Student Self-Study Workbook Show What You Know on the · Show What You Know on the For Grade 10 Student Self-Study Workbook Preparation for the Ohio Graduation Test ® Written By:

Show What You Know on the

For Grade 10

Student Self-Study Workbook

Preparation for the

Ohio Graduation Test

®

Written By:

Charles R. Warren, Ph.D.

Jolie S. Brams, Ph.D.

© Englefield & Associates, Inc. Copying is Prohibited Student Self-Study Workbook v

Introduction ..........................................................................................................vii

Test Anxiety............................................................................................................1

Test-Taking Strategies ..........................................................................................13

Understanding the Science OGT ........................................................................23

Introduction ......................................................................................................23

Ohio’s Academic Content Standards ..........................................................24

Understanding Ohio’s Academic Content Standards ................................31

Item Distribution for the Science OGT............................................................32

Scoring ..............................................................................................................33

Questions I will Answer on the OGT................................................................35

Glossary of Terms ..............................................................................................37

Periodic Table....................................................................................................46

Science Reference Sheet................................................................................47

Science Tutorial ....................................................................................................49

Directions for Science Tutorial ........................................................................49

Science Tutorial ................................................................................................50

Table of Contents

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Science Practice Test 1 ........................................................................................213

Directions for Science Practice Test 1 ............................................................213

Science Practice Test 1 ....................................................................................214

Science Practice Test 1: Answer Document ................................................239

Science Practice Test 1: Skills Chart................................................................246

Science Practice Test 1: Question Analyses ..................................................248

Science Practice Test 1: Correlation Chart ..................................................259

Science Practice Test 2 ........................................................................................261

Directions for Science Practice Test 2 ............................................................261

Science Practice Test 2 ....................................................................................262

Science Practice Test 2: Answer Document..................................................291

Science Practice Test 2: Skills Chart................................................................298

Science Practice Test 2: Question Analyses ..................................................300

Science Practice Test 2: Correlation Chart ..................................................312

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© Englefield & Associates, Inc. Copying is Prohibited Student Self-Study Workbook vii

The purpose of the Ohio Graduation Test (OGT) is to measure what you have learned.Throughout the school year, you are exposed to a wide variety of concepts from a range ofsubjects, only some of which are tested by the Science OGT. If you have worked hard inschool and have paid attention in class over the years, you have been exposed to all that isassessed by the Science OGT. Nonetheless, you will benefit from the review of key details asyou prepare to take this assessment.

This book is not a substitute for continuous teaching and learning, which take place both inand outside the classroom. But, as with any assessment, it is a good idea to review principlesthat have been taught and learned prior to taking the Science OGT.

The Show What You Know® on the OGT, Science Student Self-Study Workbook is designed tohelp you better understand the OGT and what is required by the OGT. This book will help youreview those elements assessed by the Science OGT. In Ohio, the material students aresupposed to learn and are tested on is based on Ohio’s Academic Content Standards. TheAcademic Content Standards for each subject are listed in each chapter by benchmark,grade level, and indicator.

It is impossible to cover everything you have learned throughout your life in one book.However, you can use this book to refresh your memory and to brush up on your test-takingskills. This book is full of practice questions, test-taking hints, and problem-solving strategies—allof which were designed to help you show what you know!

The first two chapters—Test Anxiety and Test-Taking Strategies—were written especially forhigh-school students. Test Anxiety offers advice on how to reduce anxious feelings about tests,and Test-Taking Strategies gives strategies you can use to do your best on tests.

Introduction

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In the Understanding the Science OGT chapter of this book, you will find the following:• introductory material about the test;• Ohio’s Academic Content Standards;• Item Distribution and Scoring Information; • a Glossary of Science Terms; and• additional information about the test.

In the Science Tutorial chapter of this book, you will find the following:• multiple-choice, short-answer, and extended-response questions that cover each

benchmark and grade-level indicator tested by the Science OGT;• a sample Answer Document page located next to the question to help you become

familiar with how to write your answers in the space allowed; and• a complete analysis for each tutorial question to help you identify the correct answer.

In the Science Practice Test chapter of this book, you will find the following:• two Science practice tests with 40 questions per test;• Answer Documents with bubbles to mark multiple-choice answers, and grids to write short-

answer and extended-response answers;• answer keys and OGT skills charts that show the correct answers for each Practice Test, the

standards covered by each question, and some keywords that indicate the subjectcovered by each question; and

• question analyses that explain the correct answer.

