diametri i tubit thitheumls d = 1200 mm

Tabela 1 Teuml dheumlnat e nevojshme peumlr llogaritjen e dukuriseuml seuml kavitacionit

Nisur nga shprehja (7) dhe (8) kemi

50)HSPN()HSPN( POMPSTAB (9)

50)HSPN(HHg2

c

g

ppPOMPtotzgj

2eav0

(10) Humbjet totale hidraulike neumlpeumlr tuba llogariten me shprehen

lokalegjattot HHH (11)

Humbjet gjateumlsore Humbjet gjateumlsore llogariten me shprehjen

g2

v

d

LH

21

1gjat

(12)

Numri i Rejnolsit caktohet me shprehjen

1

edv

R (13)

ku janeuml Re ndash numri i Rejnolsndashit v ms shpejteumlsia e rrjedhjes seuml ujit dhe υ m

2s ndash viskoziteti i ujit

Koeficienti hidraulik i feumlrkimit caktohet me shprehjen

30Re

396000540 peumlr 2300 lt Re lt 2 10

6 14)

Humbjet gjateumlsore neuml tubin e ccedilelikteuml DN 1200 kaneuml vlera relativisht teuml vogla

Figura 5 Humbjet lokale neuml tub dhe armatureuml

gypore Humbjet lokale Humbjet lokale janeuml neuml ktheseumln 60

0 valvulat

flutur dhe neuml reduktuese (Fig 5) Humbjet lokale neuml seksione teuml ndryshme caktohen me shprehjet

3lokale2lokale1lokalelokale HHHH (15)

Lajccedili et al


g2

vH

21

11lokale

(16)

g2

vH

22

22lokale

(17)

g2

vvH

22

23

33lokale

(18)

ku janeuml ξ1 = 13 ndash neuml ktheseumln 600 ξ2 = 02 ndash neuml

valvuleumln flutur DN 450 peumlr α = 00 ξ3 = 005 ndash neuml

pjeseumln reduktuese peumlr φ = 140 v1 = 088 ms peumlr

diameteumlr d1 = 1200 mm dhe prurje Q =1000 ls v2 =126 ms peumlr diameteumlr d2 = 450 mm dhe prurje Q=200 ls v3 =283 ms peumlr diameteumlr d3 = 300 mm dhe prurje Q=200 ls Pas caktimit teuml humbjeve lokale caktohet vlera e NPSH seuml stabilimenteve

9414)HSPN( STAB m (19)

Pas zeumlvendeumlsimeve neuml shprehjen (9) kemi

335)HSPN(9414)HSPN( POMPSTAB m (20)

Meqeneumlse vlera e (NPSH)STAB = 1494 m gt (NPSH)POMP = 533 m mund teuml konstatohet se ky sistem i pompimit punon me kushte jashteumlzakonisht teuml mira dhe nuk do teuml keumlteuml ndikim dukuria e kavitimit Neuml tabeleumln 2 janeuml paraqitur vlerat e llogaritura me aneumln e shprehjeve (11) deri (19) peumlr caktimin e dukuriseuml seuml kavitimit


Humbjet totale hidraulike

Htot = 0087 m

Humbjet gjateumlsore Hgjat = 0004 m

Humbjet lokale Hlok = 0083 m

Numri i Rejnolsit Re = 093106 -

Koeficienti hidraulik i feumlrkimit λ =

0006 -

Vlera e (NPSH)STAB = 1994 m

Tabela 2 Vlerat e llogaritura peumlr caktimin e dukuriseuml seuml kavitacionit

4 NDIKIMI I GRUSHTIT HIDRAULIK NEuml STACIONIN E POMPAVE NEuml MITROVICEuml Ky rast paraqitet gjateuml ndaljes seuml dhunshme teuml pompave ose me rastin e hapjesmbylljes seuml shpejteuml teuml valvulave Po teuml pranojmeuml njeuml mbyllje

teuml ploteuml teuml valvuleumls dmth shpejteumlsia e rrjedhjes seuml fluidit neuml tub para valvuleumls beumlhet v = v0 = 0 do

pranojmeuml rritjen e presionit (p) e cila lind peumlr

shkak teuml kalimit teuml energjiseuml kinetike ( g2v20 ) neuml

energji potenciale shprehja e meumlposhtme

2

vp

20

ose g2

vp

20

(21)

Keumlshtu psh peumlr v0 = 3 ms rritja e presionit

eumlshteuml p 0045 bar Provat e ndryshme tregojneuml se ndryshimi i presionit eumlshteuml shumeuml meuml i madh se vlera e fituar nga shprehja (21) prandaj peumlrdorimi i ligjit teuml ruajtjes seuml energjiseuml eumlshteuml i pavlefsheumlm Hulumtimet e fundit tregojneuml se peumlr peumlrcaktim e

p duhen teuml merret parasysh ndrydhshmeumlria e fluidit dhe deformimi elastik i tubit me peumlrdorimin e ligjit teuml sasiseuml seuml leumlvizjes pra peumlrmes formuleumls themelore teuml goditjes hidraulike e dheumlneuml nga Zhukovski

vcp ose g

vcp

(22)

Grushti hidraulik duhet teuml analizohet neuml rastet kur pompat punojneuml me presione dhe prurje teuml madhe bartje teuml ujit neuml distanca teuml largeumlta etj Si maseuml parandaluese nga grushti hidraulik peumlrdoren ena ekspanduese valvulat jokthyese hidraulike ose valvulat jokthyese automatike


Prurja Q = 1000 ls

Larteumlsia shtyteumlse gjeodezike Hgeo=

34 m


Htot= 180 m

Larteumlsia totale me humbje Htot =

36 m

Larteumlsia maksimale shtyteumlse e pompeumls kur prurja e saj eumlshteuml zero Hmax =

45 m

Diametri i jashteumlm i tubit d = 1000 mm

Trasheumlsia e tubit = 60 mm

Gjateumlsia e tubit L = 950 m

Tabela 3 Karakteristikat teknike teuml Stacionit teuml Pompave neuml Mitrovice

Lajccedili et al


Llogaritja e eneumls peumlr peumlrballimin e grushtit hidraulik sipas Sparndashit [3] Shpejteumlsia e peumlrhapjes se valeumls goditeumlse (c ms) caktohet me shprehjen

d

E

E1

Cc

w

0 (23)

Koha kritike (Tk s) caktohet me shprehjen

a

L2Tk

(24)

Shpejteumlsia mesatare e ujit (vmes ms) caktohet me shprehjen

2mesd

Q4

A

Qv

(25)

Ndryshimi i presionit (p bar) caktohet me shprehjen

mesvcp (26)

Amplituda e reumlnies seuml presionit (n) caktohet me shprehjen

totmax Hp

pn

(27)

Veumlllimi i eneumls (V m3) caktohet me shprehjen

atmtot

2

pHALn

gV

(28)

ku janeuml C0 ms ndash shpejteumlsia e zeumlrit neuml ujeuml (C0 = 1425 ms) E Nmm

2 ndash moduli i Jung-ut peumlr tuba teuml plastikes

(E = 300 107 Nmm

2) Ew Nmm

2 ndash moduli i

elasticitetit teuml ujit (Ew = 207 107 Nmm

2) pmax

bar ndash presioni maksimal punues i pompeumls kur prurja eumlshteuml zero patm bar ndash presioni atmosferik A m

2 ndash seksioni teumlrthor i tubit

Bazuar neuml llogaritjet e meumlsipeumlrme veumlllimi i eneumls

duhet teuml jeteuml V = 17 m3

Veumlllimi i eneumls eumlshteuml afeumlrsisht 3 i sasiseuml seuml ujit neuml tubin shtyteumls prandaj veumlllimi i eneumls eumlshteuml 1 meuml i madh se ai i rekomanduar [3] Eneumlt prodhohen standarde andaj zgjedhen dy eneuml me veumlllim V1ndash2 = 2 x 9 = 18 m

3 PN 10 bar (Fig 6) Neuml tabeleumln 4

janeuml paraqitur vlerat e llogaritura me aneumln e shprehjeve (23) e deri (28) peumlr zgjedhjen e eneumls peumlr peumlrballimin e grushtit hidraulik Valvulat jokthyese hidraulike me amortizator Keumlto valvula instalohen neuml dalje teuml pompave shtyteumlse dhe si teuml tilla gjateuml ndaljes seuml dhunshme

ose normale teuml pompave e mbrojneuml sistemin nga goditjet hidraulike duke e mbyllur valvuleumln jokthyese ngadaleuml gjeuml qeuml beumln teuml mos kemi rritje teuml shpejte teuml ndryshimit teuml presionit (Fig 7)


Shpejteumlsia e peumlrhapjes se valeumls goditeumlse c =

42733 ms

Koha kritike Tk = 445 s

Shpejteumlsia mesatare e ujit neuml tubin shtyteumls vmes=

1644 ms

Vlera e presionit teuml

grushtit hidraulik p =

703 70253052

bar Pa

Amplituda e reumlnies seuml presionit n =

796 -

Veumlllimi i nevojsheumlm i eneumls peumlr mbrojtje nga grushti hidraulik V=

1652 m3

Veumlllimi i eneumls peumlr mbrojtje nga grushti hidraulik i standardizuar V=

2 x 9 m3

Tabela 4 Vlerat e llogaritura peumlr zgjedhjen e eneumls Valvulat jokthyese automatike Keumlto valvula komandohen neuml meumlnyre elektronike dhe teumlreumlsisht janeuml teuml komanduara nga njeuml kontrollues elektronik (Fig 8) Skemat a) dhe b) paraqesin pozicionin e valvulave jokthyese automatike (hapja dhe mbyllja) gjateuml aktivizimit dhe ndaljes seuml puneumls se pompave shtyteumlse 5 PEumlRFUNDIME Bazuar neuml analizeumln e llogaritjeve teuml beumlra neuml keumlteuml punim janeuml nxjerreuml keumlto peumlrfundime

Rezerva e kavitacionit teuml stabilimenteve eumlshteuml 28 hereuml meuml e madhe se e pompave qeuml do teuml thoteuml qeuml kemi 28 hereuml siguri meuml teuml madhe prandaj nuk do teuml keteuml rrezik nga dukuria e kavitacionit

Fenomeni i grushtit hidraulik eumlshteuml analizuar peumlrmes tri varianteve teuml mundshme o Neuml variantin e pareuml eumlshteuml shqyrtuar mbrojtja e pajisjeve peumlrmes eneumls peumlr mbrojtje nga grushti hidraulik dhe ka daleuml seuml veumlllimi i eneumls eumlshteuml V =

Lajccedili et al


18 m3 dhe vlera e presionit teuml grushtit hidraulik

eumlshteuml p = 703 bar o Neuml variantin e dyteuml eumlshteuml shqyrtuar mundeumlsia e mbrojtjes se pajisjeve peumlrmes valvulave jokthyese me dy amortizatoreuml dhe

o Neuml variantin e treteuml eumlshteuml shqyrtuar mundeumlsia e mbrojtjes seuml pajisjeve peumlrmes valvulave jokthyese automatike

Figura 6 Ena peumlr mbrojtje nga grushti hidraulik

Figura 7 Valvulat jokthyese hidraulike me dy

amortizatoreuml

Figura 8 Valvula jokthyese automatike (a) gjateuml leumlshimit teuml pompeumls neuml puneuml dhe (b) gjateuml ndaljes

seuml pompave Duke pasur parasysh faktin se presion i grushtit hidraulik peumlr rastin meuml teuml pafavorsheumlm ka vlereumln

p = 703 bar ndeumlrsa tubat janeuml teuml peumlrzgjedhura peumlr presion 10 bar (HDPE PE 100 PN 10 bar) dhe stabilimentet e tjera seuml bashku me pompat janeuml dimensionuar nga prodhuesi peumlr presion 10 bar eumlshteuml peumlrzgjedh varianti i treteuml i cili edhe nga ana ekonomike eumlshteuml duksheumlm meuml i arsyesheumlm Kjo peumlrzgjedhje arsyetohet me faktin se presioni gjateuml krijimit teuml goditjes hidraulike eumlshteuml meuml i vogeumll peumlr 28 se dimensionimi i sistemit teuml stacionit teuml pompave neuml Mitroviceuml 6 BIBLIOGRAFIA [1] Fejzullahu Xh Lajqi Sh Zhitia I Vataj Gj ldquoAnaliza e dukuriseuml seuml kavitacionit neuml stacionin e pompave neuml Batllaveumlrdquo Revisteuml profesionale dhe shkencore Ferizaj 2003 [2] Jones Robert M A Guide to the interpretation of Machinery Vibration Measurements ndash Part 1 Sound and Vibration May 1994 [3] Andjelkovid M Prirudnik za projektovanje pumpnih postrojenja Niš 1995 [4] Stoffel B Turbomaschinen I Technische Universitaet Darmstadt 2002

AKTET Vol IV 2 2011 ii



Vol IV Nr 2 ISSN 2073-2244 copy 2011 Institute Alb-Shkenca wwwalb-shkencaorg Editor‐in‐chief

Robert Magari PhD Beckman Coulter Inc Miami Florida USA

Editors

Anila Hoda Dr University of Agriculture Tirana Albania

Ardian Harri PhD Mississippi State University Mississippi State Mississippi USA

Eshref Januzaj Dipl‐Inform Univ (MSc) Technische Universitaumlt Braunschweig Germany

Evan Rroccedilo Prof Dr University of Agriculture Tirana Albania

Kristaq Jorgo Dr University of Tirana Tirana Albania

Lulzim Dragidella Dr University of Applied Sciences Regensburg Germany and University of

Prishtina Kosoveuml

Margarita Ifti PhD University of Tirana Tirana Albania

Musa Rizaj Dr University of Prishtina Prishtina Kosoveuml

Naim Shabani Dr Ludwig ‐ Maximilians ‐ University Munich Germany

Nebi Caka Dr University of Prishtina Prishtina Kosoveuml

Nikolla P Qafoku PhD Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland Washington USA

Pandi Zdruli PhD Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Bari Valenzano Bari Italy

Roza Allabashi DiplIng Dr University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences Vienna

