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Structure of Congress Objective: • Understand how Congress is organized Bell Ringer: List the qualifications for serving in Congress as set forth in the Constitution. In your opinion, are there other qualifications that should be applied to holding office in Congress? For example, should lawmakers have certain legal or technical training? Why or why not? Agenda: Congressional structure Compensation Elections/gerrymandering Homework: Letter signed Read Chapter 10 Sections 2 and 3 Outline each

Structure of Congress Objective: Understand how Congress is organized Bell Ringer: List the qualifications for serving in Congress as set forth in the

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Page 1: Structure of Congress Objective: Understand how Congress is organized Bell Ringer: List the qualifications for serving in Congress as set forth in the

Structure of CongressStructure of Congress

Objective:• Understand how Congress is organized

Bell Ringer:List the qualifications for serving in Congress as set forth in theConstitution. In your opinion, are there other qualifications thatshould be applied to holding office in Congress? For example,should lawmakers have certain legal or technical training? Whyor why not?

Agenda:Congressional structureCompensationElections/gerrymandering

Homework:Letter signedRead Chapter 10 Sections 2 and 3Outline each

Page 2: Structure of Congress Objective: Understand how Congress is organized Bell Ringer: List the qualifications for serving in Congress as set forth in the

Structure of CongressStructure of Congress

Objective:• Understand how Congress is organized• Analyze the theories of representation

Bell Ringer:Congress is a frequent target of criticism in the media and elsewhere. Yet the text says that the members of Congress are on the whole hardworking and able people. How can you explain the existence of these two opposing viewpoints?

Agenda:Members of CongressTheories of Representation

Homework:Read Chapter 10 Section 4Chapter Assessment #1 - 23

Page 3: Structure of Congress Objective: Understand how Congress is organized Bell Ringer: List the qualifications for serving in Congress as set forth in the

Structure of CongressStructure of Congress

Objective:• Identify the leadership positions in Congress and who currently holds

these positions• Understand how committees in Congress are organized• Analyze how committees operate

Bell Ringer:Choose three Congressional powers and indicate why the Framers gave these powers to Congress rather than the states.

Agenda:Congressional LeadershipCommittees in Congress

Homework:Use the Study Guide to prepare for your testA Day = April 30B Day = May 1

Page 4: Structure of Congress Objective: Understand how Congress is organized Bell Ringer: List the qualifications for serving in Congress as set forth in the

How Congress WorksPart 1:

Page 5: Structure of Congress Objective: Understand how Congress is organized Bell Ringer: List the qualifications for serving in Congress as set forth in the

Who’s in Congress?

Page 6: Structure of Congress Objective: Understand how Congress is organized Bell Ringer: List the qualifications for serving in Congress as set forth in the

Bicameral Legislature “upper house” elected by state legislature and each state

having equal representation

“lower house” elected by the people and membership based on population

all states (except Nebraska) have followed this model in their state legislatures

in many other nations with bicameral legislatures the upper house is largely ceremonial

the hope was that it would keep government from infringing upon citizen’s rights

Page 7: Structure of Congress Objective: Understand how Congress is organized Bell Ringer: List the qualifications for serving in Congress as set forth in the

Congress Each term lasts for two years

New sessions start at 12:00 p.m. on January 3rd of every odd-numbered year (Congress can however select a different day to convene)

We are currently in the 111th session of Congress

Special sessions may be called only by the President to deal with emergency situations

Neither House of Congress has a cap on the number of terms a member may serve

Page 8: Structure of Congress Objective: Understand how Congress is organized Bell Ringer: List the qualifications for serving in Congress as set forth in the

House-Senate Differences House

435 members; 2 yr terms

Low turnover Speaker bill referral

hard to challenge Scheduling/rules

controlled by majority party with powerful Rules Committee (controls time of debate, amends., etc)

Senate 100 members; 6 yr

terms Moderate turnover Referral decisions

easily challenged Scheduling/rules

agreed to by majority & minority leaders

Page 9: Structure of Congress Objective: Understand how Congress is organized Bell Ringer: List the qualifications for serving in Congress as set forth in the

House-Senate Differences

House Debate limited to 1

hour Members policy

specialists Emphasizes tax &

revenue policy More formal &

impersonal

Senate Unlimited debate

unless cloture invoked

Members policy generalists

Emphasizes foreign policy

More informal & personal

Page 10: Structure of Congress Objective: Understand how Congress is organized Bell Ringer: List the qualifications for serving in Congress as set forth in the

Congressional MembershipEthnically, socially, economically the make-up of Congress

is not actually representative of the general population.

