STUDIES OF GASTRIC MOTILITY IN HEALTHY HUMANS … · Ahmed, A.B., Gilja, O.H., Gregersen, H., Odegaard, S. and Matre, K. (2006). ... 'Influence of intrapyloric botulinum toxin injection

Studies of Gastric Motility in Health and Diabetes

A thesis submitted by

Julie Eva Stevens

For the Degree of

Doctor of Philosophy

Discipline of Medicine

University of Adelaide

May 2009

Chapter 12

185

12Chapter 12REFERENCES

(1993). 'The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and

progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes

mellitus. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group.' N

Engl J Med 329(14): 977-986.

(1998). 'Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared

with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2

diabetes (UKPDS 33). UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group.'

Lancet 352(9131): 837-853.

Abell, T.L., Van Cutsem, E., Abrahamsson, H., Huizinga, J.D., Konturek, J.W.,

Galmiche, J.P., VoelIer, G., Filez, L., Everts, B., Waterfall, W.E., Domschke,

W., Bruley des Varannes, S., Familoni, B.O., Bourgeois, I.M., Janssens, J. and

Chapter 12

186

Tougas, G. (2002). 'Gastric electrical stimulation in intractable symptomatic

gastroparesis.' Digestion 66(4): 204-212.

Abell, T.L., Bernstein, R.K., Cutts, T., Farrugia, G., Forster, J., Hasler, W.L.,

McCallum, R.W., Olden, K.W., Parkman, H.P., Parrish, C.R., Pasricha, P.J.,

Prather, C.M., Soffer, E.E., Twillman, R. and Vinik, A.I. (2006). 'Treatment

of gastroparesis: a multidisciplinary clinical review.' Neurogastroenterol

Motil 18(4): 263-283.

Abell, T.L., Camilleri, M., Donohoe, K., Hasler, W.L., Lin, H.C., Maurer, A.H.,

McCallum, R.W., Nowak, T., Nusynowitz, M.L., Parkman, H.P., Shreve, P.,

Szarka, L.A., Snape, W.J., Jr. and Ziessman, H.A. (2008a). 'Consensus

recommendations for gastric emptying scintigraphy: a joint report of the

American Neurogastroenterology and Motility Society and the Society of

Nuclear Medicine.' Am J Gastroenterol 103(3): 753-763.

Abell, T.L., Camilleri, M., Donohoe, K., Hasler, W.L., Lin, H.C., Maurer, A.H.,

McCallum, R.W., Nowak, T., Nusynowitz, M.L., Parkman, H.P., Shreve, P.,

Szarka, L.A., Snape, W.J., Jr. and Ziessman, H.A. (2008b). 'Consensus

recommendations for gastric emptying scintigraphy: a joint report of the

American Neurogastroenterology and Motility Society and the Society of

Nuclear Medicine.' J Nucl Med Technol 36(1): 44-54.

Abid, S. and Lindberg, G. (2007). 'Electrogastrography: poor correlation with antro-

duodenal manometry and doubtful clinical usefulness in adults.' World J

Gastroenterol 13(38): 5101-5107.

Ahluwalia, N.K., Thompson, D.G., Mamtora, H., Troncon, L., Hindle, J. and Hollis,

S. (1994). 'Evaluation of human postprandial antral motor function using

ultrasound.' Am J Physiol 266(3 Pt 1): G517-522.

Ahmed, A.B., Gilja, O.H., Gregersen, H., Odegaard, S. and Matre, K. (2006). 'In vitro

strain measurement in the porcine antrum using ultrasound doppler strain rate

imaging.' Ultrasound Med Biol 32(4): 513-522.

Chapter 12

187

Aitken, J.M. and Dunnigan, M.G. (1969). 'Insulin and corticoid response to

intravenous fructose in relation to glucose tolerance.' Br Med J 3(5665): 276-

277.

Akkermans, L.M., Jacobs, F., Smout, A.J., Oei, H.Y. and Wittebol, P. (1984).

'Radionuclide measurement of normal and disturbed gastric motility.' Scand J

Gastroenterol Suppl 96: 19-26.

Arts, J., Caenepeel, P., Verbeke, K. and Tack, J. (2005). 'Influence of erythromycin

on gastric emptying and meal related symptoms in functional dyspepsia with

delayed gastric emptying.' Gut 54(4): 455-460.

Arts, J., van Gool, S., Caenepeel, P., Verbeke, K., Janssens, J. and Tack, J. (2006).

'Influence of intrapyloric botulinum toxin injection on gastric emptying and

meal-related symptoms in gastroparesis patients.' Aliment Pharmacol Ther

24(4): 661-667.

Arts, J., Holvoet, L., Caenepeel, P., Bisschops, R., Sifrim, D., Verbeke, K., Janssens,

J. and Tack, J. (2007). 'Clinical trial: a randomized-controlled crossover study

of intrapyloric injection of botulinum toxin in gastroparesis.' Aliment

Pharmacol Ther 26(9): 1251-1258.

Asakawa, H., Onishi, M., Hayashi, I., Fukuda, A. and Tokunaga, K. (2005).

'Comparison between coefficient of R-R interval variation and gastric

emptying in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients.' J Gastroenterol Hepatol 20(9):

1358-1364.

Avill, R., Mangnall, Y.F., Bird, N.C., Brown, B.H., Barber, D.C., Seagar, A.D.,

Johnson, A.G. and Read, N.W. (1987). 'Applied potential tomography. A new

noninvasive technique for measuring gastric emptying.' Gastroenterology

92(4): 1019-1026.

Chapter 12

188

Aylett, P. (1962). 'Gastric emptying and change of blood glucose level, as affected by

glucagon and insulin.' Clin Sci 22: 171-178.

Azpiroz, F. and Malagelada, J.R. (1985a). 'Physiological variations in canine gastric

tone measured by an electronic barostat.' Am J Physiol 248(2 Pt 1): G229-237.

Azpiroz, F. and Malagelada, J.R. (1985b). 'Intestinal control of gastric tone.' Am J

Physiol 249(4 Pt 1): G501-509.

Azpiroz, F. and Malagelada, J.R. (1987). 'Gastric tone measured by an electronic

barostat in health and postsurgical gastroparesis.' Gastroenterology 92(4):

934-943.

Baggio, L.L. and Drucker, D.J. (2007). 'Biology of incretins: GLP-1 and GIP.'

Gastroenterology 132(6): 2131-2157.

Barnett, A.H. (2008). 'New treatments in type 2 diabetes - a focus on the incretin-

based therapies.' Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) Epub ahead of print.

Barnett, J.L. and Owyang, C. (1988). 'Serum glucose concentration as a modulator of

interdigestive gastric motility.' Gastroenterology 94(3): 739-744.

Basque, J.-R., Noritake, M., Mizogami, H. and Katsura, Y. (2005). 'Efficacy of

itopride hydrochloride on gastric emptying in patients with diabetic

gastroparesis.' Gastroenterology 128(4): S969.

Bateman, D.N., Leeman, S., Metreweli, C. and Willson, K. (1977). 'A non-invasive

technique for gastric motility measurement.' Br J Radiol 50(595): 526-527.

Bateman, D.N. and Whittingham, T.A. (1982). 'Measurement of gastric emptying by

real-time ultrasound.' Gut 23(6): 524-527.

Chapter 12

189

Bell, D.S. and Ovalle, F. (1999). 'Gastroparesis cured by gastrectomy.' Diabetes Care

22(6): 1000-1001.

Bellen, J.C., Chatterton, B.E., Penglis, S. and Tsopelas, C. (1995). 'Gallium-67

complexes as radioactive markers to assess gastric and colonic transit.' J Nucl

Med 36(3): 513-517.

Berne, C. and Fagius, J. (1986). 'Skin nerve sympathetic activity during insulin-

induced hypoglycaemia.' Diabetologia 29(12): 855-860.

Bland, J.M. and Altman, D.G. (1986). 'Statistical methods for assessing agreement

between two methods of clinical measurement.' Lancet 1(8476): 307-310.

Bluck, L.J. and Coward, W.A. (2006). 'Measurement of gastric emptying by the 13C-

octanoate breath test--rationalization with scintigraphy.' Physiol Meas 27(3):

279-289.

Bolondi, L., Bortolotti, M., Santi, V., Calletti, T., Gaiani, S. and Labo, G. (1985).

'Measurement of gastric emptying time by real-time ultrasonography.'


Borovicka, J., Kreiss, C., Asal, K., Remy, B., Mettraux, C., Wells, A., Read, N.W.,

Jansen, J.B., D'Amato, M., Delaloye, A.B., Fried, M. and Schwizer, W.

(1996). 'Role of cholecystokinin as a regulator of solid and liquid gastric

emptying in humans.' Am J Physiol 271(3 Pt 1): G448-453.

Borovicka, J., Schwizer, W., Guttmann, G., Hartmann, D., Kosinski, M., Wastiel, C.,

Bischof-Delaloye, A. and Fried, M. (2000). 'Role of lipase in the regulation of

postprandial gastric acid secretion and emptying of fat in humans: a study

with orlistat, a highly specific lipase inhibitor.' Gut 46(6): 774-781.

Bouras, E.P., Delgado-Aros, S., Camilleri, M., Castillo, E.J., Burton, D.D.,

Thomforde, G.M. and Chial, H.J. (2002). 'SPECT imaging of the stomach:

Chapter 12

190

comparison with barostat, and effects of sex, age, body mass index, and

fundoplication. Single photon emission computed tomography.' Gut 51(6):

781-786.

Bowen, J., Noakes, M. and Clifton, P.M. (2007). 'Appetite hormones and energy

intake in obese men after consumption of fructose, glucose and whey protein

beverages.' Int J Obes (Lond) 31(11): 1696-1703.

Bratten, J. and Jones, M.P. (2006). 'New directions in the assessment of gastric

function: clinical applications of physiologic measurements.' Dig Dis 24(3-4):

252-259.

Brener, W., Hendrix, T.R. and McHugh, P.R. (1983). 'Regulation of the gastric

emptying of glucose.' Gastroenterology 85(1): 76-82.

Brennan, I.M., Feltrin, K.L., Horowitz, M., Smout, A.J., Meyer, J.H., Wishart, J. and

Feinle-Bisset, C. (2005). 'Evaluation of interactions between CCK and GLP-1

in their effects on appetite, energy intake, and antropyloroduodenal motility in

healthy men.' Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 288(6): R1477-1485.

Britland, S.T., Young, R.J., Sharma, A.K., Lee, D., Ah-See, A.K. and Clarke, B.F.

(1990). 'Vagus nerve morphology in diabetic gastropathy.' Diabet Med 7(9):

780-787.

Bromer, M.Q., Friedenberg, F., Miller, L.S., Fisher, R.S., Swartz, K. and Parkman,

H.P. (2005). 'Endoscopic pyloric injection of botulinum toxin A for the

treatment of refractory gastroparesis.' Gastrointest Endosc 61(7): 833-839.

Burn-Murdoch, R., Fisher, M.A. and Hunt, J.N. (1980). 'Does lying on the right side

increase the rate of gastric emptying?' J Physiol 302: 395-398.

Bursztein-De Myttenaere, S., Gil, K.M., Heymsfield, S.B., Furst, P., Askanazi, J.,

D'Attellis, N. and Elwyn, D.H. (1994). 'Gastric emptying in humans:

Chapter 12

191

influence of different regimens of parenteral nutrition.' Am J Clin Nutr 60(2):

244-248.

Buse, J.B., Henry, R.R., Han, J., Kim, D.D., Fineman, M.S. and Baron, A.D. (2004).

'Effects of exenatide (exendin-4) on glycemic control over 30 weeks in

sulfonylurea-treated patients with type 2 diabetes.' Diabetes Care 27(11):

2628-2635.

Buysschaert, M., Moulart, M., Urbain, J.L., Pauwels, S., de Roy, L., Ketelslegers,

J.M. and Lambert, A.E. (1987). 'Impaired gastric emptying in diabetic patients

with cardiac autonomic neuropathy.' Diabetes Care 10(4): 448-452.

Bytzer, P., Talley, N.J., Leemon, M., Young, L.J., Jones, M.P. and Horowitz, M.

(2001). 'Prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms associated with diabetes

mellitus: a population-based survey of 15,000 adults.' Arch Intern Med

161(16): 1989-1996.

Camilleri, M., Hasler, W.L., Parkman, H.P., Quigley, E.M. and Soffer, E. (1998).

'Measurement of gastrointestinal motility in the GI laboratory.'


Camilleri, M. (2006). 'New imaging in neurogastroenterology: an overview.'

Neurogastroenterol Motil 18(9): 805-812.

Camilleri, M. (2007). 'Clinical practice. Diabetic gastroparesis.' N Engl J Med 356(8):

820-829.

Campbell, I.W., Heading, R.C., Tothill, P., Buist, T.A., Ewing, D.J. and Clarke, B.F.

(1977). 'Gastric emptying in diabetic autonomic neuropathy.' Gut 18(6): 462-

467.

Cannon, W.B. and Lieb, C.W. (1911). 'The receptive relaxation of the stomach.' Am J

Physiol 29: 267-273.

Chapter 12

192

Cannon, W.B. (1911). 'The mechanical factors of digestion'. Hill L and Bulloch W.

New York, Longmans, Green & Co: 45-70.

Carney, B.I., Jones, K.L., Horowitz, M., Sun, W.M., Penagini, R. and Meyer, J.H.

(1995). 'Gastric emptying of oil and aqueous meal components in pancreatic

insufficiency: effects of posture and on appetite.' Am J Physiol 268(6 Pt 1):

G925-932.

Chaikomin, R., Doran, S., Jones, K.L., Feinle-Bisset, C., O'Donovan, D., Rayner,

C.K. and Horowitz, M. (2005). 'Initially more rapid small intestinal glucose

delivery increases plasma insulin, GIP, and GLP-1 but does not improve

overall glycemia in healthy subjects.' Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 289(3):

E504-507.

Chaikomin, R., Rayner, C.K., Jones, K.L. and Horowitz, M. (2006). 'Upper

gastrointestinal function and glycemic control in diabetes mellitus.' World J


Chang, C.A., McKenna, R.D. and Beck, I.T. (1968). 'Gastric emptying rate of the

water and fat phases of a mixed test meal in man.' Gut 9(4): 420-424.

Chang, F.Y. (2005). 'Electrogastrography: basic knowledge, recording, processing

and its clinical applications.' J Gastroenterol Hepatol 20(4): 502-516.

Chelikani, P.K., Haver, A.C. and Reidelberger, R.D. (2005). 'Intravenous infusion of

glucagon-like peptide-1 potently inhibits food intake, sham feeding, and

gastric emptying in rats.' Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 288(6):

R1695-1706.

Chew, C.G., Bartholomeusz, F.D., Bellon, M. and Chatterton, B.E. (2003).

