student internship report

8/16/2019 student internship report

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A TECHNICAL REPORT

ON

STUDENTS INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME

(S.I.W.E.S)

UNDERTAKEN AT

RAJTECH INNOVATIONS COM

(16, Tokuno S!"##!, A$%&o'# * +%% L%&o)

-+ AJOSE, SODI/ TEMIDA+O.

(102300)

DEPARTMENT O4 ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS EN5INEERIN5,

UNIVERSIT+ O4 LA5OS, AKOKA.

INSTITUTION -ASED SUPERVISOR DR. O.D. OSUNDE

INDUSTR+ -ASED SUPERVISOR EN5R. A-DULLAH O+ELAKIN

JUL+ 13! 7 DECEM-ER 18!, 019.


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CERTIFICATION This is to certify that AJOSE, SODI/ TEMIDA+O, a student if the department of electrical

and electronics engineering, University of Lagos with matriculation numer 102300 had his

!" wee#s industrial training at Ra$tech %nnovation &ompany Limited, situated at 16, Tokuno

S!"##!, A$%&o'# 7 +%% L%&o

:::::::::::::::::. ::::::::

A-DULLAHI O+ELAKIN DATE

:::::::::::::::::. ::::::::.

AJOSE SODI/ T. DATE

:::::::::::::::::. ::::::::.

DR OSUNDE O.A DATE

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT'irst and foremost my greatest than#s goes to Almighty Allah for #eeping me hale and hearty

during the period of my training(

% also want to e)press my utmost gratitude to my parents for giving me their support and

encouragement in the course of my internship( *y appreciation also goes to the Engineering

*anager, Ra$tech %nnovations company limited, *r +ura$ yela#in and my fellow interns who

were present during my stay(

% also want to appreciate the indefatigale effort of the ever supportive staffs in the Electrical

department who steered me e)tensively through Electrical engineering on the site( % also want to

than# my training supervisors- +enior Electrical Engineer, *r Adullah yela#in who is at

present with the Alma .each Estate pro$ect(

'inally, special than#s to the &entral %ndustrial and Liaison /lacement Unit for providing the

platform for students to prepare themselves for wor# situations eyond graduation( %n the same

vein, % am grateful to the entire staff of Electrical0Electronic Engineering Department, University

of Lagos, A#o#a, 1aa for the e)ceptional #nowledge, s#ills and values that was imied in the

students efore the +%2E+ programme(

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CONTENTS

Table of ContentsCERTIFICATION............................................................................................................1

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT................................................................................................. 2

&NTENT+...................................................................................................................3

Table of Fg!"es........................................................................................................... #

A.+TRA&T...................................................................................................................#

3(4 %NTRDU&T%N.....................................................................................................$

!(4 &*/AN15+ /R'%LE.............................................................................................%

!(3 &ompany5s 6ision.................................................................................................&

!(! &ompany5s *ission...............................................................................................&

!(7 &ompany5s Team..................................................................................................'

!(8 9ealth and +afety................................................................................................1(

!(" perations and +upport........................................................................................1(

!(: ur 6alue /roposition..........................................................................................11

!(; ur +ervices......................................................................................................11

!(< *echanical +ervices............................................................................................12

!(= Electrical +ite +ervices.........................................................................................13

!(34 /luming +ervice..............................................................................................1)

!(33 &onsulting +ervice.............................................................................................1#

!(3! *aintenance +cheme..........................................................................................1$

!(37 %ndustrial .orehole Drilling and 2ater Treatment......................................................1$

7( ELE&TR%&AL +ER6%&E+......................................................................................1&

7(3 ELE&TR%&AL +A'ET1.........................................................................................1&

7(! ELE&TR%&AL +%TE +ER6%&E+...............................................................................1'

7(!(3 +%TE /LAN DRA2%N>........................................................................................1'

7(!(! /2ER L%>9T%N> +1+TE*...............................................................................2(

&entrali?ed +ystems.................................................................................................2(

Decentrali?ed +ystems..............................................................................................21

Creston ilux...............................................................................................................21

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7(!(7 ELE&TR%&ALNE L%NE D%A>RA* DE+%>N.........................................................22

7(!(8 L%>9T%N> DE+%>N............................................................................................2)

7(!(" /2ER +U//L1................................................................................................2$

/ower Distriution...................................................................................................... 2$

Low 6oltage Distriution...........................................................................................2%

