Studies on the Fluorescence of Cereal Grains.

By

Hikoichi Oka.

[Received on April 3D， 1942.J

IntroductioD.

The fluorescenc自 inducedby the ultr乱-violetlight often di丘erswiもh日oIlle

chemical composition of matter田. It has been often sもudied，therefore， 110日 a

method of indicating the property and diff紅白ceof various organic and inorganic

compounds. In agriculture， th白s.uorescencehas been studied for the testing of

diverse products，自uchas s.our， plant oils， milk， buUer， and other自;fairly useful

re日ul切 hasbeen reported for. silk worm cocoon and raw silk. Seed a.naly自tsalso

began latelyωp乱，yat，tention加出ismethod，島nd乱 numberof works h制 been

carried out.

Surveying tho日ework日， howev自民制 itwill be自由enin出ebrief Bummary

given below，も，hereis Rome doubt闘 tohow we can apply the s.uorescence in these

respec旬， though it may be occ乱自ionary110 good help. For the determination of

varieti倒 ofcereal grain自， which is an imporぬntproblem， also little seems to be

known.

In oder to出row110 lighもonthi自problem，the writer investigated出esuore自-

cence of wheat and barley grain自， particula.rly on the variation ofもhes.uorescence

among grain白 andvarietie日， on the relation of自omecharacterf! of the grain初出自

企uore自cence，and on the change of the s.uore骨cenc白 duringand after the matu-

ration of the grain. In thi白 paperthe re自ult日 ofthose investigations will be re-

ported and some considerations will be 0町白redon the possiblility of applying the

s.uorescence m白山odfor the determin叫ionof varietie自.

This study was undert乱kenby the direction of Dr. M. KONDO， t.he head of this InRtitute， and to whom the writer wi自hesto acknowledge his kind support during

the progre関 ofthis work.

A Brief Summary of PrevioUB Works.

The first studies that dealt with relatively numerous kinds of seed are tho自e

by GENTNER 28， 29). He ob自由rvedthe surf乱ceand inside of seed日andthe germina.もed

young roots of cereals， gra白自es，legumes， crucuerou自crops，and other日・ Hepoinもed

92 Huww}JI 0XA:

out in the stra.ins of pea.， vetch a.nd clover， two different t.ypes， Olle showing

bronze fluore8cence， the 0出ergreen. Further he attempted to di凶ingui抽出6

spring and winter ha.bi旬 ofcereo.ls directIy by the fluor自由cenceof the gra.in， buも

obtained no successful result. Similarもria.lby V OS8 78) a.l回 showednega色ive

result.

Fewもria.l自ha.vebωu..done .to put the varieties' of cerè~ls目i凶ogroups differing-

in fluorescence. 80me di貸erence自 offluor倒 cencewere recognized o.mong wheat

va.rieti伺 byTAUSZ and RUMM 74); among ba.rley varietie日 byALBRECHめ and

E合同EM且N的. Different suorescences were 0.1日onoted by HEUAO 8め a.mong もhe

white， yellow， grey o.nd bla.ck gra.ined oo.t， a.nd by AKERBERGり， who山 oobserved

the white and yellow gra.ined oat andもheirheteroaygote. While， on the contmry，

CHMELAR 14)， a.fter ha.ving studied with moreも，han1似)0kinds of seed岨 mplesof

va.rious genu院自pecie自andv町 ietyof cerea.l自制dgr蹄自由自 fromdifferent harvesも

year日.is of the opinion出atdi貸erence自白eenon出e自eedsurface自制 wellas the

inside of 自由edsare a11 insignificaut in compari日onwithもheirsuctuation cau自edby

もheinsuence of outer condition自. SEIDEL 70) al自oconsidered the fluore日cencea8

being not自ova.lua.ble for the te自ting of varieties a.fter hi自investigation自onwheaも

kernels.

The kernels of a自ampledo not自howthe日a.mefluore自cencea.nd a kernel i日

not uniformly suore臼centbut speckled. SEIDEL 70) remarked bluish， greenish and browni自hfluorescent gra.ins in wheat阻 .mples・ TAUSZand RUMM 74)前atedもhat

wheat gra.in自wiもhinten自egreen fluorescence were 111 wa.ys自omewha.tshriveled and

sma11erもhanthe blue ones and seemed not fully ripened. Similar opinions were

also published by BARBAllD8).

On the other ha.nd， it w闘 demon自traもedby SEIDEL 70) th叫 thegreenish specks

of suorescence seen on wheat grains were produced by a. fungu自 helongingto

genus Penicillium.

In regard. to the change of the suorescence 'with the age of seeds，.iもwa.s

observed by NIETHAMMER 58， .;9) that di貸erencebetween new and old自a.mpleswa.s

detecta.ble in p曲， beans， sa.x， hemp， and others， but not so dist.inct in wheat， rye

and barley. According to SEIDEL 70) a.nd VOSS 78)， the fluorescence of wheat gmin cha.nges to browni白hby heat， greeni曲目p田 kledby high humidit.y and becomes

gradua.11y wea.k with germina.tion. BARBARD 3) and Voss 78) observed tho.t it cha.nges

もoyellowish green byもhea.ction of alkaline solution.

These suggesももhatthe fluore白cenceoften cha.nge日a.ndsuctua.te自， andmarked

di貸erence日U自efulfor testing revea.l them自由lve自ol}ly in special c剖 e白 KAMEN日KY

and ORECHOVA的 giveもheuse ofもhefluorescence制 follows:distinguiElhing 1)

white and yellow oa.t自byob自由rvingthe fluorescence of hull， 2) ba.rley va.rieties by

endosperm， 3) common pea. (Pisum sativum) a.nd field peo. (P. arvtnse) by自caled

seed，.自oakedduring .three hour昌 inwa.ter，‘4) Lolium italicum a.nd L. perenne by

GENTNER'S method (which wil1 be m・entionedlat，er)， 5) cucumber varieties a.nd

certa.in water-and sugar-melon by longitudinal seed section， 6) numerou白 pla.nts

(weeds，crucuera.e，e比)， those determination by morphologica.l characters is dif-

a巴ult，a.180 by longitudinal seed section， and 7) som白 pota.tovarietie日.

Studie8 00 the Fluore8ceoce of Cereal Grains. 93

The fluorescence of root自of自eedling自hasbeen 0.1自ostudied by GENTNER 79)

o.nd. CHMEL.IoR141 with --man:y-kiads-of.也前erio.ls.申 Accordingもothem， cho.ra.cteristic

fluoracenc伺o.refound with clover Hpecies， o.1falfo. o.nd白oybeo.n自pecies. The

root自ofwhite clover， for instance， emit yellow light， while those of hybrid clover

an inten自eblue.