'Simultaneous 13C/14C dual isotope breath test measurement of gastric

emptying of solid and liquid in normal subjects and patients: comparison with

scintigraphy.' Nucl Med Rev Cent East Eur 6(1): 29-33.

Chapter 12

193

Choi, M.G., Camilleri, M., Burton, D.D., Zinsmeister, A.R., Forstrom, L.A. and Nair,

K.S. (1997). '[13C]octanoic acid breath test for gastric emptying of solids:

accuracy, reproducibility, and comparison with scintigraphy.'


Choung, R.S., Talley, N.J., Peterson, J., Camilleri, M., Burton, D., Harmsen, W.S.

and Zinsmeister, A.R. (2007). 'A double-blind, randomized, placebo-

controlled trial of itopride (100mg and 200mg three times daily) on gastric

motor and sensory function in healthy volunteers.' Neurogastroenterol Motil

19(3): 180-187.

Christensen, J. and Torres, E.I. (1975). 'Three layers of the opossum stomach:

responses to nerve stimulation.' Gastroenterology 69(3): 641-648.

Christian, P.E., Moore, J.G. and Datz, F.L. (1984). 'Comparison of Tc-99m labeled

liver and liver pate as markers for solid-phase gastric emptying.' J Nucl Med

25(3): 364-366.

Chua, A.S., Bekkering, M., Rovati, L.C. and Keeling, P.W. (1994). 'Clinical efficacy

and prokinetic effect of the CCK-A antagonist loxiglumide in nonulcer

dyspepsia.' Ann N Y Acad Sci 713: 451-453.

Clements, J.A., Heading, R.C., Nimmo, W.S. and Prescott, L.F. (1978). 'Kinetics of

acetaminophen absorption and gastric emptying in man.' Clin Pharmacol Ther

24(4): 420-431.

Clissold, S.P. (1986). 'Paracetamol and phenacetin.' Drugs 32 Suppl 4: 46-59.

Collins, P.J., Horowitz, M., Cook, D.J., Harding, P.E. and Shearman, D.J. (1983).

'Gastric emptying in normal subjects--a reproducible technique using a single

scintillation camera and computer system.' Gut 24(12): 1117-1125.

Chapter 12

194

Collins, P.J., Houghton, L.A., Read, N.W., Horowitz, M., Chatterton, B.E., Heddle,

R. and Dent, J. (1991). 'Role of the proximal and distal stomach in mixed

solid and liquid meal emptying.' Gut 32(6): 615-619.

Coulie, B., Tack, J., Peeters, T.L. and Janssens, J. (1998). 'Involvement of two

different pathways in the motor effects of erythromycin on the gastric antrum

in humans.' Gut 43: 395-400.

Coupe, A.J., Davis, S.S., Evans, D.F. and Wilding, I.R. (1991). 'Correlation of the

gastric emptying of nondisintegrating tablets with gastrointestinal motility.'

Pharm Res 8(10): 1281-1285.

Crapo, P.A., Kolterman, O.G. and Olefsky, J.M. (1980). 'Effects of oral fructose in

normal, diabetic, and impaired glucose tolerance subjects.' Diabetes Care

3(5): 575-582.

Cucchiara, S., Franzese, A., Salvia, G., Alfonsi, L., Iula, V.D., Montisci, A. and

Moreira, F.L. (1998). 'Gastric emptying delay and gastric electrical

derangement in IDDM.' Diabetes Care 21(3): 438-443.

Cunningham, K.M., Daly, J., Horowitz, M. and Read, N.W. (1991). 'Gastrointestinal

adaptation to diets of differing fat composition in human volunteers.' Gut

32(5): 483-486.

D'Alessio, D.A., Kahn, S.E., Leusner, C.R. and Ensinck, J.W. (1994). 'Glucagon-like

peptide 1 enhances glucose tolerance both by stimulation of insulin release

and by increasing insulin-independent glucose disposal.' J Clin Invest 93(5):

2263-2266.

D'Alessio, D.A., Vogel, R., Prigeon, R., Laschansky, E., Koerker, D., Eng, J. and

Ensinck, J.W. (1996). 'Elimination of the action of glucagon-like peptide 1

causes an impairment of glucose tolerance after nutrient ingestion by healthy

baboons.' J Clin Invest 97(1): 133-138.

Chapter 12

195

Darwiche, G., Almer, L.O., Bjorgell, O., Cederholm, C. and Nilsson, P. (2001).

'Delayed gastric emptying rate in Type 1 diabetics with cardiac autonomic

neuropathy.' J Diabetes Complications 15(3): 128-134.

de Boer, S.Y., Masclee, A.A. and Lamers, C.B. (1992). 'Effect of hyperglycemia on

gastrointestinal and gallbladder motility.' Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl 194:

13-18.

de Csepel, J., Goldfarb, B., Shapsis, A., Goff, S., Gabriel, N. and Eng, H.M. (2006).

'Electrical stimulation for gastroparesis. Gastric motility restored.' Surg

Endosc 20(2): 302-306.

DeFronzo, R.A., Ratner, R.E., Han, J., Kim, D.D., Fineman, M.S. and Baron, A.D.

(2005). 'Effects of exenatide (exendin-4) on glycemic control and weight over

30 weeks in metformin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes.' Diabetes Care

28(5): 1092-1100.

DeFronzo, R.A., Okerson, T., Viswanathan, P., Guan, X., Holcombe, J.H. and

MacConell, L. (2008). 'Effects of exenatide versus sitagliptin on postprandial

glucose, insulin and glucagon secretion, gastric emptying, and caloric intake:

a randomized, cross-over study.' Curr Med Res Opin 24(10): 2943-2952.

Degen, L., Petrig, C., Studer, D., Schroller, S. and Beglinger, C. (2005). 'Effect of

tegaserod on gut transit in male and female subjects.' Neurogastroenterol

Motil 17(6): 821-826.

Degen, L., Matzinger, D., Drewe, J., Nissle, S., Maecke, H., Lengsfeld, H., Hadvary,

P. and Beglinger, C. (2006). 'Role of free fatty acids in regulating gastric

emptying and gallbladder contraction.' Digestion 74(3-4): 131-139.

Degn, K.B., Juhl, C.B., Sturis, J., Jakobsen, G., Brock, B., Chandramouli, V.,

Rungby, J., Landau, B.R. and Schmitz, O. (2004). 'One week's treatment with

the long-acting glucagon-like peptide 1 derivative liraglutide (NN2211)

Chapter 12

196

markedly improves 24-h glycemia and alpha- and beta-cell function and

reduces endogenous glucose release in patients with type 2 diabetes.' Diabetes

53(5): 1187-1194.

Delgado-Aros, S., Kim, D.Y., Burton, D.D., Thomforde, G.M., Stephens, D.,

Brinkmann, B.H., Vella, A. and Camilleri, M. (2002). 'Effect of GLP-1 on

gastric volume, emptying, maximum volume ingested, and postprandial

symptoms in humans.' Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 282(3): G424-

431.

Delgado-Aros, S., Vella, A., Camilleri, M., Low, P.A., Burton, D.D., Thomforde,

G.M. and Stephens, D. (2003). 'Effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 and feeding

on gastric volumes in diabetes mellitus with cardio-vagal dysfunction.'


Domstad, P.A., Kim, E.E., Coupal, J.J., Beihn, R., Yonts, S., Choy, Y.C.,

Mandelstam, P. and DeLand, F.H. (1980). 'Biologic gastric emptying time in

diabetic patients, using Tc-99m-labeled resin-oatmeal with and without

metoclopramide.' J Nucl Med 21(11): 1098-1100.

Doran, S., Jones, K.L., Andrews, J.M. and Horowitz, M. (1998). 'Effects of meal

volume and posture on gastric emptying of solids and appetite.' Am J Physiol

275(5 Pt 2): R1712-1718.

Drucker, D.J., Erlich, P., Asa, S.L. and Brubaker, P.L. (1996). 'Induction of intestinal

epithelial proliferation by glucagon-like peptide 2.' Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

93(15): 7911-7916.

Drucker, D.J. (2003). 'Glucagon-like peptide-1 and the islet beta-cell: augmentation

of cell proliferation and inhibition of apoptosis.' Endocrinology 144(12):

5145-5148.

Chapter 12

197

Drucker, D.J. and Nauck, M.A. (2006). 'The incretin system: glucagon-like peptide-1

receptor agonists and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors in type 2 diabetes.'

Lancet 368(9548): 1696-1705.

Drucker, D.J., Buse, J.B., Taylor, K., Kendall, D.M., Trautmann, M., Zhuang, D. and

Porter, L. (2008). 'Exenatide once weekly versus twice daily for the treatment

of type 2 diabetes: a randomised, open-label, non-inferiority study.' Lancet

372(9645): 1240-1250.

Duan, L.P., Zheng, Z.T. and Li, Y.N. (1993). 'A study of gastric emptying in non-

ulcer dyspepsia using a new ultrasonographic method.' Scand J Gastroenterol

28(4): 355-360.

Dunnigan, M.G. and Ford, J.A. (1975). 'The insulin response to intravenous fructose

in relation to blood glucose levels.' J Clin Endocrinol Metab 40(4): 629-635.

Eckhauser, F.E., Knol, J.A., Raper, S.A. and Guice, K.S. (1988). 'Completion

gastrectomy for postsurgical gastroparesis syndrome. Preliminary results with

15 patients.' Ann Surg 208(3): 345-353.

Edelbroek, M., Horowitz, M., Maddox, A. and Bellen, J. (1992). 'Gastric emptying

and intragastric distribution of oil in the presence of a liquid or a solid meal.' J

Nucl Med 33(7): 1283-1290.

Edelbroek, M.A., Horowitz, M., Wishart, J.M. and Akkermans, L.M. (1993). 'Effects

of erythromycin on gastric emptying, alcohol absorption and small intestinal

transit in normal subjects.' J Nucl Med 34(4): 582-588.

Edwards, C.M., Todd, J.F., Mahmoudi, M., Wang, Z., Wang, R.M., Ghatei, M.A. and

Bloom, S.R. (1999). 'Glucagon-like peptide 1 has a physiological role in the

control of postprandial glucose in humans: studies with the antagonist exendin

9-39.' Diabetes 48(1): 86-93.

Chapter 12

198

Elias, E., Gibson, G.J., Greenwood, L.F., Hunt, J.N. and Tripp, J.H. (1968). 'The

slowing of gastric emptying by monosaccharides and disaccharides in test

meals.' J Physiol 194(2): 317-326.

Elliott, W.C., Cohen, L.S., Klein, M.D., Lane, F.J. and Gorlin, R. (1967). 'Effects of

rapid fructose infusion in man.' J Appl Physiol 23(6): 865-869.

Evans, A.J. and Krentz, A.J. (1999). 'Should cisapride be avoided in patients with

diabetic gastroparesis?' J Diabetes Complications 13(5-6): 314-315.

Ewing, D.J. and Clarke, B.F. (1982). 'Diagnosis and management of diabetic

autonomic neuropathy.' Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 285(6346): 916-918.

Ewing, D.J., Martyn, C.N., Young, R.J. and Clarke, B.F. (1985). 'The value of

cardiovascular autonomic function tests: 10 years experience in diabetes.'

Diabetes Care 8(5): 491-498.

Ezzeddine, D., Jit, R., Katz, N., Gopalswamy, N. and Bhutani, M.S. (2002). 'Pyloric

injection of botulinum toxin for treatment of diabetic gastroparesis.'

Gastrointest Endosc 55(7): 920-923.

Faas, H., Steingoetter, A., Feinle, C., Rades, T., Lengsfeld, H., Boesiger, P., Fried, M.

and Schwizer, W. (2002). 'Effects of meal consistency and ingested fluid

volume on the intragastric distribution of a drug model in humans--a magnetic

resonance imaging study.' Aliment Pharmacol Ther 16(2): 217-224.

Faber, O.K., Hagen, C., Binder, C., Markussen, J., Naithani, V.K., Blix, P.M.,

Kuzuya, H., Horwitz, D.L., Rubenstein, A.H. and Rossing, N. (1978).

'Kinetics of human connecting peptide in normal and diabetic subjects.' J Clin

Invest 62(1): 197-203.

Chapter 12

199

Familoni, B.O., Abell, T.L., Voeller, G., Salem, A. and Gaber, O. (1997). 'Electrical

stimulation at a frequency higher than basal rate in human stomach.' Dig Dis

Sci 42(5): 885-891.

Fehmann, H.C. and Habener, J.F. (1992). 'Insulinotropic hormone glucagon-like

peptide-I(7-37) stimulation of proinsulin gene expression and proinsulin

biosynthesis in insulinoma beta TC-1 cells.' Endocrinology 130(1): 159-166.

Feinle, C., Kunz, P., Boesiger, P., Fried, M. and Schwizer, W. (1999). 'Scintigraphic

validation of a magnetic resonance imaging method to study gastric emptying

of a solid meal in humans.' Gut 44(1): 106-111.

Feinle, C., O'Donovan, D., Doran, S., Andrews, J.M., Wishart, J., Chapman, I. and

Horowitz, M. (2003). 'Effects of fat digestion on appetite, APD motility, and

gut hormones in response to duodenal fat infusion in humans.' Am J Physiol

Gastrointest Liver Physiol 284(5): G798-807.

Feldman, M., Smith, H.J. and Simon, T.R. (1984). 'Gastric emptying of solid

radiopaque markers: studies in healthy subjects and diabetic patients.'


Fellows, I.W., Evans, D.F., Bennett, T., Macdonald, I.A., Clark, A.G. and Bloom,

S.R. (1987). 'The effect of insulin-induced hypoglycaemia on gastrointestinal

motility in man.' Clin Sci (Lond) 72(6): 743-748.

Fineman, M.S., Bicsak, T.A., Shen, L.Z., Taylor, K., Gaines, E., Varns, A., Kim, D.

and Baron, A.D. (2003). 'Effect on glycemic control of exenatide (synthetic

exendin-4) additive to existing metformin and/or sulfonylurea treatment in

patients with type 2 diabetes.' Diabetes Care 26(8): 2370-2377.

Flint, A., Raben, A., Astrup, A. and Holst, J.J. (1998). 'Glucagon-like peptide 1

promotes satiety and suppresses energy intake in humans.' J Clin Invest

101(3): 515-520.

Chapter 12

200

Flint, A., Raben, A., Ersboll, A.K., Holst, J.J. and Astrup, A. (2001). 'The effect of

physiological levels of glucagon-like peptide-1 on appetite, gastric emptying,

energy and substrate metabolism in obesity.' Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord

25(6): 781-792.

Fone, D.R., Akkermans, L.M., Dent, J., Horowitz, M. and van der Schee, E.J. (1990).

'Evaluation of patterns of human antral and pyloric motility with an antral

wall motion detector.' Am J Physiol 258(4 Pt 1): G616-623.

Fordtran, J.S., Clodi, P.H., Soergel, K.H. and Ingelfinger, F.J. (1962). 'Sugar

absorption tests, with special reference to 3-0-methyl-d-glucose and d-xylose.'