9igh 6oltage Distriution..........................................................................................2%

D%+TR%.UT%N /ANEL+........................................................................................2&

7(!(: &A.LE +%@%N> AND +ELE&T%N........................................................................3(

).( Con*l!son.......................................................................................................... 3)

8(3 &hallenges Encountered..............................................................................................3)

8(3(3 E)perience >ained...............................................................................................3)

).2 RELATION OF TRAINING TO ACADEMIC CO+R,E, TAKEN.................................3)

).3 CONCL+,ION................................................................................................... 3#

8(8 Recommendation................................................................................................... 3#

#.( REFERENCE,...................................................................................................... 3$

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Table of Figure

'igure 3consultants organogram........................................................................................1%

'igure ! Electrical power layout........................................................................................2(

'igure 7A radial system one line diagram............................................................................23

'igure 8A selective system one line diagram........................................................................2)

'igure "'irst floor lighting design.....................................................................................2$

'igure : A distriution oard layout...................................................................................2&

'igure ;A distriution oard............................................................................................2'

'igure


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degree programmes for all universities in Nigeria( +tudents in various tertiary institutions in

Nigeria who offer certain courses are oligated to ta#e part in this training scheme(

The +tudent %ndustrial 2or# E)perience +cheme ma#es it possile for students to connect theory

with practical y e)posing them to %ndustrial e)perience( This report distinctly e)patiate on the

roles performed y Ra$tech %nnovation &ompany Limited, scope of wor# of several pro$ects, the

#nowledge acuired in the electrical department of the company during pro$ects accomplishment

and wor# related challenges encountered during my so$ourn in the company(

This report is e)clusively ased on my %ndustrial 2or# E)perience program y Ra$tech

%nnovation &ompany Limited in partial fulfilment of the award of .achelor5s Degree in

Electrical0Electronic Engineering, University of Lagos, A#o#a, 1aa(

1. INTRODUCTION

The +tudents %ndustrial 2or# E)perience +cheme C+%2E+ was initiated in 3=;7 y the

%ndustrial Training 'und C%T'( This was to update practical #nowledge of students in Nigerian

Universities, /olytechnics and &olleges of Technology( %t was aimed at ridging the gap etween

the theoretical #nowledge acuired in classes and the technical #nowledge reuired in the

industries, y providing students with the opportunities to apply their educational #nowledge in

real wor# situations( ver the years, +%2E+ has contriuted immensely to the uilding and

development of a pool of indigenous technical s#ills in Nigeria( These technical s#ills have een

fundamental towards the technological growth of Nigeria( +%2E+ gives students the opportunity

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to lend theoretical #nowledge acuired in the classroom with practical handsFon application of

#nowledge reuired to perform wor# in the industry( Also, it prepares students for employment G

ma#es the transition from school to the world of wor# easier after graduation( % did my +%2E+

training at Transocean +upport

%ncorporated to the Electrical and electronics the internship is to introduce the student to the

main s#ill of electrical and electronics engineering in the current industry and understanding how

prolems are eing solved(

The internship e)perience was located on a site where electrical services are eing e)ercised as

an important part in the construction of a residential estate which is fully oserved y my

organi?ation, services rendered y the organi?ation includes electrical services, mechanical

services, maintenance and renovation, industrial orehole drilling, water treatment, procurement,

consulting and installation services(

As an intern % was wor#ing with the organi?ation site ased supervisor as an assistant in fi)ing of

all o)es and pipes wiring, planning and solving some prolems together(

0. COMPAN+;S PRO4ILERAHTE&9 %nnovations &ompany Limited, a wholly indigenous company of mechanical,

electrical and pluming services contractors( %t was formerly #nown as Ra$la# Technical +ervice(

ver the years, we have accumulated wealth of e)perience and reputation with a good numer of

eually reputale consulting firms in Nigeria( ur wealth of #nowledge and e)perience in the

repair, maintenance and installation of piping wor#s, Electrical systems and mechanical enales

us to manage and deliver the most comple) pro$ects with the utmost efficiency( 2e have

successfully delivered these services in oth residential and nonFdomestic properties including

large scale housing schemes, highFrise flats, schools, sport comple)es and office uildings(

ur mechanical and electrical engineers offer a complete range of design services from

feasiility studies and site surveys, to full factory turn#ey detailed designs for installation,

operation, maintenance and production reporting systems( 'le)iility is #ey to our success and