GE!."'TNER明 observed，too， that the root of Iもo.lio.nryegrass (Loliルmzialicum)

produced自omecompouo<1s， which showed 0.日pecio.lsuore自cencein conta.cもwiththe

filter po.per uRed for the bed of germino.tion. The sωne phenomenon w制 not

observed with perennio.l ryegra.s自 (L.perenne). This di目coverywas thoughももobe

very promising on a.ccount of山由 di鐙cultyof di自tinguishingt.he two sp舵 ies，o.nd in order加 proveit.'! relio.blility， 0. number of studie白W朗 madewith rego.rd

もothe genetic調beha.vior.of tho.t .chlliracter. (by 1¥lERcER o.n<1..LINEBAN 56)， CORKILL 18)，

FOy2S，叫"TRUMBLE o.nd PBlPPS 78)， NILL自ONω.81)， DORPH PETER月間20)，o.nd RA.MPTON 87).

The白eexperiments pointed out， however， that both fluore目cenもo.n<1nonfluore自-

cent form自o.re occo.siono.lly 日eenin 0. same 自P四 i自白 of Lolium a.nd therefor自this method was not円orelia.ble. CBMELAR 14) considered in thi自 rego.rdtha.t the

cho.ra.cter in que自tioncould not be connected with a. certa.in form or speci伺， but

m出erwith va.rietie自of80me species of Lolium.

The fluorescence of flours ha.s been studied by GRUNRTEIDL 81)， SEIDEJ. 70)，

CA.PPELU7，8.9)， SASA.KI68) o.nd other自 eitherwith the naked eyes or under miCr08COpe.

But useful resul旬 werenot obta.ined except向。meCa.S印刷句 legume自pecies.

For the flour of cereo.ls，. the fluor自白cencewa自onlyu目。fulfo1' d~tecting 80me mixed

ma.tters， such制 inorga.nic8ubsta.nces， pea or bea.n flours， and otherA.

Apparatuo and Sampl伺 forthe Oboervation.

The “Acme" a.nalysing la.mp w朗 u日edfor the ob自由rvationof fluorescence.

Thi日 isa. kind of mercury-vapor-lamp provided with a. filter which a.llows only

ultra.-violet-ra.y to p朗自， a.nd is quite similo.rもothe “Hanau" a.no.lysing la.mp

which ha.s been popula.rly u自edby ma.ny worker胃 forthe自由自凶die自・

As the ma.teria.ls， va.riou自 80rtsof wh崎 ta.nd b町 leywere u自ed. The wheat

帥 mplωwereta.ken chiesy from tho自egrown in 1940 a.nd in 1941 in the白xperi-

menta.l field of this In自tit~te， a.nd barley拙 mples'wereta.ken from tho自ecollected

from vo.rious di目trictsof Ja.pan.

Reo叫旬。fObservations on Wheat Graino.

A. Hi.仰ル determinethe intensity of the fluorescence~

As the suorescence is not so familia.r to us， its outliue will be given a.t fir自t.

In geperal whea.t gra.ins自howa. bluish suor自由cencewhen put under tbe ultra-

violet. light. Tbe intensity of tbe blui自hsuore自cencedi貸e1'百 witbtbe portions of

the grains. Tbe cen七ra.lportion of tbe dor岨l自urfa.cei自 usuallytbe most intense，

94 HIKOICHI OK.A :

and other port，ions more or 1e目白 we乱ker. But in a few c乱自e自， irregularly自peckled

figure日 of fluore自巴encewere 白eenon the grain. Also， few grain日 with greenish

fluore自cenceャerefound， which may 1iave been cau自edby白omefungi制 statedby

SEIDEL 70)， but目peci乱1attention was not payed to them制 theyappeared in only

rare c乱自e自.

The fluorescence自eenon the dor自乱1central portion of the grain differed much

in it日inten目ity乱monggrain日 m 乱 given円ampleand it se色IIledal自oto differ aIIlong

自ample自・ The in円ideof the grain， on the other hand， t.huugh it自howsa自imilar

bluish fl.uore円cence，does not reveal such a markecl difference amonぼ grain臼 乱ndamong自ample自. Therefore， tbe fol1owing ob日ervationswere chiefly confined to

the fl.uorescence同eenon the dor自alsurface of t.he gr乱in.

For determining the intensit，y of fluorescence， four kind目 of自tand乱rdgrains，

A (the most inten自e)，B (intense)， 0 (weak)， a.nd D (nearly non-fl.uore自cent)were

prepared in自uch乱 orderthat A might. be twice aR intem;e乱sB， B twice乱s0， and

to each of t，hem the re日pecもivevalues of 4， 2， 1乱nd0 were given. The fluore臼-

cence inten目it，yof a given grain自 wa自 indic乱もedby the value of the stl1n正lardto

which it corresponded. The inten円ityof a given自amplewas indicated as the

averaged value of t，h白 inten自itiesof the individual grain日 inthat s乱mpleby th白

following c乱Iculation:about one hundred grains of a given sample were divided

into four cl乱S白es，A， B， 0 and D， by comparing grain by grain with the standard日，

andもheproportion of each cla自自 waRbrought into percentage of the total number.

They are then multitlied by the values of tbeir re日pectivecla自自e自， 4，. 2， 1 and O.

The product凪 werefinally凪ummedand divided into a hundredth parι

It is a di血cultatternpt to expresR a radiance Ruch as the fl.uore日cencein term

of fig町伺・ Howeyer， this method日eemsto b白 practicallyreliable， judging from

the results of repeated observations on a自乱闘自乱m'plewhich乱regiven in Table 1.

Table 1.

The degree of observation error.

Showing the fluore自cenceinten日itie目。b日ervedthree time目repeatedlyon the同 me日ampleand the degree of their deviations.

Fluore日cenceinten日ityob日erved Mean

Name of Sample Mean deviation

1目t 2nd 3 rd

Nitta-wase . . 2.1 1.6 1.3 1.7 土 0.30

Saitama-27-go・ 2.7 1.9 2.3 2.3 土 0.26

Ojima-Wa目e7.ski-l-go 3.0 2.4 2.3 2.6 土 0.30

80h自hu ・ 2.1 1.4 1.8 1.8 土 0.23

Waaekomugi 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.6 土 0.03

Ei日hu. 1.0 0.5 0.7 0.7 土・0.17

PU目a12・・. . . . . 可 2.8 2.4 2.9 2.7 士 0.20

Oho自ter 1.7 1.9 1.4 1.7 士 0.17

Studie日 onthe Flu叶re自cenceof Cereal Graine. 95

B. On the vari・'ati・ano}" the jluorescence intens'ily within a variety.

As it has been already mentioned， the gra.in自由howvariou自 int自nsitiesof fluo・

rescence ranging from A (t.he most intense)句 D(nearly non-fluorescent) in a

given目ample. Thereupon， in order to know about t，he diver日ityamong grains， the relations of some characters of出egrain to the fluorescence intensity were

investigated， and th自 followingresults were oblained，

Iもisusu乱1in a sample that grains with intense fluorescence are larger than

those with we乱kfluore日cence・ Thiscan be aAcertained， 朗 自eenin T乱，ble2， by

weighting七hegrains with r白日pectiveinten日itiesof fluorescence， A， B， C and D.

Table 2.

Kernel weight of grains with respective f1uorescence in旬nsities，A， B， C and D.

