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Studies on genesis and classification of soils inwarm-temperate region of southwest JapanShizuo Nagatsuka aa National Institute of Agricultural Sciences , JapanPublished online: 29 Mar 2012.

To cite this article: Shizuo Nagatsuka (1971) Studies on genesis and classification of soils inwarm-temperate region of southwest Japan, Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 17:4, 154-169, DOI:10.1080/00380768.1971.10433260

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(Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Vol. 17, No. 4, 1971)

STUDIES ON GENESIS AND CLASSIFICATION OF SOILS IN WARM-TEMPERATE REGION OF SOUTHWEST JAPAN

Part 1. Regional Characteristics and Soil Distribution Pattern in the Vicinity of Lake Hamana.

Shizuo NAGATSUKA

National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, f Qpan.

Received APRIL 3, 1971

Introduction

In Southwest Japan, red coloured soils are widespread on diluvial terraces and hilly areas which are not covered with volcanic ejecta. These soils have been considered to be zonal red nnd yellow soils and have been classified as Red soils (1), Red-Yell ow Podzolic soils (2), Red-Yellow soils (3) or Red soils and Reddish brown soils C 4) ·

Since OUMASA, KUROTORl and KIDACHI (5) assumed those red soils which are locally found in the cool·temperate region of Japan to be relic red soils formed under former warmer bio-climatic conditions in old geologic age, they have successively elucidated that the red soils in the warm·temperate region of Southwest Japan are also recognized as relic red soils formed in the old Pleistocene epoch probably in GUntz·Mindel interglacial age (6, 7). On the other hand, MATSUI and KATO (8), reaching a similar conclusion about the red soils of South­west Japan, made an objection to the so-called "zonality" of red soils of Japan. From compar­ative-geographical considerations and field t-xaminations, they pointed out that the soil forming processes now prevailing in Southwest Japan are correlated with those in the Yellow· Brown earth region of Central China stated by MA and WEN (9).

ENDO (10) classified the soils in mountainous warm-temperate forest region of Japan as a .renetic sub-type belonging to the world-wide zonal "transition type" from Brown forest soils· in humid cool·temperate forest ·tegic;m to Red and Y ctlow soils in humid subtropical region. He proposed to call the above mentioned transi· tion type Reddish·Yellow·Drown Forest soils

which include the Yellow-Brown forest soils in the Sochi district in USSR reported by GERRAS· SIMOV (11).

From the above brief historical review, it is obvious that the taxonomic position of the terrestrial soils occuring in Southwest Japan needs further re-examinations. In order that the proposal of "Yellow-Brown earth'' may be generally accepted, it is necessary to clarify the characteristics of these soils, especially on the basis of nature and properties inherent in soil itself. However, researches of this kind are very scarce at present.

This and the subsequent papers aim to eluci· date the interrelationship between soil distribu· tion pattern and geomorphological development of the area, and to clarify the differences of degree of weathering and pedogenesis which each soil has suffered, and finally to find the right position in soil classification proper to the soils of Southwest Japan.

General Description of Area

The study area is situated in Mikkabi north· west of Luke Hamana-ko in Tokai region along the Pacific Coast of Southwest Japan. It lies between the meridians 137°30'10" and 137"37' 40'' longitude east of Greenwich, between the parallels 34c45' and 34°51' north latitude. As detailed mention referring to the soil forming factors of the area was made in other place (12), they will be treated here briefly.

1) Climate and vegetation: Table 1 shows the meteorological data observed at Mikkabi Branch of Shizuoka Citrus Experiment Station located at the central part of the study area. According to KtlPFEN's classification of climate (13), the climate of the area belongs to a moist

154

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s. NAGATSUKA

Tnhlc 1. Mctcorologicnl llntn in Mikknbi, Shizuoku Pref. (1954-1965)

I A S 0 N D \ Yearly l\klll Jnn. fch. Mar. Apr. May June July u~. c-pt. ct. ov. ec.

Monthly nwnn tcmpcrnturc c•c) I 1s.g•c 5. 3 6.1 9. 2 H. 8 18. 4 22.0 26.4 27. G 2~. 1 18.6 13.3 8. 2

Monthly m<'nn rninfnll 58 68 113 239 2·11 312 225 223 253 170 107 66 207511111 (IlLII)

Monthly mean rclntivc hmni<lity (%)

59 55 59 (j(j 72

teml)Cftltc climate with mild winters with the rncan temperature of the warmest month ahovc 22QC (Cfu). Dut I<l)PJ>HN's classification is not enough to explain the bonh!r lines of vegetation types of Enst Asia. Therefore, KIHA (H, 15) proposed n new classification of climate in cnstern Asin based on warmth·intlex ant.l lm· miclity·inclex"'. The warmth·indcx nnd humidity· index of the nrea caluculated from the duta shown in T11hle 1 is 13·1. 3uc nnd 15. 1 rcspcc· lively. Hence the climatc of tlw rtrca hclongs to northern wrmn·tcmpcratc luciclophyl!us forest climatc (A.'' : warrnth·indcx 100-ltlO"C, humicl· ty·indl'X ahnvc 10) in KIHA's clussification.

The luciclophyllus forc~t in Tolmi region cxtencl:; from sca·levcl U(l to 500-GOOm nbove sca·lcvcl, showing vertical zonn\ity of vegetation types such ns A1ac/lilrcs·typc below 50m altituclc Sfliill·typc hetwcen ~0 or G0-300111 altitude: CyclobalanojJSiS·typc between 400 and 500rn nltitudc (SUWI\1~ lG, 17). AhhouJ.lh thc:;e primi· tivu vegetations nrc ~till rccognizetl intermittently, they have l~een nearly complett'ly changt·d hy --~-· ·-- ---- •4--· ·-~--- ....... _ .... ____ ~·--- .. ·-

II • Wnrmth-illllcx: T ~~(lt-5)

'"'' wlaer., It iM rnouthlr uwun t<·mpt•rnturc nbnvc :~·c.

IJumldity-index : I [' ( ···f+-20- O<T<IOO'C)

l• . 2 p "•~ 1.<t~l~O CIDO< T <zoo· C)

21'' ·;r-:i.-i~o <2oo· c < T)

wlu·n~ I' i11 nnnunl pn·ciJ•irncion in m'll, 1'' is annual

mean d!cctivt~ precipitation, viz., nnuunl prccipitn· tion minus nnnnnl totnl nf exec~~ month!~· mt•n 11

prt'cipitntion CIV~!f ·10Qann.

75 75 71 73 70 62 60 GG~o

human activities to secondary ones such as paddy fields, nrablc lands, tea plnntations and orchnrds. Therefore the potential nntural \'l'gc· tation for the most parts is consi<lcred to h.· Jnpancse n•d pine forest.

2) Geology and topography : According to Isor.u (18), thc geology of the low mountnin<>\1:'1 und hilly nrcas in Miltknbi is divided into two parts hy a fault line running from Uritogc in the west through Daifukuji to Okuymn:mn1r•' llansobo in the cast. The 1\tilmbu green rocb which constitute the northern pnrt of the fmth \inc arc cnmposccl of basic igneous rocks ~u.:h ns clinha:;e, ~-:nhhro, dial!agitc, amphibolite, with intrusions of ultra·b:~sic rocks like pcriclotitt• ancl serpentine.

The Chichihu Imlucozoic formation which conl!titutc the southern part of the line muinly consists of chert and clnyslate with som•• sanclstouc, schalstein and lenticulur limcstom·s of Permian nge.