This Student Self-Study Workbook also includes Science Correlation Charts. These charts canbe used to identify individual areas for improvement.

This book will help you become familiar with the look and feel of the OGT for Science and willprovide you with a chance to practice your test-taking skills to show what you know.

Good luck on the OGT!

viii Student Self-Study Workbook Copying is Prohibited © Englefield & Associates, Inc.

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© Englefield & Associates, Inc. Copying is Prohibited Student Self-Study Workbook 1

What Is Test Anxiety?“Test Anxiety” is a fancy term for feelings of worry and uneasiness that students feel before orduring a test. Almost everyone experiences some anxiety at one time or another.Experiencing feelings of anxiety before any challenge is a normal part of life. However, whenworrying about tests becomes so intense it interferes with test taking, or if worrying causesstudents mental or physical distress, this is called “test anxiety.”

Test Anxiety

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Test-Taking Strategies: Powerful Tools for Test SuccessTest taking is a skill. When faced with tests, many high school students believe those who dowell on tests are either part of the “genius” crowd at school or they study all the time. Sure,every high school has its group of “super students,” and studying is certainly better than notstudying, but the truth of the matter is learning to be an effective test taker is an importantpart of student performance. It’s fine to have knowledge, but you also need to have theability to show what you know. There are people with minds like encyclopedias who have adifficult time answering test questions correctly. All students can succeed on tests by takingschool seriously and improving their test-taking strategies.

When students use test-taking strategies, they are sharpening the way they think so they canshow what they know on tests. Using test strategies is not cheating, and it is not an easy wayout. No test strategy is going to replace paying attention in school, working hard in yourclasses, and learning basic reading, writing, science, social studies, and mathematics skills.However, feeling comfortable and confident in using test-taking strategies can make a hugedifference in test-taking success for many students on the Science OGT as well as other testsstudents face throughout their schooling.

Test-Taking Strategies

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IntroductionIn the Science section of the Ohio Graduation Test (OGT), you will be asked questionsdesigned to gauge the knowledge you have gained thus far in your academic career. Thesequestions have been constructed based on the material you should know and the tasks youshould be able to do by tenth grade. The questions you answer are not meant to confuse ortrick you, but are written so you have the best opportunity to show what you know aboutscience.

This chapter contains the Academic Content Standards for ninth and tenth grade science,which lists all of the standards, benchmarks, and grade-level indicators that you should knowbefore taking the Science OGT. It also contains an Item Distribution chart and scoringinformation, which show you what type of questions you will see on the Science OGT andhow they will be scored. The Periodic Table and a Science Formula Sheet are included foryour reference as you continue to study science. Finally, the chapter provides additionalinformation about the Science OGT as well as directions on how to use the Science Tutorialchapter, the skills charts, and the correlation charts.


Understanding theScience OGT

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Tutorial Show What You Know® on the OGT

Science

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Question 6 assesses:

Earth and Space Sciences

Benchmark C: Explain the 4.5 billion-year-history of Earth and the 4 billion-year-history of life on Earthbased on observable scientific evidence in the geologic record.Grade Nine3. Explain that gravitational forces govern the characteristics and movement patterns of the planets, comets and

asteroids in the solar system.

Science

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6. In the 15th and 16th century, scientists like Galileo, Brahe, and Kepler wereobserving the sky and collecting observations on the movement of bodies inthe universe. Among these observations was the elliptical path of planetsaround the sun. In the late 17th century, Sir Isaac Newton explained thephysics of what keeps celestial bodies such as planets, comets, and asteroidsmoving in this elliptical path. Explain Newton’s Law of Motion in relation to theelliptical path of celestial bodies.

Respond in the space provided in your Answer Document. (2 points)

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Show What You Know® on the OGT Tutorial

Science


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Science

Analysis: Short-answer responses may vary. This short answer may include an explanation of Newton’sLaw of Motion. It must however include two important concepts. Planets and other celestial bodies areheld in their elliptical orbits by the combination of gravity, one of the fundamental forces, and theinertia or momentum of the body discussed. Neither concept alone is sufficient to completely answerthe question.