Ann Intern Med 57: 883-891.

Forster, J., Damjanov, I., Lin, Z., Sarosiek, I., Wetzel, P. and McCallum, R.W.

(2005). 'Absence of the interstitial cells of Cajal in patients with gastroparesis

and correlation with clinical findings.' J Gastrointest Surg 9(1): 102-108.

Fraser, G.L., Hoveyda, H.R. and Tannenbaum, G.S. (2008). 'Pharmacological

demarcation of the growth hormone, gut motility and feeding effects of

ghrelin using a novel ghrelin receptor agonist.' Endocrinology 149(12): 6280-

6288.

Fraser, R., Fuller, J., Horowitz, M. and Dent, J. (1991a). 'Effect of insulin-induced

hypoglycaemia on antral, pyloric and duodenal motility in fasting subjects.'

Clin Sci (Lond) 81(2): 281-285.

Fraser, R., Horowitz, M. and Dent, J. (1991b). 'Hyperglycaemia stimulates pyloric

motility in normal subjects.' Gut 32(5): 475-478.

Fraser, R., Fone, D., Horowitz, M. and Dent, J. (1993). 'Cholecystokinin octapeptide

stimulates phasic and tonic pyloric motility in healthy humans.' Gut 34(1): 33-

37.

Chapter 12

201

Fraser, R.J., Horowitz, M., Maddox, A.F., Harding, P.E., Chatterton, B.E. and Dent,

J. (1990). 'Hyperglycaemia slows gastric emptying in type 1 (insulin-

dependent) diabetes mellitus.' Diabetologia 33(11): 675-680.

Fraser, R.J., Horowitz, M., Maddox, A.F. and Dent, J. (1994). 'Postprandial

antropyloroduodenal motility and gastric emptying in gastroparesis--effects of

cisapride.' Gut 35(2): 172-178.

Friedenberg, F.K., Palit, A., Parkman, H.P., Hanlon, A. and Nelson, D.B. (2008).

'Botulinum toxin A for the treatment of delayed gastric emptying.' Am J


Frier, M. and Perkins, A.C. (1994). 'Radiopharmaceuticals and the gastrointestinal

tract.' Eur J Nucl Med 21(11): 1234-1242.

Galligan, J.J. and Vanner, S. (2005). 'Basic and clinical pharmacology of new

motility promoting agents.' Neurogastroenterol Motil 17(5): 643-653.

Gandia, P., Bareille, M.P., Saivin, S., Le-Traon, A.P., Lavit, M., Guell, A. and Houin,

G. (2003). 'Influence of simulated weightlessness on the oral

pharmacokinetics of acetaminophen as a gastric emptying probe in man: a

plasma and a saliva study.' J Clin Pharmacol 43(11): 1235-1243.

Gentilcore, D., Hausken, T., Horowitz, M. and Jones, K.L. (2006a). 'Measurements of

gastric emptying of low- and high-nutrient liquids using 3D ultrasonography

and scintigraphy in healthy subjects.' Neurogastroenterol Motil 18(12): 1062-

1068.

Gentilcore, D., Chaikomin, R., Jones, K.L., Russo, A., Feinle-Bisset, C., Wishart,

J.M., Rayner, C.K. and Horowitz, M. (2006b). 'Effects of fat on gastric

emptying of and the glycemic, insulin, and incretin responses to a

carbohydrate meal in type 2 diabetes.' J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91(6): 2062-

2067.

Chapter 12

202

Gerich, J.E. (2003). 'Clinical significance, pathogenesis, and management of

postprandial hyperglycemia.' Arch Intern Med 163(11): 1306-1316.

Gerrits, P.M. and Tsalikian, E. (1993). 'Diabetes and fructose metabolism.' Am J Clin

Nutr 58(5 Suppl): 796S-799S.

Ghoos, Y.F., Maes, B.D., Geypens, B.J., Mys, G., Hiele, M.I., Rutgeerts, P.J. and

Vantrappen, G. (1993). 'Measurement of gastric emptying rate of solids by

means of a carbon-labeled octanoic acid breath test.' Gastroenterology 104(6):

1640-1647.

Gielkens, H.A., van den Biggelaar, A., Vecht, J., Onkenhout, W., Lamers, C.B. and

Masclee, A.A. (1999). 'Effect of intravenous amino acids on interdigestive

antroduodenal motility and small bowel transit time.' Gut 44(2): 240-245.

Gilja, O.H., Thune, N., Matre, K., Hausken, T., Odegaard, S. and Berstad, A. (1994).

'In vitro evaluation of three-dimensional ultrasonography in volume

estimation of abdominal organs.' Ultrasound Med Biol 20(2): 157-165.

Gilja, O.H., Smievoll, A.I., Thune, N., Matre, K., Hausken, T., Odegaard, S. and

Berstad, A. (1995a). 'In vivo comparison of 3D ultrasonography and magnetic

resonance imaging in volume estimation of human kidneys.' Ultrasound Med

Biol 21(1): 25-32.

Gilja, O.H., Hausken, T., Odegaard, S. and Berstad, A. (1995b). 'Monitoring

postprandial size of the proximal stomach by ultrasonography.' J Ultrasound

Med 14(2): 81-89.

Gilja, O.H., Hausken, T., Odegaard, S. and Berstad, A. (1996). 'Three-dimensional

ultrasonography of the gastric antrum in patients with functional dyspepsia.'

Scand J Gastroenterol 31(9): 847-855.

Chapter 12

203

Gilja, O.H., Detmer, P.R., Jong, J.M., Leotta, D.F., Li, X.N., Beach, K.W., Martin, R.

and Strandness, D.E., Jr. (1997). 'Intragastric distribution and gastric

emptying assessed by three-dimensional ultrasonography.' Gastroenterology

113(1): 38-49.

Gilja, O.H., Hausken, T., Olafsson, S., Matre, K. and Odegaard, S. (1998). 'In vitro

evaluation of three-dimensional ultrasonography based on magnetic scanhead

tracking.' Ultrasound Med Biol 24(8): 1161-1167.

Gilja, O.H., Hausken, T., degaard, S. and Berstad, A. (1999). 'Gastric emptying

measured by ultrasonography.' World J Gastroenterol 5(2): 93-94.

Gilja, O.H., Heimdal, A., Hausken, T., Gregersen, H., Matre, K., Berstad, A. and

Odegaard, S. (2002). 'Strain during gastric contractions can be measured using

Doppler ultrasonography.' Ultrasound Med Biol 28(11-12): 1457-1465.

Gilja, O.H., Hatlebakk, J.G., Odegaard, S., Berstad, A., Viola, I., Giertsen, C.,

Hausken, T. and Gregersen, H. (2007). 'Advanced imaging and visualization

in gastrointestinal disorders.' World J Gastroenterol 13(9): 1408-1421.

Gonlachanvit, S., Hsu, C.W., Boden, G.H., Knight, L.C., Maurer, A.H., Fisher, R.S.

and Parkman, H.P. (2003). 'Effect of altering gastric emptying on postprandial

plasma glucose concentrations following a physiologic meal in type-II

diabetic patients.' Dig Dis Sci 48(3): 488-497.

Griffith, G.H., Owen, G.M., Kirkman, S. and Shields, R. (1966). 'Measurement of

rate of gastric emptying using chromium-51.' Lancet 1(7449): 1244-1245.

Groop, L.C., Luzi, L., DeFronzo, R.A. and Melander, A. (1989). 'Hyperglycaemia

and absorption of sulphonylurea drugs.' Lancet 2(8655): 129-130.

Chapter 12

204

Guss, J.L., Kissileff, H.R. and Pi-Sunyer, F.X. (1994). 'Effects of glucose and

fructose solutions on food intake and gastric emptying in nonobese women.'

Am J Physiol 267(6 Pt 2): R1537-1544.

Guy, R.J., Dawson, J.L., Garrett, J.R., Laws, J.W., Thomas, P.K., Sharma, A.K. and

Watkins, P.J. (1984). 'Diabetic gastroparesis from autonomic neuropathy:

surgical considerations and changes in vagus nerve morphology.' J Neurol

Neurosurg Psychiatry 47(7): 686-691.

Haans, J.J. and Masclee, A.A. (2007). 'Review article: The diagnosis and

management of gastroparesis.' Aliment Pharmacol Ther 26 Suppl 2: 37-46.

Hallfrisch, J., Ellwood, K.C., Michaelis, O.E., Reiser, S., O'Dorisio, T.M. and

Prather, E.S. (1983). 'Effects of dietary fructose on plasma glucose and

hormone responses in normal and hyperinsulinemic men.' J Nutr 113(9):

1819-1826.

Hammerle, C.W. and Surawicz, C.M. (2008). 'Updates on treatment of irritable bowel

syndrome.' World J Gastroenterol 14(17): 2639-2649.

Hansen, M.B. (2002). 'Small intestinal manometry.' Physiol Res 51(6): 541-556.

Harasawa, S. and Miwa, T. (1993). 'Effect of itopride hydrochloride on gastric

emptying in chronic gastritis patients.' Jpn Pharmacol Ther 21(11): 4189-

4195.

Hasler, W.L., Soudah, H.C., Dulai, G. and Owyang, C. (1995). 'Mediation of

hyperglycemia-evoked gastric slow-wave dysrhythmias by endogenous

prostaglandins.' Gastroenterology 108(3): 727-736.

Hathaway, D.K., Abell, T., Cardoso, S., Hartwig, M.S., el Gebely, S. and Gaber, A.O.

(1994). 'Improvement in autonomic and gastric function following pancreas-

Chapter 12

205

kidney versus kidney-alone transplantation and the correlation with quality of

life.' Transplantation 57(6): 816-822.

Hausken, T., Odegaard, S. and Berstad, A. (1991). 'Antroduodenal motility studied by

real-time ultrasonography. Effect of enprostil.' Gastroenterology 100(1): 59-

63.

Hausken, T., Odegaard, S., Matre, K. and Berstad, A. (1992). 'Antroduodenal motility

and movements of luminal contents studied by duplex sonography.'


Hausken, T. and Berstad, A. (1992). 'Wide gastric antrum in patients with non-ulcer

dyspepsia. Effect of cisapride.' Scand J Gastroenterol 27(5): 427-432.

Hausken, T., Svebak, S., Wilhelmsen, I., Haug, T.T., Olafsen, K., Pettersson, E.,

Hveem, K. and Berstad, A. (1993). 'Low vagal tone and antral dysmotility in

patients with functional dyspepsia.' Psychosom Med 55(1): 12-22.

He, C.L., Soffer, E.E., Ferris, C.D., Walsh, R.M., Szurszewski, J.H. and Farrugia, G.

(2001). 'Loss of interstitial cells of cajal and inhibitory innervation in insulin-

dependent diabetes.' Gastroenterology 121(2): 427-434.

Heading, R.C., Nimmo, J., Prescott, L.F. and Tothill, P. (1973). 'The dependence of

paracetamol absorption on the rate of gastric emptying.' Br J Pharmacol

47(2): 415-421.

Hebbard, G.S., Sun, W.M., Bochner, F. and Horowitz, M. (1995a). 'Pharmacokinetic

considerations in gastrointestinal motor disorders.' Clin Pharmacokinet 28(1):

41-66.

Hebbard, G.S., Reid, K., Sun, W.M., Horowitz, M. and Dent, J. (1995b). 'Postural

changes in proximal gastric volume and pressure measured using a gastric

barostat.' Neurogastroenterol Motil 7(3): 169-174.

Chapter 12

206

Hebbard, G.S., Sun, W.M., Dent, J. and Horowitz, M. (1996a). 'Hyperglycaemia

affects proximal gastric motor and sensory function in normal subjects.' Eur J

Gastroenterol Hepatol 8(3): 211-217.

Hebbard, G.S., Samsom, M., Sun, W.M., Dent, J. and Horowitz, M. (1996b).

'Hyperglycemia affects proximal gastric motor and sensory function during

small intestinal triglyceride infusion.' Am J Physiol 271(5 Pt 1): G814-819.

Heddle, R., Dent, J., Read, N.W., Houghton, L.A., Toouli, J., Horowitz, M.,

Maddern, G.J. and Downton, J. (1988a). 'Antropyloroduodenal motor

responses to intraduodenal lipid infusion in healthy volunteers.' Am J Physiol

254(5 Pt 1): G671-679.

Heddle, R., Fone, D., Dent, J. and Horowitz, M. (1988b). 'Stimulation of pyloric

motility by intraduodenal dextrose in normal subjects.' Gut 29(10): 1349-

1357.

Heddle, R., Dent, J., Toouli, J. and Read, N.W. (1988c). 'Topography and

measurement of pyloric pressure waves and tone in humans.' Am J Physiol

255(4 Pt 1): G490-497.

Heddle, R., Collins, P.J., Dent, J., Horowitz, M., Read, N.W., Chatterton, B. and

Houghton, L.A. (1989). 'Motor mechanisms associated with slowing of the

gastric emptying of a solid meal by an intraduodenal lipid infusion.' J


Hellmig, S., Von Schoning, F., Gadow, C., Katsoulis, S., Hedderich, J., Folsch, U.R.

and Stuber, E. (2006). 'Gastric emptying time of fluids and solids in healthy

subjects determined by 13C breath tests: influence of age, sex and body mass

index.' J Gastroenterol Hepatol 21(12): 1832-1838.

Chapter 12

207

Hellström, P.M. and Naslund, E. (2001). 'Interactions between gastric emptying and

satiety, with special reference to glucagon-like peptide-1.' Physiol Behav

74(4-5): 735-741.

Herrmann, C., Goke, R., Richter, G., Fehmann, H.C., Arnold, R. and Goke, B.

(1995). 'Glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucose-dependent insulin-releasing

polypeptide plasma levels in response to nutrients.' Digestion 56(2): 117-126.

Hinder, R.A. and Kelly, K.A. (1977). 'Canine gastric emptying of solids and liquids.'

Am J Physiol 233(4): E335-340.

Holt, S., McDicken, W.N., Anderson, T., Stewart, I.C. and Heading, R.C. (1980).

'Dynamic imaging of the stomach by real-time ultrasound--a method for the

study of gastric motility.' Gut 21(7): 597-601.

Holt, S., Cervantes, J., Wilkinson, A.A. and Wallace, J.H. (1986). 'Measurement of

gastric emptying rate in humans by real-time ultrasound.' Gastroenterology

90(4): 918-923.

Holtmann, G., Talley, N.J., Liebregts, T., Adam, B. and Parow, C. (2006). 'A

placebo-controlled trial of itopride in functional dyspepsia.' N Engl J Med

354(8): 832-840.

Horikawa, Y. (1998). 'Gastric emptying of three different size of indigestible

radiopaque markers in healthy subjects.' J Smooth Muscle Res 34(2): 83-88.