155

Pleistocene terraces of disscctcd fan ori~in ,)evclop ndjnccnt to the hilly tcrrnin. Tlw:'<' terraces arc <liviclecl into three tcrrnct! group>, namely, lite higher (•10-50m nltitudc), thc mitl· die (20-30m nltitude) nnd the lower terraces (5 -10m altitude) hasecl on thu diffcrcne,~s of nltitutlcl-1, degree of clisscction and Ntratigrnphk rclationM. These tcrrncc sctlimcnts nrc cswarirl<' sediments in the transgressions cnu:;c,\ hy glncial custusy in the Qm1tcrnary perintl. It ha~ hecn elucidated on the basil! of the strntigrnph)'. topography nncl molluscan remains thut tht• higher terrace sediments were formed tlnrin~ early Pleistocene, the middle terrace tluri nJ.! mid·l'leil\tocenc and the lower terrace 1\uring late Pleistocene, respectively (Tsucm, 19).

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FICATION OF sOILS IN WARM-TEMPERATE REGION OF SOUTHWEST JAPAN I. sTUDIES ON GENESIS AND CLASSI

Interrelation between Soil Distribution and Topography

The relationship between soil distribution and topography is schematically shown in Fig. 1.

In the following description, the term "Hed· Yellow soil" is used to denote the acid soils with prominent red colour in B-horizon and low base saturation. Adopting the "Yellow-Brown earth" theory mentioned before as a working hypothesis, the term "Yellow-~rown (Fores.t)

·t•• is tentatively used to designate the smls SOl J with dark brown to dark yellowish brown co our in D-horizon in order to differentiate them fr~m Brown Forest soils in the cool-temperate region 0 £ northern Japan. Rough correlation to the 7th Approximation (20) of each profile is shown in the parenthesis.

}) Yellow-Brown Forest soils on hilly area: In the hilly part of the area, soil profile differ­~nce!3 are often related to slope development <lue to erosion and deposition. .

Very shallow lithosolic soils with A-C profile On steep slo1Jes of hill·top and narrow occur .

ridge where severely eroded. In these smls, { h bedrocks appear at the depth of about 20 re~ h' The soils are dry and hyphae of ectotrop 1c em. (L mycorrhiza is often observed around roots oc.

20"-Z, Lithic .Udorthent). . In the soils on gentle shoulder-slopes of hills

develop B-horizon with moderate subangular blocky structure. Soil depth thickens and weathered bedrock appear at about 40cm of which the upper part occasionally. shows ( · ,.. 0 formation SoJurns are often d1sturbed rag1p~ ·

by e;oil creep (Lac. 2, Typic Fragiudalf). On steep back-slopes, colluvium of about 70

em thick which consists of slightly weathered k fragments from upper slope covers the

roc, rlying bedrock. The soils derived from the unue h b . ,·olluvial deposit are dark yellowis rown m

I r and have BC·horizon with strong sub-,·oou . angular blocky structure (Lac. 1. Enhc Ilaplu-doW). . .

The colour of soils in the h1lly area 1S closely related to parent rocks, namely, soils derived

• Occurrence of Mollisol in this region is unusual. The lower limit of organic matter content Cl %) ueed in the definition for Mollie epipedon seems too low for the soils of the area.

from chert are yellowish red to strong brown, whereas soils from basic igneous rocks are strong brown to dark yellowish brown.

2) Red-Yellow soils on foothills and higher terraces : In the foothill area, red weathering crust has been exposed at the surface of inter· fluves, forming Red-Yellow soils (Loc. 301. Typic Dystrochrept). While on head-slopes, red weathering crust underlain by saprolite is cov· ered with soil material from upslope and red coloured soils occur as buried soils (Loc. 3, Typic Paleudalf).

The level of the higher terraces adjoining to the foothills ranges from 40 to 50m above present sea·level. The terrace surface has been dissected and abounds in gentle slopes of shallow valley.

The terrace sediments comprise rounded gravel of basic igneous and metamorphic rocks or subangular gravel of chert. Petrographic characters of these gravel are quite similar to those of the surrounding hilly area and these gravels except cherty one are strongly weathered to the extent that they can easily be crumbled by a shovel.

Reddish hue and clay predominate in the upper 80 or lOOcm of the terrace sediments forming Red-Yellow soils which are most wide· spread on the higher terraces. Clay accumula· tion in D-horizon are occasionnally recognized in these soils (Loc. 13, Typic Dystrochrept, Loc. 113, Humoxic Palehumult).

3) Yellow-Brown soils on the middle and lower terraces :

The middle terrace surface which stretches from 20 to 30cm above present sea·level is rela· tively flat. In -the northern part, the terrace sediments comprise mixture of relatively well sorted rounded pebble of the green rocks and subangular cherty gravel. Surface of the gravel except chert is stained with thin film of manga· nese oxide but is not so much weathered as in the case of the higher terrace sediments.

In the southern part near the lake, the terrace sediments consist of thick estuarine silt bed overlain by thin veneer of cherty gravels. Soils on the middle terraces are light brown or yellow brown in colour (Loc. 9 Lithic Haplu· dalf, Loc. 12, Typic Dystrochrept).

The lower terraces that are distributed sporadically along the lakeside extend at about

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T1 ; lwm tmoce T2: Middle lt11ace TJ: H ighar ten ace

tm lot. 2 A)J?·-.,..,...,. A12 8 B1

lB

821

loc.ll3

R

't .... i·

+ 1-+

't ·+ + + I·

em tcc.301 o.....,......,,.....,_

Flg. I Bfock

IOilS;a X

10YR7/6

S. NAGATSU!\i\ lcc.3Ql loc. 2 loc. 13 loc.3 fuk unaga MI. Ubusa., Oailu~u ji DJifukuii -Kil.ayama

loc. 1

toe. J toe.!) ern A11? 5YfW4 A12 5YR4iH A1 10 B! t>l Ql QIQ 5YA416 1J..v"'r.o.•

:l!:> d)!QI~'

!lz ;,;,t 5YR4;1:1 B! SYRSIS

'(J.'f4y "f

40 d'JH:J< I

~.r .. ;•( 11821 1'i..'fo\t,lo.i'

2.5YR416 82 ! t 1 I

7.5YR5iB ""r ... y'""r• . ' ' "-.,A #>

70·

IIC lOYR616 c

c

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STUDIES ON GENESIS AND CLASSIFICATION OF SOILS IN WARM-TEMPERATE REGION OF SOUTHWEST JAPAN !.

Sm above sea-level and comprise sand and gravel layer of rounded cherty gravels. Soils on the lower terraces are also yellowish brown in colour (Loc. 702, Udipsamment).

Granulometric and General Chemical Properties of Soils

Granulometric and general chemical properties of the representative soil profiles are shown in Table 2-3 and Table 4-5.

1) Granulometric composition : Soils on the hilly area abound in gravel and show fine gravelly or fine cherty nature throughout soil profiles. In the terrace area, gravel content of surface 40 to 50cm is much less in the soils on the higher terrace than in the soils on the middle and the lower terrace.

The textural classes of fine earth are gener· ally fine textured except the soil on the lower terrace, being light clay in the soils on the hilly area and the middle terrace, heavy clay in the soils on the higher terrace, respectively.

The silt·clay ratio in the uppermost horizon ranges from 0. 53 to 1. 15 in soils on the hilly, the middle and lower terrace area, whereas it lies in the neighborhood of 0. 4 in soils on the higher terrace. This may be considered to show that J{ed-Yellow soils on the higher terrace have suffered stronger weathering and longer wil formation than Yellow·Brown Forest liOil~ on the hilly area, the middle and lower terraces.

2) Organic matter content and base status : The distribution of soil organic matter in the profile shows a definite difference between Red· YelloW soils and Yellow-Brown (Forest) soils. Totnl carbon content of Yellow-Brown (Forest) 110

jJ$ (Loc· 1, 2, 3, 202, 9, 12 and 702) gradual· ly decreases from top to bottom of soil profile, whereas that of Red-Yellow soils (Loc. 13, 301 and 113) abruptly decreases to less than 1 % in the tower parts below A·horizon.