Fluorescence Kernel weight (mg.) No.of Name of Sample intensity of grams

the Sample A B C D observed

Showa 3.1 44.8 43.3 40.9 37.1 31]

PU目a6 3.0 37.4 32.9 27.6 23.4 313

Hatakeda・ 2.4 33，8 31.8 28.2 19.3 85 Eshima日hinriki . 2.3 42.0 38.5 34.8 31.1 442

" 1.4 38.1 35.0 34，5 29.1 2019

Sohshu ・ 1.4 34.7 32.7 31.2 27.5 445 Shinchucho・. 1.2 37.5 36.5 33.2 27.0 298・

Akakara 0.5 41.2 39.7 37.3 31.3 237

Nara-sanjaku・2-go 0，3 27.8 27.8 21.2 430 Sadabohzu 0.2 一 25.0 27.1 24，0 515

While， Fig.1 show目 theva.riation curve自 of出ekernel weight for the grains

with inぬnsesuore自cenceand for those wit.h we乱kone. Observing these vari-

ation curve日， it i向perceivedthat grain自 withintense suorescence are generally of

large kernel weighも， while grains with we乱ksuorescence vary 011 a wide range as

Fig. 1.

Variation curves of kernel weight for the grains with in旬nsefluorescence (A)

20%

国

国

喧喧

!I:~

~= 10 ~O ∞

σ 由旬

旬

and for those wiもhweak one (D).

A

D

10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60

96

g

，.g'f 10% 0"" F司財....

'C)c 同(

毒量E副

MN

Aリ

唱

EA

a-MwhM

目。.3申』'同

喧-H

司一昔M-4『

HIKOICHI OKA:

A

10 15 20 25 30 35 49 45 50

A

10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60

Kernel wight

to their kernel weight. Therefo1'e， o.s given in To.ble 3， the variability of kernel weight may illcre闘 ewith the dec1'ea自白 ofthe fluo1'escence intensity.

Table 3.

Coef. of variability of kernel weight of grains with respective fluQresc阻 ce..intensities，A， B，. C and D.

Fluoreocence Coef. of variabi1ity Name of Sample intensity

of the oample A B C D

Showa 3.1 14.6 19.6 2M 33.3 Pusa 6 3.0 17.1 21.4 24.7 22.9 Hatakeda 2.4 19.3 19.3 19.8 30.4 Eshima自hinriki 2.3 15.0 19.6 22.5 22.8

" 1.4 17.2 23.2 25.5 34.1

Soh自hu . 1.4 17.4 19.0 24.8 25.5 Shinchucho 1.2 13;6 14.7 20.1 28.7 Akakara 0.5 5.3 8.6 15.9 ，25.4 Nnra-oanj串ku・2・go 0.3 15.3 18.9 35.6

The inten自ityof fl.uorescenoe i自o.lso1'elo.ted to the position of th自gro.inin an

ear. As自由enin Table 4， it may be 1'e巴ognizedthat the g1'ain8 taken from the :first

flOl叫 arethe mo自tintense， th08e f1'om 8econd fl.oret 0. little le88 inten目e，and th08e from the third and fourth fl.oret very weak， and 0.1日othat the g1'ains from the

midule part of an ear a1'e more intense than those from the upper und lower parts

Generally， in earlier ma.tura.ted grain自， the fl.uorescence seems to be mo1'e intense

than in la.ter ma.tu1'o.ted one自.

Studie8 on the FJuore目cenceof Cereal Grain臥

Table 4.

Thc relation of position of the gra.in in a.n帥rto the fiuoresccnce inもensity.

Showing the f1uore8cence int自n日itie自ofgrain8 taken from certain position目inan ear; 15 ear目ofNorin-ιgo were used.

~下_ Position.of grain i泊01| PO 副耐io岨n _______a肌nMhゐ叩Pがike由 tI

o f 圃旬pi法kel白“z“inan .ea釘r ----=----1

Upper part

Middle part

Lower part

Average 2.5

2nd f10ret

1.1

2.5

2.1

2.0

3rd floret

0.7

4th floret

0.2

97

Besides， a司自由enin Table 5， the suore目cenceinもensityofもhegrain is cOllsider-

a.bly di貸erentamong曲目 ofa sa.me plant. But there w制 foundno自ignificant

rela.もionbetween the suore日cenceintensiも，ya.ndもheweight or the soreもllumberof

the ear. Ta.ble 5.

Varia.tion of fiuorescence泊tensiもy岨 lOngthe ea.rs of 11. pl阻 t.

Showing the number of ear日withrespective fluore日cenceinten日itie8in R plant. The fluorescence inten目itywas given to each ear

a8 the averaged value of the inten自itiesof the grains taken from the ear.

Name of Sample No. of ear8 with re自pectiveflore日cenceinten目ity

u.ll叫 0.711.011.311.611.912.21刈2.813.113.413.7

Norin.4-go 3 3 2 d 。 3 “ 。Hatakeda 1 1 “ 。 1 5 “ 。 1 1

Kyu日yu・4・go・ 2 5 2 3 2

Shinchllcho 4 1 10

Saitama-2j;ト~o 1 2 3 3 3 1

Chugoku-l9-go 1 1 1 3 句。 “ 。 1 ・2 1

Akabohlr.ll・ 3 “ 。 3 1 3 3 4 1

C. On Ihe variation o/Ihefluorescence intensi・'tyamong vanelies.

Following investiga.七ion自werema.de dea.lblg wi出 theva.ria.tioll among v飢・ie・

もies. Aも盆rst162 va.ri凶iesha.rv倒 ted'in 1940 in this 1n前itutewere inv剖 tiga.ted

Wl出四時剖t加もheirsuore日cenceint白nsityby th邑a.1re乱dymentioned method.

The resul旬 revea.led11. wid自刊，rio.tionof suorescence intensit，y，日prea.dingfrom 0.2

to 3.5， a.mong those va.ri自ties.

The intensity ofも.heva.rieties was then自xa.minedin connectioll with日ome

cha.ra.cters of the varietie民自ucha.s， th自grain001σr， the kemel weight， a.nd othera.

Forth倒 einvestiga.tion自theva.rietie日W白reprevious1y divided into 11. few groups

according旬 oneofも，hosecha.racter自由erelation of which .to the suore自C自nce

in句n自itysha.ll be自xa.min自d，a.nd the curve showing the rela.tion beも，weenもhe

98 HllWICHIO疋A:

frequency of varieties and the fluorescence intensity was compared among those

groups.

a) Re1ation between the .fluorescence intensity and the grain c010r. Fig.2 given自 theabovs mention以1curves for出reegrou ps of varieもiesob-

tained by d~viding the varieties e.ccording to出egrain c010r， yellow， 1ight brown anu dark brown. They may inform us such a tendency as the darker the gra凶

c010r，もheweakerもhefluorescence. This i日proba.b1yuue to some pigments con-

tained in the brau coa.t of the grain.

20

苦重島:: 10

出。E申ZH h T

Fig. 2.

Curves showing the re1ation between the frequency of varieties and the fluorescence inもensityfor each of the three groups of

varieties divided according to the grain co10r， yellow， 1福htbrown， and dark brown.

% Var. with y自llowgrain. Var. with light brown grain.