Horowitz, M., Harding, P.E., Chatterton, B.E., Collins, P.J. and Shearman, D.J.

(1985). 'Acute and chronic effects of domperidone on gastric emptying in

diabetic autonomic neuropathy.' Dig Dis Sci 30(1): 1-9.

Horowitz, M., Harding, P.E., Maddox, A.F., Maddern, G.J., Wishart, J.M. and

Shearman, D.J. (1986). 'Gastric and oesophageal emptying in insulin-

dependent diabetes mellitus.' J Gastro Hepatol 1: 97-113.

Chapter 12

208

Horowitz, M., Maddox, A., Harding, P.E., Maddern, G.J., Chatterton, B.E., Wishart,

J. and Shearman, D.J. (1987). 'Effect of cisapride on gastric and esophageal

emptying in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.' Gastroenterology 92(6):

1899-1907.

Horowitz, M., Maddox, A., Bochner, M., Wishart, J., Bratasiuk, R., Collins, P. and

Shearman, D. (1989a). 'Relationships between gastric emptying of solid and

caloric liquid meals and alcohol absorption.' Am J Physiol 257(2 Pt 1): G291-

298.

Horowitz, M., Harding, P.E., Maddox, A.F., Wishart, J.M., Akkermans, L.M.,

Chatterton, B.E. and Shearman, D.J. (1989b). 'Gastric and oesophageal

emptying in patients with type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus.'

Diabetologia 32(3): 151-159.

Horowitz, M., Maddox, A.F., Wishart, J.M., Harding, P.E., Chatterton, B.E. and

Shearman, D.J. (1991). 'Relationships between oesophageal transit and solid

and liquid gastric emptying in diabetes mellitus.' Eur J Nucl Med 18(4): 229-

234.

Horowitz, M. and Dent, J. (1991). 'Disordered gastric emptying: mechanical basis,

assessment and treatment.' Baillieres Clin Gastroenterol 5(2): 371-407.

Horowitz, M., Jones, K., Edelbroek, M.A., Smout, A.J. and Read, N.W. (1993a). 'The

effect of posture on gastric emptying and intragastric distribution of oil and

aqueous meal components and appetite.' Gastroenterology 105(2): 382-390.

Horowitz, M., Edelbroek, M.A., Wishart, J.M. and Straathof, J.W. (1993b).

'Relationship between oral glucose tolerance and gastric emptying in normal

healthy subjects.' Diabetologia 36(9): 857-862.

Chapter 12

209

Horowitz, M., Dent, J., Fraser, R., Sun, W. and Hebbard, G. (1994). 'Role and

integration of mechanisms controlling gastric emptying.' Dig Dis Sci 39(12

Suppl): 7S-13S.

Horowitz, M. and Fraser, R. (1994). 'Disordered gastric motor function in diabetes

mellitus.' Diabetologia 37(6): 543-551.

Horowitz, M. and Fraser, R.J. (1995). 'Gastroparesis: diagnosis and management.'

Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl 213: 7-16.

Horowitz, M., Cunningham, K.M., Wishart, J.M., Jones, K.L. and Read, N.W.

(1996a). 'The effect of short-term dietary supplementation with glucose on

gastric emptying of glucose and fructose and oral glucose tolerance in normal

subjects.' Diabetologia 39(4): 481-486.

Horowitz, M., Wishart, J.M., Jones, K.L. and Hebbard, G.S. (1996b). 'Gastric

emptying in diabetes: an overview.' Diabet Med 13(9 Suppl 5): S16-22.

Horowitz, M., Su, Y.C., Rayner, C.K. and Jones, K.L. (2001). 'Gastroparesis:

prevalence, clinical significance and treatment.' Can J Gastroenterol 15(12):

805-813.

Horowitz, M., Jones, K.L., Harding, P.E. and Wishart, J.M. (2002a). 'Relationship

between the effects of cisapride on gastric emptying and plasma glucose

concentrations in diabetic gastroparesis.' Digestion 65(1): 41-46.

Horowitz, M., O'Donovan, D., Jones, K.L., Feinle, C., Rayner, C.K. and Samsom, M.

(2002b). 'Gastric emptying in diabetes: clinical significance and treatment.'

Diabet Med 19(3): 177-194.

Horowitz, M., Jones, K.L., Rayner, C.K. and Read, N.W. (2006). ''Gastric'

hypoglycaemia--an important concept in diabetes management.'


Chapter 12

210

Horowitz, M., Vilsboll, T., Zdravkovic, M., Hammer, M. and Madsbad, S. (2008).

'Patient-reported rating of gastrointestinal adverse effects during treatment of

type 2 diabetes with the once-daily human GLP-1 analogue, liraglutide.'

Diabetes Obes Metab 10(7): 593-596.

Hosking, D.J., Moody, F., Stewart, I.M. and Atkinson, M. (1975). 'Vagal impairment

of gastric secretion in diabetic autonomic neuropathy.' Br Med J 2(5971): 588-

590.

Houghton, L.A., Read, N.W., Heddle, R., Horowitz, M., Collins, P.J., Chatterton, B.

and Dent, J. (1988). 'Relationship of the motor activity of the antrum, pylorus,

and duodenum to gastric emptying of a solid-liquid mixed meal.'


Houghton, L.A., Mangnall, Y.F. and Read, N.W. (1990). 'Effect of incorporating fat

into a liquid test meal on the relation between intragastric distribution and

gastric emptying in human volunteers.' Gut 31(11): 1226-1229.

Hunt, J.N. and Knox, M.T. (1968). 'A relation between the chain length of fatty acids

and the slowing of gastric emptying.' J Physiol 194(2): 327-336.

Hunt, J.N. and Stubbs, D.F. (1975). 'The volume and energy content of meals as

determinants of gastric emptying.' J Physiol 245(1): 209-225.

Hunt, J.N. (1980). 'A possible relation between the regulation of gastric emptying and

food intake.' Am J Physiol 239(1): G1-4.

Hunt, J.N., Smith, J.L. and Jiang, C.L. (1985). 'Effect of meal volume and energy

density on the gastric emptying of carbohydrates.' Gastroenterology 89(6):

1326-1330.

Chapter 12

211

Hveem, K., Sun, W.M., Horowitz, M. and Dent, J. (1995). 'Relationship of pressure

waves and wall motion - a concurrent gastric ultrasound and manometric

study.' Gastroenterology 108(4 (Suppl 2)): A619.

Hveem, K., Jones, K.L., Chatterton, B.E. and Horowitz, M. (1996). 'Scintigraphic

measurement of gastric emptying and ultrasonographic assessment of antral

area: relation to appetite.' Gut 38(6): 816-821.

Hveem, K., Sun, W.M., Hebbard, G., Horowitz, M., Doran, S. and Dent, J. (2001).

'Relationship between ultrasonically detected phasic antral contractions and

antral pressure.' Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 281(1): G95-101.

Ido, Y., Vindigni, A., Chang, K., Stramm, L., Chance, R., Heath, W.F., DiMarchi,

R.D., Di Cera, E. and Williamson, J.R. (1997). 'Prevention of vascular and

neural dysfunction in diabetic rats by C-peptide.' Science 277(5325): 563-566.

Imeryüz, N., Yegen, B.C., Bozkurt, A., Coskun, T., Villanueva-Penacarrillo, M.L.

and Ulusoy, N.B. (1997). 'Glucagon-like peptide-1 inhibits gastric emptying

via vagal afferent-mediated central mechanisms.' Am J Physiol 273(4 Pt 1):

G920-927.

Isenberg, J.I. and Maxwell, V. (1978). 'Intravenous infusion of amino acids stimulates

gastric acid secretion in man.' N Engl J Med 298(1): 27-29.

Ishii, M., Nakamura, T., Kasai, F., Onuma, T., Baba, T. and Takebe, K. (1994).

'Altered postprandial insulin requirement in IDDM patients with

gastroparesis.' Diabetes Care 17(8): 901-903.

Iwanaga, Y., Miyashita, N., Morikawa, K., Mizumoto, A., Kondo, Y. and Itoh, Z.

(1990). 'A novel water-soluble dopamine-2 antagonist with anticholinesterase

activity in gastrointestinal motor activity. Comparison with domperidone and

neostigmine.' Gastroenterology 99(2): 401-408.

Chapter 12

212

Iwanaga, Y., Miyashita, N., Mizutani, F., Morikawa, K., Kato, H., Ito, Y. and Itoh, Z.

(1991). 'Stimulatory effect of N-[4-[2-(dimethylamino)-ethoxy] benzyl]-3,4-

dimethoxybenzamide hydrochloride (HSR-803) on normal and delayed

gastrointestinal propulsion.' Jpn J Pharmacol 56(3): 261-269.

Iwanaga, Y., Kimura, T., Miyashita, N., Morikawa, K., Nagata, O., Itoh, Z. and

Kondo, Y. (1994). 'Characterization of acetylcholinesterase-inhibition by

itopride.' Jpn J Pharmacol 66(3): 317-322.

Iwanaga, Y., Miyashita, N., Saito, T., Morikawa, K. and Itoh, Z. (1996).

'Gastroprokinetic effect of a new benzamide derivative itopride and its action

mechanisms in conscious dogs.' Jpn J Pharmacol 71(2): 129-137.

Janssens, J., Peeters, T.L. and Vantrappen, G. (1990). 'Erythromycin improves

delayed gastric emptying in diabetic gastoparesis.' N Engl J Med 322: 1028-

1031.

Johansson, B.L., Sjoberg, S. and Wahren, J. (1992). 'The influence of human C-

peptide on renal function and glucose utilization in type 1 (insulin-dependent)

diabetic patients.' Diabetologia 35(2): 121-128.

Johansson, B.L., Kernell, A., Sjoberg, S. and Wahren, J. (1993). 'Influence of

combined C-peptide and insulin administration on renal function and

metabolic control in diabetes type 1.' J Clin Endocrinol Metab 77(4): 976-

981.

Johansson, B.L., Borg, K., Fernqvist-Forbes, E., Odergren, T., Remahl, S. and

Wahren, J. (1996). 'C-peptide improves autonomic nerve function in IDDM

patients.' Diabetologia 39(6): 687-695.

Johansson, B.L., Borg, K., Fernqvist-Forbes, E., Kernell, A., Odergren, T. and

Wahren, J. (2000). 'Beneficial effects of C-peptide on incipient nephropathy

Chapter 12

213

and neuropathy in patients with Type 1 diabetes mellitus.' Diabet Med 17(3):

181-189.

Johansson, U.B., Eskils, J., Adamson, U., Elwin, C.E., Wredling, R. and Lins, P.E.

(2003). 'A paracetamol-pasta test for assessing gastric emptying in healthy

and diabetic subjects.' Scand J Clin Lab Invest 63(2): 159-166.

Jones, K., Edelbroek, M., Horowitz, M., Sun, W.M., Dent, J., Roelofs, J., Muecke, T.

and Akkermans, L. (1995a). 'Evaluation of antral motility in humans using

manometry and scintigraphy.' Gut 37(5): 643-648.

Jones, K.L., Horowitz, M., Wishart, M.J., Maddox, A.F., Harding, P.E. and

Chatterton, B.E. (1995b). 'Relationships between gastric emptying,

intragastric meal distribution and blood glucose concentrations in diabetes

mellitus.' J Nucl Med 36(12): 2220-2228.

Jones, K.L., Horowitz, M., Carney, B.I., Wishart, J.M., Guha, S. and Green, L.

(1996). 'Gastric emptying in "early" noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.' J

Nucl Med 37(10): 1643-1648.

Jones, K.L., Horowitz, M., Berry, M., Wishart, J.M. and Guha, S. (1997). 'Blood

glucose concentration influences postprandial fullness in IDDM.' Diabetes

Care 20(7): 1141-1146.

Jones, K.L., Kong, M.F., Berry, M.K., Rayner, C.K., Adamson, U. and Horowitz, M.

(1999a). 'The effect of erythromycin on gastric emptying is modified by

physiological changes in the blood glucose concentration.' Am J Gastroenterol

94(8): 2074-2079.

Jones, K.L., Berry, M., Kong, M.F., Kwiatek, M.A., Samsom, M. and Horowitz, M.

(1999b). 'Hyperglycemia attenuates the gastrokinetic effect of erythromycin

and affects the perception of postprandial hunger in normal subjects.' Diabetes

Care 22(2): 339-344.

Chapter 12

214

Jones, K.L., MacIntosh, C., Su, Y.C., Wells, F., Chapman, I.M., Tonkin, A. and

Horowitz, M. (2001a). 'Guar gum reduces postprandial hypotension in older

people.' J Am Geriatr Soc 49(2): 162-167.

Jones, K.L., Russo, A., Stevens, J.E., Wishart, J.M., Berry, M.K. and Horowitz, M.

(2001b). 'Predictors of delayed gastric emptying in diabetes.' Diabetes Care

24(7): 1264-1269.

Jones, K.L., Russo, A., Berry, M.K., Stevens, J.E., Wishart, J.M. and Horowitz, M.

(2002). 'A longitudinal study of gastric emptying and upper gastrointestinal

symptoms in patients with diabetes mellitus.' Am J Med 113(6): 449-455.

Jones, T.W., Porter, P., Sherwin, R.S., Davis, E.A., O'Leary, P., Frazer, F., Byrne, G.,

Stick, S. and Tamborlane, W.V. (1998). 'Decreased epinephrine responses to

hypoglycemia during sleep.' N Engl J Med 338(23): 1657-1662.

Juhl, C.B., Hollingdal, M., Sturis, J., Jakobsen, G., Agerso, H., Veldhuis, J., Porksen,

N. and Schmitz, O. (2002). 'Bedtime administration of NN2211, a long-acting

GLP-1 derivative, substantially reduces fasting and postprandial glycemia in

type 2 diabetes.' Diabetes 51(2): 424-429.

Kakrani, A.J. and Madraki, R. (2002). 'Clinical evaluation of itopride hydrochloride

in patients with non-ulcer dyspepsia and chronic gastritis.' The Indian

Practitioner 55(7): 441-444.

Kassander, P. (1958). 'Asymptomatic gastric retention in diabetics (gastroparesis

diabeticorum).' Ann Intern Med 48(4): 797-812.

Kawagishi, T., Nishizawa, Y., Emoto, M., Maekawa, K., Okuno, Y., Taniwaki, H.,

Inaba, M., Ishimura, E. and Morii, H. (1997). 'Gastric myoelectrical activity in

patients with diabetes. Role of glucose control and autonomic nerve function.'


Chapter 12

215

Kelly, K.A. (1980). 'Gastric emptying of liquids and solids: roles of proximal and

distal stomach.' Am J Physiol 239(2): G71-76.

Kendall, D.M., Riddle, M.C., Rosenstock, J., Zhuang, D., Kim, D.D., Fineman, M.S.

and Baron, A.D. (2005). 'Effects of exenatide (exendin-4) on glycemic control

over 30 weeks in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with metformin and a

sulfonylurea.' Diabetes Care 28(5): 1083-1091.