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this enales us to provide the most effective solution tailored individually for each client( ur

management team can offer highly professional and dedicated services to your operations( 2ith

an overall approach dedicated to improving utilities reliaility and asset utili?ation, our

engineering team will challenge wor#ing practices, scrutini?e failure modes and develop

solutions to improve the production facility of its clients(

Total customer service and satisfaction, as with all our uilding services, is the primary o$ective

of our mechanical and electrical installers( 2e aim to maintain continuous communication with

all sta#eholders on each individual pro$ect and y doing so ensure a continuity of smooth

progress from initial design through to client handover( +uch close consultation and reactive

planning ensures that any unforeseen difficulties, which are inherent in all aspects of

construction, can e remedied efore they ecome a ma$or issue( As part of our uality control

and health and safety systems, we employ a *anaging Electrical +upervisor and a *anaging

*echanical +upervisor in house who are responsile for and oversees all our wor#s(

RAHTE&9 provide sensile and reliale advice at a usiness and technical level( 2e wor#

closely with partners to ring effective solutions to customers( 2ith longFterm goals and

relationships, we ecome trusted advisors to our clients F responses to independent mar#eting

and references from customers testify to this( ur team focuses on reducing and managing ris#

throughout your pro$ect( The effective use of a good predictive maintenance strategy is essential

in prolonging the operational life of euipment through proper application can offer an

organisationIs maintenance function high levels of efficiency and effectiveness(

RAHTE&9 is aout people and ours are well trained, s#illed, longFserving, conscientious and

motivated( ur proven trac# record of delivering mechanical and electrical installations schemes

safely, to the highest accreditation and within timescales means you can have complete

confidence in selecting Ra$tech %nnovations &ompany Limited as your preferred partner for allyour mechanical, electrical and pluming pro$ects(

0.1 Co'


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0.0 Co'?%!on

+ura$ yela#in +enior /ro$ect *anager .(Tech *echanical( 3" years e)perience

Ka?eem Adul#areem Architect *+c( Architecture( < years e)perience in

consultancy G interiors

*esioye lale#an Adio +enior /ro$ect

*anagerCElectrical

/>D *gt, 9ND Elect(C*N+E 3" years

Kingsley Hoseph +ara#a +enior Muantity +urveyor .(sc Muantity +urveying C*N%M+ 3! yearse)perience

$omo luwatoi 9+E fficer *%&&N,AN%+/,*'/AN,*+*AN

mo#ola A#inmoladun *echanical Engineer 9ND( *echanical Engineer(

*ustapha yela#in Accounts0'inance .AC9ons %nternational Accounting

Nurudeen Ariyo Electrical Engineer &ity G >uild of London( Electrical

Engineering( 3" years e)perience in the

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construction industry

Adede$i %feoluwa Muantity +urveyor .(+c Muantity +urveying

Nurudeen +hittu +ite +upervisor ;years e)perience in &onstruction %ndustry

Adullahi +ystem Analyst .sc( &omputing( ; years e)perience in %&T

$ugele +unday /lumer Technical &ertificate

Adam $omu /lumer Technical &ertificateAdefola 1usuf /lumer Technical &ertificate

+hehu +ulaiman Electrician Technical &ertificate

Tunde Aigun Electrician Technical &ertificate

*a$eed 1usuf Electrician Technical &ertificate

0.2 H#%$! %n@ S%>#!=

At Ra$tech %nnovation &ompany Limited, every area of our operation has a safety policy site

organi?ation, wor# at height, structural staility, cranes, electricity, fire, moile plant and

vehicles and demolition( ur health and safety policy o$ective is to provide and maintain a safe

and healthy wor#place, safe guard plants and euipment and implement practical safe systems of

wor#(

2e consider that 9ealth, +afety, Respect for the Environment and safeguarding of Assets are

essential to the efficient operation of our activities, and to our employees, contractors and other

sta#eholders( 2e are committed to having an 9+E management system in force, in recognition of

the fact that safe operations depend not only on technically good plants and euipment ut also

on competent personnel and an active 9+E culture(

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ur first level support is handled y our !807:" &lient support Department, who are ale to

answered any call for a need of technical support reuired from the company( They will attend

to you and find a short possile solution to control the issue( The report will e pass to the