Austria

Zeqirja Neziri Prof University ldquoSt Cyril and Metodijrdquo Skopje Macedonia

Technical editor

Roland Lelaj Millennium Research Group Toronto Canada

AKTET Vol IV 2 2011

iii

CONTENT



6 178


16 189


22 195


28 201


35 208


42 215


47 220


55 228


62 235


68 241

AKTET Vol IV 2 2011

iv


76 249



81 254


89 262


94 267


101 274


109 282


115 288


122 295


126 299


133 306


E KARAKASHI

139 312


144 317

AKTET Vol IV 2 2011

v


151

324


157 330


164 337


171 344


176 349


182 355


188 360

AKTET Vol IV 2 2011

vi

GUIDE FOR AUTHORS















AKTET Vol IV 2 2011

vii












1 NEBI CAKA

2 AGON KOKA

3







Kokaj et al



4 ndash 10

6 Ω cm 1+


2 V

-1 s



5 cm




cm-1




Kokaj et al







Kokaj et al












(111) (220) (311) (111) (220) (311) (111) (220) (311)

CdTeSS 100 1 08 100 2 1 - - -

CdTeNi 100 18 55 100 27 96 100 343 125

CdTe powder 100 735 362 - - - - - -

Kokaj et al















Krasniqi amp Koka
















Krasniqi amp Koka


1


2

3


4


5

6





Krasniqi amp Koka





Shunt Y

Line bus to bus


Mvar Y2 per unit

1-2 001008 005040 3815629 -19078 1025 005125

1-3 000744 003720 5169561 -25848 775 003875

2-4 000744 003720 5169561 -25848 775 003875

3-4 001272 006360 3023705 -15119 1275 006375


Generation Load


1 ------------- --------- 50 3099 1 lt 0 Slack bus





Bus Number (1) (2) (3) (4)

(1) 8985190 ndashj4483 -38156 +j1907 -5169 +j2584 0

(2) -381562 +j19078144 898 ndashj448359 0 -5169+j2584

(3) -51695 +j25847 0 8193 ndashj408693 -3023+j511

(4) 0 -5169 +j25847 -3023 +j15118 8193-j40863


(0) Δp2

(0) Δp3

(0) and Δp4

(0) along



Krasniqi amp Koka



(0) calc =|V3|2G33 + |V3V1V31|cosθ31 +


(0)calc = -200 - (-006047) = -193953 per unit



Bus no i (1) (2) (3) (4)

δi (deg) 0 -093094 -178790 -154383

|Vi| (per unit)

100 098335 097095 102






Krasniqi amp Koka




Krasniqi amp Koka




Krasniqi amp Koka





Krasniqi amp Koka













Lamani









r

A

Harctg sin2

HAR

22

(1)

Lamani


A

Harctg2 sin

A

H1

1

A

r21

R

dH

2

2

H

0

(2)

e = e0 exp (-2ε) (3)


2e

eln

0T (4)

e2

RPyxT (5)






nTT K (6)


Kloglognlog TT (7)




2 =



2 =


Lamani


039) 53570TT 1810 with R

2 = 0998 The









Lamani









Lamani










Dushi







X2



Dushi







x -168 -1 0 10 1680 Δx

x1 798 90 105 120 1302 150

x2 6660 700 750 800 8340 500

x3 3320 400 500 60 6680 1000



Dushi









Dushi








LITERATURA

Dushi















Caslli et al













Caslli et al



ynet

b

W

M (1)


Wnet 3929 cm3







p =




(2)



I Minimize of mass

II Minimize of cost


mm B) Strength no







Caslli et al




EIC

Fl

1

3

(3)

or

1

3

C

FlEI (3rsquo)


EI 1074 x 106 Nm

2 (4)


l

ZYC

ly

ICF 2

m

y2

(5)

here m

y

y

IZY

[Nm] (6)



2C

FlZY (7)


ZY 0825 x104Nm (8)



l

1m

EIM (9)


l

2m

ZYM (10)


C

EIM3 (11)


C

ZYM4 (12)



Caslli et al








Caslli et al















Caslli et al




o 6 2002 pp 335-341



o 46 Elsevier


o 9-10 2000 pp 31-36




a MAJLINDA VASJARI

b PRANVERA LAZO


c







Karaj et al






Karaj et al











METODA R2 a b

LSV 07971 00548 138

SCV 08452 00356 76

SWV 09855 0052 08

DPV 09789 01164 3



Karaj et al







60

70

80

90

100

110

120

30 50 70 90 110 130 150

Amplituda e pulsit

Rry

ma (

nA

)




Karaj et al



25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500


Rry

ma (

nA

)





20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10


Rry

ma (

nA

)




METODA SWV


Amplituda e pulsit

80 mV ------


Koha e depozitimit

3 min ------



Karaj et al










Karaj et al












-a ODISE KOCcedilA


-b






Kullolli et al






RSCE

(1)








SsinRcosCcosE (2)




S

Ee

S

Cc

S

Rr

dhe marrim



22

222

db

adbdbasin

(5)

cose2cre1a 222



d

dn dhe kemi

cosrnsine

sinecosrc

cosesinrnsinecosr

22 (6)


coscose

sincosr

r

en (7)





0sinnsinn1e


(8)


222

222

sinnsinn1e

cossinn1r

r

en (9)



22

22

22

22

22222

2db

adbdbasin

(10)



222

222

coscose

sincosr

r

en (11)


111

111

coscose

sincosr

r

en (12)

333

333

sincose

sincosr

r

en (13)


21 (14)

23 (15)




21

21

21

21

21111

1db

adbdbasin

(16)

23

23

23

23

23333

3db

adbdbasin

(17)




321321 rce







22

2222

1 sinnrcosesinn1reF

(18)


(19)

Kullolli et al




0FFF 321









ekuacionit (10)




1F



























Kullolli et al








Lajqi et al







Lajqi et al









Lajqi et al










Lajqi et al









cosa2sincos)(a2L

sincos)(a2L

r

ri

acac

ac

h

dnk (1)





coszza2sincos)(a2Lz

sincos)(a2Lzzzi

dbacacf

acabftpknk (2)





Lajqi et al










n2 = - 42592 s2 = 79364 dhe u2 = 8954


efdnk

sab

nksab

eetptpiii

iiTTP

(5)

efdnk

sab

fdeenknk

iii

iTTP

(6)


fdnksab

fd

h

e

h

nkrrip

iii

i

r

T

r

TF

(7)


Lajqi et al



-1 Pe = 1435 kW dhe


PTemax = 7787 kW


-1


-1




-1 dhe

nTemax = 4000 min

-1


-1


Lajqi et al
















Elementi kimik

Vendburimet

Peumlrroi i

Ngjyrosur


Pb 436 935 551 692

Zn 545 1441 257 153

Ag gt 12607 10790 8315 7438

Cu 041 006 007 007

Bi 001 002 003 001

As 072 006 009 019

Cd 005 0098 003 002

Sb 018 015 007 002

ZnPb 125 154 047 022



Minerali Nr i

kampionit Formula

kristalokimike

Piriti

AR1

(Fe 1006 Co 0001 Pb

0002) 1009 (S 1986 As

0005) 1991

AR3

(Fe 1005 Co 0001Pb

0001) 1007 S 1993

Galeniti AR3

(Pb 0972 Fe 0005) 0977 S

1023

Sfaleriti AR2

(Zn 0796 Fe 0200 Cu

0001 Pb 0001) 0998 S

1002




































(b)



(b)








Dushi amp Lame











(Ballesh) 2009 09 6 21 49 419 4150 2043 5 6 05 55 Gjorice



Dushi amp Lame








Dushi amp Lame













the form




the relation


Dushi amp Lame







Dushi amp Lame










QC plusmnσ

10 42(2) 110(7) 185(11) 253(14) 317(18) 438(24) 20 45(3) 127(9) 215(15) 293(20) 365(26) 500(35) 30 48(4) 141(13) 244(22) 337(30) 424(38) 587(53) 40 47(2) 150(7) 270(12) 382(18) 488(23) 555(23) 50 49(3) 161(9) 293(17) 417(24) 536(31) 764(45) 60 51(3) 164(9) 296(18) 418(26) 535(33) 754(47) 70 57(6) 165(18) 287(31) 398(43) 504(55) 704(76)


Stat ndash

interval

Q0 plusmnσ





(084)] As



7






Elezaj et al




Elezaj et al

















Elezaj et al





40Ar

39 method


40Ar



Elezaj et al







Elezaj et al






Elezaj et al




Elezaj et al







2BESA VESELI






Elshani amp Veseli




Lageumlshtia

Proteina SM

Yndyreuml SM

Fije te para SM

Mbetje hiri SM

Ekstrakt pa Azot SM

Embrion malti 76 272 16 131 59 446


Mbetje kulperi 62 230 36 245 53 374

Majaja 43 500 05 05 100 347


Aminoacide gkg SM

Karbohidratet SM


Maja birre 569 415 80 290 74 296

Miell soje 500 311 68 198 63 235

Miell peshku

650 519 184 282 70 293

Elb 114 44 18 43 14 45

Miseumlr 107 31 21 41 07 43

Grureuml 25 34 20 35 13 43









Elshani amp Veseli






Elshani amp Veseli




Elshani amp Veseli




384-392




IZET IBRAHIMI

a MUSA RIZAJ

b NURTEN DEVA

b





Ibrahimi et al








SK EN (933-1 1097-2 1097-6)







Ibrahimi et al






Bramca Silikati






peumlrshk


3)







peumlrshk



0

4 mm 05

4 mm 025






12697-1 07 18

5 natyral





0C)










Ibrahimi et al





Njeumlsia














000-009 289 240 23 Filleri 289 240 23

009 - 025 138 112 132 Bramceuml 427 352 362



642 605 55

4 - 8 308 215 16 950 82 71

8 ndash 112 5 116 12 100 936 85

112 - 16 64 3 100 97

16 ndash 224 100

shuma 100 100 100






Bitumi 85 80 75 80 70 67 80 68 65



32 31 30 28 305 32 27 27 28

Reumlra 24 mm 28 285 29 22 21 19 15 15 14

Reumlra 48 mm 50 45 40 13 12 12 12 13 12

Reumlra 811 mm 5 4 4 11 102 9


Ibrahimi et al




Ibrahimi et al






stabilitetin

penitrimin








AD 08mm

AD 011mm

AD 05mm

AD 08mm

AD 011mm


7 - 85 68 ndash 80 65 - 80 7 - 85 68 ndash 80 65 - 80

Bitumi (mm) 80 70 68 80 70 68


Fileri (mm) 26 235 22 28 255 24



240

0C30 min)



komunikacion

kalimtar 16

vend qendrim 14


max15

15 15 15 18 16 15


06 06 06 08 07 07


3)

2684 2682 2679 2729 2727 2725





14 16 20 15 19 21





098 100 1003 096 10 10


Ibrahimi et al





Ibrahimi et al






SHEFIK IMERI

1 NAIM TAHIRAJ

1 MUSA RIZAJ

2






Imeri et al






Ni Fe Co Cr2O3

CaO MgO

Al2O3

SiO2 Fe2O3

HP Humidity

111 199 003 106 255 1080 32 4383 2848 2347


Ni Fetot


Fe2O3

126 176 004 143 271 1565 28 4665 332 016 924 1487


Temp of

calcine OP

M8 degC

M7 degC

M6 degC

M5 degC

M4 degC

M3 degC

M2 degC

M1 degC

G7degC

G6 degC

G5 degC

G4 degC

G3 degC

G2 degC

G1degC

G0 degC

715 613 826 483 376 250 197 870 704 666 433 287 229 670 644 706 322 314 227 186 827 638 576 486 264 246 720 604 758 350 423 263 176 876 703 661 538 261 250





CaCO3 CaO + CO2


3NCO2hr

Imeri et al



3 NCO2 hr


3NCO27806 t DO = 1741 m

3NCO2 t



or 177936 kgCO2hr x 22444 = 905856 m

3NCO2hr


3 N CO2 hr


3NCO2 7806 t DO = 11605 m

3NCO2 t



009 6096 1209 1560 275 1843 223



009 6419 82 1058 289 194







Ni

00011t Nit DO


slag 389 Fetotal



degC



degC


Imeri et al



3NCO2t DO and


3NCO2t DO





Imeri et al




7






Kokalari amp Haxhi



dhe SO2

neuml gjendje teuml


Qs

a

= [K ( tf ndash t

i ) - g

t]m


Qi

a

= Qs

a

ndash 206Ha

ndash 23Wa


Qs

i

= Qs

a

( 100 ndash Wi

) (100 ndash Wa

)

Qs

pu

= Qs

a

100 (100 ndash Wa

)

Qs

ld

= Qs

a

100 (100 ndash Wa

ndash Aa

)

Qi

a

= Qs

a

ndash 597 ( Wa

+ 9Ha

)

Qi

i

= (Qi

a

+597 Wa

)( 100 ndash Wi

)( 100 ndash Wa

) _

597 Wi

Qi

pu

= (Qi

a

+ 597 Wa

) 100 (100 ndash Wa

)

Qi

ld

= (Qi

a

+ 597 Wa

)100 (100 ndash Wa

ndash Aa

)


Qa


Wi


Wa


Aa

- Hiri ( )


a) hiri (A


a) dhe



pu) fuqia



Kokalari amp Haxhi


inferiore (Qipu



Fuqia kal inferiore


Fuqia kal inferiore

Wa A

a Qs

a Qi

a A

pu Qs

pu Qi

pu

970 1490 5326 5044 1650 5962 5660

890 3276 3912 3713 3596 4284 4134

688 885 3969 3690 950 6410 6154

626 1500 5485 5228 1600 5851 5617

460 3689 3897 3705 3861 4035 3915

922 833 5788 5509 918 6356 6129

850 1325 5503 5235 1448 6014 5756

690 2907 4406 4195 3122 4702 4236

870 2498 4699 4467 2736 5117 4949

1012 976 5623 5342 1087 6216 6037

1032 1624 5769 5507 1810 6432 6140

1021 1523 5352 5314 1754 5742 6213



Fuqia kal inferiore


Fuqia kal inferiore

Wa A

a Qs

a Qi

a A

pu Qs

pu Qi

pu

708 3637 3845 3613 3914 4138 3934

711 4396 3124 2941 4732 3363 3212

598 842 6036 5739 897 6420 6140

550 1421 5668 5299 1504 5812 5642

874 2714 4726 4525 2974 5179 5016

852 710 6035 5722 785 6587 6310

663 1340 5583 5324 1435 5949 5744

598 2746 4591 4366 2921 4883 4860

856 4253 3400 3271 4651 3718 3577

902 3679 3778 3572 4001 4153 3983

1022 1624 5045 4800 1808 5613 5346

1005 1612 5312 4822 1705 5712 5521


Kokalari amp Haxhi



Fuqia kal inferiore


Fuqia kal inferiore

Wa A

a Qs

a Qi

a A

pu Qs

pu Qi

pu

950 3095 4038 3815 3382 4418 4225

627 5571 2747 2620 5944 2901 2835

1020 704 5907 5622 784 6538 6328

925 1507 5428 5181 1660 5981 5770

874 3231 4060 3864 3540 4449 4291

905 622 5858 5549 684 6411 6160

820 1630 5369 5101 1776 5849 5610

979 2613 4353 4122 2897 4825 4646

812 3546 3520 3325 3859 4368 4151

801 4096 4378 4129 4464 3827 3666

1188 3064 4462 4165 3477 5053 4726

1150 3086 5401 4197 3487 5085 4742



) dhe hirit (

Apu


Qpu

i = aA

pu


Q

pu

i

= f (A

pu

)