0.1 0.4 0・7 1.0 1.3 1.6 1.1) 2.2 ?.5 2.8 3.1 3.4 3.7

Fluorescence inten自ity.

b) Relation between the fluorescence intensity and the gra.in qua.1ity.

Fig; 3.

Curves showing the relation between the frequency of varieties阻 dthe fluorescence

20

.515 ‘ーョ由h 司

と 20c σ 由

占 5

~G intensity for the two groups of varieties， glassy and mealy.

0.1 0.4 0.7 1.0 1.3 1.6 1.9 2.2 2.5 2.8 3.1 3も 3.7

Fluorescence in旬n日ity.

Studie回 onthe Fluore目cenceof Cereal Grain日. 99

As白eenin Fig. 3， the compa.討sonbetween the groups of varieties， ，glassy and

mea.ly， 自howed00 marked di貸erence. The quality of the grain， glo.呂田yor mealy， 自eem日tohave no r自lationto the fluorescence seen on the surface of the grain.

巴) Relation between the fluore自cenceinもensityand the kernel weight.

For this investigation the varieties were divided according to their thousand

kernels weight into three groups， more than 40 g.， from 40 g. to 30 g. a.nd le白日 than

3Og. The frequen{Jy curves of va.rieties for those three groups are given in

Fig. 4. They di日clo日ethat in the group bf more than 40 g.， va.rieties with inten自e

fluore日cence，in the group from 40 g.加 30g.， varieties with medium int自国ity，and in the group of les日 than30 g.， varietie日 withweak fluorescence are respectively

frequent. V:町 ietie日withintense fluore日巴ence日eem加 begeneral1y of large kernel

weight.

Fig. 4.

Curves showingも，herelation beもweenthe frequency of varieties andもhef1uorescence

intensity for each of the tl官eegroups of v町 ietiesdivided邸 cord加g

% .; 30 由

・同

ーー由・同

520 ‘H 0

510 h

to kernel weight， more than 40 g.，企om4Og. to 30g

and less than 30 g.

Var. kernel weight l)f le日目 than30g. Var. more

than 40 g.

0.1 0.4 0.7 ].0 1.3 1.6 1.9 2.2 2.5 2.8 3.1 3.4 3.7

Fluorescence in色白n自ity.

However， in Fig. 5， is seen出ecurves showing the relation between the

kernel weight and t.he frequency of varietie日 withdifferent fluorescence in-

tensities. We see in the curves that the varieties with intense fluorescence are

genera.lly of large kernel weight.， while tho自ewith weak suorescence are of rela.-

tively variou日kernelweights・

"'s already stated， a similar phenomenon wa日 recognizedamong gro.in日ofa

日ample，i. e. grains with intense suorescence were generally of large kernel

weight， while grain日withweak fluore日cencevaried on a wide range with regardもo

their kernel weight. It is an intere日tingf乱ctthat such a parallel relaもionshipis

seen both among grain日andamong varieties.

d) On the color of the suorescence.

The color of the fluorescence differ日， although ve可'Yslightly， among varieties from bluish violet to pale blue. This日eemedto be due to the pigment of the

100 HIKOICHI OKA:

grain， because the va.rieもie自自howingblui日hviolet fluor自白cencewere frequenも

among those with da.rk colored grain， while the va.rieties showing pa.le blue

fluore自cen巴ewere a.mong tho日ewith light colored gra.in. But the di貸erencein

the flu~r師団nce color wa.日目O日lighttha.t it w闘 neglectedin other ob目erva.tions・

Fig. 5.

Curves show泊，gthe rela.tion beもween泊。合唱quencyof va.rieties 岨.dthe kemel weighもfor也ethI唱egroups of varieties

divided a.c∞rding to the fluorescence inもensitYi3.5 -2.7， 2.6 -1.5阻 d1.4-0.1.

冒ロ申

・同

.~ 15% H 帽

> ち 10c< 也H

r:. 5

Var. with inten目白fluor自由cence.Var. withmediumfluor白目。enω.Var. with weak fluore目巴en巴e.

20 .30 40 50 ・ 60g・

Kernel weight.

e) Va.ria.tion of the fluore自cenceinten日itya.mong vari自tie目.

Figs. 2， 3 a.nd 4 give the curves自howingthe relation between出efrequ回 cyof

va.rieties and the fluore自巴enceintensity. From the日ecurves， each of which is rega.rding旬 adi貸el'ent grou p of varietお自， it may be uniformly recognIzed that

Fig. 6.

The curves showing the relation beもweenthe合同u阻 cyof va.rieties and 自uorercenceint阻 sityfor a11 the varieties investigated.

Dotted line日showthe groups of varietie目differingin the fluol'e日開ncein旬nei句朗自umed.

% 40

n

u

h

U

A

リ

句。。G

噌

i

・国曲目輔副四hahF旧

0・MM白

Hh

0.1 0.4 0.7 1.0 1.3 1.日 1.9 2.2 2.5 2.8 3.1 3.4 3.7

Fluorescence inten日ity.

Studie目onthe f1uore自己eneeof Cereal grains. 101

varietie自wi出自uchin旬nsiもie白 offluor白日cence闘 1札 2.2a.nd 3.1 (or 2.8) a.re rela.・tiveIy: f民quent，The frequellcy curve ，for 1¥11 the varieties inveBtig叫eda.lso

revea.led， ~悩 gi'v白n in Fig. 6， a simil町 trimoda.lsha.pe: From th自自efact白itma.y be

朗自umedthat whea.t va.rieもie自 ca.nbe put into three groU'ps differing in the .fluores-

cence inten自ityof the grain.

f) Peculia.rity of the fluor佃 cenceintensity句 theva.riety.

Besides， in order加 provethe peculia.rity of fluor自白cenceintensity旬 出e

varieも，y，a few va.ri凶ie自 wereinvestigated with thei，:帥mplesof di笠erentha.rvesも

yea.rs. The resul旬 showed，a.s given in ta.ble 6， a relativ白lycon自句ntin随 時ela.tion

of the varieties with regard to the fluor白日cenceintensIty.

Table 6.

A∞mpa.rison 01 fluorescence intensity between the sa.mples 01 different ha.rves色yω.rs.

Fluor由自己目neeintensity Order of varieties

Name of variety Harevested in : harve目tedin:

1940 1941 1940 1941

Pusa 6 3.5 2.5 1 2 Showa 3.3 2.7 。“ 1 Sohshu・ 2.1 1.6 ‘。> ι 4 Norin-4・go ・・・ 2.0 1.8 4 3 Sadabohzu 1.1 0.7 5 5 Nara目鼻njaku・2-go 0.4 0.3 6 6 Gokatoh 0.2 0.2 7 7

Iti自 C自rta.Infrom the自eabov自 m白ntionedre自ultsthat the fluoreseence int白n自ity

is 0. chan叫 erp舵 ulio.rもothev町 iety.

D. On Ihe change of lhe suorescence. 1n the following pag自白 results of ob自白rvationsrego.rding to もhecha.nge of

th白血lor自由cenceduring o.nd o.f加rthe mo.turo.tion ofもhegra.in and those dealing

with the mecha.nisms of the change will be sもated.

a ) Tissues o.nd substances ofもhegrain emiももingthe fluorescence.