6. Write your response to question 6 in the space below.

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Practice Test 1 Show What You Know® on the OGT

Science

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34. Considering the impact of glaciationon the western part of Ohio, whichletter on the map most likelyindicates the flattest topography?

A. letter A

B. letter B

C. letter C

D. letter D

35. Considering the impact of glaciationon the western part of Ohio, whichletter on the map most likelyindicates the best place to findglacial till?

A. letter A

B. letter B

C. letter C

D. letter D

Science

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Use the map to answer questions 34–35.

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Show What You Know® on the OGT Practice Test 1

Science


36. The following chart describes physical data from several of the planets in our solarsystem.

Explain why an object weighing 100 lbs. on Earth will weigh less on Mercury.

Respond in the space provided in your Answer Document. (2 points)

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Science

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Science Skills Chart


21 see analysis SI.A.10.5 draw conclusions based onevidence

22 A LS.H.10.22 describe developments inevolutionary thought

23 see analysis SK.B.9.7 recognize that scientists build onearlier knowledge

24 B PS.A.9.4 use patterns in the periodic table

25 C PS.F.9.15 trace transformations of energyin a system

26 C PS.G.9.19 explain the properties of waves

27 C PS.C.9.9 explain the properties ofsubstances

28 D LS.G.10.19 relate uses of resources andquality of life

29 see analysis ST.B.9.1 compare benefits and risks oftechnology

30 A LS.C.10.6 explain hereditary information

31 see analysis LS.D.10.11 explain use of proteins

32 see analysis LS.D.10.9 describe how energy flowsthrough living systems

33 A LS.I.10.24 analyze evolutionarymechanisms

34 A ES.E.9.6 explain the processes that shape Earth

35 B ES.E.9.6 explain the processes that shape Earth

36 see analysis ES.C.9.3 explain the characteristics ofplants

37 D SK.A.9.1 comprehend scientificinvestigations

38 A SK.C.9.4 explain use of ethical practices in science

39 C LS.A.10.1 explain the chemical elements of living cells

40 A PS.A.9.2 understand protons andelectrons

Key: ES: Earth and Space SciencesLS: Life SciencesPS: Physical Sciences

ST: Science and TechnologySI: Scientific InquirySK: Scientific Ways of Knowing

Question AnswerStandard.Benchmark.Grade Level.Indicator Keywords

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Science Correlation Chart


Student

Names

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

PS

.D.9

.24

ES

.C.1

0.3

ES

.C.1

0.3

ES

.C.1

0.3

PS

.F.9

.15

PS

.E.9

.13

SI.A

.10.

1S

I.A.1

0.1

LS.D

.10.

9LS

.F.1

0.15

PS

.D.9

.23

PS

.F.9

.15

SI.A

.9.1

SI.A

.9.3

LS.E

.10.

14LS

.F.1

0.17

LS.F

.10.

16LS

.G.1

0.18

PS

.A.9

.5S

I.A.9

.2

A C A C B A A D A D C B A D D A B D B D

Science Practice Test 1—Correlation ChartThe Correlation Charts can be used by the teachers to identify areas of improvement. When studentsmiss a question, place an “X” in the corresponding box. A column with a large number of “Xs” showsmore practice is needed with that particular standard.

Key:ES—Earth and Space ScienceLS—Life SciencesPS—Physical Sciences

SI—Scientific InquirySW—Scientific Ways of KnowingST—Science and Technology

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For Grade 10—Science

Student Self-Study Workbook

Show What You Know on the®

Item # OH1124

• An easy-to-use resource covering the ninth and tenth grade Ohio Academic Content Standards for Science tested by the Ohio Graduation Test, includingBenchmarks and Grade-Level Indicators.

• Provides insight into how the Ohio Academic Content Standards may be assessedby the Ohio Graduation Test.

• Builds student confidence through the use of a Science Tutorial and two full-lengthScience Practice Tests with over 160 OGT-style questions. An Answer Document isprovided for all questions.

• Students practice responding to multiple-choice, short-answer, and extended-response questions. Students become familiar with question construction, answeringdifferent types of questions, and using the Answer Document correctly.

• Offers chapters on test anxiety reduction and test-taking strategies designed especially for high school students preparing for the Science OGT.

• Contains Skills Charts and Correlation Charts for each practice test so that studentscan identify areas for additional review.

• A Science Glossary of Terms is included.

$18.95