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Climate Change and Cities
Horacio Alvear Lakan Cole Wen-Kai Kuo
Case Study Jakarta
1
It is a fact climate change is threatening us. We have to work together to face it.
Strengthen Jakarta- if that is possible- It will support us, help us reach our dreams.
Jakarta
Background
2
Jakarta - 13th world largest city (2011) (a jump from its 2007 ranking of 171) Jakarta has grown more rapidly than Kuala Lumpur, Beijing and Bangkok.
- 10.1 million population (2011)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_proper_by_population
Jakarta
Jakarta’s existing characteristics makes the city vulnerable to natural hazards.
3
Natural Hazards
http://goo.gl/fPCYo http://ontario-geofish.blogspot.com/2011_02_01_archive.html http://goo.gl/3mtcs http://goo.gl/10xXi
“Currently the greatest disaster vulnerability for Jakarta is flooding.”
Jakarta 4
Loss by Flooding
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Jakarta_flood
“Currently extreme flooding is thought to occur approximately every 5 years.”
Jakarta: Urban Challenges in a Changing Climates, p12-13
Jakarta
“Jakarta experiences heavy monsoon rains for half the year.”
• Perimeter , beaches, swamps areas • Thirteen rivers from south to north • Hundreds of man-made canals • 40% of Jakarda under sea level
5
Topography
Jakarta: Urban Challenges in a Changing Climates, p11-12
Jakarta http://sdwebx.worldbank.org/climateportal/index.cfm?page=country_historical_climate&ThisRegion=Asia&ThisCCode=IDN 6
Rainfall
Monthly Rainfall 1900-2009
Jakarta 7
Growing Population
Jakarta: Urban Challenges in a Changing Climates, p6, 22
http://goo.gl/EehB7
Jakarta 8
Land Use
1970 1980
1990 2000
1980-2002, 1/4 non-urban uses to urban uses.
Jakarta: Urban Challenges in a Changing Climates, p8-9
Jakarta 9
Urban Heat Island Effect
http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-uIBb8RTWQNs/TaZe1lllbVI/AAAAAAAAASI/N8d5PpB2ZkI/s1600/heat-island.jpg
Jakarta: Urban Challenges in a Changing Climates, p18
“This has resulted in increased consumption of energy for air-conditioning to cool buildings, which in turn contributes to higher ambient temperature in the city.”
Jakarta 10
Land Subsidence & Sea Level Rise
Jakarta: Urban Challenges in a Changing Climates, p15,17
Jakarta 11
Canals Clogged with Garbage
Jakarta: Urban Challenges in a Changing Climates, p14,18 http://farm1.staticflickr.com/1/131294983_570615abbd.jpg
Rapid growth puts extreme stress on existing infrastructure.
Jakarta
Mangroves help to slow the current and prevent floods
12
Deforestation
“Due to the high rate of deforestation and land use change across the archipelago, Indonesia comes in as the country with third-highest emission of greenhouse gases globally.”
Jakarta: Urban Challenges in a Changing Climates, p31
http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2010/10/12/govt-blames-rain-not-deforestation.html
Jakarta 13
Flooding Events 2007 & 2009
Jakarta 14
Flooding Events 2013
Jakarta 15
Urban Poor
http://goo.gl/W8HaU
Jakarta: Urban Challenges in a Changing Climates, p20
“The urban poor are highly adaptive, but remain vulnerable.”
http://goo.gl/4Gaq2
Jakarta
• One of largest and oldest villages in Jakarta • A mix of formal and informal settlements • Close relationship in the community • Teneous housing construction
16
Adaptation “This is powerful, locally organized example of how residents in communities are connecting through their own means to more sophisticated and established water management technology at the region level.”
Kampung Melayu
http://goo.gl/FWiKA
Jakarta: Urban Challenges in a Changing Climates, p26
http://goo.gl/7JPL5
Flood early warning system • Mobile phone SMS messages • Broadcasting system • Leave bottom level empty when flooding.
Jakarta 17
Adaptation
http://jakarta.tribunnews.com/2011/10/14/jakarta-giant-sea-wall-makan-waktu-puluhan-tahun Jakarta: Urban Challenges in a Changing Climates, p33 http://goo.gl/NBnKV
Jakarta 18
Mitigation
http://goo.gl/4E2lE http://goo.gl/ljj6o
Jakarta: Urban Challenges in a Changing Climates, p31
Jakarta 19
Conclusion
The key for Jakarta going forward is to link its climate change adaption actions to the existing and new spatial plans.
Steps Towards Resilience
Integrated Climate Action Plan
Quantitative Measurement
Action at Local Level
Strong Social Networks
http://www1.american.edu/ted/ICE/jakarta.html
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IMv-cPpKjho
http://www.welovejakarta.com/
http://goo.gl/Hl2sJ