Kennedy, W.R., Navarro, X., Goetz, F.C., Sutherland, D.E. and Najarian, J.S. (1990).

'Effects of pancreatic transplantation on diabetic neuropathy.' N Engl J Med

322(15): 1031-1037.

Keshavarzian, A., Iber, F.L. and Nasrallah, S. (1987). 'Radionuclide esophageal

emptying and manometric studies in diabetes mellitus.' Am J Gastroenterol

82(7): 625-631.

Kim, D., MacConell, L., Zhuang, D., Kothare, P.A., Trautmann, M., Fineman, M. and

Taylor, K. (2007). 'Effects of once-weekly dosing of a long-acting release

formulation of exenatide on glucose control and body weight in subjects with

type 2 diabetes.' Diabetes Care 30(6): 1487-1493.

Kim, D.Y., Myung, S.J. and Camilleri, M. (2000). 'Novel testing of human gastric

motor and sensory functions: rationale, methods, and potential applications in

clinical practice.' Am J Gastroenterol 95(12): 3365-3373.

King, P.M., Adam, R.D., Pryde, A., McDicken, W.N. and Heading, R.C. (1984).

'Relationships of human antroduodenal motility and transpyloric fluid

movement: non-invasive observations with real-time ultrasound.' Gut 25(12):

1384-1391.

Kleibeuker, J.H., Beekhuis, H., Jansen, J.B., Piers, D.A. and Lamers, C.B. (1988).

'Cholecystokinin is a physiological hormonal mediator of fat-induced

inhibition of gastric emptying in man.' Eur J Clin Invest 18(2): 173-177.

Chapter 12

216

Knight, L.C. (1996). 'Radiopharmacy aspects of gastrointestinal imaging: Nuclear

Medicine'. B. M. A. Henkin R. E., Dillehay G. L., et al, eds. St. Louis, MO,

Mosby. 2: 922-932.

Koch, K.L., Stern, R.M., Stewart, W.R. and Vasey, M.W. (1989). 'Gastric emptying

and gastric myoelectrical activity in patients with diabetic gastroparesis: effect

of long-term domperidone treatment.' Am J Gastroenterol 84(9): 1069-1075.

Koçkar, M.C., Kayahan, I.K. and Bavbek, N. (2002). 'Diabetic gastroparesis in

association with autonomic neuropathy and microvasculopathy.' Acta Med

Okayama 56(5): 237-243.

Kojecky, V., Bernatek, J., Horowitz, M., Zemek, S., Bakala, J. and Hep, A. (2008).

'Prevalence and determinants of delayed gastric emptying in hospitalised Type

2 diabetic patients.' World J Gastroenterol 14(10): 1564-1569.

Kojima, M., Hosoda, H., Date, Y., Nakazato, M., Matsuo, H. and Kangawa, K.

(1999). 'Ghrelin is a growth-hormone-releasing acylated peptide from

stomach.' Nature 402(6762): 656-660.

Kolligs, F., Fehmann, H.C., Goke, R. and Goke, B. (1995). 'Reduction of the incretin

effect in rats by the glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor antagonist exendin (9-39)

amide.' Diabetes 44(1): 16-19.

Kolterman, O.G., Buse, J.B., Fineman, M.S., Gaines, E., Heintz, S., Bicsak, T.A.,

Taylor, K., Kim, D., Aisporna, M., Wang, Y. and Baron, A.D. (2003).

'Synthetic exendin-4 (exenatide) significantly reduces postprandial and fasting

plasma glucose in subjects with type 2 diabetes.' J Clin Endocrinol Metab

88(7): 3082-3089.

Kong, M.F., Chapman, I., Goble, E., Wishart, J., Wittert, G., Morris, H. and

Horowitz, M. (1999a). 'Effects of oral fructose and glucose on plasma GLP-1

and appetite in normal subjects.' Peptides 20(5): 545-551.

Chapter 12

217

Kong, M.F., King, P., Macdonald, I.A., Blackshaw, P.E., Horowitz, M., Perkins,

A.C., Armstrong, E., Buchanan, K.D. and Tattersall, R.B. (1999b).

'Euglycaemic hyperinsulinaemia does not affect gastric emptying in type I and

type II diabetes mellitus.' Diabetologia 42(3): 365-372.

Kreiss, C., Schwizer, W., Borovicka, J., Jansen, J.B., Bouloux, C., Pignol, R., Bischof

Delaloye, A. and Fried, M. (1998). 'Effect of lintitript, a new CCK-A receptor

antagonist, on gastric emptying of a solid-liquid meal in humans.' Regul Pept

74(2-3): 143-149.

Kreymann, B., Williams, G., Ghatei, M.A. and Bloom, S.R. (1987). 'Glucagon-like

peptide-1 7-36: a physiological incretin in man.' Lancet 2(8571): 1300-1304.

Kuiken, S.D., Samsom, M., Camilleri, M., Mullan, B.P., Burton, D.D., Kost, L.J.,

Hardyman, T.J., Brinkmann, B.H. and O'Connor, M.K. (1999). 'Development

of a test to measure gastric accommodation in humans.' Am J Physiol 277(6 Pt

1): G1217-1221.

Kumar, K.G., Byerley, L.O., Volaufova, J., Drucker, D.J., Churchill, G.A., Li, R.,

York, B., Zuberi, A. and Richards, B.K. (2008). 'Genetic variation in Glp1r

expression influences the rate of gastric emptying in mice.' Am J Physiol

Regul Integr Comp Physiol 294(2): R362-371.

Kwiatek, M.A., Jones, K.L., Burch, W.M., Horowitz, M. and Bartholomeusz, F.D.

(1999). 'Use of Technegas as a radiopharmaceutical for the measurement of

gastric emptying.' Eur J Nucl Med 26(8): 903-906.

Lacy, B.E., Zayat, E.N., Crowell, M.D. and Schuster, M.M. (2002). 'Botulinum toxin

for the treatment of gastroparesis: a preliminary report.' Am J Gastroenterol

97(6): 1548-1552.

Chapter 12

218

Lacy, B.E., Crowell, M.D., Schettler-Duncan, A., Mathis, C. and Pasricha, P.J.

(2004). 'The treatment of diabetic gastroparesis with botulinum toxin injection

of the pylorus.' Diabetes Care 27(10): 2341-2347.

Lam, W.F., Masclee, A.A., de Boer, S.Y. and Lamers, C.B. (1993). 'Hyperglycemia

reduces gastric secretory and plasma pancreatic polypeptide responses to

modified sham feeding in humans.' Digestion 54(1): 48-53.

Lata, P.F. and Pigarelli, D.L. (2003). 'Chronic metoclopramide therapy for diabetic

gastroparesis.' Ann Pharmacother 37(1): 122-126.

Lee, J.S., Camilleri, M., Zinsmeister, A.R., Burton, D.D., Kost, L.J. and Klein, P.D.

(2000). 'A valid, accurate, office based non-radioactive test for gastric

emptying of solids.' Gut 46(6): 768-773.

Lee, T.C., Barshes, N.R., O'Mahony, C.A., Nguyen, L., Brunicardi, F.C., Ricordi, C.,

Alejandro, R., Schock, A.P., Mote, A. and Goss, J.A. (2005). 'The effect of

pancreatic islet transplantation on progression of diabetic retinopathy and

neuropathy.' Transplant Proc 37(5): 2263-2265.

Levin, F., Edholm, T., Schmidt, P.T., Gryback, P., Jacobsson, H., Degerblad, M.,

Hoybye, C., Holst, J.J., Rehfeld, J.F., Hellstrom, P.M. and Naslund, E. (2006).

'Ghrelin stimulates gastric emptying and hunger in normal-weight humans.' J

Clin Endocrinol Metab 91(9): 3296-3302.

Liang, K.Y. and Zeger, S.L. (1986). 'Longitudinal data analysis using generalized

linear models.' Biometrika 73(1): 13-22.

Liao, D., Gregersen, H., Hausken, T., Gilja, O.H., Mundt, M. and Kassab, G. (2004).

'Analysis of surface geometry of the human stomach using real-time 3-D

ultrasonography in vivo.' Neurogastroenterol Motil 16(3): 315-324.

Chapter 12

219

Liddle, R.A., Morita, E.T., Conrad, C.K. and Williams, J.A. (1986). 'Regulation of

gastric emptying in humans by cholecystokinin.' J Clin Invest 77(3): 992-996.

Lin, H.C., Doty, J.E., Reedy, T.J. and Meyer, J.H. (1989). 'Inhibition of gastric

emptying by glucose depends on length of intestine exposed to nutrient.' Am J

Physiol 256(2 Pt 1): G404-411.

Lin, H.C., Doty, J.E., Reedy, T.J. and Meyer, J.H. (1990). 'Inhibition of gastric

emptying by sodium oleate depends on length of intestine exposed to nutrient.'

Am J Physiol 259(6 Pt 1): G1031-1036.

Lin, H.C., Elashoff, J.D., Gu, Y.G. and Meyer, J.H. (1992a). 'Effect of meal volume

on gastric emptying.' Journal of Gastrointestinal Motility 4: 157-163.

Lin, H.C., Moller, N.A., Wolinsky, M.M., Kim, B.H., Doty, J.E. and Meyer, J.H.

(1992b). 'Sustained slowing effect of lentils on gastric emptying of solids in

humans and dogs.' Gastroenterology 102(3): 787-792.

Lin, H.C., Prather, C., Fisher, R.S., Meyer, J.H., Summers, R.W., Pimentel, M.,

McCallum, R.W., Akkermans, L.M. and Loening-Baucke, V. (2005).

'Measurement of gastrointestinal transit.' Dig Dis Sci 50(6): 989-1004.

Lin, Z., Forster, J., Sarosiek, I. and McCallum, R.W. (2004). 'Treatment of diabetic

gastroparesis by high-frequency gastric electrical stimulation.' Diabetes Care

27(5): 1071-1076.

Lin, Z., Sarosiek, I., Forster, J. and McCallum, R.W. (2006). 'Symptom responses,

long-term outcomes and adverse events beyond 3 years of high-frequency

gastric electrical stimulation for gastroparesis.' Neurogastroenterol Motil

18(1): 18-27.

Chapter 12

220

Lingenfelser, T., Sun, W., Hebbard, G.S., Dent, J. and Horowitz, M. (1999). 'Effects

of duodenal distension on antropyloroduodenal pressures and perception are

modified by hyperglycemia.' Am J Physiol 276(3 Pt 1): G711-718.

Linnebjerg, H., Park, S., Kothare, P.A., Trautmann, M.E., Mace, K., Fineman, M.,

Wilding, I., Nauck, M. and Horowitz, M. (2008). 'Effect of exenatide on

gastric emptying and relationship to postprandial glycemia in type 2 diabetes.'

Regul Pept 151(1-3): 123-129.

Lipp, R.W., Schnedl, W.J., Hammer, H.F., Kotanko, P., Leb, G. and Krejs, G.J.

(1997). 'Evidence of accelerated gastric emptying in longstanding diabetic

patients after ingestion of a semisolid meal.' J Nucl Med 38(5): 814-818.

Little, T.J., Feltrin, K.L., Horowitz, M., Smout, A.J., Rades, T., Meyer, J.H.,

Pilichiewicz, A.N., Wishart, J. and Feinle-Bisset, C. (2005). 'Dose-related

effects of lauric acid on antropyloroduodenal motility, gastrointestinal

hormone release, appetite, and energy intake in healthy men.' Am J Physiol

Regul Integr Comp Physiol 289(4): R1090-1098.

Little, T.J., Pilichiewicz, A.N., Russo, A., Phillips, L., Jones, K.L., Nauck, M.A.,

Wishart, J., Horowitz, M. and Feinle-Bisset, C. (2006a). 'Effects of

intravenous glucagon-like peptide-1 on gastric emptying and intragastric

distribution in healthy subjects: relationships with postprandial glycemic and

insulinemic responses.' J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91(5): 1916-1923.

Little, T.J., Doran, S., Meyer, J.H., Smout, A.J., O'Donovan, D.G., Wu, K.L., Jones,

K.L., Wishart, J., Rayner, C.K., Horowitz, M. and Feinle-Bisset, C. (2006b).

'The release of GLP-1 and ghrelin, but not GIP and CCK, by glucose is

dependent upon the length of small intestine exposed.' Am J Physiol

Endocrinol Metab 291(3): E647-655.

Liu, M., Seino, S. and Kirchgessner, A.L. (1999). 'Identification and characterization

of glucoresponsive neurons in the enteric nervous system.' J Neurosci 19(23):

10305-10317.

Chapter 12

221

Loreno, M., Bucceri, A.M., Catalano, F., Blasi, A. and Brogna, A. (2004). 'Gastric

clearance of radiopaque markers in the evaluation of gastric emptying rate.'

Scand J Gastroenterol 39(12): 1215-1218.

MacGregor, I.L., Gueller, R., Watts, H.D. and Meyer, J.H. (1976). 'The effect of

acute hyperglycemia on gastric emptying in man.' Gastroenterology 70(2):

190-196.

MacGregor, I.L., Wiley, Z.D., Lavigne, M.E. and Way, L.W. (1979). 'Slowed rate of

gastric emptying of solid food in man by high caloric parenteral nutrition.' Am

J Surg 138(5): 652-654.

Maddern, G., Miners, J., Collins, P.J. and Jamieson, G.G. (1985). 'Liquid gastric

emptying assessed by direct and indirect techniques: radionuclide labelled

liquid emptying compared with a simple paracetamol marker method.' Aust N

Z J Surg 55(2): 203-206.

Malagelada, J.R., Robertson, J.S., Brown, M.L., Remington, M., Duenes, J.A.,

Thomforde, G.M. and Carryer, P.W. (1984). 'Intestinal transit of solid and

liquid components of a meal in health.' Gastroenterology 87(6): 1255-1263.

Malbert, C.H. and Ruckebusch, Y. (1991). 'Relationships between pressure and flow

across the gastroduodenal junction in dogs.' Am J Physiol 260(4 Pt 1): G653-

657.

Malbert, C.H. and Mathis, C. (1994). 'Antropyloric modulation of transpyloric flow

of liquids in pigs.' Gastroenterology 107(1): 37-46.

Mangnall, Y.F., Barnish, C., Brown, B.H., Barber, D.C., Johnson, A.G. and Read,

N.W. (1988). 'Comparison of applied potential tomography and impedance

epigastrography as methods of measuring gastric emptying.' Clin Phys Physiol

Meas 9(3): 249-254.

Chapter 12

222

Mangnall, Y.F., Kerrigan, D.D., Johnson, A.G. and Read, N.W. (1991). 'Applied

potential tomography. Noninvasive method for measuring gastric emptying of

a solid test meal.' Dig Dis Sci 36(12): 1680-1684.