Engineers that will render the final solution to the prolems( The engineers offer advice for

further occurrence and as# if they reuired remodeling to the client needs(

RAHTE&9 will provide tailorFmade solutions that are reasonale, reliale, secure and effective to

match the pace of the customer usiness( 2e analysis your usiness needs and strategies on how

to uild the maintenance that will suit the usiness needs at affordale rate(

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Electrical +ite +ervices

/luming +ervices

&onsulting +ervices

*aintenance schemes

%ndustrial .orehole Drilling and 2ater Treatment

0.8 M#?%n?%$ S#"?#

ver the past !4 years, we have uilt a reputation as RAHTE&9 +ound region5s leading

mechanical service specialist( 2hether it is for home or industrial, our highly trained

professional mechanical engineer can provide all necessary support for your pro$ect( %n

mechanical design and instrumentation, RAHTE&9 selects proper si?e and machinery for valves,

materials, operations types, delivery piping and fittings on asis of velocity and losses( 2e select

proper design and instrument for mechanical design to create smooth operating systems, to

increase wor# efficiency and to reduce costing(

*echanical uilding services account for sustantial investments in upcoming uilding pro$ects

going up to "4 of the operating cost in certain cases( These services play a #ey role in uilding

a successful pro$ect( ur engineers design for a variety of pro$ects and clients thus having an inF

depth #nowledge ase to pull from( 2e are ale to provide assessments, recommend alternatives

and provide a properly designed highFfunctioning system to meet the clients5 very specific

individual need(

Technology is changing the way our industry designs and constructs( ThreeFdimensional

software has increased productivity and enhanced coordination of the trades( As engineers, wewere trained to wor# !FD ut the clients relate to the 7FD as they live their life in a 7FD world(

2e also offer e)tensive services to assist with your mechanical pro$ects

9eat load calculation0analysis

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Euipment selection0application

Air distriution design

&lean Room Environment design

Laoratory Environment design

&entral &ooling /lant design

&entral 9eating /lant design

&entral steam and distriution design

Thermal storage plant design

9eating06entilating0Air &onditioning

&onstruction management

.uilding Analysis

'ire /rotection

+ustainale0Renewale Design

&onstruction cost estimating

E)isting +ystem Renovations and Remodels

0. E$#?!"?%$ S!# S#"?#

ur electrical engineering services include something else ingenuity( ur electrical engineers

are e)perts at devising solutions that effectively meet client needs O in power system design,

energy use, telecommunications and more( ur innovative use of renewale energy can open

windows to power reduction, resulting in sustantial savings in utility ills( %nstalling all types of

electrical systems, from medium voltage C*6 through to low voltage CL6, the division also

encompasses instrumentation services( 2e have inFdepth #nowledge and inFhouse e)pertise to

provide assistance right through from ench testing to startFup and preFcommissioning to afterF

sales maintenance(

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RAHTE&9 electrical design and distriution system includes 96 outdoorFindoor switch yard,

power transformers, standy D> set with acoustic protections, power control cale distriution

networ#s, internal electrical systems, illumination design, e)tra low voltage systems and many

more latest instruments with industry updates(

2e also offer e)tensive services to assist with your electrical site pro$ects

+ite /lans Drawings

/ower Lighting +ystem

Electrical /anel +chedules

Electrical ne line Diagrams

&ontrol &ircuit Drawings

+tructural &aling

+tandy /ower +ystems

Lighting Design

LifeF+afety0'ire Alarm

+tudies0Reports

9armonic Analysis G &ontrol

Uninterruptile /ower +upply CU/+

&ontrol +ystem Upgrade and Replacement

&aptive /ower *anagement

/ower Distriutions +ystem

&&T6

0.1 P$u'n& S#"?#

ver the past !4 years we5ve uilt a reputation as RAHTE&9 +ound region5s leading pluming

service specialist( 2hether it is for home or office, our highly trained professional plumers can

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install a completely new hot and cold water system uic#ly and affordaly, with only minimal

inconvenience to you and other occupants( 2e also put safety first, which is why we use the

latest leadFfree copper and /EB tuing technology(

Ra$tech /luming ma#es sure that the pluming in your home or office remodel pro$ect ta#es

shape $ust as you imagined( 2or#ing closely with your contractor, we install pluming fi)tures

that not only loo# great ut also uilt for years of en$oyment( 1ou will appreciate the

craftsmanship and attention to detail we ring to every aspect of your pro$ectOnot to mention