It was a.scerぬinedfrom the 'foHowing results that the fluore風 即ce自eenon

出esurfa.ce of出egrain wa自due10 f自wouter lo.yers of the bran co叫， epica.rp a.nd

middle lo.yer. No.mely， 0. thin coat consisting of those ti自由uesco.n be stripped

from the grains soak白din wo.ter for a few minute自. It9 fluor倒 cencew個 alwa.ys

identical加出叫 ofthe gr凶nor the portion of the grain prior to stripping， and o.fter the thin coat w朗自tripped，eveηI gro.in showed uniformly a weo.k

fluorescence.

B倒 ides，it was s'.lgge白色白dfrom th自 followingresultsもhatsome special fluores-

cence sub前岨ceexis旬 inthe bro.n co叫 thoughtheir chemical nature Wo.s not

examined. Namely， having been soaked in wo.ter for a few dIl.y日， the fluore自cence

of the grain beca.me gra.duaUy weo.k， at the same time the water in which the

102 HIKOICHI QXA:・

gr8riu姐 ho.d b白白ensoa.ked sbowed 0. fo.int bluish fl.uor自由cence. Furth自r，the fl.uores-

cence of the gro.in or， th自thin∞叫 strippedfrom the gro.in cho.nged to yellowish

by boiling' in wo.ter， o.nd o.lso the fl.uorescence of the wo.ter in which the gro.in ho.d

been soaked became ye110wish by boiling. The inside of the grain， however， did not cho.nge its fl.uor倒 cenceby boiling.

日 i8conceivo.ble from these ，ob8ervo.ti曲目 tho.tthe fl.uore'sc911ce seen on the

grain is produced from the epico.rp o.nd middle lo.yer of tbe bro.n coo.t where some

fl.uorescence substo.nce exifl旬.

b) Cho.nge of the fl.uorescence with the mo.turo.tion of the gro.泊.

1n order to且nd0. clueもothe mecho.ni自msre自ponsiblefor the difference

of the fl.uorescence， ob自ervo.tionswere mo.de following the mo.turo.tion of the

gro.m.

On exo.mining the fl.owers before and o.fぬropening， bluish fl.uor倒 cence自were

seen on the inner side of' glumes， o.nthers， pistil回o.ndovo.ry， o.nd o.bove 0.11，もhetop

por低o:qof the ovo.ry showed o.n i.ntense fl.uore自cence. 1n 0. longi回dino.lsec tion of

出eovo.ry，阻 intensefl.uoreflcence wo.自由eenon the peric町 Pwhich develop日o.fter-

wo.rds into the bro.n coo.t. Every flower of every varieも，ylooked o.like in the自e

respects.

Along wi出 themo.turo.tion，もhefl.uore自cenceof出eovo.ry beco.me graduo.11y

intense 0.11 o.round 訪日自urface;o.nd in rego.rd to the section， flome outet: lo.yers of

也eperico.rp beco.me more intensely fl.uorescfjnももho.n出einner lo.yer日owingto

自omedi貸erencio.tionho.ving to.ken plo.ce in 也eti目白ueof 出eperic町 p. But， no

o出ermo.rked cho.nges wel'e noもiceo.ble，o.nd o.t出emilky-ripe flぬge"no di貧erence

wo.日 foundo.mong gro.in日oro.mong vo.rietie自. The vo.rieもie日with出emost inもen日e

fl.uore自cence0.も mo.turo.もion"such 0.自 PU日0.6， o.nd. Showo.， were. ofもhe日ame

Inten自itya日tho日ewiもhもheweo.ke自tfl.uore自cence8uch 0.日 Sadabohzu，and Nara-

S晶njo.ku2・go. Afもerthe milky-ripe自tage，forもhefirstもime，the fl.uore日cence

beganもocho.nge with the drying ofもhegrain， becoming differenもwithgrains

and with varieties.

The日e:r;no.y be explo.ined 0.日 follow自:日omefl.uore目。encesubstance formed in

abundancein出epericarp of immature grain自 i日 decompo自edduring 出e.1>roue目白of drying of也egro.in， and也eintensity of fl.uore日cencei日，dependentupon出e

degree of decomposition in自uch0. manner a日thefurther the decompo自itiongoe日，

tHe weo.ker the fl.uoreflcenc自 becοme日.

c) Effect日 of the condition for drying也eimmature grain日onもheirsUore自・

cence intensiも，y.

. Some immature ears were dried in de自由icator日regulatedat vo.riou日humiditie日，

白押111:invesもigatedwith， reg町 dもothe fl.uore日cenceof their 'gr凶Ils. The re自ult日

are given，in Table 7. It i目白eenin this table that the gro.ins dried in.low humidi-

低e自吠:e，(jf 叫Qreinもensefl.uore日cenceもhan出osein High hllmidities. Thi日.mo.ybe

further supporもedby. such. fo.ct自制 fo11owso Ha.ving enveloped immature. eo.r自in gl師事 tub自白.in， wliich a li批lewo.ter has been enclpsed;也eg'ro.ins taken. fr，om

ゆ9自6‘eo.r日 showedweaker fl.uores巴ence出o.nordinary 4arve自tedoh剖 Al!'io，

ー ι~ 、

Studie日 on色h唱f1uore日cenceof Cereal Grains. 103

grains ma.tured in a. green house without the influence of rain fall were of intense

fluorescence.

T乱ble 7.

The ftuorescence intensity of the grain ta.ken from the e町 harvested

叫 milky-ripesta.ge and dried泊 thedessi帥，tors

re忠llateda.t rellpective rela.tive humidities..

De自由i伺 Singrnet自rial日andrela色ivehumid1句

f ~am自 of sample I f'ln f'L I CaCl2 I NaCl CaClq z saZtEratBdBoluUon SaZ11raZ8d目olution0% 32，476，6

Sohshl1 . . l' 1.7 I 1.3 I 0.5

Showa .. 1.8 I 1.3 1.1

Sadabohzu 0.1 O~ ー

品h日hu 05% I 15% I 25% I切断|ぉ

(伽ve叫 hu巾 a州 1.3 I 1.3 I 1.2 -1-1.0 -I0.8 I 0.3

Be白ides，it was observed that the grains dried ra.pidly in de日目白ica.torsheated

from 300 もo800 were of extremely intense fluorescence， not di宜eringwi出 gra.ins

and wi也 varieties. Further， t.he gra.ins dessica.もedi.n such a way-often remained

green owing to the chloropbyll which ha.d not b白endecomposed.

It may be considered tha.t the fluorescence自ubstanc自i自fullydecomposed in

w叫 conditions，but the prompもdryingdoes not give time to the proces自， a.s in

a自i回il乱rc帥 eexperi白ncedinもhedecompo自itionof the chlorophyll of green

l倒 ves.

d ) Re1a.tion between the kerne1 weighもandthe condiもionof dηing.