Shtresa V Qpu

i = 70220353 ndash 797063A

pu

Shtresa VI Qpu

i = 67883953 ndash 712827A

pu

Shtresa VII Qpu

i = 67623335 ndash 667664A

pu


i dhe A

pu



α = (100aQld

i ) - 1





Kokalari amp Haxhi







a -797063 -712827 -667464

b 70220353 67883953 67623335

n 12 12 12

xmes 2048 2618 2996

σnx 981 1376 1473

σ(n-1)x 1025 1437 1538

ymes 538958 492233 476250

σny 81410 98987 99813

σ(n-1)y 85030 103389 104251

t(pn) 3112 3112 3112

ΔXbmes 921 1291 1382

ΔXtmes 3190 4472 4787

ΔYbmes 76387 92880 93655

ΔYtmes 264614 321746 324430

S0 24737 14728 18944

t(pn-2) 3169 3169 3169

Sa 727 309 371

Δab 16783 3026 4369

Sb 16526 9139 12397

Δbb 8655829 2646853 4870392

r 09608 09907 09849

|T0| 1095 2306 1797

T(1-pn-2) 3112 3112 3112


Kokalari amp Haxhi


Qild

(Kkalkg) a α A

puQpui=0

() Qi

T

(Kkalkg)

Shtresa V 7494 -7970 006 8810 -948

Shtresa VI 7016 -7128 001 9523 -348

Shtresa VII 7251 -6674 007 1013 +88



(Apu

Q

pu

i = 0 )


=100 kaneuml





i eumlshteuml


vlerave teuml Qpu

i



i nga

Apu


mostreumls bruto Wt

i


inferiore Qi


Qi

i = Q

ld

i ndash Q

ld

i(A

pu


i +

Qav

)Wi

t100 + Q

ld

iW

i

t100A

pu

100(1+α) Qav

-




t dhe A

pu



Shtresa V Q

ii = 7494 - 7943A

pu - 8094W

it + 07943W

itA

pu

(Kkal )

Qii = 31369 - 33249A

pu - 33881W

it +

33243WitA

pu (KJ)

Shtresa VI Q

ii = 7251 - 7758A

pu - 7851W

it + 07758W

itA

pu

(Kkal)

Qii = 30352 - 32474A

pu - 32864W

it +

32474WitA

pu (KJ)

Shtresa VII Q

ii = 7016 - 7086A

pu - 7616W

it + 07086W

itA

pu

(Kkal)

Qii = 29368 - 29661A

pu - 31880W

it +

29661WitA

pu (KJ)


Kokalari amp Haxhi







1 NUSHE LAJCcedilI

2









1


1 3


3 8 9


3 8 9



8 9



89


89

[23]

Nkdt

dN

NNo

tD

loglog

21loglog

12

TT

TTZ






89


2 6


2 6 10





2 6 10



2

1103 110

4 dhe110

5


26


6 10



56∙10

4





525∙10

4





5 [CFUml]






38




2 = 0995

Neuml 56 C Y = -001995 X + 4746 σ2 = 0980

Neuml 58 C Y = -003327 X + 4556 σ2= 0984

Neuml 60 C Y = -005537 X + 4699 σ2 = 0988


2 = 1

Neuml 58 C Y = - 00648 X + 472 σ2 = 0998

Neuml 60 C Y = - 01165 X + 483 σ2 = 0952

Neuml 62 C Y = - 0165 X + 5505 σ2 = 0952



2= 0987

Neuml 50 C Y = - 0679 X + 576 σ2= 0997

Neuml 52 C Y = - 189 X + 5725 σ2= 0994

Neuml 54 C Y = - 00857 X + 565 σ2= 0983


2 = 0954

Neuml 49 C Y = - 00102∙X + 41 σ2

= 0950 Neuml 50 C Y = - 00282∙X + 44 σ

2 = 0962

Neuml 52 C Y = - 0069∙X + 42 σ2




0 12000 0 55730 0 36000 0 50000

50 5010 30 3500 20 15180 10 6530

100 660 60 310 40 960 20 1920

150 340 90 290 60 154 30 350

200 60 120 170 80 56 40 166

250 20 150 24 100 20 50 50

300 5 180 10 120 3 60 22

360 1 220 14 140 1 80 1






0 67150 0 52500 0 68000 0 320000

15 15890 10 7386 5 6336 5 12550

30 5540 20 2530 10 9497 10 15530

45 1380 30 410 15 510 15 405

60 456 40 120 20 436 20 210

75 120 50 23 25 41 25 13

90 38 60 6 30 20

105 10 70 1

120 3




0 144980 0 400000 0 520000 0 340000

5 45135 2 38805 1 3220 025 51240

10 706 4 520 2 194 05 535

15 93 6 53 3 2 075 90

20 3 8 2 4 1 3




0 10000 0 10000 0 10000 0 10000

3 4355 1 12890 05 12060 025 5788

6 94 2 191 1 1450 05 33

9 50 3 538 15 22 075 19

12 4 4 23 2 6 1 107

5 22 25 2

6 3






3 8 Konstantja e


2 = 0999


2 = 0987


2 = 0970


2= 1















PEumlRFUNDIMI


oC (D=150 min)

56oC (D=083 min) 58

oC (D=050 min) 60

oC


oC


oC (D=0463 min) 58

oC

(D=0257 min) 60oC (D=0143 min) 62

oC


oC (D=408 min) 50

oC (D=147 min)

52 oC (D=053 min) 54

oC (D=0195 min) dhe



oC (D=345 min) 49

oC (D=163 min) 50

oC













Gumeniet al






Gumeniet al








Gumeniet al





05 = 510 kN





Gumeniet al





mm B gjereumlsia

mm seksioni

mm2

ReH Nmm

2

Rm Nmm

2

ε




bgjereumlsia mm

Temperatura degC

Energjia J

Mesatarja J

B1() KV in PM 1000 1000 -7 186 158

B2() KV in PM 1000 1000 -7 152

B3() KV in PM 1000 1000 -7 135



veshjes (g)


veshjes (g)



2)



2)


Me ccedilarje 887045 851623 252343 140372 19496




Gumeniet al





PERFUNDIME









1-14





(2) 275 Sb 0160 Sn 006 Cu 011 As 0007 S



oC) Para


4









(d)




11

12


2SO




Eo = -0356 V vs ENH 31


Eo = 1685 V vs ENH 32



2H+ + 2e- rarr H2 34



10 mV s-1


2+



Pb = Pb2+ + 2e 36

Pb2+ + SO42- =PbSO4 37





1-3 Me


2+ + 2OH

- = Pb(OH)2 = PbO + H2SO4 38


5-7 Neuml





PbSO4H2SO46 7


-PbO2

H2O rarr frac12O2 + 2H+ + 2e- 310



2 -




2SO






-PbO2 (ortorombik





05 M H2SO4 = 10 mV s-1





11



s-1


2SO



4 12









(d)

(a) (b) (d) (c)

(a) (b)






Pajaziti et al




Materiali faza




PO PO PO JO










PO JO JO JO JO








27 m Inspektori


PO PO JO JO PO


Pajaziti et al











Pajaziti et al






a ALI SADIKU

a HAMIT MEHMETI

a RRAHIM MAKSUTI


a

AVNI BEQIRIb






0C Me rritjen e


Rama et al








0



C

Si

Mn

Cr

Mo

Pmax

Smax

Rm Nmm

2 A5

Kv J

St 35-8 Deri 017

010-035

Deri 040

- - 005 005 340-440 25

St 35-4 Deri 022

010-035

Deri 040

- - 005 005 440-540 21

13 Mo 3 012-020

015-035

050-080

- 025-035

004 004 440-570 22 48

13CrMo 4 4 010-018

015-035

040-070

07-10

040-050

004 004 440-570 22 48


015-050

040-060

20-25

09-11 004 004 440-590 20





2








Rama et al












Rama et al




D0

mm B0

mm Lc

mm Lu

mm Re

Nmm2

Rm Nmm

2 A

Kv J

Z


512 20 80 100 2634 4592 287 48 518


510 20 80 100 266 461 29 49 52


51 20 80 100 270 456 275 40 50


51 20 80 100 271 455 27 39 495


42 20 80 100 3166 480 225 36 407


42 20 80 100 315 530 25 43 455


513 20 80 100 284 526 268 40 48


511 20 80 100 288 518 25 38 455


51 20 80 100 285 514 26 39 47


419 20 80 100 326 449 225 38 408



Rama et al


deformuar HV

mureve HV

mureve HV


1 148-156 240-244 180-189 90 dhe 323

2 149-153 225-230 188-192 765 dhe 39

3 150-158 245-248 180-195 925 dhe 335

4 144-149 239-242 175-181 94 dhe 295

5 150-155 235-240 188-197 85 dhe 40

6 147-156 244-250 186-194 955 dhe 285







Rama et al



teuml Botuar neuml






a MURSEL RAMA

a FERAT SHALA

b BEHAJDIN SKEJA

a BEKIM BAJRAKTARI

c MILAIM SADIKU

a

(a ndashFXM

b- FIEK

c- FSHTA) UP





Sadiku et al






mgl







2-




Sadiku et al






2+ + 2e

-


-


2+ + 2OH



Sadiku et al





Kati m2 m

2


I 21562 140 649

II 21562 153 709

III 21562 148 686

IV 12246 110 898

Gjithsej 102774 579 5635


acidit sulfurik

Kati I II III IV


12 10 15 18


1 ndash 15

2 ndash 32

3 ndash 35

3 ndash 4 5




Mbi sipeumlrfaqe




5 - 9 12



Sadiku et al










2 Te keumlto vende


Sadiku et al






a E KARAKASHI

b






Shala amp Karakashi




Shala amp Karakashi






48 Rend Pet 2 l 0 08 0 18

47 Njivj Pet 2 l 0 07 0 12

48 Njivj Pet 2 l 0 13 0 21

48 Rend Pet 2 l 0 08 0 13

50 Rend 0 5 l 0 04 0 11

48 Rend 0 5 l 0 05 0 10

0 Rend 0 5 l 0 04 0 09

50 Rend 0 5 l 0 04 0 11

49 Rend 0 5 l 0 04 0 12

48 Njivj 0 33 l 0 06 0 14

48 Rend 0 33 l 0 05 0 11

49 Njivj 0 33 l 0 05 0 16

49 Rend 0 33 l 005 011

0 Njivj 0 33 l 0 06 0 15





Shala amp Karakashi



Temperatura 136

O2 i matur 007

Vol i plot 340

Vol i birreumls 334

G 27315

T 28675 B6+B1

A 0021374 0000000415B7B7 + 00002B7-00701

B 0017964 (B3-B4)B4

C 2429415 0082B710332

D 1505744 (32000B8B9B10) +1

O2 0105402 B2B11






Shala amp Karakashi









Shehu




Shehu




Shehu




Shehu





2005 197 147 13372 20652 398 59000 92182

2006 164 134 11804 18445 534 65742 102697

2007 104 78 7350 12006 355 54172 90865

2008 97 77 7688 13054 385 59328 101917

2009 100 72 6360 11280 480 74024 137081

Totali 662 508 46574 75437 2152 312266 524742

Tabela 1



Fataliteti 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0

Lenraport 60 65 75 57 60 56 53 62 37 48 46 48

Shk 100p 175 190 219 166 175 163 155 181 108 140 134 140

Len Hum 50 53 52 44 46 48 47 38 31 34 30 48

Shk100p 146 155 152 128 134 140 137 111 090 099 088 140



Shehu




Shehu














Spahiu






A + B + C1

3 746 087 3 371 478 1 316 925






2










3 Prodhimin



Spahiu



3


3


hmxkt

xk3600xVxkQ 3

kshc

shmh


3 V IH -560=439m

3 Km-koeficienti i


3h maseuml kompakte


3h maseuml kompakte


3 xehe dhe



3


hm6924320

400000 3

neuml steril 64 m3h

neuml xehe 286 m3h


3vit


3vit


3vit


3vit



3


3 shpejteumlsia


min6920

60x61x2

V

60xLx2t

m21


Tc= tn + t12 + tz =45 +96+15 =156 min


hm8848615

830x15x60

T

xVxk60Q 3

c

shh


Spahiu





kompakte





3



Spahiu





min2020

2x60x2t 21





hm30432517

830x15x60

T

xVxk60Q 3

c

th


vitm116910343x2700Q 3vj


3 maseuml kompakte










3h maseuml kompakte



075


075


100


08


08















264100x5

213100x

5i

Spahiu



3





3 steril


3








1 Hyrje



Hoxha et al












Hoxha et al












Hoxha et al









Hoxha et al









Hoxha et al







Hoxha et al


























assessment






materials















derivation channel










R4

Type CC

Density (grcm3) 135


100



ge45(after 28 days)


Not request




ge2 (after 28 days)


Not request





Density (kgm3) 1100


100

pH of mixtures 128




9 (after 28 days)