how we complete pro$ects on time and within udget(

2e also offer e)tensive services to assist with your pluming pro$ects

Remodelling

>eneral &onstruction

/lastic pipe and fitting failures

/ump, water heater and oiler prolems

&onstruction management

&ommercial /luming

Residential /luming

+wimming /ool and 'ountain +ystems

/luming %nstallation and +ervices

Domestic water treatment plant design

0.11 Conu$!n& S#"?#

/luming consultants are a great resource( There are many situations that can enefit from the

advice from our pluming consultant, li#e uilding a new home, remodeling, repairing a lea#,

installing new pluming, or replacing fi)tures( A pluming consultant will give you uniased

advice on the est way to go aout your pro$ects so that you can minimi?e time and errors and

ma)imi?e your outcome( %f you are uilding a new home, pluming consulting will come out to

your home site, assess the situation, and ma#e recommendations to you regarding your est

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options for pluming installation in your new home( This will set you on the right path efore the

pluming is even installed so that you have the ideal pluming setup for your new home( Advice

from an e)pert is worthwhile whether you intend to install the pluming yourself or hire a

plumer to do the $o for you(

ur Electrical &onsultant will help you plan a state of power management and help in design and

distriution of power with appropriate methods to meet the reuirement in future use( /ower is

very important so it needs a proper and ualified consultant li#e Ra$tech to guide( ur Electrical

services include, ut are not limited to Lighting, /ower and &ontrol Design, /ower Distriution,

Lighting +ystems, &ontrol +ystem Upgrade and Replacement, Energy Audits, +witchgear,

Emergency /ower +ystems, /ower Muality, Lightning /rotection(

0.10 M%n!#n%n?# S?#'#

Ra$tech /luming5s s#illed technicians are e)perts at identifying and fi)ing pluming prolems

fast( 2e wor# in commercial uildings and restaurants, as well as condominiums, apartments,

custom homes, highFtech homes and other residential properties( ur services cover all of your

pluming needs, such as faucets, haitual drain prolems, toilets, water heaters, garage

disposals, water filtration systems and electrical systems(

Do not wait for a pluming crisis to call Ra$tech /luming( 2e provide regular maintenance for

large commercial uildings and comple)es( 2ith our e)tensive #nowledge of water demand

system si?es, ?one valve locating and lueprint reading, we are ale to head off any potential

pluming issues efore they occur(

RAHTE&9 will provide tailorFmade solutions that are reasonale, reliale, secure and effective to

match the pace of the customer usiness( 2e analysis your usiness needs and strategies on how

to uild the maintenance that will suit the usiness needs at affordale rate(

0.13 In@u!"%$ -o"#o$# D"$$n& %n@ W%!#" T"#%!'#n!

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2e offer a complete service, which covers all aspects of orehole design, drilling, groundwor#,

pump installation and any type of water treatment services( Through our wealth of e)perience,

we have trained and euipped a good numer of individuals and companies in setting up their

own uality drin#ing water( A orehole is the generalised term for any narrow shaft drilled in the

ground, either vertically or hori?ontally( A orehole may e constructed for many different

purposes including the e)traction of water or other liuid(

Typically, a orehole used is completed y installing a vertical pipe Ccasing and well screen to

#eep the orehole from caving( This also helps prevent surface contaminants from entering the

orehole and protects any installed pump from drawing in sand and sediment(

2e also offer e)tensive services to assist with the maintenance and improvement of e)isting

installations(

2ater &onsultancy

.ore 9ole and plant installation

.ore 9ole Drill

Design, /reparation of contracts documents and tender appraisal Estimates

Technical supervision of &onstruction

/ump installation

Tan# and +tanchion Erection

.raithwaite G /reFsteel Tan#

&onsultancy

%nvestigation

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Figure 1:consultants organogram

3.O ELECTRICAL SERVICES

3.1 ELECTRICAL SA4ET+

As electrical engineers, the need to properly understand the need for safety cannot e over

emphasi?ed( Ra$tech5s electrical safety policies are aimed at protecting electrical personnel5s and

euipments from the different ha?ards that are inherently present when wor#ing with electricity(

>radually, % made to understand Ra$tech innovation company limited stance on site safety

through a series of 9ealth +afety and Environmental C9+E essentials classes( The classes were

fundamental to my understanding of the importance of safety oth in the wor# and at home(

.elow, % have listed few safety tips % learned during the 9+E essentials classes and on the rig