Oifference of parent rock strongly affects the base status of Yellow·Brown Forest soils in the hilly area. In the soils derived from basic igne· ou.s rocks (Loc. 1, 2 and 3) soil reaction is weakly acid to slightly acid (pH 5. 4-6. 8), and they show relatively low exchange acidity (1.1-8. 9), hydrolytic acidity (13. 7-31. 9) and high base saturation (more than 45. 7%). Whereas, the soils derived from chert (Loc. 202) show

158

extremely strong acid reaction (pH 4. 5-4. 7), high exchange acidity (32. 2-53. 6) and hydroly· tic acidity (30. 4-63. 8), and their degree of base saturation is very low (8. 5-29. 8%).

On the contrary, the effect of parent materi· al to the base status of Red-Yellow soils is far less. Red-Yellow soils on the higher terraces (Loc. 13 and 113) show strong acid reaction (pH 4. 7-5. 1), high exchange acidity (17. 0-38. 8) and hydrolytic acidity (26. 7-51. 3) irrespective of their parent material. Some effect of parent material is recognized only in the degree of base saturation.

In the Yellow·Brown soils on the middle and lower terraces (Loc. 9, 12 and 702), similar effect of parent material to basF. status as in the case of the Yellow·Brown Forest soils in the hilly area appears again, but th<> effect is less than in the former case. When the base status of the soils are compared in the sequence of similar parent rock, namely, in basic rock sequence and in chert sequence, it is observed that leaching and consequent acidification of soil increase in the order of the lower, the middle and the higher terrace.

Throughout all the soil samples, CEC value is higher in the soils derived from basic rocks (18. 5-43. 6 me) than in the soils from chert and clayslate (10. 0·23. 0 me). This is possibly due to the difference in clay mineralogical composition as will be discussed in the succeeding report.

Chemical Composition of Soils and Parent Rocks

The results of total chemical analysis of fine earths ( <2mm) and parent rocks are shown in Table 6 and Table 7.

SiO,: Al,O, molar ratio of Red-Yellow soils ranges from 2. 73 to 3. 64 in the basic rock sequence, while it ranges from 4. 71 to 5. 83 in the chert sequence. On the other hand, the ratio of Yellow·llrown (Forest) soils ranges from 3. 29 to 5. 50 in the basic rock sequence and is more than 9. 44 in the chert sequence.

This shows that Si01 : Al,Oa molar ratio of Red-Yellow soils is lower than that of Yellow· Drown (Forest) soils when compared in the similar parent rock sequeoce.

From the data of total chemical analysis shown in Table 6 and Table 7, an approximate quantitative estimation for total losses or gains

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Tab

le 2

. G

ranu

lom

etri

c co

mpo

siti

on o

f th

e so

il p

rofi

les

A.

Bas

ic r

ock

sequ

ence

-----------~---

Loc

alit

y G

raH

l Co:~r:;e

Fine

san

d S

ilt

Cb

y

and

Hor

izon

D

epth

(>

2c)

sa

nd

co. z

-o.o

2 (0

. 02-

(<0-

002

Tex

tura

l S

ilt/

Cla

y al

titu

de

(o

)

(2-0

.2

o:t)

0.

00

2c)

c)

clas

s ra

tio

c)

Yellow·Bro~Yn

For

est

soil

deri

\·cd

from

gab

bro

Loc.

2

_-\ n

/ r\"

0-

6 13

.8

4-9

25. 1

33

-6

36.4

L

iC

0.92

Sh

ould

ers l

ope

B,

6-18

51

.2

11.0

23

-6

3-t.

5 30

.8

LiC

1.

12

320m

B

:t

IS-

37

50.2

8.

0 IS

. I

31.6

42

.4

uc

o. 75

c

....

31-

-lO

50.3

16

.5

30-7

25

.6

27.2

L

iC

o.!

H

C:

40-

S5

29.8

13

.5

31.5

23

.2

32.0

L

iC

0.73

c,

85

-120

61

.5

40.8

30

-3

}3.8

15

.3

SC

L

0.90

Yel

low

·Bro

wn

For

est ~oil de

rive

d fr

om s

erpe

ntin

ized

gab

bro

Loc

. 1

A.

0-2

37-3

5-

1 17

.5

41.3

36

-0

LiC

1.

15

!-"

Bac

kslo

pe

A•

2-9

66.6

13

. 1

15.

I 37

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34.7

L

ie

I. 0

7 z

26

0m

B

C

9-

24

69.3

18

.1

17.4

37

.7

26.7

L

iC

}. 41

>

..... C

) <-.

. c

24-6

4 60

.6

16.7

21

.9

21.3

40

.2

LiC

0.

53

> <.

::)

'-l "'

Yel

low

-Bro

wn

For

est

soil

on R

ed·Y

cllo

w s

oil

c: :r.

Loc.

3

Au

/ A,

Lie

0.

85

> D

-10

39.1

10

.4

16.4

33

.7

39.5

H

eads

lope

B•

10

-25

43

.8

16.6

14

.6

30.4

38

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Lie

o.

79

JOm

n,

25

-40

41

. I

14.

1 16

.5

31.9

37

.5

Lie

0.

85

IIB

:t

4D-

70

33.3

7.

9 22

.9

20.9

48

.3

He

0.43

II

C

70-1

20

77.2

28

.8

20.6

17

.9

32.8

L

ie

0.55

Red

·Yel

low

soi

l de

rive

d fr

om h

ighe

r te

rrac

e se

dim

ent

Loc

. 13

r\

, o-

18

3.0

8.9

13.3

23

. I

5-1.

8 H

C

0.42

H

ighe

r te

rrac

e n.

18

-43

4.

7 15

.9

18.6

23

.8

41.7

L

ie

0.5

7

55m

B:

4

3-

&1

3-t.

4 17

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23.4

2·1

. 0

35.2

L

ie

0.68

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low

·Rro

wn

roil

der

ived

fro

m m

iddl

e te

rrac

e se

dim

ent

Loc

. 9

Au

o-5

52.0

21

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13.9

3-

l. 6

20. 1

L

ie

I. 1

5 ).

fidd

le t

erra

ce

.-\J:

5-

15

39.5

22

. 1

U.3

27

.3

36.3

L

ie

0.75

20

m

BC

15

-23

52

.8

27.5

15

.5

18.8

38

.2

LiC

0.

49

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Cfj

iab\

e 3.

G

ranu

\om

etri

c co

mpo

siti

on o

f th

e so

il pr

ofil

es

.; c: ~

1'1

B.

Che

rt s

eque

nce

!J] 0 z

Loc

alit

y G

rave

l C

oars

e Fi

ne s

and

Silt

C

lay

Cl

and

Hor

izon

D

epth

(>

211!

11)

sand

(0

.2-Q

.02

(0.0

2-(<

0.00

2 T

extu

ral

Sil

t/C

lay

1'1 z

alti

tude

(e

m)

(2-Q

.2

IDII)

0.

()()

2n)

IDII)

cl

ass

rati

o 1'1

IIID

) ~ "'

~---------

> Y

ello

w-B

row

n Fo

rest

soi

l de

rive

d fr

om c

hert

z 0

Loc.

202

A

, o-

3 46

.3

30.2

21

.9

20.2

27

.6

LiC

0.

73

0 t"'

Hil

l-to

p A

C

3-22

57

.4

31.3

17

.4

14.3

37

.0

LiC

0-

39

> "' 22

2m

en

:ij

()

Red

· Yel

l ow

soi

l de

rive

d fr

om c

hert

> .;

L

oc.

301

A,

o-17

33

.9

13.7

22

.2

22-1

42

.0

LiC

0-

53

0 ln

terf

luve

B

, 17

-53

39

.1

15.2

17

.9

28.6

38

.3

LiC

0.