Mansi, C., Savarino, V., Vigneri, S., Perilli, D., Melga, P., Sciaba, L., De Martini, D.

and Mela, G.S. (1995). 'Gastrokinetic effects of levosulpiride in dyspeptic

patients with diabetic gastroparesis.' Am J Gastroenterol 90(11): 1989-1993.

Mansi, C., Borro, P., Giacomini, M., Biagini, R., Mele, M.R., Pandolfo, N. and

Savarino, V. (2000). 'Comparative effects of levosulpiride and cisapride on

gastric emptying and symptoms in patients with functional dyspepsia and

gastroparesis.' Aliment Pharmacol Ther 14(5): 561-569.

Maranki, J. and Parkman, H.P. (2007). 'Gastric electric stimulation for the treatment

of gastroparesis.' Curr Gastroenterol Rep 9(4): 286-294.

Marciani, L., Gowland, P.A., Fillery-Travis, A., Manoj, P., Wright, J., Smith, A.,

Young, P., Moore, R. and Spiller, R.C. (2001). 'Assessment of antral grinding

of a model solid meal with echo-planar imaging.' Am J Physiol Gastrointest

Liver Physiol 280(5): G844-849.

Mariani, G., Boni, G., Barreca, M., Bellini, M., Fattori, B., AlSharif, A., Grosso, M.,

Stasi, C., Costa, F., Anselmino, M., Marchi, S., Rubello, D. and Strauss, H.W.

(2004). 'Radionuclide gastroesophageal motor studies.' J Nucl Med 45(6):

1004-1028.

Mason, R.J., Lipham, J., Eckerling, G., Schwartz, A. and Demeester, T.R. (2005).

'Gastric electrical stimulation: an alternative surgical therapy for patients with

gastroparesis.' Arch Surg 140(9): 841-846; discussion 847-848.

Maurer, A.H., Knight, L.C., Charkes, N.D., Vitti, R.A., Krevsky, B., Fisher, R.S. and

Siegel, J.A. (1991). 'Comparison of left anterior oblique and geometric mean

gastric emptying.' J Nucl Med 32(11): 2176-2180.

Chapter 12

223

McArthur, K.E., Isenberg, J.I., Hogan, D.L. and Dreier, S.J. (1983). 'Intravenous

infusion of L-isomers of phenylalanine and tryptophan stimulate gastric acid

secretion at physiologic plasma concentrations in normal subjects and after

parietal cell vagotomy.' J Clin Invest 71(5): 1254-1262.

McCallum, R., Lin, Z., Wetzel, P., Sarosiek, I. and Forster, J. (2005). 'Clinical

response to gastric electrical stimulation in patients with postsurgical

gastroparesis.' Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 3(1): 49-54.

McCallum, R.W., Chen, J.D., Lin, Z., Schirmer, B.D., Williams, R.D. and Ross, R.A.

(1998). 'Gastric pacing improves emptying and symptoms in patients with

gastroparesis.' Gastroenterology 114(3): 456-461.

McCallum, R.W. and Cynshi, O. (2007a). 'Efficacy of mitemcinal, a motilin agonist,

on gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with symptoms suggesting diabetic

gastropathy: a randomized, multi-center, placebo-controlled trial.' Aliment


McCallum, R.W. and Cynshi, O. (2007b). 'Clinical trial: effect of mitemcinal (a

motilin agonist) on gastric emptying in patients with gastroparesis - a

randomized, multicentre, placebo-controlled study.' Aliment Pharmacol Ther

26(8): 1121-1130.

McKelvey, S.T. (1970). 'Gastric incontinence and post-vagotomy diarrhoea.' Br J

Surg 57(10): 741-747.

Mearadji, B., Penning, C., Vu, M.K., van der Schaar, P.J., van Petersen, A.S.,

Kamerling, I.M. and Masclee, A.A. (2001). 'Influence of gender on proximal

gastric motor and sensory function.' Am J Gastroenterol 96(7): 2066-2073.

Mearin, F., Camilleri, M. and Malagelada, J.R. (1986). 'Pyloric dysfunction in

diabetics with recurrent nausea and vomiting.' Gastroenterology 90(6): 1919-

1925.

Chapter 12

224

Mearin, F., Rodrigo, L., Perez-Mota, A., Balboa, A., Jimenez, I., Sebastian, J.J. and

Paton, C. (2004). 'Levosulpiride and cisapride in the treatment of dysmotility-

like functional dyspepsia: a randomized, double-masked trial.' Clin


Medhus, A.W., Sandstad, O., Bredesen, J. and Husebye, E. (1999). 'Delay of gastric

emptying by duodenal intubation: sensitive measurement of gastric emptying

by the paracetamol absorption test.' Aliment Pharmacol Ther 13(5): 609-620.

Medhus, A.W., Lofthus, C.M., Bredesen, J. and Husebye, E. (2001). 'Gastric

emptying: the validity of the paracetamol absorption test adjusted for

individual pharmacokinetics.' Neurogastroenterol Motil 13(3): 179-185.

Meier, J.J., Gallwitz, B., Salmen, S., Goetze, O., Holst, J.J., Schmidt, W.E. and

Nauck, M.A. (2003). 'Normalization of glucose concentrations and

deceleration of gastric emptying after solid meals during intravenous

glucagon-like peptide 1 in patients with type 2 diabetes.' J Clin Endocrinol

Metab 88(6): 2719-2725.

Meier, J.J., Goetze, O., Anstipp, J., Hagemann, D., Holst, J.J., Schmidt, W.E.,

Gallwitz, B. and Nauck, M.A. (2004). 'Gastric inhibitory polypeptide does not

inhibit gastric emptying in humans.' Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 286(4):

E621-625.

Merio, R., Festa, A., Bergmann, H., Eder, T., Eibl, N., Stacher-Janotta, G., Weber,

U., Budka, C., Heckenberg, A., Bauer, P., Francesconi, M., Schernthaner, G.

and Stacher, G. (1997). 'Slow gastric emptying in type I diabetes: relation to

autonomic and peripheral neuropathy, blood glucose, and glycemic control.'


Meyer, J.H., MacGregor, I.L., Gueller, R., Martin, P. and Cavalieri, R. (1976).

'99mTc-tagged chicken liver as a marker of solid food in the human stomach.'

Am J Dig Dis 21(4): 296-304.

Chapter 12

225

Meyer, J.H., Ohashi, H., Jehn, D. and Thomson, J.B. (1981). 'Size of liver particles

emptied from the human stomach.' Gastroenterology 80(6): 1489-1496.

Migdalis, L., Thomaides, T., Chairopoulos, C., Kalogeropoulou, C., Charalabides, J.

and Mantzara, F. (2001). 'Changes of gastric emptying rate and gastrin levels

are early indicators of autonomic neuropathy in type II diabetic patients.' Clin

Auton Res 11(4): 259-263.

Miller, L.S., Szych, G.A., Kantor, S.B., Bromer, M.Q., Knight, L.C., Maurer, A.H.,

Fisher, R.S. and Parkman, H.P. (2002). 'Treatment of idiopathic gastroparesis

with injection of botulinum toxin into the pyloric sphincter muscle.' Am J


Mintchev, M.P., Sanmiguel, C.P., Amaris, M. and Bowes, K.L. (2000).

'Microprocessor-controlled movement of solid gastric content using sequential

neural electrical stimulation.' Gastroenterology 118(2): 258-263.

Mizuno, Y. and Oomura, Y. (1984). 'Glucose responding neurons in the nucleus

tractus solitarius of the rat: in vitro study.' Brain Res 307(1-2): 109-116.

Monteleone, P., Bencivenga, R., Longobardi, N., Serritella, C. and Maj, M. (2003).

'Differential responses of circulating ghrelin to high-fat or high-carbohydrate

meal in healthy women.' J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88(11): 5510-5514.

Moore, J.G., Christian, P.E., Taylor, A.T. and Alazraki, N. (1985). 'Gastric emptying

measurements: delayed and complex emptying patterns without appropriate

correction.' J Nucl Med 26(10): 1206-1210.

Moran, T.H. and McHugh, P.R. (1981). 'Distinctions among three sugars in their

effects on gastric emptying and satiety.' Am J Physiol 241(1): R25-30.

Mroz, C.T. and Kelly, K.A. (1977). 'The role of the extrinsic antral nerves in the

regulation of gastric emptying.' Surg Gynecol Obstet 145(3): 369-377.

Chapter 12

226

Murray, C.D., Martin, N.M., Patterson, M., Taylor, S.A., Ghatei, M.A., Kamm, M.A.,

Johnston, C., Bloom, S.R. and Emmanuel, A.V. (2005). 'Ghrelin enhances

gastric emptying in diabetic gastroparesis: a double blind, placebo controlled,

crossover study.' Gut 54(12): 1693-1698.

Mushambi, M.C., Trotter, T.N., Barker, P. and Rowbotham, D.J. (1992). 'A

comparison of gastric emptying rate after cimetidine and ranitidine measured

by applied potential tomography.' Br J Clin Pharmacol 34(3): 278-280.

Mushiroda, T., Douya, R., Takahara, E. and Nagata, O. (2000). 'The involvement of

flavin-containing monooxygenase but not CYP3A4 in metabolism of itopride

hydrochloride, a gastroprokinetic agent: comparison with cisapride and

mosapride citrate.' Drug Metab Dispos 28(10): 1231-1237.

Naslund, E., Bogefors, J., Skogar, S., Gryback, P., Jacobsson, H., Holst, J.J. and

Hellstrom, P.M. (1999). 'GLP-1 slows solid gastric emptying and inhibits

insulin, glucagon, and PYY release in humans.' Am J Physiol 277(3 Pt 2):

R910-916.

Nauck, M.A., Bartels, E., Orskov, C., Ebert, R. and Creutzfeldt, W. (1993). 'Additive

insulinotropic effects of exogenous synthetic human gastric inhibitory

polypeptide and glucagon-like peptide-1-(7-36) amide infused at near-

physiological insulinotropic hormone and glucose concentrations.' J Clin

Endocrinol Metab 76(4): 912-917.

Nauck, M.A., Niedereichholz, U., Ettler, R., Holst, J.J., Orskov, C., Ritzel, R. and

Schmiegel, W.H. (1997a). 'Glucagon-like peptide 1 inhibition of gastric

emptying outweighs its insulinotropic effects in healthy humans.' Am J

Physiol 273(5 Pt 1): E981-988.

Nauck, M.A., Holst, J.J. and Willms, B. (1997b). 'Glucagon-like peptide 1 and its

potential in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.' Horm

Metab Res 29(9): 411-416.

Chapter 12

227

Nauck, M.A., Baller, B. and Meier, J.J. (2004). 'Gastric inhibitory polypeptide and

glucagon-like peptide-1 in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes.' Diabetes 53

Suppl 3: S190-196.

Nauck, M.A., Hompesch, M., Filipczak, R., Le, T.D., Zdravkovic, M. and

Gumprecht, J. (2006). 'Five weeks of treatment with the GLP-1 analogue

liraglutide improves glycaemic control and lowers body weight in subjects

with type 2 diabetes.' Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 114(8): 417-423.

Nelsen, T.S. and Kohatsu, S. (1971). 'The stomach as a pump.' Rend R Gastroenterol

3: 65-70.

Nimmo, W.S. (1976). 'Drugs, diseases and altered gastric emptying.' Clin

Pharmacokinet 1(3): 189-203.

O'Donovan, D., Horowitz, M., Russo, A., Feinle-Bisset, C., Murolo, N., Gentilcore,

D., Wishart, J.M., Morris, H.A. and Jones, K.L. (2004a). 'Effects of lipase

inhibition on gastric emptying of, and on the glycaemic, insulin and

cardiovascular responses to, a high-fat/carbohydrate meal in type 2 diabetes.'

Diabetologia 47(12): 2208-2214.

O'Donovan, D.G., Doran, S., Feinle-Bisset, C., Jones, K.L., Meyer, J.H., Wishart,

J.M., Morris, H.A. and Horowitz, M. (2004b). 'Effect of variations in small

intestinal glucose delivery on plasma glucose, insulin, and incretin hormones

in healthy subjects and type 2 diabetes.' J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89(7): 3431-

3435.

Orskov, C., Wettergren, A. and Holst, J.J. (1993). 'Biological effects and metabolic

rates of glucagonlike peptide-1 7-36 amide and glucagonlike peptide-1 7-37 in

healthy subjects are indistinguishable.' Diabetes 42(5): 658-661.

Chapter 12

228

Pallotta, N., Cicala, M., Frandina, C. and Corazziari, E. (1998). 'Antro-pyloric

contractile patterns and transpyloric flow after meal ingestion in humans.' Am

J Gastroenterol 93(12): 2513-2522.

Park, M.I. and Camilleri, M. (2006). 'Gastroparesis: clinical update.' Am J


Parkman, H.P., Hasler, W.L., Barnett, J.L. and Eaker, E.Y. (2003).

'Electrogastrography: a document prepared by the gastric section of the

American Motility Society Clinical GI Motility Testing Task Force.'


Parkman, H.P., Hasler, W.L. and Fisher, R.S. (2004). 'American Gastroenterological

Association technical review on the diagnosis and treatment of gastroparesis.'


Patrick, A. and Epstein, O. (2008). 'Review article: gastroparesis.' Aliment Pharmacol

Ther 27(9): 724-740.

Patterson, D., Abell, T., Rothstein, R., Koch, K. and Barnett, J. (1999). 'A double-

blind multicenter comparison of domperidone and metoclopramide in the

treatment of diabetic patients with symptoms of gastroparesis.' Am J


Perley, M.J. and Kipnis, D.M. (1967). 'Plasma insulin responses to oral and

intravenous glucose: studies in normal and diabetic sujbjects.' J Clin Invest

46(12): 1954-1962.

Petrakis, I.E., Chalkiadakis, G., Vrachassotakis, N., Sciacca, V., Vassilakis, S.J. and

Xynos, E. (1999a). 'Induced-hyperglycemia attenuates erythromycin-induced

acceleration of hypertonic liquid-phase gastric emptying in type-I diabetic

patients.' Dig Dis 17(4): 241-247.

Chapter 12

229

Petrakis, I.E., Vrachassotakis, N., Sciacca, V., Vassilakis, S.I. and Chalkiadakis, G.

(1999b). 'Hyperglycaemia attenuates erythromycin-induced acceleration of

solid-phase gastric emptying in idiopathic and diabetic gastroparesis.' Scand J


Phillips, W.T., Schwartz, J.G. and McMahan, C.A. (1992). 'Rapid gastric emptying of

an oral glucose solution in type 2 diabetic patients.' J Nucl Med 33(8): 1496-

1500.

Pilichiewicz, A., O'Donovan, D., Feinle, C., Lei, Y., Wishart, J.M., Bryant, L.,

Meyer, J.H., Horowitz, M. and Jones, K.L. (2003). 'Effect of lipase inhibition

on gastric emptying of, and the glycemic and incretin responses to, an

oil/aqueous drink in type 2 diabetes mellitus.' J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88(8):

3829-3834.