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•Ladders and steps used for wor#ing on electrical euipment must e constructed from nonF

conductive materials(

•All electrical motors, electrical panels and $unction o)es must e grounded(

•All electrically energy sources must e properly identified and isolated efore any

maintenance $o Cpreventive or corrective is carried out(•A ris# assessment must e carried out perform wor#ing on any electrical euipment(

•/roper control measures must e put in place to reduce to the arest minimum, the

li#elihood of any ha?ard if any(

•9and gloves must e wor# while wor#ing at all times(

3.0 ELECTRICAL SITE SERVICES

3.0.1 SITE PLAN DRAWIN5

An electrical drawing, is a type of technical drawing that shows information

aout power , lighting, and communication for an engineering or architectural pro$ect( Any

electrical wor#ing drawing consists of Plines, symols, dimensions, and notations to accurately

convey an engineeringIs design to the wor#ers, who install the electrical system on the $oP(

A complete set of wor#ing drawings for the average electrical system in large pro$ects usually

consists of

• A plot plan showing the uildingIs location and outside electrical wiring

• 'loor plans showing the location of electrical systems on every floor

• /owerFriser diagrams showing panel oards

• &ontrol wiring diagrams

• +chedules and other information in comination with construction drawings(

Electrical drafters prepare wiring and layout diagrams used y wor#ers who erect, install, and

repair electrical euipment and wiring in communication centers, power plants, electrical

distriution systems, and uildings(

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_drawinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_powerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communicationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communicationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineeringhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineeringhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecturalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projecthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projecthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_systemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projecthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plot_planhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floor_planhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiring_diagramhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construction_drawinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construction_drawinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drafterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_drawinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_powerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communicationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineeringhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecturalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projecthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_systemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projecthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plot_planhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floor_planhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiring_diagramhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construction_drawinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drafter


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Figure 2: Electrical power layout

3.0.0 POWER LI5HTIN5 S+STEM

There are many ways in which a lighting control system can e organi?ed( &onstruction

type, client reuirements, architectural restrictions, and many other factors determine the est

solution( %n general, retaining control design fle)iility produces the most reliale results(

C#n!"%$#@ S=!#'

A centrali?ed system is one in which all the highFvoltage circuits are terminated within a

&restron home automation enclosure and operate under a central control system( %n a centrali?ed

design, the highFvoltage lighting, fans, motors, and switch circuits are individually wired directly

to the control modules in the &restron home automation enclosure( The modules are controlled

y low voltage or R' user interfaces in the living area( This simplifies the highFvoltage wiring

and creates a fle)ile and efficient design(

A central processor, connected via a local area networ# to the lighting modules and the user

interfaces, is dedicated to lighting, fans, motors, 96A&, and security( ther processors that are

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dedicated to other home control systems can communicate via Ethernet, R+F!7!, or R+F8!! to

the lighting processor and eliminate the need for additional controls for other home systems(

+eparating home safety and life support systems from information and entertainment systems

provides a fle)ile design solution and a fully integrated home control(

D#?#n!"%$#@ S=!#'

A decentrali?ed system is the traditional wiring system of individual lighting circuits with local

control( &restron iLu) devices provide the power and fle)iility of automated control comined

with local control(

Creston ilux

The iLu) &L+F&: is a complete, integrated lighting system designed for wall mount installation

in oardrooms, auditoriums, home theaters, or anywhere versatile and costFeffective control of

lighting and shades is reuired( The &restronQ reputation for innovation and reliailityO

comined with highFuality integrated dimming, native shade control, configurale roc#er

uttons, e)tensive integration aility, and many other advanced featuresOma#es iLu) the ideal

choice for all types of room lighting and shade control applications(

Hybrid Systems

The most efficient and attractive lighting system designs are a hyrid of centrali?ed processing

and distriuted dimmers( This provides the reliaility of local control along with sophisticated

central control, and limits the amount of wall clutter created y too many different controls( A

complete &restron design is a lend of distriuted and centrali?ed design in which central control

intelligence and distriuted local dimmers form a reliale whole house lighting control solution(