75

z 45

m

c,

53-

85

62.6

10

.5

22.3

22

-5

44.7

L

iC

0.50

0 .., en

Red

-Yel

low

soi

l de

rive

d fr

om h

ighe

r te

rrac

e se

dim

ent

8 t"' en

-Lo

c. 1

13

0>

A,

o-2

15.8

10

.1

20.9

20

-0

49.0

H

C

0-41

z

0 H

ighe

r te

rrac

e A

, 2-

13

8.4

9.9

18.6

18

-8

52.7

H

C

0.36

30

m

B,,

13-

36

7.8

11.0

10

.1

19-6

59

.3

HC

0.

33

::;; > B

, 36

-63

10

.8

12.9

12

.1

19.6

55

.4

HC

0-

35

l<l

c 63

-13

.3

10-5

10

.5

21.7

57

.4

HC

0-

38

;;:: .:.; 1'1

Yel

low

-Bro

wn

soil

der

ived

fro

m m

iddl

e te

rrac

e se

dim

ent

;;:: '1:l

1'1

Loc.

12

A,

o-10

18

.5

19.1

13

.6

28.2

39

.1

LiC

0-

72

l<l >

Mid

dle

terr

ace

BC

to-

18

17.8

18

.0

13.3

28

.1

40.6

L

iC

0-69

.;

15m

c,

18

-40

16

.7

15.7

12

.8

29.4

42

.2

LiC

0-

70

trl l<l

IIC

, 4Q

-50

2.

3 4.

4 5.

0 36

.5

54.1

H

C

0-68

t'l

III C

. so

-no

26.4

21

.8

15.9

24

.2

38.2

L

iC

0-63

!;

) 0 IV

C.

no-

o.o

0.7

6.6

27.8

64

.9

HC

0-

43

z 0 .., Y

ello

w·B

row

n so

il d

eriv

ed f

rom

low

er t

erra

ce s

edim

ent

rn

0 Lo

c. 7

02

At

o-12

46

.2

73.8

16

.2

4.4

5.5

Leo

S o.s

o c: .;

Lo

wer

.:_ te

rrac

e B

C

12-

35

47.8

80

.3

12.0

2.

8 5.

0 L

eoS

0.56

:I:

5m

c

35-

60

32.3

92

.5

5.5

0.1

2.0

Leo

S 0.

05

::;; trl

U> .., > '1:l > z :-

Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Uni

vers

ity o

f W

est F

lori

da]

at 1

8:15

09

Oct

ober

201

4

Tab

le 4

. G

ener

al c

hem

iC31

pro

pert

ies

of t

he s

oil

prof

iles

A.

Bas

ic r

ock

sequ

ence

(o

n ov

en d

ry b

asis

)

Hor

izon

D

epth

T

otal

T

otal

C

/"X

pH

E

xch.

H

ydr.

C

EC

E

xcha

ngea

ble

cati

ons

(mc.-

/IOO

g)

Bns

e (c

::J)

-CC~o)

-X(~(,)

:u~idity

acidit~·

(me/

s:

ttura

· H

:O

KC

I (y

,)

(y,)

IO

Og)

C

a :\

(g

K

X a

Tot

al ti

on (%

)

Loc

. 2

Yel

low

·Bro

wn

Fore

st s

oil

derh

·ed

from

pb

bro

. (S

hrub

by p

ine·

ever

gre

en o

:tk f

ores

t)

Au/

A a=

o-

6 5.

21

0.24

21

.7

4.7

3.6

14.6

48

.6

28.7

6.

70

6.95

0.

33

0.33

14

.31

50

Ba

6-

IS

2.60

0.

16

16.3

5.

4 3.

9 8.

9 20

.1

22.9

6.

08

7.92

o.

15

0.35

1-

t.EO

63

B

:t

IS-

37

1.63

o.o

s 20

.4

5.9

4.2

:u

19.7

22

.9

6.2-

t 10

.79

0.07

0.

41

17.5

1 77

C

ar

37-

40

1.16

0.

03

33.7

6.

8 5.

3 2.

1 13

.8

27 .. 8

9.

05

16.6

7 o.o

s 0.

37

26.1

7 9-1

C

: 4o

-85

0.

58

0.03

19

.3

6.1

4.6

1.4

14. I

29

.2

8.6S

15

.27

0.12

0.

41

24.4

8 84

c.

85

-120

0.

50

0.02

25

.0

6.5

-t5

2.

5 13

.9

29.4

12

.53

18.5

3 0.

06

0.39

31

.51

107

Loc.

1

Yel

low

-Bro

wn

Fore

st s

oil

deri

ved

from

ser

pent

iniz

ed g

abbr

o. (

Shru

bby

pine

·box

for

est)

A•

o-

2 18

.14

0.65

27

.9

5.5

4.9

2.9

35~

43.6

17

. 16

17.6

6 0.

35

0.26

35

.H

81

!r.

• I

A a

2-

9 4.

67

0.23

20

.3

5.9

5.0

). 8

21

.0

20.5

6.

89

13.4

1 0.

22

0.34

20

.86

102

z > C)

B

C

9-2

4

2.29

0.

11

20.8

6.

1 5.

0 I.

1

19.8

2-

t.2

4. 7

6 15

.05

0.10

0.

30

20.2

1 84

::>

-c

24-

&I

I. 5

4 o.o

s 19

.3

6.·1

5.

2 I.

3

13.7

31

.5

4.96

21

.59

0.07

0.

33

26.9

5 E6

> ..

j U>

c: Lo

c. 3

Y

ello

w·B

row

n Fo

l'est

soi

l on

Red

·Yel

low

soi

l (P

ine·

oak

fore

st)

:>: >

Au

/Au

o

-10

4.

44

0.18

24

.6

5.3

4.0

3.6

31.9

20

.2

5.9S

4.

91

0.25

0.

20

11.3

4 56

B

a Jo

-25

1.

45

0.09

16

. I

5.2

3.9

7.8

29.3

IS

. 5

4.06

4.

06

0.09

0.

24

8.45

46

B

. 25

-40

0.64

o.o

.t 16

.0

5.6

3.9

6. I

23

.8

19.3

6.

17

9. 1

4 0.

08

0.23

15

.62

81

IIB:

t 4o

-70

0.

79

o.o.t

19.7

5.

7 4.

5 2.

1 16

.4

19.8

9.

30

8.25

0.

09

0.29

17

.93

91

IIC

io

-120

0.

21

0.03

7.

0 6.

5 4.

1

3.3

17.8

24

.9

26.0

3 13

.41

0.09

0.

34

39.8

7 16

0

Loc

.13

Red

-Yel

low

soi

l de

ri\·e

d fr

om h

ighe

r te

rrac

e se

dim

ent

(Oak

·Shi

i fo

l'e~

t \Y

ith p

ine)

A a

0-

18

1. &

t 0.

09

18.2

4.

9 3.

9 26

.4

38.4

19

.3

2.75

5.

18

o. 16

0.

30

8.39

44

B

a 18

-43

0.

62

0.04

15

.5

5.0

3.8

33.8

37

.4

19.5

2.

71

3.53

0.

09

0.51

6.

f!.t

35

B:

43-

&t

0.45

0.

03

15.0

5.

1

3.9

27.8

30

.5

20.2

3.

69

5. 4

1 0.

07

0.48

9.

65

48

Loc

. 9

Yel

low

·Bro

wn

soil

deri

ved

from

mid

dle

terr

ace

sedi

men

t (E

\'cr

gree

n sc

rub

wit

h oa

k)

Au

0-

5 4.

08

0.30

13

.6

5.6

4.2

8.2

37.2

22

.2

7.17

4.

91

o. 14

0.51

12

.73

57

Au

5-15

2.

60

0.17

15

.3

5.7

4.1

10.8

30

.0

19. 1

6.

67

5.74

0.

27

0.25

12

.93

68

BC

15

-23

1.

57

0.13

12

. 1

5.8

4.1

11.3

25

.8

20.3

5.

76

7.09

0.