As aJrea.dy mentioned， the fluorescence inten自ityof the gra.in is' c10se1y re1ated

加 i旬.kernel weighι It wa.s testedも0自eeif tha.t re1a.tion he1d good whenもhe

grain自wereeollected from immature ears a.nd dried in ~ certa.in artificial condi-もおn. The re自u1旬 revea.1ed，however， no 0出errelation tha.n observed with ordina1

gra.ins. Th乱tisもosa.y，もh白 fluorescencein旬usitydoes noもdependon the glullles

enve10ping the g/=ain日.Since the condition for drying，the IInmature gra.in was found to be a factor deciding the fluorescence inぬnsity，here， i色willbe a question whe-

ther or'uQt the condition. for drying differs with 1arge a.nd日ma.11imma.ture grains.

Th旬、Wβ日iIj.;vestiga.ted，buもno.posiもiverssult w畠sobtained.

e) Cha.nge of the fluore白cenceafも自rthe ma.tura.tion of the grain.

As，it will b担日eenin T乱b1e8， the fluorescence b白comeswea.k after.もhe.la.l'se of

years. The degree of.the. chiLpge，.how;ever; ma.y not. be so・la.rg!'l'w~en compa.red

wiぬ theHmgthiQf 出向P町 iod. A古tho自a.metime;，it cba.ng伺 fromb1uish to自ome・

1 wha.t pa1ish， but very' slight1yr. Neverthe1自民 therate of the' ch阻 ga:is a.fIected

byぬecondiもion、of出自由もorage. It wa.s foundぬきbe1arge when the. grains were

kept in hjgt.te.mperature or in high humidity.

乙I rr・，.~:.if .、， .

104 HIKOIGHI OKA:

Table 8.

A comparison of the fluorescence inもensitybetween new and old samples.

Name of variety Harve日tyear目Fluorescence I Fluorescence color intensity

Doi旬u412・ 1940 1.9 blui目h

" 1931 0.4 pali目h

Doitsu 416・ 1940 1.1 bluish

" 1931 0.6 pali目h

Shirokomugi 1940 2.7 blui目h

•• 1931 1.8 palish

Besides， as already mentioned， t.he fluor自由cenceof th白 grain becomes weak

by soaking in w乱ter. HoW'ever， observing the' grain自白oakedin water for one or

two day自， as it i日目hownin Table 9， the rat.e of the cha.nge seem自notso large in

comparison with the period of soaking.

It may be said from these observations that the fluore自cenceis rather stable

after the harve自tof the grain.

Table 9.

The fluorescence intensI'旬 of也legra泊 soakedin water.

Nam自 of日ample

I Fluore日cenβeintensity Temperaturel

of I ~. ~_ I I 日oa~ing I to目oaki暗 IAf加 1day I After.2day目

E目hima日hinriki 250C. I 2.3 I 1.1l 1.0

" 100 i 2.3 I 2.1 I 1.6

Schinchucho 300 1.2 1.0 0.5

" 100 1.2 0.9 0，7

Narasanjaku-2・go 300 0.3 0.2 0.1

100 0.3 0.2 0.2 一一一一

R倒 ul旬 ofObs町V~tionB 'on Barley Grains.

Few observations parallel初出0白eon wheat were made on ba.rley gmins， b凶their result will be stated very briefly as the majority of出emare similar to th自

ca自由 ofwheat.

The grain of hulled barley showed no fluorescence on i旬自urfaceexcept a

weak oue ou the connecting line of the outer and inner glumes， therefore， it w朗

impossible to・usethe fluorescence for the hulled b町 leygrain. The gmm of

naked ba.rley， on the 0七herhand， showed 0. bluish :fluorescence，出e乱ppeamnceof

which was'quiぬ自imilart.o that of wheat grains. The central dorsal portion was

also of the most intense， and iもsinもensitydi佐eredamong grain目a.ndvarieもie自・ The

Studieo on the FluoreBcence of Cereal grain国. 105

inside of the grain， although showed乱 bluishsUOl'・escence，l'evealed llO lli町k叫

difference withもhema旬rialsuFed in thi自由tudy.

Theref<Ae， the ob目白rvationswer自 chiefly made on the dorsal surf舵 eof the

grain. The intensity of fluorescence was detel'lllined by the sn.Ule llleもhodas used

for whea.丸i.e. four kinds of grains with theil' respective values of 4， 2， 1 and 0

were used as the sta.nda.rd日.

A) On出eva.riation of the fluorescenc白 inten自itya.mol1g gra.ins.

The fluoresc自nceint，en円it.yul!ually varied with grains from A (the 1110机 in-

tense) to D (nea.rly non-fluore目cent)in a自a.mp1e，and the gra.ills with in旬nse

suorescence were genera.lly of ln.rger kernel weighもtha.nthose wit.h weak fluores-

cence， as given in Table 10. These乱revel'y白imila.rtοthe l'esults obta.ined with

whea.t.

"

Table 10.

Kernel weight of gr創出 with res関ctiveftuorescenc唱 intensities

A， B， C and D.

Fliuno旬r自】由cence Kernel weight Name of Bample nsity

of th自由ampl& A B C D

Haramachi 0.5 31.0 27.9

Marumi-2f'-go・ O.日 27.8 25.4 19.3

Ichiwa目e 1.1 一 35.3 30.7 30.0 Akashinriki . 1.4 24.4 23.5 23.1 17.6

Shimane同kobinkatagi-ι.go . 1.9 25.5 24.7 22.8 22.7

Mie-Shirochinko・2・.go ・・ ・2・2 30.6 28)3 28.4 25.3

Osakaふ go ・・・ 2.6 35.8 31.4 30.6 一Mi自himahadaka・ 3.2 29.4 30.3 25.2

Shimahara . 3.3 27.5 24.8 22.2 Aka自hinriki・ 3.4 34.1 32.2 一

No. of grains observed

135

119

82 100

118

126

110

181

96

97

Fur出自1'， 80mewhat dal'k colored grail1s. which wel'e occasiona.lly found in

the naked barley sa.mples， showed a we乱kfluorescence.

B) Onもhevaria.tioll of the fluorescence inten自ityalllong var旬ties.

A wide variation of the fluor自白cenceinten白ityw帥 dIl，clo白edaJllOll g va.rieti開

a.fter investiga.ting with samples of 91 va.rieもiescollected from various districts

of Japan. Then， th白 relationof some grain chari¥cter白 oftho自evarieties to七he

fluore目cenceintensity wo.自 inve自もiga.fed，a.nd the following results were obt乱ined.

In va.riぬeもtie伺目 with bl'

probably owing tω08叩omep戸igmenもconw.ined i泊nt仙hebr乱仙nc∞00.叫も of the gra.i加n， There

were six varieties with the suorescence in旬n自it.yof from 0.0 t，o 0.5， that belonged

to such a typ自.

Therefore， in the following iuve聞もigatiollsqe乱lil1gwith the kerllel weight and

length， もhesix varieties were 自主ch~ded. For these investigations， the frequen.cy

of varietie日 withrespective fluorescence inもensitywas compared o.ll1ong the

106 HIKOICHI OKA:

g1'oups in句 whichthe va1'ieties hll.d been divided Il.cco1'ding to th白 kernelweight

01' length.