Pilichiewicz, A.N., Chaikomin, R., Brennan, I.M., Wishart, J.M., Rayner, C.K.,

Jones, K.L., Smout, A.J., Horowitz, M. and Feinle-Bisset, C. (2007). 'Load-

dependent effects of duodenal glucose on glycemia, gastrointestinal

hormones, antropyloroduodenal motility, and energy intake in healthy men.'

Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 293(3): E743-753.

Rabine, J.C. and Barnett, J.L. (2001). 'Management of the patient with gastroparesis.'

J Clin Gastroenterol 32(1): 11-18.

Rao, S.S., Lu, C. and Schulze-Delrieu, K. (1996). 'Duodenum as a immediate brake to

gastric outflow: a videofluoroscopic and manometric assessment.'


Rayner, C.K., Park, H.S., Wishart, J.M., Kong, M., Doran, S.M. and Horowitz, M.

(2000a). 'Effects of intraduodenal glucose and fructose on antropyloric

motility and appetite in healthy humans.' Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp

Physiol 278(2): R360-366.

Chapter 12

230

Rayner, C.K., Park, H.S., Doran, S.M., Chapman, I.M. and Horowitz, M. (2000b).

'Effects of cholecystokinin on appetite and pyloric motility during

physiological hyperglycemia.' Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol

278(1): G98-G104.

Rayner, C.K., Samsom, M., Jones, K.L. and Horowitz, M. (2001). 'Relationships of

upper gastrointestinal motor and sensory function with glycemic control.'


Rayner, C.K., Schwartz, M.P., van Dam, P.S., Renooij, W., de Smet, M., Horowitz,

M., Smout, A.J. and Samsom, M. (2002). 'Small intestinal glucose absorption

and duodenal motility in type 1 diabetes mellitus.' Am J Gastroenterol 97(12):

3123-3130.

Rayner, C.K. and Horowitz, M. (2005). 'New management approaches for

gastroparesis.' Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol 2(10): 454-462; quiz

493.

Rayner, C.K. and Horowitz, M. (2006). 'Gastrointestinal motility and glycemic

control in diabetes: the chicken and the egg revisited?' J Clin Invest 116(2):

299-302.

Reardon, T.M., Schnell, G.A., Smith, O.J. and Schubert, T.T. (1989). 'Surgical

therapy of diabetic gastroparesis.' J Clin Gastroenterol 11(2): 204-207.

Reid, B., DiLorenzo, C., Travis, L., Flores, A.F., Grill, B.B. and Hyman, P.E. (1992).

'Diabetic gastroparesis due to postprandial antral hypomotility in childhood.'

Pediatrics 90(1 Pt 1): 43-46.

Reiser, S., Powell, A.S., Yang, C.Y. and Canary, J.J. (1987). 'An insulinogenic effect

of oral fructose in humans during postprandial hyperglycemia.' Am J Clin

Nutr 45(3): 580-587.

Chapter 12

231

Ricci, R., Bontempo, I., Corazziari, E., La Bella, A. and Torsoli, A. (1993). 'Real time

ultrasonography of the gastric antrum.' Gut 34(2): 173-176.

Ritzel, R., Orskov, C., Holst, J.J. and Nauck, M.A. (1995). 'Pharmacokinetic,

insulinotropic, and glucagonostatic properties of GLP-1 [7-36 amide] after

subcutaneous injection in healthy volunteers. Dose-response-relationships.'

Diabetologia 38(6): 720-725.

Rubenstein, A., Clark, J., Melani, F. and Steiner, D.F. (1969). 'Secretion of proinsulin

C-peptide by pancreatic beta cells and its circulation in blood.' Nature

(London) 224: 697-699.

Rundles, R.W. (1945). 'Diabetic neuropathy.' Medicine 24: 111-160.

Russo, A., Fraser, R. and Horowitz, M. (1996). 'The effect of acute hyperglycaemia

on small intestinal motility in normal subjects.' Diabetologia 39(8): 984-989.

Russo, A., Stevens, J.E., Wilson, T., Wells, F., Tonkin, A., Horowitz, M. and Jones,

K.L. (2003). 'Guar attenuates fall in postprandial blood pressure and slows

gastric emptying of oral glucose in type 2 diabetes.' Dig Dis Sci 48(7): 1221-

1229.

Russo, A., Stevens, J.E., Giles, N., Krause, G., O'Donovan, D.G., Horowitz, M. and

Jones, K.L. (2004). 'Effect of the motilin agonist KC 11458 on gastric

emptying in diabetic gastroparesis.' Aliment Pharmacol Ther 20(3): 333-338.

Sakaguchi, J., Iwsaki, N., Iwanaga, Y., Saito, T., Takahara, E., Kato, H. and Hanaoka,

M. (2001). 'Synthesis and gastrointestinal prokinetic activity of novel

benzamide derivatives with amphoteric side chains.' Chem Pharm Bull

(Tokyo) 49(4): 424-436.

Chapter 12

232

Salehi, M., Vahl, T.P. and D'Alessio, D.A. (2008). 'Regulation of islet hormone

release and gastric emptying by endogenous glucagon-like peptide 1 after

glucose ingestion.' J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93(12): 4909-4916.

Samsom, M., Akkermans, L.M., Jebbink, R.J., van Isselt, H., vanBerge-Henegouwen,

G.P. and Smout, A.J. (1997). 'Gastrointestinal motor mechanisms in

hyperglycaemia induced delayed gastric emptying in type I diabetes mellitus.'

Gut 40(5): 641-646.

Samsom, M., Vermeijden, J.R., Smout, A.J., Van Doorn, E., Roelofs, J., Van Dam,

P.S., Martens, E.P., Eelkman-Rooda, S.J. and Van Berge-Henegouwen, G.P.

(2003). 'Prevalence of delayed gastric emptying in diabetic patients and

relationship to dyspeptic symptoms: a prospective study in unselected diabetic

patients.' Diabetes Care 26(11): 3116-3122.

Sanaka, M., Kuyama, Y. and Yamanaka, M. (1998). 'Guide for judicious use of the

paracetamol absorption technique in a study of gastric emptying rate of

liquids.' J Gastroenterol 33(6): 785-791.

Sanaka, M., Kuyama, Y., Nishinakagawa, S. and Mineshita, S. (2000). 'Use of

salivary acetaminophen concentration to assess gastric emptying rate of

liquids.' J Gastroenterol 35(6): 429-433.

Savage, A.P., Adrian, T.E., Carolan, G., Chatterjee, V.K. and Bloom, S.R. (1987).

'Effects of peptide YY (PYY) on mouth to caecum intestinal transit time and

on the rate of gastric emptying in healthy volunteers.' Gut 28(2): 166-170.

Savoye, G., Savoye-Collet, C., Oors, J. and Smout, A.J. (2003). 'Interdigestive

transpyloric fluid transport assessed by intraluminal impedance recording.' Am

J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 284(4): G663-669.

Savoye-Collet, C., Savoye, G. and Smout, A. (2003). 'Determinants of transpyloric

fluid transport: a study using combined real-time ultrasound, manometry, and

Chapter 12

233

impedance recording.' Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 285(6):

G1147-1152.

Schirra, J., Sturm, K., Leicht, P., Arnold, R., Goke, B. and Katschinski, M. (1998a).

'Exendin(9-39)amide is an antagonist of glucagon-like peptide-1(7-36)amide

in humans.' J Clin Invest 101(7): 1421-1430.

Schirra, J., Leicht, P., Hildebrand, P., Beglinger, C., Arnold, R., Goke, B. and

Katschinski, M. (1998b). 'Mechanisms of the antidiabetic action of

subcutaneous glucagon-like peptide-1(7-36)amide in non-insulin dependent

diabetes mellitus.' J Endocrinol 156(1): 177-186.

Schirra, J., Houck, P., Wank, U., Arnold, R., Goke, B. and Katschinski, M. (2000).

'Effects of glucagon-like peptide-1(7-36)amide on antro-pyloro-duodenal

motility in the interdigestive state and with duodenal lipid perfusion in

humans.' Gut 46(5): 622-631.

Schirra, J., Wank, U., Arnold, R., Goke, B. and Katschinski, M. (2002). 'Effects of

glucagon-like peptide-1(7-36)amide on motility and sensation of the proximal

stomach in humans.' Gut 50(3): 341-348.

Schirra, J. and Goke, B. (2005). 'The physiological role of GLP-1 in human: incretin,

ileal brake or more?' Regul Pept 128(2): 109-115.

Schirra, J., Nicolaus, M., Roggel, R., Katschinski, M., Storr, M., Woerle, H.J. and

Goke, B. (2006). 'Endogenous glucagon-like peptide 1 controls endocrine

pancreatic secretion and antro-pyloro-duodenal motility in humans.' Gut

55(2): 243-251.

Schirra, J., Nicolaus, M., Woerle, H.J., Struckmeier, C., Katschinski, M. and Goke,

B. (2009). 'GLP-1 regulates gastroduodenal motility involving cholinergic

pathways.' Neurogastroenterol Motil.

Chapter 12

234

Schmidt, P.T., Naslund, E., Gryback, P., Jacobsson, H., Hartmann, B., Holst, J.J. and

Hellstrom, P.M. (2003). 'Peripheral administration of GLP-2 to humans has no

effect on gastric emptying or satiety.' Regul Pept 116(1-3): 21-25.

Schvarcz, E., Palmer, M., Aman, J., Lindkvist, B. and Beckman, K.W. (1993).

'Hypoglycaemia increases the gastric emptying rate in patients with type 1

diabetes mellitus.' Diabet Med 10(7): 660-663.

Schvarcz, E., Palmer, M., Aman, J. and Berne, C. (1995a). 'Hypoglycemia increases

the gastric emptying rate in healthy subjects.' Diabetes Care 18(5): 674-676.

Schvarcz, E., Palmer, M., Aman, J. and Berne, C. (1995b). 'Atropine inhibits the

increase in gastric emptying during hypoglycemia in humans.' Diabetes Care

18(11): 1463-1467.

Schvarcz, E., Palmer, M., Ingberg, C.M., Aman, J. and Berne, C. (1996). 'Increased

prevalence of upper gastrointestinal symptoms in long-term type 1 diabetes

mellitus.' Diabet Med 13(5): 478-481.

Schvarcz, E., Palmer, M., Aman, J., Horowitz, M., Stridsberg, M. and Berne, C.

(1997). 'Physiological hyperglycemia slows gastric emptying in normal

subjects and patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.'


Schwartz, J.G., Green, G.M., Guan, D., McMahan, C.A. and Phillips, W.T. (1996).

'Rapid gastric emptying of a solid pancake meal in type II diabetic patients.'


Schwartz, M.P., Samsom, M., Renooij, W., van Steenderen, L.W., Benninga, M.A.,

van Geenen, E.J., van Herwaarden, M.A., de Smet, M.B. and Smout, A.J.

(2002). 'Small bowel motility affects glucose absorption in a healthy man.'

Diabetes Care 25(10): 1857-1861.

Chapter 12

235

Schwizer, W., Maecke, H. and Fried, M. (1992). 'Measurement of gastric emptying

by magnetic resonance imaging in humans.' Gastroenterology 103(2): 369-

376.

Schwizer, W., Fraser, R., Borovicka, J., Asal, K., Crelier, G., Kunz, P., Boesiger, P.

and Fried, M. (1996). 'Measurement of proximal and distal gastric motility

with magnetic resonance imaging.' Am J Physiol 271(1 Pt 1): G217-222.

Schwizer, W., Borovicka, J., Kunz, P., Fraser, R., Kreiss, C., D'Amato, M., Crelier,

G., Boesiger, P. and Fried, M. (1997a). 'Role of cholecystokinin in the

regulation of liquid gastric emptying and gastric motility in humans: studies

with the CCK antagonist loxiglumide.' Gut 41(4): 500-504.

Schwizer, W., Asal, K., Kreiss, C., Mettraux, C., Borovicka, J., Remy, B., Guzelhan,

C., Hartmann, D. and Fried, M. (1997b). 'Role of lipase in the regulation of

upper gastrointestinal function in humans.' Am J Physiol 273(3 Pt 1): G612-

620.

Schwizer, W., Steingotter, A., Fox, M., Zur, T., Thumshirn, M., Bosiger, P. and

Fried, M. (2002). 'Non-invasive measurement of gastric accommodation in

humans.' Gut 51 Suppl 1: i59-62.

Seiberling, M. (2001). 'A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the

safety and tolerability of single ascending oral doses of itopride in time-

lagged groups of healthy male subjects.' Clinical Study Report KD0001.

Shakil, A., Church, R.J. and Rao, S.S. (2008). 'Gastrointestinal complications of

diabetes.' Am Fam Physician 77(12): 1697-1702.

Shuter, B. and Ng, S.M. (2005). 'Radiolabelling of egg meals for gastric emptying

studies: a comparison of 99mTc sulfur and 99mTc stannous colloids.' Nucl

Med Commun 26(4): 369-374.

Chapter 12

236

Silvers, D., Kipnes, M., Broadstone, V., Patterson, D., Quigley, E.M., McCallum, R.,

Leidy, N.K., Farup, C., Liu, Y. and Joslyn, A. (1998). 'Domperidone in the

management of symptoms of diabetic gastroparesis: efficacy, tolerability, and

quality-of-life outcomes in a multicenter controlled trial. DOM-USA-5 Study

Group.' Clin Ther 20(3): 438-453.

Sima, A.A., Zhang, W., Sugimoto, K., Henry, D., Li, Z., Wahren, J. and Grunberger,

G. (2001). 'C-peptide prevents and improves chronic Type I diabetic

polyneuropathy in the BB/Wor rat.' Diabetologia 44(7): 889-897.

Simonian, H.P., Maurer, A.H., Knight, L.C., Kantor, S., Kontos, D.,

Megalooikonomou, V., Fisher, R.S. and Parkman, H.P. (2004). 'Simultaneous

assessment of gastric accommodation and emptying: studies with liquid and

solid meals.' J Nucl Med 45(7): 1155-1160.

Simonson, D.C., Tamborlane, W.V., DeFronzo, R.A. and Sherwin, R.S. (1985).

'Intensive insulin therapy reduces counterregulatory hormone responses to

hypoglycemia in patients with type I diabetes.' Ann Intern Med 103(2): 184-

190.

Smith, D.S. and Ferris, C.D. (2003). 'Current concepts in diabetic gastroparesis.'

Drugs 63(13): 1339-1358.

Smith, H.L., Hollins, G.W., Booth, I.W. and Weller, P.H. (1990). 'Gastric emptying

of liquids in cystic fibrosis.' Acta Univ Carol [Med] (Praha) 36(1-4): 161-

164.

Smith, M., Whitehead, E., O'Sullivan, G. and Reynolds, F. (1991). 'A comparison of

serum and saliva paracetamol concentrations.' Br J Clin Pharmacol 31(5):

553-555.