2








58







ka


58


3







1 05948 01299 02551 00263 00387

2 01310 02041 01474 00038 00166

3 03092 01577 02154 00023 00278

Vlera mesatare 03450 01639 02060 00108 00277

Vlerat e lejuar 1500 0300 500 0300 500






1) Ao-343181g 2) Ao-360846 g 3) Ao-343392 g


1) A1-592783g 2) A1-605850g 3) A1-592415g





1) A1-587934 g 2) A1-602497 g 3) A1-588697 g


Nr Parametrat


1 01746 02041 03401 00038 00316

2 01564 02598 03104 00034 00154

3 01873 02784 03401 00038 00062

Vlera mesatare 01728 02474 03302 00037 00177

Vlerat e lejuar1 1500 0300 500 0300 500


Nr Parametrat


1 05748 02505 03175 00015 01168

2 00746 02691 02920 00026 00264

3 01837 02320 02863 00038 00247

Vlera mesatare 02777 02505 02986 00026 00560

Vlerat e lejuara 1500 0300 500 0300 500



1) Ao-343181 g 2) Ao-360838 g 3) Ao-343437 g


1) A1-585093 g 2) A1-612232 g






Phanner


Phanner


Phanner


Phanner










3 Me konsumimin e











78


3


nd Edition 2005












Osmani amp Bytyqi







Osmani amp Bytyqi








mm




2


e gypit) s

Koha max e largimit

teuml nxehteumlsit

s


Me shtypje

Me ftohje minuta

Deri 45 05 45 5 5 6

45-7 10 45-70 5-6 5-6 6-10

7-12 15 70-120 6-8 6-8 10-16

12-19 20 120-190 8-10 8-11 16-24

19-26 25 190-260 10-12 11-14 24-32

26-37 30 260-370 12-16 14-19 32-45

37-50 35 370-500 16-20 19-25 45-60

50-70 40 500-700 20-25 25-35 60-80





Osmani amp Bytyqi


35 OC deri neuml 40





OC


mm




2

Koha e nxehjes

s


nxehteumlsit s


Me shtypje

Me ftohje minuta

Deri 45 05 135 5 5 6

45-7 05 135-175 5-6 5-6 6-12

7-12 10 175-245 6-8 6-8 12-20

12-19 10 245-330 8-10 8-11 20-30

19-26 15 330-400 10-12 11-14 30-40

26-37 20 400-485 12-16 14-19 40-55

37-50 25 485-560 16-20 19-25 55-70



mm




2

Koha e nxehjes

peumlr Plt002Nmm

2


s

Koha max e largimit

teuml nxehteumlsit

s



e murit + 25 sek)

Me ftohje minuta

19- 35 05 59-75 3 3-4 5-6

45-55 05 75-95 3 4-5 6-85

55-10 05-10 95-140 4 5-7 85-14

10-15 10-13 140-190 4 7-9 14-20

15-20 13-17 190-240 5 9-11 20-26

20-25 17-20 240-290 5 11-13 26-32




Osmani amp Bytyqi







O C

p1 = 015 [Nmm2]

p2 = 038 [Nmm2]


2]

t2 = 112 ndash 124 [s] t4 = 7 ndash 9 [s]



















salduese s

3 + 003 de


shtypjes min 3 + e


Osmani amp Bytyqi









Bytyqi et al













Bytyqi et al









degC) ashtu




Bytyqi et al












Bytyqi et al









a SHPETIM LAJQI

a GJELOSH VATAJ

b ARBEN AVDIU

a






Lajccedili et al



HHA YY (1)

ku janeuml




hgHg

2

cppY zgj

2eav0

HA (2)


g2

c

d

l

g2

chhh

22

gjatlok (3)

g2

ch

2

lok (4)

g2

c

d

lh

2

gjat

(5)










h

g2

c

g

pp

g

YH

2eavoHA

zgjeo (6)


g

YhH

g2

c

g

pp)HSPN( totzgjeo

2eav0

STAB


Lajccedili et al






Lajccedili et al





10105

bar Pa


016105

bar Pa




00 ms


50 m







50)HSPN(HHg2

c

g

ppPOMPtotzgj

2eav0




g2

v

d

LH

21

1gjat

(12)


1

edv

R (13)




30Re

396000540 peumlr 2300 lt Re lt 2 10

6 14)




0 valvulat



Lajccedili et al


g2

vH

21

11lokale

(16)

g2

vH

22

22lokale

(17)

g2

vvH

22

23

33lokale

(18)











Htot = 0087 m





0006 -








2

vp

20

ose g2

vp

20

(21)




vcp ose g

vcp

(22)



Prurja Q = 1000 ls


34 m


Htot= 180 m


36 m


45 m





Lajccedili et al



d

E

E1

Cc

w

0 (23)


a

L2Tk

(24)


2mesd

Q4

A

Qv

(25)


mesvcp (26)


totmax Hp

pn

(27)


atmtot

2

pHALn

gV

(28)



(E = 300 107 Nmm

2) Ew Nmm

2 ndash moduli i


2) pmax











42733 ms



1644 ms



703 70253052

bar Pa


796 -


1652 m3


2 x 9 m3




Lajccedili et al







amortizatoreuml




AKTET Vol IV 2 2011

iii

CONTENT



6 178


16 189


22 195


28 201


35 208


42 215


47 220


55 228


62 235


68 241

AKTET Vol IV 2 2011

iv


76 249



81 254


89 262


94 267


101 274


109 282


115 288


122 295


126 299


133 306


E KARAKASHI

139 312


144 317

AKTET Vol IV 2 2011

v


151

324


157 330


164 337


171 344


176 349


182 355


188 360

AKTET Vol IV 2 2011

vi

GUIDE FOR AUTHORS















AKTET Vol IV 2 2011

vii












1 NEBI CAKA

2 AGON KOKA

3







Kokaj et al



4 ndash 10

6 Ω cm 1+


2 V

-1 s



5 cm




cm-1




Kokaj et al







Kokaj et al












(111) (220) (311) (111) (220) (311) (111) (220) (311)

CdTeSS 100 1 08 100 2 1 - - -

CdTeNi 100 18 55 100 27 96 100 343 125

CdTe powder 100 735 362 - - - - - -

Kokaj et al















Krasniqi amp Koka
















Krasniqi amp Koka


1


2

3


4


5

6





Krasniqi amp Koka





Shunt Y

Line bus to bus


Mvar Y2 per unit

1-2 001008 005040 3815629 -19078 1025 005125

1-3 000744 003720 5169561 -25848 775 003875

2-4 000744 003720 5169561 -25848 775 003875

3-4 001272 006360 3023705 -15119 1275 006375


Generation Load


1 ------------- --------- 50 3099 1 lt 0 Slack bus





Bus Number (1) (2) (3) (4)

(1) 8985190 ndashj4483 -38156 +j1907 -5169 +j2584 0

(2) -381562 +j19078144 898 ndashj448359 0 -5169+j2584

(3) -51695 +j25847 0 8193 ndashj408693 -3023+j511

(4) 0 -5169 +j25847 -3023 +j15118 8193-j40863


(0) Δp2

(0) Δp3

(0) and Δp4

(0) along



Krasniqi amp Koka



(0) calc =|V3|2G33 + |V3V1V31|cosθ31 +


(0)calc = -200 - (-006047) = -193953 per unit



Bus no i (1) (2) (3) (4)

δi (deg) 0 -093094 -178790 -154383

|Vi| (per unit)

100 098335 097095 102






Krasniqi amp Koka




Krasniqi amp Koka




Krasniqi amp Koka





Krasniqi amp Koka













Lamani









r

A

Harctg sin2

HAR

22

(1)

Lamani


A

Harctg2 sin

A

H1

1

A

r21

R

dH

2

2

H

0

(2)

e = e0 exp (-2ε) (3)


2e

eln

0T (4)

e2

RPyxT (5)






nTT K (6)


Kloglognlog TT (7)




2 =



2 =


Lamani


039) 53570TT 1810 with R

2 = 0998 The









Lamani









Lamani










Dushi







X2



Dushi







x -168 -1 0 10 1680 Δx

x1 798 90 105 120 1302 150

x2 6660 700 750 800 8340 500

x3 3320 400 500 60 6680 1000



Dushi









Dushi








LITERATURA

Dushi















Caslli et al













Caslli et al



ynet

b

W

M (1)


Wnet 3929 cm3







p =




(2)



I Minimize of mass

II Minimize of cost


mm B) Strength no







Caslli et al




EIC

Fl

1

3

(3)

or

1

3

C

FlEI (3rsquo)


EI 1074 x 106 Nm

2 (4)


l

ZYC

ly

ICF 2

m

y2

(5)

here m

y

y

IZY

[Nm] (6)



2C

FlZY (7)


ZY 0825 x104Nm (8)



l

1m

EIM (9)


l

2m

ZYM (10)


C

EIM3 (11)


C

ZYM4 (12)



Caslli et al








Caslli et al















Caslli et al




o 6 2002 pp 335-341



o 46 Elsevier


o 9-10 2000 pp 31-36




a MAJLINDA VASJARI

b PRANVERA LAZO


c







Karaj et al






Karaj et al











METODA R2 a b

LSV 07971 00548 138

SCV 08452 00356 76

SWV 09855 0052 08

DPV 09789 01164 3



Karaj et al







60

70

80

90

100

110

120

30 50 70 90 110 130 150

Amplituda e pulsit

Rry

ma (

nA

)




Karaj et al



25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500


Rry

ma (

nA

)





20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10


Rry

ma (

nA

)




METODA SWV


Amplituda e pulsit

80 mV ------


Koha e depozitimit

3 min ------



Karaj et al










Karaj et al












-a ODISE KOCcedilA


-b






Kullolli et al






RSCE

(1)








SsinRcosCcosE (2)




S

Ee

S

Cc

S

Rr

dhe marrim



22

222

db

adbdbasin

(5)

cose2cre1a 222



d

dn dhe kemi

cosrnsine

sinecosrc

cosesinrnsinecosr

22 (6)


coscose

sincosr

r

en (7)





0sinnsinn1e


(8)


222

222

sinnsinn1e

cossinn1r

r

en (9)



22

22

22

22

22222

2db

adbdbasin

(10)



222

222

coscose

sincosr

r

en (11)


111

111

coscose

sincosr

r

en (12)

333

333

sincose

sincosr

r

en (13)


21 (14)

23 (15)




21

21

21

21

21111

1db

adbdbasin

(16)

23

23

23

23

23333

3db

adbdbasin

(17)




321321 rce







22

2222

1 sinnrcosesinn1reF

(18)


(19)

Kullolli et al




0FFF 321









ekuacionit (10)




1F



























Kullolli et al








Lajqi et al







Lajqi et al









Lajqi et al










Lajqi et al









cosa2sincos)(a2L

sincos)(a2L

r

ri

acac

ac

h

dnk (1)





coszza2sincos)(a2Lz

sincos)(a2Lzzzi

dbacacf

acabftpknk (2)





Lajqi et al










n2 = - 42592 s2 = 79364 dhe u2 = 8954


efdnk

sab

nksab

eetptpiii

iiTTP

(5)

efdnk

sab

fdeenknk

iii

iTTP

(6)


fdnksab

fd

h

e

h

nkrrip

iii

i

r

T

r

TF

(7)


Lajqi et al



-1 Pe = 1435 kW dhe


PTemax = 7787 kW


-1


-1




-1 dhe

nTemax = 4000 min

-1


-1


Lajqi et al
















Elementi kimik

Vendburimet

Peumlrroi i

Ngjyrosur


Pb 436 935 551 692

Zn 545 1441 257 153

Ag gt 12607 10790 8315 7438

Cu 041 006 007 007

Bi 001 002 003 001

As 072 006 009 019

Cd 005 0098 003 002

Sb 018 015 007 002

ZnPb 125 154 047 022



Minerali Nr i

kampionit Formula

kristalokimike

Piriti

AR1

(Fe 1006 Co 0001 Pb

0002) 1009 (S 1986 As

0005) 1991

AR3

(Fe 1005 Co 0001Pb

0001) 1007 S 1993

Galeniti AR3

(Pb 0972 Fe 0005) 0977 S

1023

Sfaleriti AR2

(Zn 0796 Fe 0200 Cu

0001 Pb 0001) 0998 S

1002




































(b)



(b)








Dushi amp Lame











(Ballesh) 2009 09 6 21 49 419 4150 2043 5 6 05 55 Gjorice



Dushi amp Lame








Dushi amp Lame













the form




the relation


Dushi amp Lame







Dushi amp Lame










QC plusmnσ

10 42(2) 110(7) 185(11) 253(14) 317(18) 438(24) 20 45(3) 127(9) 215(15) 293(20) 365(26) 500(35) 30 48(4) 141(13) 244(22) 337(30) 424(38) 587(53) 40 47(2) 150(7) 270(12) 382(18) 488(23) 555(23) 50 49(3) 161(9) 293(17) 417(24) 536(31) 764(45) 60 51(3) 164(9) 296(18) 418(26) 535(33) 754(47) 70 57(6) 165(18) 287(31) 398(43) 504(55) 704(76)


Stat ndash

interval

Q0 plusmnσ





(084)] As



7






Elezaj et al




Elezaj et al

















Elezaj et al





40Ar

39 method


40Ar



Elezaj et al







Elezaj et al






Elezaj et al




Elezaj et al







2BESA VESELI






Elshani amp Veseli




Lageumlshtia

Proteina SM

Yndyreuml SM

Fije te para SM

Mbetje hiri SM

Ekstrakt pa Azot SM

Embrion malti 76 272 16 131 59 446


Mbetje kulperi 62 230 36 245 53 374

Majaja 43 500 05 05 100 347


Aminoacide gkg SM

Karbohidratet SM


Maja birre 569 415 80 290 74 296

Miell soje 500 311 68 198 63 235

Miell peshku

650 519 184 282 70 293

Elb 114 44 18 43 14 45

Miseumlr 107 31 21 41 07 43

Grureuml 25 34 20 35 13 43









Elshani amp Veseli






Elshani amp Veseli




Elshani amp Veseli




384-392




IZET IBRAHIMI

a MUSA RIZAJ

b NURTEN DEVA

b





Ibrahimi et al








SK EN (933-1 1097-2 1097-6)







Ibrahimi et al






Bramca Silikati






peumlrshk


3)







peumlrshk



0

4 mm 05

4 mm 025






12697-1 07 18

5 natyral





0C)