Table 11 gives t，he relation of the kernel weight to the frequency of varietie目

with r自自pect.ivesuorescence intenRity. It i自 seellin this ta.ble tbat va.rieties with

包ltensesuoreRcence a.re frequent in the group with the kernel weight of between

26 g. a.nd 32 g. Those ba.rley va.rieti白日 with intenRe suore唱団ncelooked Rome-

wha.t globulou自 intheir g1'乱in 自ha.p~. Thereupon， the relation of the grain length

加 thesuorescence intensity was investiga.ted; a.nd it w蜘 found，帥 givenin

Table 12， tha.t. varieties with白hortgra.in length were~generally of intense suo即日-

cence.

Table 11.

The rela.tion of出，ekemel weight to the frequency of va.rieties wi泊1respective fiuorescence泊，tensities.

From 32 g・to 28g・

LeS8 than I 28g. I

Freq.of var. %

Freq.of var. %

Freq.of var. %

Ta.ble 12.

The relation of fhe grain lengthωthe frequency of varieties with respective fiuorescence泊飴nsities.

Freq. (lf var. %

100

100

100

100

In barley， the suorescence inもensityseems to be related to th自由旬eof gql.in

rather tha.n 加 theweight of gra.in， and the medium kernel weight in the varieties

with inten自esuore臼cenceseem自 tobe due to their白horもgrainlength.

In regaro to t.he variation of the suorescence intensity a.mong v乱ri叫ies，Fig.7 give白 thecurve showing the relation between the frequency of varieties

and the suorescence intensity for all the varietie白 inve白tiga.tec1. It i自白eeninもhis

curve thaもthevarieties with such inten白itiesas 0.0， 2.2 and 3.4 al'e relatively

frequent， a.nd the自由 threegrou ps of varieties di佳eringin the suorescence inten_

白itymay be assumed to be exi目tingthere. However， the group with the mode of

O.O consiRts of the varieties with dark brownish suorescence already stated， and the group of 3.4 consis旬 ofthe varieties with short grain length and medium

Studies on the Fluo[llBcence of Cereal Grain日. 107

kernel weight a.s it will be perc白ivedill Table 11 a.nd 12. In barley，もhegroups

differing iu the fluore自cencein旬nsityseem to b白 corl'ela.tedもo出egra.in color a.nd

length.

Fig. !l.

The curve showing位1erela.tion be ween the fぬquencyof varieties a.nd the fluorescence intensity for 11.11 the varieties

泊vestiga.もed.

Dotted lines ahow the groups of varieties differing in the flore目cenceintenei句 a日目umed.

20% J

国由

‘" u 』

喧

こ 100

ヴ

Z E同

ー‘

‘' ‘' ， '‘ ，、

‘ 、‘ • ，

，

'

0.1 0.4 0.7 1.0 1.~ 1.6 1.9 2.2 2.5 2.8 3.1 3.4 3.7

Fluore日cencein也en日ity.

CODsideratioD.

Observa.tiol1s were， in subst.ance， made on wheat g.rain， but rega.rding to b町1eygra.in，期 itwa自 stateda.bove， ma.rked日imilaritiesto the case of wheat

were observed. Therefore， iもi自 reasona.ble to a自由umethat both whea.t a.nd

barley are of乱闘menature wi色hrespeet toもheirflUOI・e日cence. Although it is yet

impossible to give a compleもeexplanation of the phy自iologicalcauses re自ponsible

forもhedi貸erence;;f fluorescence int.ensity， in relation to出eproblem， the fol1owing answers m乱ybe given from the result日 ofobservat.ions on wheat

gram. .

1) Fluorescence日eenon the grain is emitted from the e1Ticarp and middle layer of the bran coat where some fluorescence substance seems to exist.

2) 盟uchof this substance may be formed in the perica.rp of imma.ture

gra.in8， but afterwa.rd it may be d自compo自由dwi也もhedrying of the ~ain. and

the ir凶ensityof fluorescence m町 bedepend自nton the degree of decompo臼itionat

that tiu¥e.

3 ) The degree of decomposition m乱ybe conもrolledon on白 ha.ndby some

mecha.nIBr凶 whichare inherited， 制 thefluorescence intensity IB peculiar to the

守a.riety;on the 0もherhand by outer condiもion自， esp自ciallyby the moi日tnessat

the time of drying of the gro.in.

•

¥

108 HIKOICHI {)XA:

4) The fluore自cencedoes not伺 silycha.nge a.fter t，he ho.rvest of出自 gra.in.

As to why the fluor自由C阻 ceint阻目it_yis so di偽 rento.mong gro.in自o.ndrelated

to t，he kernel weight Is for further considero.tion. The relo.tion between the

fluore自cenceinten自ity乱ndthe kernel weight w朗o.sfollow自inwheo.t: gro.in自

with inten自efluore白ceocewere geoero.l1y of la.rge kernel weight， while those with weak fluorescence vo.ried from la.rge to RIDo.ll in regard 加も~eir kernel

weight.; o.nd 乱 simil乱rre.lo.tionship wo.s 0.1自o!!een among v乱rieti自白. Further in

bo.rley， vo.rieties with inten自由 fluore自cencewere gener乱Uyof globulouB gr乱1n

sho.pe. The 1乱rgekernel weight， or the globulous gra.in sho.pe mo.y be 0. sign

of fully filled gro.ins・ Oon白ideringon the日ephenomeno.， the fluorescence intensity

seemB to be modified by白omephysioJogical mecho.nisms which o.re connected with

the :filling of the grain. But further o.n乱.lysisof the. meoh乱nislll日 wo.snot made

in thiB study.

However， the fluorescence inten自it.y， 80 fo.r a8 it is peculiar to the vllriety，

自houldbe of日ome11日efor the. determil1o.もionof v乱rieties. And， it mU8t be con・

自idered，here，乱sto how it c乱nbe used in practise. Sorne con白idero.tionsalong

thi8 line will be白to.tedbelow.

1) 1n who.t degree the企uor白scenceinten8ity i8 modified by extern乱1con-

ditions.

Alもhoughvo.rious externo.l conditions mo.y 0.佐ect円 thefl\10Ul~cence， it ho.s been

found with whe乱tgrain自もhatthe condiもionfor drying i血mo.turegmins is o.n

importB.nt 011e. The lllore the gro.in ifl in dry condition，もhemore intense th自

fluore日cence，become自.

How rnuch t.he fluoresc白nceinten自ityis modified by the o.bove mentioned

condition mo.y be目eenin Table 8，乱nd9， Icllthough they o.re obtained under lo.bo・

ro.tory condition自. Looking at t.he自由 re目ul旬， the fluorescence intensity 8eems to be

consid白ro.blymodified by 8uch externo.l condit.ion白・

2) 1n what degree th白貧uoresc色nceintensity varies within 0. same甲ariety.

It ho.自 b白enrep骨atedlymentiolled t.ho.t th白 fluorescenceInten自it.yvarie自

o.mong gro.ins of 0.白ampl&r乱ngingfrom the most int白n自eto nearly non-fluores-

cent. How much it varies among eo.rs of 0. plant i円 seeniIl To.ble 6. It mo.y be

recogl1ized in that to.ble， that the fluorescence intensity vli.rie白ina re.mo.rkable

degree o.mong e乱rsof乱plo.ot.