20

o.::G

13

.41

(6

Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Uni

vers

ity o

f W

est F

lori

da]

at 1

8:15

09

Oct

ober

201

4

"' ..., c Ta

ble

5. G

ener

al c

hem

ical

pro

perti

es o

f th

e so

il pr

ofile

s E

I'

! "' B.

Che

rt se

quen

ce

(on

oven

dry

bas

is)

0 z ----~-----------~---~--------------~-~

C)

pH

Exc

h.

Hyd

r.

CE

C

Exc

hang

eabl

e ca

tion

s (m

e/lO

Og)

B

ase

t'l

Hor

izon

D

epth

T

otal

T

otal

C

/N

z ac

idit

y ac

idit

y (m

e/

satu

ra·

t'l

(Clll

) -C

(%)

-N(%

) U>

H,O

K

CI

(y,)

(y

,)

lOO

g)

Ca

Mg

K

N

a T

otal

tio

n (%

) u; >

~-~--------~

z Lo

c. 2

02

Yel

low

-Bro

wn

For

est

soil

deri

ved

from

che

rt (

Pine

·oak

for

est

wit

h fe

rn)

0 ()

At

0-11

o-

3 3.

34

30-4

4.

5 3.

7 53

.6

63.8

15

.8

0.73

0.

79

0.28

0-

36

2-16

14

t'"

' > A

C 3-

22

1.86

0.

08

23.3

4.

7 3.

7 35

.0

52.1

14

.7

0.30

0.

48

0.22

0-

23

1. 2

5 9

"' U> :;; Lo

c. 3

01

Red

·Yel

low

soi

l de

rive

d fr

om c

hert

(P

ine

fore

st w

ith

ever

gre

en s

crub

) ()

> A

t o-

17

1. 7

8 0.

10

17-8

4.

5 4.

4 32

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42.5

12

.7

1. 3

5 0.

33

0.28

0.

46

2-42

19

>-

l 0 B

• 17

-53

1.

01

0.06

16

.8

4.6

3.5

24.9

30

.4

10.5

1.

25

0.25

0.

33

0.41

2.

24

21

z c.

53

-85

0.

46

0.05

9.

2 4.

5 3.

6 37

.7

36.4

10

.7

2.52

o.

13

0.24

0.

30

3.19

30

0 ..,

Loc.

113

R

ed-Y

ello

w s

oil

deri

ved

from

hig

her

terr

ace

sedi

men

t (O

ak f

ores

t w

ith

bam

boo)

rn

0 r::

.... A

t o-

2 3.

41

0.23

14

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4.8

3.8

26.3

51

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16.6

0.

81

0.84

0-

48

0.46

2.

59

16

rn

0>

A•

2-

13

1.06

0.

08

13.3

4.

7 3-

8 28

.9

37.5

11

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0-23

0.

42

0.23

0.

40

1.28

11

z

N

Brt

13

-36

0.

51

0.06

8-

5 5.

0 3.

9 26

.5

31.6

10

.5

0-23

0.

34

o. 13

0.

31

1-01

10

"'

Bs

36-

63

0.42

0.

05

8.4

5.1

3-9

22.5

28

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10.0

0.

26

0.37

o.

10

0.23

0.

96

10

> !:0

c 63

-0-

33

0.05

6

-6

5.1

4.0

17.0

26

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9.6

0-26

0.

42

0-14

0.

43

1.05

11

;:: "-! ""

Yel

low

·Bro

wn

soil

deri

ved

from

mid

dle

terr

ace

sedi

men

t (S

catt

ered

pin

e fo

rest

) L

oc.

12

;::

At

o-10

1.

77

0.11

16

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5.3

3.8

14.7

30

.9

12.2

3.

17

0-82

0-

29

0.15

4-

43

36

~

!:0

BC

to

-18

1.

26

0.09

14

.0

5.5

3.8

11.6

27

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11.6

4.

23

0.29

0.

12

0-11

4-

75

41

> >-l

Ct

18-

40

1.24

()

.()6

20-7

5.

1 3.

7 25

.0

35-0

11

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1.71

0.

64

0-08

0.

17

2-60

23

""

nc.

40

-50

0.

32

0.03

10

.7

4.9

3.6

69.3

86

.0

21.7

1.

20

1. 2

5 0.

07

0.15

2-

67

12

!:0

mc.

50-l

iO

0.38

0.

03

12.7

5.

0 3.

8 34

. 1

47-6

14

.7

I. 2

9 0-

35

0-05

o.

23

1-92

13

M

c;J

IVC

. uo

-0.

20

0.03

6.

7 76

.5

23.0

1.

80

2.16

o.o

s o.

12

4. 1

6 18

0 z

Loc.

702

Y

ello

w·B

row

n so

il de

rive

d fr

om l

ower

ter

race

sed

imen

t (w

aste

lan

d w

ith

wee

ds)

0 .., o-

12

2-6

6

0.17

6.

8 6.

3 0.

2 12

.0

7.6

5-09

2-

64

0-26

0.

02

8-01

10

5 (J

)

A•

15-6

0

BC

12

-35

2

-33

0-

12

19.4

6.

0 s.o

0

.5

18.7

5.

4 2-

81

0.55

0-

17

0-03

3-

56

€6

c: "-i

c.

35

-60

()

.52

0.02

26

.0

6.1

4.7

1. 0

13-0

1.

6 0.

57

o. 17

0-

07

0-02

0.

83

52

:c :;;

·--~--------~-----~ -----------

"" U>

>-l .... > .., > z ~

Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Uni

vers

ity o

f W

est F

lori

da]

at 1

8:15

09

Oct

ober

201

4

Tab

le 6

. T

otal

ana

lyse

s of

fin

e ea

rth

frac

tion

( <

2=

)

.-\.

Bas

ic r

ock

sequ

ence

(p

er c

ent

on i

gnit

ed m

atte

r)

-----------

Hor

izon

:\

lola

r ra

tios

D

epth

Si

O:

TiO

: .-\

1,0,

F

e,O

, :\I

nO

CaO

:\I

gO

Xa:O

K

:O

P,o.

Tot

al

(o

)

SiO

: Si

O:

Fe:O

, -xc

o; -R-

-;o--;-

AJ,

O,

---··

----

-·-·

Loc.

2

Yel

low

-Dro

wn

Fore

st s

oil

deri

,·ed

from

gab

bro

Au

/A.:

0-

6 .tS

. 56

}. 9

.1 Is

.. ;;o

16

.20

o. 1

3 4.

09

9.25

].

27

0.42

0-

37

100-

73

-l-4

6 2.

87

0-56

D

:c

18-

37

47.8

2 1.

58

21. 6

-t IS

. OS

0.07

2.

&8

s. 21

I.

01

0.24

0.

24

101.

57

3.75

2.

45

0.53

c.

85

-120

46

. 7-t

0.9.

1 U

.ll

15.3

8 0-

24

-1.0

0 7 .

.t5

1.58

o.

18

0.11

10

0-73

3-

29

2.3-

l 0.

41

Roc

k 4S

. 98

0.59

19

.12

9.05

0.

13

13.6

2 7.

01

2. 5

6 o

.II

o. 0

-l 10

1. 2

1 -l-

35

2. 7

8 o.

so

Loc

. 1

Yel

low

-Bro

wn

Fore

st s

oil

deri

\·ed

from

ser

pent

iniz

ed g

abbr

o

At

2-9

-13.

51

1.33

19

.7-1

17

.66

0-31

6.

96

g. 1

6 0.

83

0 .,- ·=

0-

26

too.

o1

3. 7

4 2.

37

0.57

B

C

9-24

38

.29

1. 2

6 IS

. 17

26.6

2 o .

.t7

5.05

10

-~0

o. 9

.1 0.

24

0-32

10

1.86

3.

58

1.85

0.