Large rooms, stairways, and freuently used rooms are often remotely controlled using the

astronomical time cloc# or wholeFhouse presets( This level of control reuires connection to a

central dimming controller( Each room is euipped with a low voltage or wireless #eypad for

preset selection and audio0video integration( All of the dimmers in the system Cgrouped into the

central controller for wiring convenience communicate with each other through the &restron

control system, providing a complete, integrated &restron home design(

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Wiring Plan

The wiring plan includes all enclosures and the interconnecting wiring(

The designer determines the location of the enclosureCs, the route of #eypad and touch screens

connections to the enclosureCs, the route of the interconnecting cale from the processor to the

other enclosureCs, and the high voltage load routes to the enclosure or dimmer(

Ensure there are enough connectors and power C/A&! offers "4 2 in the main enclosure for all

the user interfaces( Each additional enclosure filled with dimmers is connected to the main

enclosure and processor using low voltage wire( Dimmer enclosures are distriuted as needed(

3.0.3 ELECTRICALONE LINE DIA5RAM DESI5N

T#"' %n@ A"#%!on

&T &urrent Transformer

&. &ircuit .rea#er

/*+ /ower *anagement +ystem

& &hangeover +witch

6T 6oltage Transformer

A Ammeter

6 6oltmeter

%s +hortF&ircuit &urrent

AT+ F Automatic Transfer +witch

*&& F *otor &ontrol &enter

N F Normally pen

N& F Normally &lose

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ne line diagram is a generali?ed way of Electrical design representation using standard

schematic symols(

T+PES O4 ONE LINE DIA5RAM

R%@%$ S=!#' This is a system with one power supply to all the loads( %t means that the power

source must e si?ed 344 or more of the total load(

Figure 3:A radial system one line diagram

S#$#?!# S=!#' This is when there are more than one source of power supply to a networ#,

with one redundant( This increases the reliaility of the system y creating options(

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Figure 4:A selective system one line diagram

Loo< S=!#' This is a system, li#e the selective system, that has two power supplies with oth

powering oth end of the networ#( %t5s more reliale with corresponding high cost(

3.0.2 LI5HTIN5 DESI5N

%llumination means the act or process of illuminating or supplying with light( %llumination is very

crucial in the oil and gas industry oth on facilities in onshore and offshore( This rings aout an

effective study of lighting sources, controls and management used oth in residential and control

rooms of /ower system(

COMMON TERMS O4 LI5HTIN5

Lu'nou >$u This is the uantity of light emitted y a light source or received on a surface( %n

other words, the amount of lumen emanated from a lamp is synonymous to the rate of luminous

energy from the lamp( The +% unit is lumen(

I$$u'n%n?# This is the uantity of light which is radiated on a surface or a plane figure( %t is

also the light arriving at a surface, e)pressed in lumens per unit area- 3 lumen per suare meter

euals 3lu)(

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Lu'nou In!#n!= This is the uantity of light that is radiated to a specific direction( The +%

unit is candela Ccd

Lu'n%"# This is the lighting fi)ture installed in various uildings(

E>>?%?= The ratio of light produced to energy consumed( %tIs measured as the numer of lumens

produced divided y the rate of electricity consumption Clumens per watt(

5$%"# The e)cessive rightness from a direct light source that ma#es it difficult to see what one

wishes to see( A right o$ect in front of a dar# ac#ground usually will cause glare(

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Figure 5:First floor ligting design

3.0.9 POWER SUPPL+

/ower +upply in uildings could e achieved through various means, the means depending on

the load in the uilding( %n Nigeria, for small scale uildings which are not isolated, the power

supply will e achieved y tapping of from a s#ipper panel whose input is the output of the

33K6083"6 Transformer( Due to regular power failure, most uildings have a ac#up power

supply C>enerator or %nverters(

%n larger installations Cwhere the Three /hase load e)ceeds =4A, the uilding will need to have

its own transformer, so as to preserve the staility of the 83"6 line( %n such scenarios a redundant

or ac#up generators are usually reuired so as to minimi?e the downtime(

PoF#" D!"u!on

An electric power distriution system is the final stage in the delivery of electric power- it carries

electricity from the transmission system to individual consumers( Distriution sustations

connect to the transmission system and lower the transmission voltage to medium voltage

ranging etween ! #6 and 7" #6 with the use of transformers( /rimary distriution lines carry

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this medium voltage power to distriution transformers located near the customerIs premises(

Distriution transformers again lower the voltage to the utili?ation voltage of household

appliances and typically feed several customers through secondary distriution lines at this

voltage( &ommercial and residential customers are connected to the secondary distriution lines

through service drops( &ustomers demanding a much larger amount of power may e connected

directly to the primary distriution level or the su transmission level(

/ower Distriution in a uilding or estalishment could e at either 9igh 6oltage C96 or Low