Chapter 12

237

Sole, C.C. and Noakes, T.D. (1989). 'Faster gastric emptying for glucose-polymer and

fructose solutions than for glucose in humans.' Eur J Appl Physiol Occup

Physiol 58(6): 605-612.

Soulsby, C.T., Khela, M., Yazaki, E., Evans, D.F., Hennessy, E. and Powell-Tuck, J.

(2006). 'Measurements of gastric emptying during continuous nasogastric

infusion of liquid feed: electric impedance tomography versus gamma

scintigraphy.' Clin Nutr 25(4): 671-680.

Stacher, G., Steinringer, H., Schmierer, G., Schneider, C. and Winklehner, S. (1982).

'Cholecystokinin octapeptide decreases intake of solid food in man.' Peptides

3(2): 133-136.

Stacher, G., Lenglinger, J., Bergmann, H., Schneider, C., Brannath, W., Festa, A.,

Meghdadi, S. and Stacher-Janotta, G. (2003). 'Impaired gastric emptying and

altered intragastric meal distribution in diabetes mellitus related to autonomic

neuropathy?' Dig Dis Sci 48(6): 1027-1034.

Stanghellini, V., Tosetti, C. and Corinaldesi, R. (2000). 'Standards for non-invasive

methods for gastrointestinal motility: scintigraphy. A position statement from

the Gruppo Italiano di Studio Motilita Apparato Digerente (GISMAD).' Dig

Liver Dis 32(5): 447-452.

Steiner, D.F. (1978). 'On the role of the proinsulin C-peptide.' Diabetes 27 Suppl 1:

145-148.

Stevens, J.E., Russo, A., Maddox, A.F., Rayner, C.K., Phillips, L., Talley, N.J.,

Giguere, M., Horowitz, M. and Jones, K.L. (2008). 'Effect of itopride on

gastric emptying in longstanding diabetes mellitus.' Neurogastroenterol Motil

20(5): 456-463.

Stotzer, P.O., Fjalling, M., Gretarsdottir, J. and Abrahamsson, H. (1999). 'Assessment

of gastric emptying: comparison of solid scintigraphic emptying and emptying

Chapter 12

238

of radiopaque markers in patients and healthy subjects.' Dig Dis Sci 44(4):

729-734.

Stotzer, P.O. and Abrahamsson, H. (2000). 'Human postprandial gastric emptying of

indigestible solids can occur unrelated to antral phase III.' Neurogastroenterol

Motil 12(5): 415-419.

Stradley, R., Farmer-Bailey, P., Pasquini, N., Rogers, W. and Sherding, R. (1986).

'Gastric absorption of D-xylose in the rat: its influence on the D-xylose

absorption test.' J Lab Clin Med 107(1): 10-14.

Sturm, A., Holtmann, G., Goebell, H. and Gerken, G. (1999). 'Prokinetics in patients

with gastroparesis: a systematic analysis.' Digestion 60(5): 422-427.

Sugumar, A., Singh, A. and Pasricha, P.J. (2008). 'A systematic review of the efficacy

of domperidone for the treatment of diabetic gastroparesis.' Clin


Sun, W.M., Penagini, R., Hebbard, G., Malbert, C., Jones, K.L., Emery, S., Dent, J.

and Horowitz, M. (1995). 'Effect of drink temperature on antropyloroduodenal

motility and gastric electrical activity in humans.' Gut 37(3): 329-334.

Syed, A.A., Rattansingh, A. and Furtado, S.D. (2005). 'Current perspectives on the

management of gastroparesis.' J Postgrad Med 51(1): 54-60.

Tack, J., Depoortere, I., Bisschops, R., Verbeke, K., Janssens, J. and Peeters, T.

(2005). 'Influence of ghrelin on gastric emptying and meal-related symptoms

in idiopathic gastroparesis.' Aliment Pharmacol Ther 22(9): 847-853.

Tack, J. (2007). 'Gastric motor disorders.' Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 21(4):

633-644.

Chapter 12

239

Tack, J. (2008). 'Prokinetics and fundic relaxants in upper functional GI disorders.'

Curr Opin Pharmacol 8(6): 690-696.

Taillefer, R., Douesnard, J.M., Beauchamp, G. and Guimond, J. (1987). 'Comparison

of technetium-99m sulfur colloid and technetium-99m albumin colloid labeled

solid meals for gastric emptying studies.' Clin Nucl Med 12(8): 597-600.

Talley, N.J., Verlinden, M., Snape, W., Beker, J.A., Ducrotte, P., Dettmer, A.,

Brinkhoff, H., Eaker, E., Ohning, G., Miner, P.B., Mathias, J.R., Fumagalli, I.,

Staessen, D. and Mack, R.J. (2000). 'Failure of a motilin receptor agonist

(ABT-229) to relieve the symptoms of functional dyspepsia in patients with

and without delayed gastric emptying: a randomized double-blind placebo-

controlled trial.' Aliment Pharmacol Ther 14(12): 1653-1661.

Talley, N.J., Verlinden, M., Geenen, D.J., Hogan, R.B., Riff, D., McCallum, R.W.

and Mack, R.J. (2001). 'Effects of a motilin receptor agonist (ABT-229) on

upper gastrointestinal symptoms in type 1 diabetes mellitus: a randomised,

double blind, placebo controlled trial.' Gut 49(3): 395-401.

Talley, N.J. (2003). 'Diabetic gastropathy and prokinetics.' Am J Gastroenterol 98(2):

264-271.

Talley, N.J., Camilleri, M., Burton, D., Thomforde, G., Koch, K., Rucker, M.J.,

Peterson, J., Zinsmeister, A.R. and Earnest, D.L. (2006). 'Double-blind,

randomized, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the effects of tegaserod on

gastric motor, sensory and myoelectric function in healthy volunteers.'

Aliment Pharmacol Ther 24(5): 859-867.

Talley, N.J., Tack, J., Ptak, T., Gupta, R. and Giguere, M. (2008). 'Itopride in

functional dyspepsia: results of two phase III multicentre, randomised,

double-blind, placebo-controlled trials.' Gut 57(6): 740-746.

Chapter 12

240

Tefera, S., Gilja, O.H., Olafsdottir, E., Hausken, T., Hatlebakk, J.G. and Berstad, A.

(2002). 'Intragastric maldistribution of a liquid meal in patients with reflux

oesophagitis assessed by three dimensional ultrasonography.' Gut 50(2): 153-

158.

Teff, K.L., Elliott, S.S., Tschop, M., Kieffer, T.J., Rader, D., Heiman, M., Townsend,

R.R., Keim, N.L., D'Alessio, D. and Havel, P.J. (2004). 'Dietary fructose

reduces circulating insulin and leptin, attenuates postprandial suppression of

ghrelin, and increases triglycerides in women.' J Clin Endocrinol Metab

89(6): 2963-2972.

Thomforde, G.M., Camilleri, M., Phillips, S.F. and Forstrom, L.A. (1995).

'Evaluation of an inexpensive screening scintigraphic test of gastric emptying.'

J Nucl Med 36(1): 93-96.

Toft-Nielsen, M.B., Damholt, M.B., Madsbad, S., Hilsted, L.M., Hughes, T.E.,

Michelsen, B.K. and Holst, J.J. (2001). 'Determinants of the impaired

secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 in type 2 diabetic patients.' J Clin

Endocrinol Metab 86(8): 3717-3723.

Tolessa, T., Gutniak, M., Holst, J.J., Efendic, S. and Hellstrom, P.M. (1998).

'Glucagon-like peptide-1 retards gastric emptying and small bowel transit in

the rat: effect mediated through central or enteric nervous mechanisms.' Dig

Dis Sci 43(10): 2284-2290.

Tonini, M., Cipollina, L., Poluzzi, E., Crema, F., Corazza, G.R. and De Ponti, F.

(2004). 'Review article: clinical implications of enteric and central D2

receptor blockade by antidopaminergic gastrointestinal prokinetics.' Aliment


Toporowska-Kowalska, E., Wasowska-Krolikowska, K., Szadkowska, A. and

Bodalski, J. (2006). 'Electrogastrography in children and adolescents with

type 1 diabetes: weak correlation with metabolic control parameters.' Acta

Paediatr 95(11): 1439-1445.

Chapter 12

241

Tougas, G., Eaker, E.Y., Abell, T.L., Abrahamsson, H., Boivin, M., Chen, J.,

Hocking, M.P., Quigley, E.M., Koch, K.L., Tokayer, A.Z., Stanghellini, V.,

Chen, Y., Huizinga, J.D., Ryden, J., Bourgeois, I. and McCallum, R.W.

(2000). 'Assessment of gastric emptying using a low fat meal: establishment

of international control values.' Am J Gastroenterol 95(6): 1456-1462.

Tounian, P., Schneiter, P., Henry, S., Jequier, E. and Tappy, L. (1994). 'Effects of

infused fructose on endogenous glucose production, gluconeogenesis, and

glycogen metabolism.' Am J Physiol 267(5 Pt 1): E710-717.

Tsubouchi, T., Saito, T., Mizutani, F., Yamauchi, T. and Iwanaga, Y. (2003).

'Stimulatory action of itopride hydrochloride on colonic motor activity in vitro

and in vivo.' J Pharmacol Exp Ther 306(2): 787-793.

Tutuian, R., Vos, R., Karamanolis, G. and Tack, J. (2008). 'An audit of technical

pitfalls of gastric barostat testing in dyspepsia.' Neurogastroenterol Motil

20(2): 113-118.

Uematsu, M., Nakatani, S., Yamagishi, M., Matsuda, H. and Miyatake, K. (1997).

'Usefulness of myocardial velocity gradient derived from two-dimensional

tissue Doppler imaging as an indicator of regional myocardial contraction

independent of translational motion assessed in atrial septal defect.' Am J

Cardiol 79(2): 237-241.

Urbain, J.L., Vekemans, M.C., Bouillon, R., Van Cauteren, J., Bex, M., Mayeur,

S.M., Van den Maegdenbergh, V., Bataille, G., Charkes, N.D., Malmud, L.S.

and et al. (1993). 'Characterization of gastric antral motility disturbances in

diabetes using a scintigraphic technique.' J Nucl Med 34(4): 576-581.

van der Schaar, P.J., Lamers, C.B. and Masclee, A.A. (1999). 'The role of the barostat

in human research and clinical practice.' Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl 230: 52-

63.

Chapter 12

242

Vella, A., Bock, G., Giesler, P.D., Burton, D.B., Serra, D.B., Saylan, M.L., Dunning,

B.E., Foley, J.E., Rizza, R.A. and Camilleri, M. (2007). 'Effects of dipeptidyl

peptidase-4 inhibition on gastrointestinal function, meal appearance, and

glucose metabolism in type 2 diabetes.' Diabetes 56(5): 1475-1480.

Vozzo, R., Baker, B., Wittert, G.A., Wishart, J.M., Morris, H., Horowitz, M. and

Chapman, I. (2002). 'Glycemic, hormone, and appetite responses to

monosaccharide ingestion in patients with type 2 diabetes.' Metabolism 51(8):

949-957.

Wang, Z., Wang, R.M., Owji, A.A., Smith, D.M., Ghatei, M.A. and Bloom, S.R.

(1995). 'Glucagon-like peptide-1 is a physiological incretin in rat.' J Clin

Invest 95(1): 417-421.

Weytjens, C., Keymeulen, B., Van Haleweyn, C., Somers, G. and Bossuyt, A. (1998).

'Rapid gastric emptying of a liquid meal in long-term Type 2 diabetes

mellitus.' Diabet Med 15(12): 1022-1027.

Willems, M., Quartero, A.O. and Numans, M.E. (2001). 'How useful is paracetamol

absorption as a marker of gastric emptying? A systematic literature study.' Dig

Dis Sci 46(10): 2256-2262.

Woerle, H.J., Lindenberger, T., Linke, R., Foley, J.E., Ligueros-Saylan, A.A., Zhang,

Y., He, Y.-L., Beglinger, C., Goeke, B. and Schirra, J. (2007). 'A single dose

of vildagliptin (VILDA) decelerates gastric emptying (GE) in patients with

type 2 diabetes (T2DM).' American Diabetes Association, 67th Scientic

Sessions 500-P (abstract): A133.

Wren, A.M. and Bloom, S.R. (2007). 'Gut hormones and appetite control.'


Wright, R.A., Clemente, R. and Wathen, R. (1985). 'Diabetic gastroparesis: an

abnormality of gastric emptying of solids.' Am J Med Sci 289(6): 240-242.

Chapter 12

243

Yamagishi, T. and Debas, H.T. (1978). 'Cholecystokinin inhibits gastric emptying by

acting on both proximal stomach and pylorus.' Am J Physiol 234(4): E375-

378.

Yeap, B.B., Russo, A., Fraser, R.J., Wittert, G.A. and Horowitz, M. (1996).

'Hyperglycemia affects cardiovascular autonomic nerve function in normal

subjects.' Diabetes Care 19(8): 880-882.

Yoshida, M.M., Schuffler, M.D. and Sumi, S.M. (1988). 'There are no morphologic

abnormalities of the gastric wall or abdominal vagus in patients with diabetic

gastroparesis.' Gastroenterology 94(4): 907-914.

Zeger, S.L., Liang, K.Y. and Albert, P.S. (1988). 'Models for longitudinal data: a

generalized estimating equation approach.' Biometrics 44(4): 1049-1060.

Zhang, Q., Horowitz, M., Rigda, R., Rayner, C., Worynski, A. and Holloway, R.H.

(2004). 'Effect of hyperglycemia on triggering of transient lower esophageal

sphincter relaxations.' Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 286(5): G797-

803.

Zhang, W., Yorek, M., Pierson, C.R., Murakawa, Y., Breidenbach, A. and Sima, A.A.

(2001). 'Human C-peptide dose dependently prevents early neuropathy in the

BB/Wor-rat.' Int J Exp Diabetes Res 2(3): 187-193.

Ziegler, D., Schadewaldt, P., Pour Mirza, A., Piolot, R., Schommartz, B., Reinhardt,

M., Vosberg, H., Brosicke, H. and Gries, F.A. (1996). '[13C]octanoic acid

breath test for non-invasive assessment of gastric emptying in diabetic

patients: validation and relationship to gastric symptoms and cardiovascular

autonomic function.' Diabetologia 39(7): 823-830.

Ziessman, H.A., Fahey, F.H., Atkins, F.B. and Tall, J. (2004). 'Standardization and

quantification of radionuclide solid gastric-emptying studies.' J Nucl Med

45(5): 760-764.

Chapter 12

244

Documents

STUDIES OF GASTRIC MOTILITY IN HEALTHY HUMANS … · Ahmed, A.B., Gilja, O.H., Gregersen, H., Odegaard, S. and Matre, K. (2006). ... 'Influence of intrapyloric botulinum toxin injection