9.1

c 2-

t-61

37

-24

l.OS

15. 1

6 32

. .jJ

0-

-17

2. 4

4 11

. 19

o . .;

g 0-

13

o. 1

8 10

0-79

3.

58

I. 7

6 1.

36

!"

Roc

k 41

.10

0.35

5-

93

17.Z

8 o.z

o 2.

31

31. 1

0 o.

o9

o.oi

0-

02

98.-1

9 II

. 72

4. 1

0 1.

88

z > ....

"' C

>

Loc

. 3

Yel

lo\\

··Bro

wn

Fore

st !

'Oil

on R

eel-

Yel

low

soi

l >

w

...;

_j;,u

/A•:

"'

0-

10

51. 1

6 2.

53

fO. 6

1 19

-37

0-37

I.

35

3.67

0-

99

o. 1

6 0-

20

100.

41

4-21

2.

61

0.60

c

B:

25-

40

47.9

5 2.

62

22.9

7 21

. 12

0-26

}.

:29

3-65

1.

57

o. 2-

1 o.

19

101-

86

3. S

.l 2.

21

0.59

:;r,

> li

B,,

40-

70

-16.

05

? -?

-:>

-28

. 12

22.2

8 0.

09

0.47

1.

85

0.26

0.

13

o. 1

2 10

1.99

2.

78

}. 8-

1 0.

51

IIC

7o

-120

.J

S.02

2.

13

22.3

8 20

-14

o.:;

6 2-

76

4.45

I.

04

0. I

I o.

1·1

101.

53

3. 6

-l 2.

31

0.57

R

ock

49.7

4 I.

6-l

17. I

I J.l

. ~s

0.29

S.

.II

6.42

2.

32

0.02

o.

10

100.

73

.j.9

3 3.

16

0.56

Loc.

13

R

ed-Y

ello

w s

oil

deri

Hd

from

hig

her

terr

:;ce

sed

imen

t

A,

0-IS

42

.05

2. 7

3 26

. u

24-1

6 0.

35

0.26

2.

44

0.29

o.

13

0-21

9S

. 76

2.73

1-

72

0.59

B

, Is

-· .t

3 42

.91

2.46

25

.28

24.1

2 0.

31

0.35

2-

89

0.23

o.

13

o. 1

4 93

-82

2-88

}.

79

0-61

B

: -1

3-6-1

12

-EO

2.

24

26-0

6 23

-84

0.31

0.

62

3.28

0-

46

0.09

o.

14

99-8

-1

2. 7

9 1.

76

0.58

c

6-l-

·14. 9

2 2.

00

22-4

9 :z

o.:::

o 0.

52

2.37

5.

<!0

0.91

o.

10

0.11

99

.12

3.39

2.

15

0.57

Lot".

9

Yel

low

·Bro

wn

soil

deri

\"ed

fro

m m

iddl

e te

rrac

e se

dim

ent

An

o-5

S.l.

66

2.37

16

.87

15.9

1 0.

09

3.26

5.

49

I. 7

8 0.

40

0.33

10

1. 1

6 5.

50

3-43

0-

41

BC

15

-23

51

. ;56

2.

37

17-9

1 17

.02

0.02

3.

41

5.89

1.

11

0.33

o

.zt

99.8

6 4.

89

3.03

0.

61

c 23

-46

.42

2. 1

4 21

. EO

IS. 1

2 0.

53

2. 7

4 5.

39

0 95

0.

57

o. 1

9 98

.85

3.61

2.

36

0.53

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lb "" c

Tab

le 7

. T

otal

ana

lyse

s of

fin

e ea

rth

frac

tion

( <

2u

) E 1>1

(J

)

B.

Che

rt

sequ

ence

(p

er c

ent

on i

gnit

ed m

atte

r)

0 z Cl

Mol

ar r

atio

s 1>1

z H

oriz

on

Dep

th

SiO

z T

iOz

Al,O

s F

e,O

, M

nO

CaO

M

gO

Na,

O

K,O

Pz

Os

Tot

al

1>1

(J)

(em

) S

iO,

SiO

z F

e,o

, iii

AI.O~

-R..

o,

Al,

O,

> z ------

----

0 Lo

c. 2

02

Yel

low

-Bro

wn

For

est

soil

deri

ved

from

che

rt

0 t"'

A,

o-3

76.7

8 1.

37

12.5

2 6.

73

0.24

0.

24

1.15

0.

68

1.38

0.

29

101.

38

10-4

1 7.

75

0.34

> rn

AC

3-

22

74.0

6 1.

39

13.3

2 6.

72

0.12

0.

21

1. 0

5 0.

63

1. 56

0.

28

99.3

4 9.

44

0.50

(fl

6. 26

:;; 0

Loc.

301

Red

-Yel

low

soi

l de

rive

d fr

om c

hert

> >-

l

A,

o-17

62

.80

1. 41

20

.52

10-7

9 0-

02

o. 14

1.

08

0.07

1.

66

0.18

98

.67

5. 19

3.

41

0.53

0 z

Bz

17-

53

63.9

5 1

.24

21

.26

9-62

0-

04

o. 17

1.

06

0.07

1.

76

0-13

99

.30

5.11

3.

51

0.45

0

c.

53-

85

62.7

6 1.

05

22.6

2 9.

21

0.02

0.

08

1. 16

0.

03

2.47

0.

07

99 4

7 4.

71

3.35

0.

41

'"'1

c.

85-1

40

74.7

7 0.

61

16.5

0 4.

01

0.24

0.

08

0.90

0.

03

1. 81

0.

01

98.9

6 7.

69

6. 19

0.

24

rn

0 R

ock

96.2

9 o.o

s 2.

05

2.08

0.

07

0.08

0.

44

0.01

0.

19

0.01

10

1.30

79

.71

40.0

8 1.

00

r: rn

... 0)

z ~

Loc.

113

R

ed-Y

ell o

w s

oil

deri

ved

from

hig

her

terr

ace

sedi

men

t :;;

A,

o-2

67.5

6 1.

48

19.6

8 8.

75

0.02

0.

15

1.23

o.

16

0.91

0-

26

100-

20

5.83

4.

03

0.45

> :0

B

zt

13-

36

63.2

1 1.

33

22. 1

5 10

.15

0.03

0.

09

1.20

0.

09

1.54

o.

11

99-9

0 4.

84

3.32

0.

46

i':

c 63

-61

.73

I. 21

23

.04

10.5

4 0.

06

0.18

1.

10

0-06

1.

66

o. 18

99-7

6 4.

55

3.12

0-

46

."..j

1>1

i':

Loc.

12

Yel

low

-Bro

wn

soil

der

ived

fro

m m

iddl

e te

rrac

e se

dim

ent

"' M :0

At

o-10

79

. 18

0.94

13

.29

5.65

0-

02

0.08

0.

91

o. 10

0.

84

0.08

10

1.09

10

.11

7.12

0.

42

> >-l

BC

to

-18

77.7

9 1.

26

13.8

8 5.

93

0.05

o.o

s 0.

90

0.09

0.

91

o. 13

10

1 02

9

51

6.68

0.

43

M

c.

18-

40

78.2

4 0.

87

13.3

4 5.

67

0-01

o.

17

o. 74

o.o

s 0-

86

0.04

10

0-02

9.

95

6.97

0-

43

:0

M '"'

Loc.

702

Yel

low

-Bro

wn

soil

deri

ved

from

low

er t

erra

ce s

edim

ent

0 z A

I o-

12

92.0

5 0.

28

2.65

0.

97

o. 15

0.

55

0-49

0.

83

0.75

0-

21

98.9

3 58

.95

42.5

8 0-

38

0 '"'1

BC

12

-35

95

.22

0.54

2.

25

0-96

0-

01

0.57

0.

32

0.82

0.

52

o. 17

10

1. 38

71

.82

51. 1

3 0-

41

Ul

c 3

5-6

0

92.8

1 o.

15

2. 2

9 1.