Ibrahimi et al





Njeumlsia














000-009 289 240 23 Filleri 289 240 23

009 - 025 138 112 132 Bramceuml 427 352 362



642 605 55

4 - 8 308 215 16 950 82 71

8 ndash 112 5 116 12 100 936 85

112 - 16 64 3 100 97

16 ndash 224 100

shuma 100 100 100






Bitumi 85 80 75 80 70 67 80 68 65



32 31 30 28 305 32 27 27 28

Reumlra 24 mm 28 285 29 22 21 19 15 15 14

Reumlra 48 mm 50 45 40 13 12 12 12 13 12

Reumlra 811 mm 5 4 4 11 102 9


Ibrahimi et al




Ibrahimi et al






stabilitetin

penitrimin








AD 08mm

AD 011mm

AD 05mm

AD 08mm

AD 011mm


7 - 85 68 ndash 80 65 - 80 7 - 85 68 ndash 80 65 - 80

Bitumi (mm) 80 70 68 80 70 68


Fileri (mm) 26 235 22 28 255 24



240

0C30 min)



komunikacion

kalimtar 16

vend qendrim 14


max15

15 15 15 18 16 15


06 06 06 08 07 07


3)

2684 2682 2679 2729 2727 2725





14 16 20 15 19 21





098 100 1003 096 10 10


Ibrahimi et al





Ibrahimi et al






SHEFIK IMERI

1 NAIM TAHIRAJ

1 MUSA RIZAJ

2






Imeri et al






Ni Fe Co Cr2O3

CaO MgO

Al2O3

SiO2 Fe2O3

HP Humidity

111 199 003 106 255 1080 32 4383 2848 2347


Ni Fetot


Fe2O3

126 176 004 143 271 1565 28 4665 332 016 924 1487


Temp of

calcine OP

M8 degC

M7 degC

M6 degC

M5 degC

M4 degC

M3 degC

M2 degC

M1 degC

G7degC

G6 degC

G5 degC

G4 degC

G3 degC

G2 degC

G1degC

G0 degC

715 613 826 483 376 250 197 870 704 666 433 287 229 670 644 706 322 314 227 186 827 638 576 486 264 246 720 604 758 350 423 263 176 876 703 661 538 261 250





CaCO3 CaO + CO2


3NCO2hr

Imeri et al



3 NCO2 hr


3NCO27806 t DO = 1741 m

3NCO2 t



or 177936 kgCO2hr x 22444 = 905856 m

3NCO2hr


3 N CO2 hr


3NCO2 7806 t DO = 11605 m

3NCO2 t



009 6096 1209 1560 275 1843 223



009 6419 82 1058 289 194







Ni

00011t Nit DO


slag 389 Fetotal



degC



degC


Imeri et al



3NCO2t DO and


3NCO2t DO





Imeri et al




7






Kokalari amp Haxhi



dhe SO2

neuml gjendje teuml


Qs

a

= [K ( tf ndash t

i ) - g

t]m


Qi

a

= Qs

a

ndash 206Ha

ndash 23Wa


Qs

i

= Qs

a

( 100 ndash Wi

) (100 ndash Wa

)

Qs

pu

= Qs

a

100 (100 ndash Wa

)

Qs

ld

= Qs

a

100 (100 ndash Wa

ndash Aa

)

Qi

a

= Qs

a

ndash 597 ( Wa

+ 9Ha

)

Qi

i

= (Qi

a

+597 Wa

)( 100 ndash Wi

)( 100 ndash Wa

) _

597 Wi

Qi

pu

= (Qi

a

+ 597 Wa

) 100 (100 ndash Wa

)

Qi

ld

= (Qi

a

+ 597 Wa

)100 (100 ndash Wa

ndash Aa

)


Qa


Wi


Wa


Aa

- Hiri ( )


a) hiri (A


a) dhe



pu) fuqia



Kokalari amp Haxhi


inferiore (Qipu



Fuqia kal inferiore


Fuqia kal inferiore

Wa A

a Qs

a Qi

a A

pu Qs

pu Qi

pu

970 1490 5326 5044 1650 5962 5660

890 3276 3912 3713 3596 4284 4134

688 885 3969 3690 950 6410 6154

626 1500 5485 5228 1600 5851 5617

460 3689 3897 3705 3861 4035 3915

922 833 5788 5509 918 6356 6129

850 1325 5503 5235 1448 6014 5756

690 2907 4406 4195 3122 4702 4236

870 2498 4699 4467 2736 5117 4949

1012 976 5623 5342 1087 6216 6037

1032 1624 5769 5507 1810 6432 6140

1021 1523 5352 5314 1754 5742 6213



Fuqia kal inferiore


Fuqia kal inferiore

Wa A

a Qs

a Qi

a A

pu Qs

pu Qi

pu

708 3637 3845 3613 3914 4138 3934

711 4396 3124 2941 4732 3363 3212

598 842 6036 5739 897 6420 6140

550 1421 5668 5299 1504 5812 5642

874 2714 4726 4525 2974 5179 5016

852 710 6035 5722 785 6587 6310

663 1340 5583 5324 1435 5949 5744

598 2746 4591 4366 2921 4883 4860

856 4253 3400 3271 4651 3718 3577

902 3679 3778 3572 4001 4153 3983

1022 1624 5045 4800 1808 5613 5346

1005 1612 5312 4822 1705 5712 5521


Kokalari amp Haxhi



Fuqia kal inferiore


Fuqia kal inferiore

Wa A

a Qs

a Qi

a A

pu Qs

pu Qi

pu

950 3095 4038 3815 3382 4418 4225

627 5571 2747 2620 5944 2901 2835

1020 704 5907 5622 784 6538 6328

925 1507 5428 5181 1660 5981 5770

874 3231 4060 3864 3540 4449 4291

905 622 5858 5549 684 6411 6160

820 1630 5369 5101 1776 5849 5610

979 2613 4353 4122 2897 4825 4646

812 3546 3520 3325 3859 4368 4151

801 4096 4378 4129 4464 3827 3666

1188 3064 4462 4165 3477 5053 4726

1150 3086 5401 4197 3487 5085 4742



) dhe hirit (

Apu


Qpu

i = aA

pu


Q

pu

i

= f (A

pu

)


Shtresa V Qpu

i = 70220353 ndash 797063A

pu

Shtresa VI Qpu

i = 67883953 ndash 712827A

pu

Shtresa VII Qpu

i = 67623335 ndash 667664A

pu


i dhe A

pu



α = (100aQld

i ) - 1





Kokalari amp Haxhi







a -797063 -712827 -667464

b 70220353 67883953 67623335

n 12 12 12

xmes 2048 2618 2996

σnx 981 1376 1473

σ(n-1)x 1025 1437 1538

ymes 538958 492233 476250

σny 81410 98987 99813

σ(n-1)y 85030 103389 104251

t(pn) 3112 3112 3112

ΔXbmes 921 1291 1382

ΔXtmes 3190 4472 4787

ΔYbmes 76387 92880 93655

ΔYtmes 264614 321746 324430

S0 24737 14728 18944

t(pn-2) 3169 3169 3169

Sa 727 309 371

Δab 16783 3026 4369

Sb 16526 9139 12397

Δbb 8655829 2646853 4870392

r 09608 09907 09849

|T0| 1095 2306 1797

T(1-pn-2) 3112 3112 3112


Kokalari amp Haxhi


Qild

(Kkalkg) a α A

puQpui=0

() Qi

T

(Kkalkg)

Shtresa V 7494 -7970 006 8810 -948

Shtresa VI 7016 -7128 001 9523 -348

Shtresa VII 7251 -6674 007 1013 +88



(Apu

Q

pu

i = 0 )


=100 kaneuml





i eumlshteuml


vlerave teuml Qpu

i



i nga

Apu


mostreumls bruto Wt

i


inferiore Qi


Qi

i = Q

ld

i ndash Q

ld

i(A

pu


i +

Qav

)Wi

t100 + Q

ld

iW

i

t100A

pu

100(1+α) Qav

-




t dhe A

pu



Shtresa V Q

ii = 7494 - 7943A

pu - 8094W

it + 07943W

itA

pu

(Kkal )

Qii = 31369 - 33249A

pu - 33881W

it +

33243WitA

pu (KJ)

Shtresa VI Q

ii = 7251 - 7758A

pu - 7851W

it + 07758W

itA

pu

(Kkal)

Qii = 30352 - 32474A

pu - 32864W

it +

32474WitA

pu (KJ)

Shtresa VII Q

ii = 7016 - 7086A

pu - 7616W

it + 07086W

itA

pu

(Kkal)

Qii = 29368 - 29661A

pu - 31880W

it +

29661WitA

pu (KJ)


Kokalari amp Haxhi







1 NUSHE LAJCcedilI

2









1


1 3


3 8 9


3 8 9



8 9



89


89

[23]

Nkdt

dN

NNo

tD

loglog

21loglog

12

TT

TTZ






89


2 6


2 6 10





2 6 10



2

1103 110

4 dhe110

5


26


6 10



56∙10

4





525∙10

4





5 [CFUml]






38




2 = 0995

Neuml 56 C Y = -001995 X + 4746 σ2 = 0980

Neuml 58 C Y = -003327 X + 4556 σ2= 0984

Neuml 60 C Y = -005537 X + 4699 σ2 = 0988


2 = 1

Neuml 58 C Y = - 00648 X + 472 σ2 = 0998

Neuml 60 C Y = - 01165 X + 483 σ2 = 0952

Neuml 62 C Y = - 0165 X + 5505 σ2 = 0952



2= 0987

Neuml 50 C Y = - 0679 X + 576 σ2= 0997

Neuml 52 C Y = - 189 X + 5725 σ2= 0994

Neuml 54 C Y = - 00857 X + 565 σ2= 0983


2 = 0954

Neuml 49 C Y = - 00102∙X + 41 σ2

= 0950 Neuml 50 C Y = - 00282∙X + 44 σ

2 = 0962

Neuml 52 C Y = - 0069∙X + 42 σ2




0 12000 0 55730 0 36000 0 50000

50 5010 30 3500 20 15180 10 6530

100 660 60 310 40 960 20 1920

150 340 90 290 60 154 30 350

200 60 120 170 80 56 40 166

250 20 150 24 100 20 50 50

300 5 180 10 120 3 60 22

360 1 220 14 140 1 80 1






0 67150 0 52500 0 68000 0 320000

15 15890 10 7386 5 6336 5 12550

30 5540 20 2530 10 9497 10 15530

45 1380 30 410 15 510 15 405

60 456 40 120 20 436 20 210

75 120 50 23 25 41 25 13

90 38 60 6 30 20

105 10 70 1

120 3




0 144980 0 400000 0 520000 0 340000

5 45135 2 38805 1 3220 025 51240

10 706 4 520 2 194 05 535

15 93 6 53 3 2 075 90

20 3 8 2 4 1 3




0 10000 0 10000 0 10000 0 10000

3 4355 1 12890 05 12060 025 5788

6 94 2 191 1 1450 05 33

9 50 3 538 15 22 075 19

12 4 4 23 2 6 1 107

5 22 25 2

6 3






3 8 Konstantja e


2 = 0999


2 = 0987


2 = 0970


2= 1















PEumlRFUNDIMI


oC (D=150 min)

56oC (D=083 min) 58

oC (D=050 min) 60

oC


oC


oC (D=0463 min) 58

oC

(D=0257 min) 60oC (D=0143 min) 62

oC


oC (D=408 min) 50

oC (D=147 min)

52 oC (D=053 min) 54

oC (D=0195 min) dhe



oC (D=345 min) 49

oC (D=163 min) 50

oC













Gumeniet al






Gumeniet al








Gumeniet al





05 = 510 kN





Gumeniet al





mm B gjereumlsia

mm seksioni

mm2

ReH Nmm

2

Rm Nmm

2

ε




bgjereumlsia mm

Temperatura degC

Energjia J

Mesatarja J

B1() KV in PM 1000 1000 -7 186 158

B2() KV in PM 1000 1000 -7 152

B3() KV in PM 1000 1000 -7 135



veshjes (g)


veshjes (g)



2)



2)


Me ccedilarje 887045 851623 252343 140372 19496




Gumeniet al





PERFUNDIME









1-14





(2) 275 Sb 0160 Sn 006 Cu 011 As 0007 S



oC) Para


4









(d)




11

12


2SO




Eo = -0356 V vs ENH 31


Eo = 1685 V vs ENH 32



2H+ + 2e- rarr H2 34



10 mV s-1


2+



Pb = Pb2+ + 2e 36

Pb2+ + SO42- =PbSO4 37





1-3 Me


2+ + 2OH

- = Pb(OH)2 = PbO + H2SO4 38


5-7 Neuml





PbSO4H2SO46 7


-PbO2

H2O rarr frac12O2 + 2H+ + 2e- 310



2 -




2SO






-PbO2 (ortorombik





05 M H2SO4 = 10 mV s-1





11



s-1


2SO



4 12









(d)

(a) (b) (d) (c)

(a) (b)