3) 10 whaもdegreethe intensity of fluore日cenceob白ervedi同 reli乱.ble.

As自eeoin Tdble 1， inもhernethod of obsel'vation u自edby th白 writer，the mean

deviation {)f repeated observations on乱自arne随 m世ledid not go beyond 0.3， while

the fluorescence intensity vo.ried among v乱ri白tiesfrom 0.2 to 3.5. It is pos日ible，

th釘 efore，to detect the difference of fluorescence ，ntensit.y to 0. cert.o.in extent

after co.reful comparisoll with a certo.in日to.ndardgro.in. But such乱compo.1Il5oni自

noも日oe乱時yo.ccordillg to the experience of the writer.

Although these con自id白ro.tions乱rebo.sed upon the re自ultson whel¥t， iもwill

be品llowedto expect similar beho.viors 0.1自ofor bo.rley. Surveying such nature自

ofth白fluore目cenceof cereaJ gro.ins o.s日切t.edabove， th白fluorescencernethod円eem自

not 80 reli乱bleand useful for the determino.tion of vaTIeties.

Studie目 onthe Fluoreacence of Cerelll Grllin目. 109

Neverもhe1e回目， ifもhesUOI・escencewer自もobe used for the determination of

varietiω， how自hou1dthe v乱rietiesof whe乱tor barley be dl.vided in旬 groups

乱acordingto their suorescence? When w白 dividea group of organisID白 into

自everalgroups乱ccordingto a 'ch乱racter，もh@disconもinuitiesof the frequency

curve with regard句 thecharacter will give u日 theIDOst natural division. A自

alrea.dy m白ntioned，the curve showing the relation between the frequency of

V乱rjetieso.nd the suorescence intensit.y reveo.led 0. kind of trimodo.l sho.pe in

wheo.t and乱l冊 inbo.rley， o.nd there were assumed出reegroup司 ofvo.rieties dif-

fering in the suorescenc白inten自ity'. Forもhedetermino.tion of vo.rieties， therefore

it mo.y be re朗ono.bleto divide the vo.riet，i倒的cordingto the groups here乱日sumed

Summary.

1 ) This study w乱sunderto.ken for the purpose of pointing out the possi-

bility of useing the suore自cencein tbe determino.tion of varieti朗 inwheat o.nd

barley gro.in日.

2) In wheo.t as well乱sin b乱rley，乱 bluishsUOl'・escencew朗自eenon the surfo.ce

of the gra.in， o.nd its intensitj' differed umong grains Q.nd o.mong叫 mples;but the

inside of the gr8.m， o.lthough自howed0. blui自hsuoresceuce， did not rev~o.l such乱

di恥 rence. Therefore， ob自白rvationswere chiesy done onもhesurface ofもhegr乱in・

3) The inten白ityof fluorescence w制 determinedl)y comparing出egrains

with certo.in sto.ndard gro.in白;もheinぬneityof Il.自o.mplew帥 inclicatedas the

o.vero.ged value of the intensities of the individual grains in that岨 mple.

4) In乱闘mple，もhegro.in自 由howedvarious d白greesof ihten自ityranging

from the most inぬnse句 lleo.rlynon・11uorescen t.，乱ndgrains with inもen自esuore日-

cence were generally of la~ge keruel weighもinboth wheo.t o.nd bo.rley. While it

WIl.S pointed out ili wheo.t that grains with weak fluore自巴ence苛町iedon 0. wide

ra.nge in reg乱rdto their kernel weigbt.

5) Th白宣uorescenteint白nsitywo.s also differen七乱mongears of乱自乱mepla.nも，although no relo.tion was recognized b自tween七hefiuorefIcence intensity and the

weight orぬesoret number δf the 6乱r.

6 ) AUlQng varieties 0.1日0，札 widevaria.tion in the suore自cenceintensi.ty w乱B

found in both wheaも乱ndbarley. In wheaも， varieties with inten目。 fiuorescence

were genera.l1y of lll.rge k白rnelweight， and varieties with w白aksuorescence were

variou自inregard to theIr kernel weight. In bo.rley， :varieti倒 withintense :fl.uore由-

cence were of油ortgrain length and m~dium kernel weight， and of globulouA shape.

7} Furもher，it w品目 recognizedgenerally in the vo.ri叫iesof whe乱tand barley

that也edarker the grain color， the well.ker the fiuore舵 ence.This is probably

due to自omepigments contained in the bran coat.

8) The curve showing th白 relationbetweenも.hefrequency of v乱.rietieso.nd

もhefluorescence intenBity reve乱leda kind of trimodal shape in wheaもandin

110 HUWWHI OXA:

bar18y as well，and there werJassmed three groupHof vMebiesdiEering in th白

血lOre目。ence恒旬nsity.

9) Be日ide， the fluorescence intensity w制乱自certainedto be 乱 character

pecuiiar to the variety. ~

10) The宜uore自cence自eellon the自urfaceof the grain w乱Bshown to be

produced from the epic乱rpand miud1e 1乱yerof出ebran coat， where some fluo・

res巴ence日ubsぬnc白日eemeuto exIst.

11) Immature grains自howedan intens白血lOr自由。ence， noもdi貸eringamong

grain日 andvarieties， and the difference in the matured grain日 appeareu，after

the mi1ky-ripe stage with the urying of the gra!lls. The自ewere exp1ained as fo1-

10w目:自omefluorescence sub自tance日 formeuin abundan巴ein the pericarp of im-

mature grains are decomp倒 euwith the drying of the gr乱in，and もhefluore日巴白nce

inもensitydepend臼uponthe degree of ueeomposition at， tha七time.

12) The more the grain w嗣 indry condition， the more inten円ethe宜uore自cen巴e

became. Probab1y th白 promptdrying of the grain will noもgivetime for出e

decompol'!ition of the fluore且ceIicesubstan巴es・

13) The宜Ilore日cen巴ewas st.ab1e and did not easi1y change after the ha1've前

ofもhegrain.

14) Althougli もh白日einvestigations (paragraphs 9 -13) wer白 uonewith wheat

grain， but-for barley， simi1ar behaviol's were 朗自umedon ac巴ountof the marked

白imilaritiesfound in many respects to wheat.

15) Fluore日cencein't.en日it.yshould be of自omeuse fo1' the determination of

varieti回目ofar as iもispecu1iar to the variety. Buもiti且 con自iuerablymocijfied by

external condition日， and it differ日 wIlhgrains as well乱swith ears in a白ame

日amp1e;moreover， it is not so easy to ob日erveit exa巴tly. Therefore， the fluo1'es-

cen巴emethod自eem白 not日oreliable and useflll f6rもhedetermination of vari白tie日.

Ifもhefluorescence were to be used， however， it would be mo凶 naturalto divide

th白 varietie自 ofwheat 01' barley into group自 whichwere朗 自umedby the CUl've

日how_ingもh白 relationbetween the freqllency of varietie日 andthe ftllore白cence

inもen日ity.

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