15

0-02

0-

64

0-40

1.

24

0.76

o.

15

99-6

1 68

.78

46.8

2 0-

50

0 c >-l :r:

:;;

M en

>-l ;;: "' > z !"'

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S. NAGATSUKA

Tnhle 8. Mi•ternlogicnl compos ilion of fine snnd fraction (0. 2-0. 05n) (% by grnin·counl)

" I .I • 1"'\1 ! Ill ~ .. *

., ..... l I) u

" .. c .,_

::1 ~ ;; " ...~ Ill .. 1 ;; .. c::·- "0 :a c:: u·ooe""'' .. I "' e Ui ..

j: .., i ~ ~

.. .. Q .~

.. " ~ " :.., ~ Co c .. ~ ..r:: tO

= ~ ... "0 Locnl· ·a " c 0 ;; .!! ·;:: ·;::

·~ 1-g; .. 0 Q ·s .... c Horizon C" 8 .1:: 0 't'c 0 . ~ .. u ... .. n ily .. ... ;; - .., ·a ... ,g .. .. ..c E :c "

~ .. c ::1 ~ iS :.: ·- I) ·- = .. -s .., (.,) ..!!

~ 0 N 0 .. -( (.,) c 0 it·;;; -; CJ 3 .!! " " ;.

E .. ;.,

t 5 C1 !:! c E-- :X: ~ - .. ~ 0 Clo 'Clo ..Q (ii :c E IV ~ > .::: ~ 8l I .(

A. Dosie rock sequence Au/ Au ~I 4 + 4 + 13 + 2 19 4 1 28 25 Loc, 2 Ih 4 + 7 10 1 1 12 5 1 27 32 llu 15 1 t 2 + + 5 + 3 13 ., + 23 49 Cus 5 2 + + + + + + 4 + + 36 58 Ca 4 + + 1 + 1 + 7 + + 57 3-1 c. 5 1 + + + + + + + 8 29 62

Ao , 16 + 4 + + 10 4 8 10 + 6 21 20 1 Loc. 1 A, 24 + 3 + + 10 3 10 4 + 5 2 26 13 nc 73 33 + 3 + + 7 2 16 5 3 1 19 11 c 8 31 + 2 + + 11 6 25 2 + + 15 8 Au/ Au 3\YI 1 + + 18 + + + 21 3 3 7 41 l.oc, 3 lh 31 1 + 8 + 26 5 + 13 .\7 lh 3!) 1 + + 10 + + + 20 3 + 9 57 JIB,, 9l + + + 3 ·I- 12 8 77

Lnc.J31 At 101 2 + + + + 2 18 3 21 1 1 2 -10 G + + n, sl + + ·1- + + 1 6 3 + 16 + 2 + 42 28 + :! n, 9, 1 + + + 2 4 1 + 17 + 41 26 2 G

Loc. 9j Au 29' 3 + + 1 5 + + + 16 14 2 2 + 11 3-1 6 1· nc :10! 2 + + 5. + + + 11 1 3 2 + 26 :19 s + n. Chert scltllcnce

Loc. 1 AC I ~ 1 41 20 4 202 2 3 14 4 5

J.oc. I A, l ~ + 5 5 + 3 37 48 301 lh + 4 3 + 1 50 ·12 c, 2 31 67

Loc. I A, l 11 of· + + + + + + 4 + 31 6 + 2 4 21 25 1 113 n,, + + + + + + + 1 + 29 2 + 2 5 35 26 + c + .+ + + + :H + + 2 7 30 25 .,

"' At 1 + + + + + 1 + + 23 3 1 + 52 20 Loc.12 c, + + + + + + + 2 + 1 1 22 2 1 + 1 ·18 20 :! liC, 1 + + + + 5 + 1 2 13 1 ·1- '2 + 49 25 o) me, -2 ·I· + + + + 5 + 8 3 + 29 18 25 12 Loc. I A, I ~ + ·1- + + + + + + + lot 13 21 3 + + 1 2t 19 ., 702 uc + ·I· + + + + + + 19 9 30 + + 2 26 1-1 +

• : Weight perccnta.Cil o{ heavy rcllicluc (>2. 80 S.G.) in the fine :mnd frnction + : J.e11s tltnn 1%,

165

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STUDIES ON GENESIS AND CLASSIFICATION OF SOILS IN WARM-TEMPERATE REGION OF SOUTHWEST JAPAN I.

Gains (%)

+50()1

+400

+300

+200

+100

0

-20

-40

-60

(Loc. 1) (Loc. 2) (Loc. 3),; (Loc. 301)

-so -------- ____ ... _________ --------------- ---------100

(~) Losses

Yellow-Brown Forest Soils Yellow-Brown Forest Soil on. Red-Yellow Soil

Red-Yellow Soil

Fig. 2. Percentage losses or gains of chemical constituents from solum.

cJ each chemical constituent from parent rock was cnrried out, using the calculation method proposed by NIKJFOROFF and DROSDOFF (21).

In this case it was assumed that Ti02 is least likely to be moved. In the application of the method to the soils in question, it is, first of all, necessary to confirm that the soils have been developed from a relatively uniform parent materinl. The relative uniformity was affirmed on the basis of mineralogical composition of fine sand fraction (Table 8).

The percentage loss or gain of each constitu­ent from the parent rock is shown in Fig. 2. Fig. 2 shows that more than 80% of SiO., MnO, CaO, 1\!gO have been lost in Red-Yellow soils, wberens in Yellow-Brown Forest soils, though alkaline earths have been lost by more than 80%, the percentage losses of SiO, and MnO are far less than those of alkaline earths. The gains of Na,O, K,O and P.O, may partly due to the analytical errors, because the contents of these constituents are very little, and partly due to accumulation in top soil by biological cycle.

From the above result it may be considered that the Red-Yellow soil has suffered strong

166

desilication and leaching of bases but desilica­tion is very weak in the Yellow-Brown Forest soils.

It is difficult to carry out the estimation for the soils derived from terrace sediments, since the parent rocks from which the terrace sedi· ments derived are not determined, but from the comparison of chemical composition and Si01 :

Al,O, molar ratio it may be assumed that the Red-Yellow soils on the higher terraces have suffered strong desilication and leaching, while the Yellow-Brown soils on the middle and lower terraces have suffered only leaching and not desilication.

Discussion and Conclusion

The soil distribution pattern of the surveyed area shows a cyclic development of soil as illustrated in Fig, 3 which corresponds to the geomorphological development of the area. That is, Red·Yellow soils are widespread on older ground surface (on the higher terrace) or occur as a buried soil locally at foothill which is covered by colluvial mantle from

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S. NAGATSTJKA

0 2km ~-. __ ....._ __ ,_J

Fig. 3. Schematic representation of the relationship hctwecnsoil distrilmtion nnd topography.

1. Mull, 2. Santi. 3. Snntl nnd ~rnvcl, 4. Gravel, 5. Cherty grnvcl, 6. Weathered grnvel, 1. Red Wt!nthcring crust, 8. Colluvial .!eposit, 9. Hnsic rocks, 10. Chert nml clny slntc, . YU: Ycllow·Brown (Forest) Roil, RY: Red·Ycllow soil, YB/RY: Ye\low·Brown Forest so1l

upslope. On the other hand, Yellow·Urown Porcst soils develop resitlually from fresh rocl< on riu~e nml lmcl<slopc or, mon~ commonly, from co\luvin\ mantle on the hacltslopcs. Y c\low· Brown soils n\so occur on youn~er terraces lil<c the middle nne\ lower terraces.

This soil distribution pattern gives an evidence that it is interpretctl hy the concept of K·cyclc proposed hy D. E. BUTLim (22), thnt is dcfinccl as the interval of time coverin~ the formation, by erosion nnd/or deposition, of n new landscape surface, the period of development of the soils on that surface, and ending with the renewal of erosion and/or deposition on that surfucc.