Pajaziti et al




Materiali faza




PO PO PO JO










PO JO JO JO JO








27 m Inspektori


PO PO JO JO PO


Pajaziti et al











Pajaziti et al






a ALI SADIKU

a HAMIT MEHMETI

a RRAHIM MAKSUTI


a

AVNI BEQIRIb






0C Me rritjen e


Rama et al








0



C

Si

Mn

Cr

Mo

Pmax

Smax

Rm Nmm

2 A5

Kv J

St 35-8 Deri 017

010-035

Deri 040

- - 005 005 340-440 25

St 35-4 Deri 022

010-035

Deri 040

- - 005 005 440-540 21

13 Mo 3 012-020

015-035

050-080

- 025-035

004 004 440-570 22 48

13CrMo 4 4 010-018

015-035

040-070

07-10

040-050

004 004 440-570 22 48


015-050

040-060

20-25

09-11 004 004 440-590 20





2








Rama et al












Rama et al




D0

mm B0

mm Lc

mm Lu

mm Re

Nmm2

Rm Nmm

2 A

Kv J

Z


512 20 80 100 2634 4592 287 48 518


510 20 80 100 266 461 29 49 52


51 20 80 100 270 456 275 40 50


51 20 80 100 271 455 27 39 495


42 20 80 100 3166 480 225 36 407


42 20 80 100 315 530 25 43 455


513 20 80 100 284 526 268 40 48


511 20 80 100 288 518 25 38 455


51 20 80 100 285 514 26 39 47


419 20 80 100 326 449 225 38 408



Rama et al


deformuar HV

mureve HV

mureve HV


1 148-156 240-244 180-189 90 dhe 323

2 149-153 225-230 188-192 765 dhe 39

3 150-158 245-248 180-195 925 dhe 335

4 144-149 239-242 175-181 94 dhe 295

5 150-155 235-240 188-197 85 dhe 40

6 147-156 244-250 186-194 955 dhe 285







Rama et al



teuml Botuar neuml






a MURSEL RAMA

a FERAT SHALA

b BEHAJDIN SKEJA

a BEKIM BAJRAKTARI

c MILAIM SADIKU

a

(a ndashFXM

b- FIEK

c- FSHTA) UP





Sadiku et al






mgl







2-




Sadiku et al






2+ + 2e

-


-


2+ + 2OH



Sadiku et al





Kati m2 m

2


I 21562 140 649

II 21562 153 709

III 21562 148 686

IV 12246 110 898

Gjithsej 102774 579 5635


acidit sulfurik

Kati I II III IV


12 10 15 18


1 ndash 15

2 ndash 32

3 ndash 35

3 ndash 4 5




Mbi sipeumlrfaqe




5 - 9 12



Sadiku et al










2 Te keumlto vende


Sadiku et al






a E KARAKASHI

b






Shala amp Karakashi




Shala amp Karakashi






48 Rend Pet 2 l 0 08 0 18

47 Njivj Pet 2 l 0 07 0 12

48 Njivj Pet 2 l 0 13 0 21

48 Rend Pet 2 l 0 08 0 13

50 Rend 0 5 l 0 04 0 11

48 Rend 0 5 l 0 05 0 10

0 Rend 0 5 l 0 04 0 09

50 Rend 0 5 l 0 04 0 11

49 Rend 0 5 l 0 04 0 12

48 Njivj 0 33 l 0 06 0 14

48 Rend 0 33 l 0 05 0 11

49 Njivj 0 33 l 0 05 0 16

49 Rend 0 33 l 005 011

0 Njivj 0 33 l 0 06 0 15





Shala amp Karakashi



Temperatura 136

O2 i matur 007

Vol i plot 340

Vol i birreumls 334

G 27315

T 28675 B6+B1

A 0021374 0000000415B7B7 + 00002B7-00701

B 0017964 (B3-B4)B4

C 2429415 0082B710332

D 1505744 (32000B8B9B10) +1

O2 0105402 B2B11






Shala amp Karakashi









Shehu




Shehu




Shehu




Shehu





2005 197 147 13372 20652 398 59000 92182

2006 164 134 11804 18445 534 65742 102697

2007 104 78 7350 12006 355 54172 90865

2008 97 77 7688 13054 385 59328 101917

2009 100 72 6360 11280 480 74024 137081

Totali 662 508 46574 75437 2152 312266 524742

Tabela 1



Fataliteti 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0

Lenraport 60 65 75 57 60 56 53 62 37 48 46 48

Shk 100p 175 190 219 166 175 163 155 181 108 140 134 140

Len Hum 50 53 52 44 46 48 47 38 31 34 30 48

Shk100p 146 155 152 128 134 140 137 111 090 099 088 140



Shehu




Shehu














Spahiu






A + B + C1

3 746 087 3 371 478 1 316 925






2










3 Prodhimin



Spahiu



3


3


hmxkt

xk3600xVxkQ 3

kshc

shmh


3 V IH -560=439m

3 Km-koeficienti i


3h maseuml kompakte


3h maseuml kompakte


3 xehe dhe



3


hm6924320

400000 3

neuml steril 64 m3h

neuml xehe 286 m3h


3vit


3vit


3vit


3vit



3


3 shpejteumlsia


min6920

60x61x2

V

60xLx2t

m21


Tc= tn + t12 + tz =45 +96+15 =156 min


hm8848615

830x15x60

T

xVxk60Q 3

c

shh


Spahiu





kompakte





3



Spahiu





min2020

2x60x2t 21





hm30432517

830x15x60

T

xVxk60Q 3

c

th


vitm116910343x2700Q 3vj


3 maseuml kompakte










3h maseuml kompakte



075


075


100


08


08















264100x5

213100x

5i

Spahiu



3





3 steril


3








1 Hyrje



Hoxha et al












Hoxha et al












Hoxha et al









Hoxha et al









Hoxha et al







Hoxha et al


























assessment






materials















derivation channel










R4

Type CC

Density (grcm3) 135


100



ge45(after 28 days)


Not request




ge2 (after 28 days)


Not request





Density (kgm3) 1100


100

pH of mixtures 128




9 (after 28 days)











2








58







ka


58


3







1 05948 01299 02551 00263 00387

2 01310 02041 01474 00038 00166

3 03092 01577 02154 00023 00278

Vlera mesatare 03450 01639 02060 00108 00277

Vlerat e lejuar 1500 0300 500 0300 500






1) Ao-343181g 2) Ao-360846 g 3) Ao-343392 g


1) A1-592783g 2) A1-605850g 3) A1-592415g





1) A1-587934 g 2) A1-602497 g 3) A1-588697 g


Nr Parametrat


1 01746 02041 03401 00038 00316

2 01564 02598 03104 00034 00154

3 01873 02784 03401 00038 00062

Vlera mesatare 01728 02474 03302 00037 00177

Vlerat e lejuar1 1500 0300 500 0300 500


Nr Parametrat


1 05748 02505 03175 00015 01168

2 00746 02691 02920 00026 00264

3 01837 02320 02863 00038 00247

Vlera mesatare 02777 02505 02986 00026 00560

Vlerat e lejuara 1500 0300 500 0300 500



1) Ao-343181 g 2) Ao-360838 g 3) Ao-343437 g


1) A1-585093 g 2) A1-612232 g






Phanner


Phanner


Phanner


Phanner










3 Me konsumimin e











78


3


nd Edition 2005












Osmani amp Bytyqi







Osmani amp Bytyqi








mm




2


e gypit) s

Koha max e largimit

teuml nxehteumlsit

s


Me shtypje

Me ftohje minuta

Deri 45 05 45 5 5 6

45-7 10 45-70 5-6 5-6 6-10

7-12 15 70-120 6-8 6-8 10-16

12-19 20 120-190 8-10 8-11 16-24

19-26 25 190-260 10-12 11-14 24-32

26-37 30 260-370 12-16 14-19 32-45

37-50 35 370-500 16-20 19-25 45-60

50-70 40 500-700 20-25 25-35 60-80





Osmani amp Bytyqi


35 OC deri neuml 40





OC


mm




2

Koha e nxehjes

s


nxehteumlsit s


Me shtypje

Me ftohje minuta

Deri 45 05 135 5 5 6

45-7 05 135-175 5-6 5-6 6-12

7-12 10 175-245 6-8 6-8 12-20

12-19 10 245-330 8-10 8-11 20-30

19-26 15 330-400 10-12 11-14 30-40

26-37 20 400-485 12-16 14-19 40-55

37-50 25 485-560 16-20 19-25 55-70



mm




2

Koha e nxehjes

peumlr Plt002Nmm

2


s

Koha max e largimit

teuml nxehteumlsit

s



e murit + 25 sek)

Me ftohje minuta

19- 35 05 59-75 3 3-4 5-6

45-55 05 75-95 3 4-5 6-85

55-10 05-10 95-140 4 5-7 85-14

10-15 10-13 140-190 4 7-9 14-20

15-20 13-17 190-240 5 9-11 20-26

20-25 17-20 240-290 5 11-13 26-32




Osmani amp Bytyqi







O C

p1 = 015 [Nmm2]

p2 = 038 [Nmm2]


2]

t2 = 112 ndash 124 [s] t4 = 7 ndash 9 [s]



















salduese s

3 + 003 de


shtypjes min 3 + e


Osmani amp Bytyqi









Bytyqi et al













Bytyqi et al









degC) ashtu




Bytyqi et al












Bytyqi et al









a SHPETIM LAJQI

a GJELOSH VATAJ

b ARBEN AVDIU

a






Lajccedili et al



HHA YY (1)

ku janeuml




hgHg

2

cppY zgj

2eav0

HA (2)


g2

c

d

l

g2

chhh

22

gjatlok (3)

g2

ch

2

lok (4)

g2

c

d

lh

2

gjat

(5)










h

g2

c

g

pp

g

YH

2eavoHA

zgjeo (6)


g

YhH

g2

c

g

pp)HSPN( totzgjeo

2eav0

STAB


Lajccedili et al






Lajccedili et al





10105

bar Pa


016105

bar Pa




00 ms


50 m







50)HSPN(HHg2

c

g

ppPOMPtotzgj

2eav0




g2

v

d

LH

21

1gjat

(12)


1

edv

R (13)




30Re

396000540 peumlr 2300 lt Re lt 2 10

6 14)




0 valvulat



Lajccedili et al


g2

vH

21

11lokale

(16)

g2

vH

22

22lokale

(17)

g2

vvH

22

23

33lokale

(18)











Htot = 0087 m





0006 -








2

vp

20

ose g2

vp

20

(21)




vcp ose g

vcp

(22)



Prurja Q = 1000 ls


34 m


Htot= 180 m


36 m


45 m





Lajccedili et al



d

E

E1

Cc

w

0 (23)


a

L2Tk

(24)


2mesd

Q4

A

Qv

(25)


mesvcp (26)


totmax Hp

pn

(27)


atmtot

2

pHALn

gV

(28)



(E = 300 107 Nmm

2) Ew Nmm

2 ndash moduli i


2) pmax











42733 ms



1644 ms



703 70253052

bar Pa


796 -


1652 m3


2 x 9 m3




Lajccedili et al







amortizatoreuml




AKTET Vol IV 2 2011

iv


76 249



81 254


89 262


94 267


101 274


109 282


115 288


122 295


126 299


133 306


E KARAKASHI

139 312


144 317

AKTET Vol IV 2 2011

v


151

324


157 330


164 337


171 344


176 349


182 355


188 360

AKTET Vol IV 2 2011

vi

GUIDE FOR AUTHORS















AKTET Vol IV 2 2011

vii












1 NEBI CAKA

2 AGON KOKA

3







Kokaj et al



4 ndash 10

6 Ω cm 1+


2 V

-1 s



5 cm




cm-1




Kokaj et al







Kokaj et al












(111) (220) (311) (111) (220) (311) (111) (220) (311)

CdTeSS 100 1 08 100 2 1 - - -

CdTeNi 100 18 55 100 27 96 100 343 125

CdTe powder 100 735 362 - - - - - -

Kokaj et al















Krasniqi amp Koka
















Krasniqi amp Koka


1


2

3


4


5

6





Krasniqi amp Koka





Shunt Y

Line bus to bus


Mvar Y2 per unit

1-2 001008 005040 3815629 -19078 1025 005125

1-3 000744 003720 5169561 -25848 775 003875

2-4 000744 003720 5169561 -25848 775 003875

3-4 001272 006360 3023705 -15119 1275 006375


Generation Load


1 ------------- --------- 50 3099 1 lt 0 Slack bus





Bus Number (1) (2) (3) (4)

(1) 8985190 ndashj4483 -38156 +j1907 -5169 +j2584 0

(2) -381562 +j19078144 898 ndashj448359 0 -5169+j2584

(3) -51695 +j25847 0 8193 ndashj408693 -3023+j511

(4) 0 -5169 +j25847 -3023 +j15118 8193-j40863


(0) Δp2

(0) Δp3

(0) and Δp4

(0) along



Krasniqi amp Koka



(0) calc =|V3|2G33 + |V3V1V31|cosθ31 +


(0)calc = -200 - (-006047) = -193953 per unit



Bus no i (1) (2) (3) (4)

δi (deg) 0 -093094 -178790 -154383

|Vi| (per unit)

100 098335 097095 102






Krasniqi amp Koka




Krasniqi amp Koka




Krasniqi amp Koka





Krasniqi amp Koka













Lamani









r

A

Harctg sin2

HAR

22

(1)

Lamani


A

Harctg2 sin

A

H1

1

A

r21

R

dH

2

2

H

0

(2)

e = e0 exp (-2ε) (3)


2e

eln

0T (4)

e2

RPyxT (5)






nTT K (6)


Kloglognlog TT (7)




2 =



2 =


Lamani


039) 53570TT 1810 with R

2 = 0998 The









Lamani









Lamani










Dushi







X2



Dushi







x -168 -1 0 10 1680 Δx

x1 798 90 105 120 1302 150

x2 6660 700 750 800 8340 500

x3 3320 400 500 60 6680 1000



Dushi









Dushi








LITERATURA

Dushi















Caslli et al













Caslli et al



ynet

b

W

M (1)


Wnet 3929 cm3







p =




(2)



I Minimize of mass

II Minimize of cost


mm B) Strength no







Caslli et al




EIC

Fl

1

3

(3)

or

1

3

C

FlEI (3rsquo)


EI 1074 x 106 Nm

2 (4)


l

ZYC

ly

ICF 2

m

y2

(5)

here m

y

y

IZY

[Nm] (6)



2C

FlZY (7)


ZY 0825 x104Nm (8)



l

1m

EIM (9)


l

2m

ZYM (10)


C

EIM3 (11)


C

ZYM4 (12)



Caslli et al








Caslli et al















Caslli et al




o 6 2002 pp 335-341



o 46 Elsevier


o 9-10 2000 pp 31-36




a MAJLINDA VASJARI

b PRANVERA LAZO


c







Karaj et al






Karaj et al











METODA R2 a b

LSV 07971 00548 138

SCV 08452 00356 76

SWV 09855 0052 08

DPV 09789 01164 3



Karaj et al







60

70

80

90

100

110

120

30 50 70 90 110 130 150

Amplituda e pulsit

Rry

ma (

nA

)




Karaj et al



25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500


Rry

ma (

nA

)





20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10


Rry

ma (

nA

)




METODA SWV


Amplituda e pulsit

80 mV ------


Koha e depozitimit

3 min ------



Karaj et al










Karaj et al












-a ODISE KOCcedilA


-b






Kullolli et al






RSCE

(1)








SsinRcosCcosE (2)




S

Ee

S

Cc

S

Rr

dhe marrim



22

222

db

adbdbasin

(5)

cose2cre1a 222



d

dn dhe kemi

cosrnsine

sinecosrc

cosesinrnsinecosr

22 (6)


coscose

sincosr

r

en (7)





0sinnsinn1e


(8)


222

222

sinnsinn1e

cossinn1r

r

en (9)



22

22

22

22

22222

2db

adbdbasin

(10)