6oltage CL6(

LoF Vo$!% D!"u!on

Low voltage is a term used to descrie 844 6 threeFphase and !74 6

singleFphase supplies( These are nominal voltages, the actual voltage may

vary y S 34( The inta#e to uildings that have a low voltage supply is

usually provided y the electricity supplier in the form of an

underground cale that emerges at a suitale point within the uilding(

The cale is connected directly to the supplier5s cutFout( This is a fused

unit that protects the consumer5s installation up to the main switch(

H& Vo$!% D!"u!on

%n large commercial uildings and industrial installations with loads

greater than around 3444 #6A, it is necessary to have a high voltage

supply to the premises which is typically eleven thousand volts C33 #6(

'or the consumer, a high voltage supply will incur significantly higher

capital and operating costs than a low voltage supply( This is due to the

following reasons

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DISTRI-UTION PANELS

A distriution oard is a component of an electricity supply system that divides an electrical

power feed into susidiary circuits, while providing a protective fuse or circuit rea#er for each

circuit in a common enclosure( Normally, a main switch, and in recent oards, one or more

residualFcurrent devices CR&D or residual current rea#ers with overcurrent protection CR&.,

are also incorporated(

Figure !: A distri"ution "oard layout

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Figure #:A distri"ution "oard

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3.0.6 CA-LE SIGIN5 AND SELECTION

A &ale is an assemly of conductors held together with an overall sheath for transmission of

electrical power from electricity source such as transformer, generator, *&&, switchgear,

distriution panel etc( to the terminal of utilisation euipment(

%t is generally made of materials which are good conductors of electricity li#e copper and

aluminium( >reat percentage of the cales is made using copper ecause of its eing a very good

conductor and less vulneraility to environmental attac#(

&ales consist of three ma$or components

• &onductors

• %nsulation

• /rotective $ac#et(

The components of individual cales varies according to application( The construction and

material are determined y three main factors

• 2or#ing voltage, determining the thic#ness of the insulation

• &urrentFcarrying capacity, determining the crossFsectional si?e of the conductors

• Environmental conditions such as temperature, water, chemical or sunlight e)posure, and

mechanical impact, determining the form and composition of the outer cale $ac#et(

&ales for direct urial or for e)posed installations may also include metal armour in the form of wires spiralled around the cale, or a corrugated tape wrapped around it(

The armour may e made of steel or aluminium, and although connected to earth ground, it is not

intended to carry current during normal operations(

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T+PES O4 CA-LE INSULATION

They are commonly classified ased on the insulation type that e)ist on the cales such as

Thermoplastic C /6&

Figure $: %&C Ca"le

Low density polyethylene CLD/E

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Figure ':()%E Ca"le

9igh density polyethylene C9D/E

Figure 1*:+)%E Ca"le

&ross lin#ed polyethylene CBL/E

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Figure 11:,(%E Ca"le

Ethylene propylene ruer CE/R

Figure 12:E%- Ca"le

F

Low +mo#e @ero 9alogen CL+@9

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Figure 13:(./+ Ca"le

C"!#"% >o" C%$# S#$#?!on %n@ Sn&

There are asically 8 criteria to e considered when si?ing a cale

• &urrent Rating

• Thermal +hort &ircuit

• 6oltage Drop

• &ale %mpedance

4'& Co()luio(

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2.1 C%$$#n En?oun!#"#@

L'!#@ T'# 74; %nstrumentation and measurement %

4n%$ =#%" ?ou"#

EE> "43 /ower +ystem Analysis

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EE> "48 /ower +ystems /rotection

EE> "34 Energy *anagement and /ower Muality Assessment

4'3 CONCL*+ION

The e)perience % gained during my industrial training has enaled understand and appreciate

Electrical0Electronic Engineering, especially the power aspect etter(

% got to perform wor# relating to practical application of what % had learnt in the classroom and

even eyond( % would li#e to say that +%2E+ is a very important part of our curriculum that

moulds our lives for the future especially in line with our career choices( %t ridges the gap

etween the classroom and the %ndustry and it should not e ta#en with levity(

2.2 R#?o''#n@%!on The Department and University should assist students in securing %T placements(

The University should ensure that students are adeuately monitored during the program(

+tudents should e visited regularly y %T' officials during +%2E+

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!'& REFERENCE+- ,IWE, G!/e to ,!**essf!l Pa"t*0aton n ,IWE, b Ol!seg!n A. T. Mafe

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Documents

student internship report