The stepped cr)astal terrace!! nrc hclicvetl to have been resulted from the glacin\ custnsy nntl nlso from up·tihing n£ the hintcr!antl since the post·Yuznniinn n~e, enr\y Pleit~tocenc, us men· tione<l tmwiously in Chapter 2. Anll the micldle terrncc sediments with estuarine deposit in Tolmi region inclutling the study nrcn consid· cretl to hnve been iormec\ during Shimosueyoshi transgression which prohahly corresponds to Hi11s·WUrm intcrglneinl (8). Therefore, the following historical process may he suggested in rcl{arcl to the genesis of soils in the terrain.

!n n transgression nge· (prohahly in the Shi· mostteyoshi corresponcling to Wss·WUrm inter• glncinl) when the middle terrace 11lnin sediment was still under suh·nqucous or semHcrrcstrin\ condition, Ued·Yellow soils had llccn developed on the hilly und the higher tcrmce nrea thnt hntl nlrcady emerged from under sen level,

on Rcd·Ycllow soil.

under warmer climatic condition o£ thnt thm.~. In the subsequent re~ression age, the middle

terrace surface emerged, while most of Ret\· Yell ow ~>oils on hill slope were lost by the in ten· sHied erosion due to the lowcrin~ of sea lc\'d. The weathered red clny layer that is intermit· tcntly ohservcd beneath the micldlc termcc surface deposit mny indicate the sediment of thnt time. On the other hand, Rcd·Ycllow soil$ on the higher terrace were retained under relntivcly stable geomorpholo~ical conditions.

During the stnble stngc in the transgression that Co\\owcd the preceding regression, soil forming process hc~un to operate on newly exposed grouml surface which mny hnve tlc\'d• oped Y ellow·Brown (Forest) soils. Y e\low• Brown soils on the lower terrace might h:wt heen formed in the similar process of minor fluctuation o£ sea level.

The fnct mentioned previously thnt wenthcr· ing nnd lcnc)Jing arc by fnr ndvanced in }{L'cl·

Yellow soils than in Ycllow·Brown (Forest) soils may support this assumption.

Here arises, however, n question whether the difference between Rcd·Yc\low soils 1md Yellow· Brown (Forest) soils is due \o the differci\Cl' o{ timll in which the same soi\ forming procc:>s has Ollernted or there is essential difference between the soil forming process which dc\·cl· oped Rctl·Y ell ow soils nntl thut' which fornw<l Y ellow·Brown (Forest) soi's.

167

The result referring to losses. or gains of chemical constituents from solum._(Fig. 2) showll

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STUDIES ON GENESIS AND CLASSIFICATION OF SOILS IN WARM-TEMPERATE REGION OF SOUTHWEST JAPAN I.

that Red·Yellow soils have suffered strong desilication as well as leaching of bases, whereas Yellow·Drown Forest soils have suffered only strong leaching of bases. On the basis of this fact. it is reasonable to consider that the strong desilication that had operated in the process of Red-Yellow soil formation has weakened or ceased in the process of Yellow-Brown (Forest) soil formation, therefore, there exists essential difference between the soil forming processes of both soils.

From the above results and reasoning, the following conclusions may be reached in regard to soil genesis of the area.

1. The distribution pattern of Red-Yellow 50ilS and Yellow-Brown (Forest) soils in the surveyed area has a close correlation to the cyclic development of topography resulted from glacial eustasy and also from up-tilting of the hinterland during the Quaternary.

2. On the basis of the results about the migration of chemical constituents in soil, it is concluded that the strong desilication operated in the process of Red-Yellow soil formation has weakened or ceased in the process of Yellow· Brown (Forest) soil formation, therefore, these is an essential difference between the soil form· iog processes of Red-Yellow soils and Yellow· Drown (Forest) soils.

3. Red·Yellow soils are considered to be palaeosol which had developed during *e transgression in middle Pleistocene (probably in Riss· WUrm interglacial) and occur as buried tOils or relic soils.

4. Yellow-Brown (Forest) soils are considered 10 be younger soils that have been formed tince the transgression in mid· and late­Pleistocene probably after WUrm.

Summary

The soil distribution pattern on diluvial terraces nnd hilly areas in the vicinity of Lake 1 Ia.mnna in Tokai region along the Pacific Coast of Southwest Japan shows a close corre· lation to the cyclic development of topography. Red-Yellow soils occur as buried soil or relic 10jJ on Joothills or on the higher terraces of mid·Pleistocene. On the other hand, Yellow· Brown (Forest) soils develop on 'llpper hillslopes or on the middle and lower terraces which were

'168

formed later than mid-Pleistocene. Analytical results relating to migration of

majour chemical constituents showed that desilication as well as leaching of bases are very strong in Red·Yellow soils, whereas desili­cation in Yellow-Brown (Forest} soils is very weak. Therefore, it is assumed that there exists an essential difference between the soil forming processes which produced Red-Yellow soils and those which have developed Yellow· Brown (Forest) soils and are still now prevailing in the region.

Acknowledgement

The author is grateful to Assistant Professor, Dr. Y. KATO, Shizuoka University, for his invaluable guidance in geological and mineralog· ical study in the field. Thanks are equally due to Dr. Y. MATSUZAKA, Head of the 4th Labora· tory of Soil Survey, National Institute of Agri· cultural Sciences, for his helpful advice and encouragement. The author is indebted to Dr. Y. IW ASA and Mr. M. MITSUCIII, for their invaluable discussions and critical commentaries on the manuscript.

References

1) SEKI, T.: Dodenkarte Gro,B-Japans 1 : 5 Millionen (1930) cited from KRISCHE, P.: Ernahr. d. P/lanze, 3-i, 198 (1938)

2) NRS, SCAP, GHQ: NRS Report No. 110-A-No. 110-1 (1948-1951)

3) KANNO, 1.: Rap. VIe Congr. Int. Sci. Sol, E, 99 (1956)

4) KAMOSHITA, Y.: Misc. Publ. B. No. 5, Natl. lnst. Agr. Sci. JaPan (1958)

5) OHMASA, M., KUROTORI, T. and KtDACHI, M.: Forest Soils of JaPan, Rept. 8, Govt. For11sl E:t. St., Tokyo (1957)

6) KUROTORI, T. and 0HMASA, M.: ibid., Rept, 13 (1963)

7) KIDACHI, M. and OHMASA, M.: ibid., Rept. U (1963)

8) MATSUI, T. and I<ATO, Y.: The Quat~~rnary Research, 2. 161 0962)

9) MA, Y. C. and WEN, C. W.: Acta Pedolozica Sinica, 6, 157 (1958)

10) ENOO, K.: Pedologist, 10, 2 (1966) 11) GERRASSIMOV, I. P.: Pochvovedenie, No. 7, 69

(1959) 12) NAGATSUKA, S.: Pedologist, 11, 98 (1967) 13) KTAGES, K. H. W.: Ecological Crop Geography,

Macmillan Co. 307-314 (1951)

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NAGATSUKA

1\!HA, T.: A new clnssiiicntion eastern Asia ns the hasis for

Hem. Inst. Univ.,

of climate in

15) KmA, T.: New classification of climates in Hort. lnst. Southeast Asia uml Western

Univ., 16) SUZUKI, T.: !lfidori, 2, 4 17) SUZUI<l, T.: Research Bull. Foe. Lib. Arts,

Oito Uttiv. 2 (Nut. 23

18) lsmn, H.: Bull. Geol. S~trv. 9, 77 19) Tsucm, R.: ]otsr. Geol. Gcogr., 3!'! .. !57

0961) 20) U. S. D. A.:

System (7th 21) NlKlFOROFI', C. C. and DROSDOFF, M.: Soil Sri.,

55, 459; 56, 43 (1913) 22) BUTLER, B. E.: C. S. /. R. 0. At4st. Soil Pt1hl.

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