222

222

coscose

sincosr

r

en (11)


111

111

coscose

sincosr

r

en (12)

333

333

sincose

sincosr

r

en (13)


21 (14)

23 (15)




21

21

21

21

21111

1db

adbdbasin

(16)

23

23

23

23

23333

3db

adbdbasin

(17)




321321 rce







22

2222

1 sinnrcosesinn1reF

(18)


(19)

Kullolli et al




0FFF 321









ekuacionit (10)




1F



























Kullolli et al








Lajqi et al







Lajqi et al









Lajqi et al










Lajqi et al









cosa2sincos)(a2L

sincos)(a2L

r

ri

acac

ac

h

dnk (1)





coszza2sincos)(a2Lz

sincos)(a2Lzzzi

dbacacf

acabftpknk (2)





Lajqi et al










n2 = - 42592 s2 = 79364 dhe u2 = 8954


efdnk

sab

nksab

eetptpiii

iiTTP

(5)

efdnk

sab

fdeenknk

iii

iTTP

(6)


fdnksab

fd

h

e

h

nkrrip

iii

i

r

T

r

TF

(7)


Lajqi et al



-1 Pe = 1435 kW dhe


PTemax = 7787 kW


-1


-1




-1 dhe

nTemax = 4000 min

-1


-1


Lajqi et al
















Elementi kimik

Vendburimet

Peumlrroi i

Ngjyrosur


Pb 436 935 551 692

Zn 545 1441 257 153

Ag gt 12607 10790 8315 7438

Cu 041 006 007 007

Bi 001 002 003 001

As 072 006 009 019

Cd 005 0098 003 002

Sb 018 015 007 002

ZnPb 125 154 047 022



Minerali Nr i

kampionit Formula

kristalokimike

Piriti

AR1

(Fe 1006 Co 0001 Pb

0002) 1009 (S 1986 As

0005) 1991

AR3

(Fe 1005 Co 0001Pb

0001) 1007 S 1993

Galeniti AR3

(Pb 0972 Fe 0005) 0977 S

1023

Sfaleriti AR2

(Zn 0796 Fe 0200 Cu

0001 Pb 0001) 0998 S

1002




































(b)



(b)








Dushi amp Lame











(Ballesh) 2009 09 6 21 49 419 4150 2043 5 6 05 55 Gjorice



Dushi amp Lame








Dushi amp Lame













the form




the relation


Dushi amp Lame







Dushi amp Lame










QC plusmnσ

10 42(2) 110(7) 185(11) 253(14) 317(18) 438(24) 20 45(3) 127(9) 215(15) 293(20) 365(26) 500(35) 30 48(4) 141(13) 244(22) 337(30) 424(38) 587(53) 40 47(2) 150(7) 270(12) 382(18) 488(23) 555(23) 50 49(3) 161(9) 293(17) 417(24) 536(31) 764(45) 60 51(3) 164(9) 296(18) 418(26) 535(33) 754(47) 70 57(6) 165(18) 287(31) 398(43) 504(55) 704(76)


Stat ndash

interval

Q0 plusmnσ





(084)] As



7






Elezaj et al




Elezaj et al

















Elezaj et al





40Ar

39 method


40Ar



Elezaj et al







Elezaj et al






Elezaj et al




Elezaj et al







2BESA VESELI






Elshani amp Veseli




Lageumlshtia

Proteina SM

Yndyreuml SM

Fije te para SM

Mbetje hiri SM

Ekstrakt pa Azot SM

Embrion malti 76 272 16 131 59 446


Mbetje kulperi 62 230 36 245 53 374

Majaja 43 500 05 05 100 347


Aminoacide gkg SM

Karbohidratet SM


Maja birre 569 415 80 290 74 296

Miell soje 500 311 68 198 63 235

Miell peshku

650 519 184 282 70 293

Elb 114 44 18 43 14 45

Miseumlr 107 31 21 41 07 43

Grureuml 25 34 20 35 13 43









Elshani amp Veseli






Elshani amp Veseli




Elshani amp Veseli




384-392




IZET IBRAHIMI

a MUSA RIZAJ

b NURTEN DEVA

b





Ibrahimi et al








SK EN (933-1 1097-2 1097-6)







Ibrahimi et al






Bramca Silikati






peumlrshk


3)







peumlrshk



0

4 mm 05

4 mm 025






12697-1 07 18

5 natyral





0C)










Ibrahimi et al





Njeumlsia














000-009 289 240 23 Filleri 289 240 23

009 - 025 138 112 132 Bramceuml 427 352 362



642 605 55

4 - 8 308 215 16 950 82 71

8 ndash 112 5 116 12 100 936 85

112 - 16 64 3 100 97

16 ndash 224 100

shuma 100 100 100






Bitumi 85 80 75 80 70 67 80 68 65



32 31 30 28 305 32 27 27 28

Reumlra 24 mm 28 285 29 22 21 19 15 15 14

Reumlra 48 mm 50 45 40 13 12 12 12 13 12

Reumlra 811 mm 5 4 4 11 102 9


Ibrahimi et al




Ibrahimi et al






stabilitetin

penitrimin








AD 08mm

AD 011mm

AD 05mm

AD 08mm

AD 011mm


7 - 85 68 ndash 80 65 - 80 7 - 85 68 ndash 80 65 - 80

Bitumi (mm) 80 70 68 80 70 68


Fileri (mm) 26 235 22 28 255 24



240

0C30 min)



komunikacion

kalimtar 16

vend qendrim 14


max15

15 15 15 18 16 15


06 06 06 08 07 07


3)

2684 2682 2679 2729 2727 2725





14 16 20 15 19 21





098 100 1003 096 10 10


Ibrahimi et al





Ibrahimi et al






SHEFIK IMERI

1 NAIM TAHIRAJ

1 MUSA RIZAJ

2






Imeri et al






Ni Fe Co Cr2O3

CaO MgO

Al2O3

SiO2 Fe2O3

HP Humidity

111 199 003 106 255 1080 32 4383 2848 2347


Ni Fetot


Fe2O3

126 176 004 143 271 1565 28 4665 332 016 924 1487


Temp of

calcine OP

M8 degC

M7 degC

M6 degC

M5 degC

M4 degC

M3 degC

M2 degC

M1 degC

G7degC

G6 degC

G5 degC

G4 degC

G3 degC

G2 degC

G1degC

G0 degC

715 613 826 483 376 250 197 870 704 666 433 287 229 670 644 706 322 314 227 186 827 638 576 486 264 246 720 604 758 350 423 263 176 876 703 661 538 261 250





CaCO3 CaO + CO2


3NCO2hr

Imeri et al



3 NCO2 hr


3NCO27806 t DO = 1741 m

3NCO2 t



or 177936 kgCO2hr x 22444 = 905856 m

3NCO2hr


3 N CO2 hr


3NCO2 7806 t DO = 11605 m

3NCO2 t



009 6096 1209 1560 275 1843 223



009 6419 82 1058 289 194







Ni

00011t Nit DO


slag 389 Fetotal



degC



degC


Imeri et al



3NCO2t DO and


3NCO2t DO





Imeri et al




7






Kokalari amp Haxhi



dhe SO2

neuml gjendje teuml


Qs

a

= [K ( tf ndash t

i ) - g

t]m


Qi

a

= Qs

a

ndash 206Ha

ndash 23Wa


Qs

i

= Qs

a

( 100 ndash Wi

) (100 ndash Wa

)

Qs

pu

= Qs

a

100 (100 ndash Wa

)

Qs

ld

= Qs

a

100 (100 ndash Wa

ndash Aa

)

Qi

a

= Qs

a

ndash 597 ( Wa

+ 9Ha

)

Qi

i

= (Qi

a

+597 Wa

)( 100 ndash Wi

)( 100 ndash Wa

) _

597 Wi

Qi

pu

= (Qi

a

+ 597 Wa

) 100 (100 ndash Wa

)

Qi

ld

= (Qi

a

+ 597 Wa

)100 (100 ndash Wa

ndash Aa

)


Qa


Wi


Wa


Aa

- Hiri ( )


a) hiri (A


a) dhe



pu) fuqia



Kokalari amp Haxhi


inferiore (Qipu



Fuqia kal inferiore


Fuqia kal inferiore

Wa A

a Qs

a Qi

a A

pu Qs

pu Qi

pu

970 1490 5326 5044 1650 5962 5660

890 3276 3912 3713 3596 4284 4134

688 885 3969 3690 950 6410 6154

626 1500 5485 5228 1600 5851 5617

460 3689 3897 3705 3861 4035 3915

922 833 5788 5509 918 6356 6129

850 1325 5503 5235 1448 6014 5756

690 2907 4406 4195 3122 4702 4236

870 2498 4699 4467 2736 5117 4949

1012 976 5623 5342 1087 6216 6037

1032 1624 5769 5507 1810 6432 6140

1021 1523 5352 5314 1754 5742 6213



Fuqia kal inferiore


Fuqia kal inferiore

Wa A

a Qs

a Qi

a A

pu Qs

pu Qi

pu

708 3637 3845 3613 3914 4138 3934

711 4396 3124 2941 4732 3363 3212

598 842 6036 5739 897 6420 6140

550 1421 5668 5299 1504 5812 5642

874 2714 4726 4525 2974 5179 5016

852 710 6035 5722 785 6587 6310

663 1340 5583 5324 1435 5949 5744

598 2746 4591 4366 2921 4883 4860

856 4253 3400 3271 4651 3718 3577

902 3679 3778 3572 4001 4153 3983

1022 1624 5045 4800 1808 5613 5346

1005 1612 5312 4822 1705 5712 5521


Kokalari amp Haxhi



Fuqia kal inferiore


Fuqia kal inferiore

Wa A

a Qs

a Qi

a A

pu Qs

pu Qi

pu

950 3095 4038 3815 3382 4418 4225

627 5571 2747 2620 5944 2901 2835

1020 704 5907 5622 784 6538 6328

925 1507 5428 5181 1660 5981 5770

874 3231 4060 3864 3540 4449 4291

905 622 5858 5549 684 6411 6160

820 1630 5369 5101 1776 5849 5610

979 2613 4353 4122 2897 4825 4646

812 3546 3520 3325 3859 4368 4151

801 4096 4378 4129 4464 3827 3666

1188 3064 4462 4165 3477 5053 4726

1150 3086 5401 4197 3487 5085 4742



) dhe hirit (

Apu


Qpu

i = aA

pu


Q

pu

i

= f (A

pu

)


Shtresa V Qpu

i = 70220353 ndash 797063A

pu

Shtresa VI Qpu

i = 67883953 ndash 712827A

pu

Shtresa VII Qpu

i = 67623335 ndash 667664A

pu


i dhe A

pu



α = (100aQld

i ) - 1





Kokalari amp Haxhi







a -797063 -712827 -667464

b 70220353 67883953 67623335

n 12 12 12

xmes 2048 2618 2996

σnx 981 1376 1473

σ(n-1)x 1025 1437 1538

ymes 538958 492233 476250

σny 81410 98987 99813

σ(n-1)y 85030 103389 104251

t(pn) 3112 3112 3112

ΔXbmes 921 1291 1382

ΔXtmes 3190 4472 4787

ΔYbmes 76387 92880 93655

ΔYtmes 264614 321746 324430

S0 24737 14728 18944

t(pn-2) 3169 3169 3169

Sa 727 309 371

Δab 16783 3026 4369

Sb 16526 9139 12397

Δbb 8655829 2646853 4870392

r 09608 09907 09849

|T0| 1095 2306 1797

T(1-pn-2) 3112 3112 3112


Kokalari amp Haxhi


Qild

(Kkalkg) a α A

puQpui=0

() Qi

T

(Kkalkg)

Shtresa V 7494 -7970 006 8810 -948

Shtresa VI 7016 -7128 001 9523 -348

Shtresa VII 7251 -6674 007 1013 +88



(Apu

Q

pu

i = 0 )


=100 kaneuml





i eumlshteuml


vlerave teuml Qpu

i



i nga

Apu


mostreumls bruto Wt

i


inferiore Qi


Qi

i = Q

ld

i ndash Q

ld

i(A

pu


i +

Qav

)Wi

t100 + Q

ld

iW

i

t100A

pu

100(1+α) Qav

-




t dhe A

pu



Shtresa V Q

ii = 7494 - 7943A

pu - 8094W

it + 07943W

itA

pu

(Kkal )

Qii = 31369 - 33249A

pu - 33881W

it +

33243WitA

pu (KJ)

Shtresa VI Q

ii = 7251 - 7758A

pu - 7851W

it + 07758W

itA

pu

(Kkal)

Qii = 30352 - 32474A

pu - 32864W

it +

32474WitA

pu (KJ)

Shtresa VII Q

ii = 7016 - 7086A

pu - 7616W

it + 07086W

itA

pu

(Kkal)

Qii = 29368 - 29661A

pu - 31880W

it +

29661WitA

pu (KJ)


Kokalari amp Haxhi







1 NUSHE LAJCcedilI

2









1


1 3


3 8 9


3 8 9



8 9



89


89

[23]

Nkdt

dN

NNo

tD

loglog

21loglog

12

TT

TTZ






89


2 6


2 6 10





2 6 10



2

1103 110

4 dhe110

5


26


6 10



56∙10

4





525∙10

4





5 [CFUml]






38




2 = 0995

Neuml 56 C Y = -001995 X + 4746 σ2 = 0980

Neuml 58 C Y = -003327 X + 4556 σ2= 0984

Neuml 60 C Y = -005537 X + 4699 σ2 = 0988


2 = 1

Neuml 58 C Y = - 00648 X + 472 σ2 = 0998

Neuml 60 C Y = - 01165 X + 483 σ2 = 0952

Neuml 62 C Y = - 0165 X + 5505 σ2 = 0952



2= 0987

Neuml 50 C Y = - 0679 X + 576 σ2= 0997

Neuml 52 C Y = - 189 X + 5725 σ2= 0994

Neuml 54 C Y = - 00857 X + 565 σ2= 0983


2 = 0954

Neuml 49 C Y = - 00102∙X + 41 σ2

= 0950 Neuml 50 C Y = - 00282∙X + 44 σ

2 = 0962

Neuml 52 C Y = - 0069∙X + 42 σ2




0 12000 0 55730 0 36000 0 50000

50 5010 30 3500 20 15180 10 6530

100 660 60 310 40 960 20 1920

150 340 90 290 60 154 30 350

200 60 120 170 80 56 40 166

250 20 150 24 100 20 50 50

300 5 180 10 120 3 60 22

360 1 220 14 140 1 80 1






0 67150 0 52500 0 68000 0 320000

15 15890 10 7386 5 6336 5 12550

30 5540 20 2530 10 9497 10 15530

45 1380 30 410 15 510 15 405

60 456 40 120 20 436 20 210

75 120 50 23 25 41 25 13

90 38 60 6 30 20

105 10 70 1

120 3




0 144980 0 400000 0 520000 0 340000

5 45135 2 38805 1 3220 025 51240

10 706 4 520 2 194 05 535

15 93 6 53 3 2 075 90

20 3 8 2 4 1 3




0 10000 0 10000 0 10000 0 10000

3 4355 1 12890 05 12060 025 5788

6 94 2 191 1 1450 05 33

9 50 3 538 15 22 075 19

12 4 4 23 2 6 1 107

5 22 25 2

6 3






3 8 Konstantja e


2 = 0999


2 = 0987


2 = 0970


2= 1















PEumlRFUNDIMI


oC (D=150 min)

56oC (D=083 min) 58

oC (D=050 min) 60

oC


oC


oC (D=0463 min) 58

oC

(D=0257 min) 60oC (D=0143 min) 62

oC


oC (D=408 min) 50

oC (D=147 min)

52 oC (D=053 min) 54

oC (D=0195 min) dhe



oC (D=345 min) 49

oC (D=163 min) 50

oC













Gumeniet al






Gumeniet al








Gumeniet al





05 = 510 kN





Gumeniet al





mm B gjereumlsia

mm seksioni

mm2

ReH Nmm

2

Rm Nmm

2

ε




bgjereumlsia mm

Temperatura degC

Energjia J

Mesatarja J

B1() KV in PM 1000 1000 -7 186 158

B2() KV in PM 1000 1000 -7 152

B3() KV in PM 1000 1000 -7 135



veshjes (g)


veshjes (g)



2)



2)


Me ccedilarje 887045 851623 252343 140372 19496




Gumeniet al





PERFUNDIME









1-14





(2) 275 Sb 0160 Sn 006 Cu 011 As 0007 S



oC) Para


4









(d)




11

12


2SO




Eo = -0356 V vs ENH 31


Eo = 1685 V vs ENH 32



2H+ + 2e- rarr H2 34



10 mV s-1


2+



Pb = Pb2+ + 2e 36

Pb2+ + SO42- =PbSO4 37





1-3 Me


2+ + 2OH

- = Pb(OH)2 = PbO + H2SO4 38


5-7 Neuml





PbSO4H2SO46 7


-PbO2

H2O rarr frac12O2 + 2H+ + 2e- 310



2 -




2SO






-PbO2 (ortorombik





05 M H2SO4 = 10 mV s-1





11



s-1


2SO



4 12









(d)

(a) (b) (d) (c)

(a) (b)






Pajaziti et al




Materiali faza




PO PO PO JO










PO JO JO JO JO








27 m Inspektori


PO PO JO JO PO


Pajaziti et al











Pajaziti et al






a ALI SADIKU

a HAMIT MEHMETI

a RRAHIM MAKSUTI


a

AVNI BEQIRIb






0C Me rritjen e


Rama et al








0



C

Si

Mn

Cr

Mo

Pmax

Smax

Rm Nmm

2 A5

Kv J

St 35-8 Deri 017

010-035

Deri 040

- - 005 005 340-440 25

St 35-4 Deri 022

010-035

Deri 040

- - 005 005 440-540 21

13 Mo 3 012-020

015-035

050-080

- 025-035

004 004 440-570 22 48

13CrMo 4 4 010-018

015-035

040-070

07-10

040-050

004 004 440-570 22 48


015-050

040-060

20-25

09-11 004 004 440-590 20





2








Rama et al












Rama et al




D0

mm B0

mm Lc

mm Lu

mm Re

Nmm2

Rm Nmm

2 A

Kv J

Z


512 20 80 100 2634 4592 287 48 518


510 20 80 100 266 461 29 49 52


51 20 80 100 270 456 275 40 50


51 20 80 100 271 455 27 39 495


42 20 80 100 3166 480 225 36 407


42 20 80 100 315 530 25 43 455


513 20 80 100 284 526 268 40 48


511 20 80 100 288 518 25 38 455


51 20 80 100 285 514 26 39 47


419 20 80 100 326 449 225 38 408



Rama et al


deformuar HV

mureve HV

mureve HV


1 148-156 240-244 180-189 90 dhe 323

2 149-153 225-230 188-192 765 dhe 39

3 150-158 245-248 180-195 925 dhe 335

4 144-149 239-242 175-181 94 dhe 295

5 150-155 235-240 188-197 85 dhe 40

6 147-156 244-250 186-194 955 dhe 285







Rama et al



teuml Botuar neuml






a MURSEL RAMA

a FERAT SHALA

b BEHAJDIN SKEJA

a BEKIM BAJRAKTARI

c MILAIM SADIKU

a

(a ndashFXM

b- FIEK

c- FSHTA) UP





Sadiku et al






mgl







2-




Sadiku et al






2+ + 2e

-


-


2+ + 2OH



Sadiku et al





Kati m2 m

2


I 21562 140 649

II 21562 153 709

III 21562 148 686

IV 12246 110 898

Gjithsej 102774 579 5635


acidit sulfurik

Kati I II III IV


12 10 15 18


1 ndash 15

2 ndash 32

3 ndash 35

3 ndash 4 5




Mbi sipeumlrfaqe




5 - 9 12



Sadiku et al










2 Te keumlto vende


Sadiku et al






a E KARAKASHI

b






Shala amp Karakashi




Shala amp Karakashi






48 Rend Pet 2 l 0 08 0 18

47 Njivj Pet 2 l 0 07 0 12

48 Njivj Pet 2 l 0 13 0 21

48 Rend Pet 2 l 0 08 0 13

50 Rend 0 5 l 0 04 0 11

48 Rend 0 5 l 0 05 0 10

0 Rend 0 5 l 0 04 0 09

50 Rend 0 5 l 0 04 0 11

49 Rend 0 5 l 0 04 0 12

48 Njivj 0 33 l 0 06 0 14

48 Rend 0 33 l 0 05 0 11

49 Njivj 0 33 l 0 05 0 16

49 Rend 0 33 l 005 011

0 Njivj 0 33 l 0 06 0 15





Shala amp Karakashi



Temperatura 136

O2 i matur 007

Vol i plot 340

Vol i birreumls 334

G 27315

T 28675 B6+B1

A 0021374 0000000415B7B7 + 00002B7-00701

B 0017964 (B3-B4)B4

C 2429415 0082B710332

D 1505744 (32000B8B9B10) +1

O2 0105402 B2B11






Shala amp Karakashi









Shehu




Shehu




Shehu




Shehu





2005 197 147 13372 20652 398 59000 92182

2006 164 134 11804 18445 534 65742 102697

2007 104 78 7350 12006 355 54172 90865

2008 97 77 7688 13054 385 59328 101917

2009 100 72 6360 11280 480 74024 137081

Totali 662 508 46574 75437 2152 312266 524742

Tabela 1



Fataliteti 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0

Lenraport 60 65 75 57 60 56 53 62 37 48 46 48

Shk 100p 175 190 219 166 175 163 155 181 108 140 134 140

Len Hum 50 53 52 44 46 48 47 38 31 34 30 48

Shk100p 146 155 152 128 134 140 137 111 090 099 088 140



Shehu




Shehu














Spahiu






A + B + C1

3 746 087 3 371 478 1 316 925






2










3 Prodhimin



Spahiu



3


3


hmxkt

xk3600xVxkQ 3

kshc

shmh


3 V IH -560=439m

3 Km-koeficienti i


3h maseuml kompakte


3h maseuml kompakte


3 xehe dhe



3


hm6924320

400000 3

neuml steril 64 m3h

neuml xehe 286 m3h


3vit


3vit


3vit


3vit



3


3 shpejteumlsia


min6920

60x61x2

V

60xLx2t

m21


Tc= tn + t12 + tz =45 +96+15 =156 min


hm8848615

830x15x60

T

xVxk60Q 3

c

shh


Spahiu





kompakte





3



Spahiu





min2020

2x60x2t 21





hm30432517

830x15x60

T

xVxk60Q 3

c

th


vitm116910343x2700Q 3vj


3 maseuml kompakte










3h maseuml kompakte



075


075


100


08


08















264100x5

213100x

5i

Spahiu



3





3 steril


3








1 Hyrje



Hoxha et al












Hoxha et al












Hoxha et al









Hoxha et al









Hoxha et al







Hoxha et al


























assessment






materials















derivation channel










R4

Type CC

Density (grcm3) 135


100



ge45(after 28 days)


Not request




ge2 (after 28 days)


Not request





Density (kgm3) 1100


100

pH of mixtures 128




9 (after 28 days)











2








58







ka


58


3







1 05948 01299 02551 00263 00387

2 01310 02041 01474 00038 00166

3 03092 01577 02154 00023 00278

Vlera mesatare 03450 01639 02060 00108 00277

Vlerat e lejuar 1500 0300 500 0300 500






1) Ao-343181g 2) Ao-360846 g 3) Ao-343392 g


1) A1-592783g 2) A1-605850g 3) A1-592415g





1) A1-587934 g 2) A1-602497 g 3) A1-588697 g


Nr Parametrat


1 01746 02041 03401 00038 00316

2 01564 02598 03104 00034 00154

3 01873 02784 03401 00038 00062

Vlera mesatare 01728 02474 03302 00037 00177

Vlerat e lejuar1 1500 0300 500 0300 500


Nr Parametrat


1 05748 02505 03175 00015 01168

2 00746 02691 02920 00026 00264

3 01837 02320 02863 00038 00247

Vlera mesatare 02777 02505 02986 00026 00560

Vlerat e lejuara 1500 0300 500 0300 500



1) Ao-343181 g 2) Ao-360838 g 3) Ao-343437 g


1) A1-585093 g 2) A1-612232 g






Phanner


Phanner


Phanner


Phanner










3 Me konsumimin e











78


3


nd Edition 2005












Osmani amp Bytyqi







Osmani amp Bytyqi








mm




2


e gypit) s

Koha max e largimit

teuml nxehteumlsit

s


Me shtypje

Me ftohje minuta

Deri 45 05 45 5 5 6

45-7 10 45-70 5-6 5-6 6-10

7-12 15 70-120 6-8 6-8 10-16

12-19 20 120-190 8-10 8-11 16-24

19-26 25 190-260 10-12 11-14 24-32

26-37 30 260-370 12-16 14-19 32-45

37-50 35 370-500 16-20 19-25 45-60

50-70 40 500-700 20-25 25-35 60-80





Osmani amp Bytyqi


35 OC deri neuml 40





OC


mm




2

Koha e nxehjes

s


nxehteumlsit s


Me shtypje

Me ftohje minuta

Deri 45 05 135 5 5 6

45-7 05 135-175 5-6 5-6 6-12

7-12 10 175-245 6-8 6-8 12-20

12-19 10 245-330 8-10 8-11 20-30

19-26 15 330-400 10-12 11-14 30-40

26-37 20 400-485 12-16 14-19 40-55

37-50 25 485-560 16-20 19-25 55-70



mm




2

Koha e nxehjes

peumlr Plt002Nmm

2


s

Koha max e largimit

teuml nxehteumlsit

s



e murit + 25 sek)

Me ftohje minuta

19- 35 05 59-75 3 3-4 5-6

45-55 05 75-95 3 4-5 6-85

55-10 05-10 95-140 4 5-7 85-14

10-15 10-13 140-190 4 7-9 14-20

15-20 13-17 190-240 5 9-11 20-26

20-25 17-20 240-290 5 11-13 26-32




Osmani amp Bytyqi







O C

p1 = 015 [Nmm2]

p2 = 038 [Nmm2]


2]

t2 = 112 ndash 124 [s] t4 = 7 ndash 9 [s]



















salduese s

3 + 003 de


shtypjes min 3 + e


Osmani amp Bytyqi









Bytyqi et al













Bytyqi et al









degC) ashtu




Bytyqi et al












Bytyqi et al









a SHPETIM LAJQI

a GJELOSH VATAJ

b ARBEN AVDIU

a






Lajccedili et al



HHA YY (1)

ku janeuml




hgHg

2

cppY zgj

2eav0

HA (2)


g2

c

d

l

g2

chhh

22

gjatlok (3)

g2

ch

2

lok (4)

g2

c

d

lh

2

gjat

(5)










h

g2

c

g

pp

g

YH

2eavoHA

zgjeo (6)


g

YhH

g2

c

g

pp)HSPN( totzgjeo

2eav0

STAB


Lajccedili et al






Lajccedili et al





10105

bar Pa


016105

bar Pa




00 ms


50 m







50)HSPN(HHg2

c

g

ppPOMPtotzgj

2eav0




g2

v

d

LH

21

1gjat

(12)


1

edv

R (13)




30Re

396000540 peumlr 2300 lt Re lt 2 10

6 14)




0 valvulat



Lajccedili et al


g2

vH

21

11lokale

(16)

g2

vH

22

22lokale

(17)

g2

vvH

22

23

33lokale

(18)











Htot = 0087 m





0006 -








2

vp

20

ose g2

vp

20

(21)




vcp ose g

vcp

(22)



Prurja Q = 1000 ls


34 m


Htot= 180 m


36 m


45 m





Lajccedili et al



d

E

E1

Cc

w

0 (23)


a

L2Tk

(24)


2mesd

Q4

A

Qv

(25)


mesvcp (26)


totmax Hp

pn

(27)


atmtot

2

pHALn

gV

(28)



(E = 300 107 Nmm

2) Ew Nmm

2 ndash moduli i


2) pmax











42733 ms



1644 ms



703 70253052

bar Pa


796 -


1652 m3


2 x 9 m3




Lajccedili et al







amortizatoreuml




Documents

STUDIMI I DISA PARAMETRAVE BIOKIMIK TE KARTAMOS …alpa.mali-it.eu/pub/aktet/v4/aktetv4nr2.pdf · 2016. 3. 6. · aktet, vol. iv, 2, 2011 iii content determination of nanostructures