 In general members of Congress are: White males in their early 50’s Married Two children Christian Protestant The vast majority have college degrees and many have

advanced degrees A large number were lawyers

Page 11: Structure of Congress Objective: Understand how Congress is organized Bell Ringer: List the qualifications for serving in Congress as set forth in the

Source: http://www.congress.org/congressorg/directory/demographics.tt

Age Groups

Source: http://www.congress.org/congressorg/directory/demographics.tt

Party

Gender Ethnicity

Demographic Profile of the 111th Congress

http://www.congress.org/congressorg/directory/demographics.tt
http://www.congress.org/congressorg/directory/demographics.tt
Page 12: Structure of Congress Objective: Understand how Congress is organized Bell Ringer: List the qualifications for serving in Congress as set forth in the

Structure of Congress

Objective: Understand how Congress is organized Analyze the theories of representation

Bell Ringer:Read the article “Replacement Congress” Do you think the mass replacement of representatives through special election under the circumstances in this article would be approved of by the Framers? What is another option that could be considered?

Agenda:Theories of RepresentationLeadership in CongressCongressional Committees

Homework: Chapter 11 Part 2 Overview Quiz next class

Page 13: Structure of Congress Objective: Understand how Congress is organized Bell Ringer: List the qualifications for serving in Congress as set forth in the

Role of Congress Make laws

Represent the interests of their constituents

Serve on committees

Serve their constituencies

Politicians

Page 14: Structure of Congress Objective: Understand how Congress is organized Bell Ringer: List the qualifications for serving in Congress as set forth in the

Theories of Representation

Members of Congress tends to fit into one of four

categories when it comes to decision making.

Partisanship Theory/Organizational View: Feel that people voted for them because of their political

beliefs Tend to vote the way their particular party does The party’s goals are the end

Page 15: Structure of Congress Objective: Understand how Congress is organized Bell Ringer: List the qualifications for serving in Congress as set forth in the

Theories of Representation

Trustee Theory/Attitudinal View:

Decide each political situation based on its own individual merit

Lead and inform

Do what is right

It is the end, not the process that is important

Page 16: Structure of Congress Objective: Understand how Congress is organized Bell Ringer: List the qualifications for serving in Congress as set forth in the

Theories of Representation

Delegate Theory/Representational View:

View themselves as agents of those who elected them

Do as voters request

It is the process, not the end that is important

Page 17: Structure of Congress Objective: Understand how Congress is organized Bell Ringer: List the qualifications for serving in Congress as set forth in the

Theories of Representation

Politicos Theory:

Strive to combine elements of the two into their decision making

Try to balance their views, with the views of their constituents and their party’s views

The process used and the ends achieved are important

Page 18: Structure of Congress Objective: Understand how Congress is organized Bell Ringer: List the qualifications for serving in Congress as set forth in the

Party UnityParty Unity

• Lower today than 100 years ago, but…..

• Ideology important variable explaining party voting (members vote with their party 80% of the time)

• Party polarization - vote in which majority of democrats oppose majority of republicans

• Polarization trends:o 1976 HR = 36%; S = 37%o 1995 HR = 73%; S = 69%o 2000 HR = 43%; S = 49%

Page 19: Structure of Congress Objective: Understand how Congress is organized Bell Ringer: List the qualifications for serving in Congress as set forth in the

• The House

• Led by Speaker of the House—elected by House members

• Presides over House

• Major role in committee assignments and legislation

• Assisted by majority leader and whips

Congressional LeadershipCongressional Leadership

• The Senate

• Formally lead by Vice President

• Really lead by Majority Leader—chosen by party members

• Assisted by whips

• Must work with Minority leader

Page 20: Structure of Congress Objective: Understand how Congress is organized Bell Ringer: List the qualifications for serving in Congress as set forth in the

Party LeadershipParty Leadership

• The House

• Led by Speaker of the House—elected by House members

• Presides over House

• Major role in committee assignments and legislation

• Assisted by majority leader and whips

• The Senate

• Formally lead by Vice President

• Really lead by Majority Leader—chosen by party members

• Assisted by whips

• Must work with Minority leader

Page 21: Structure of Congress Objective: Understand how Congress is organized Bell Ringer: List the qualifications for serving in Congress as set forth in the

HOUSE LEADERSHIPHOUSE LEADERSHIP

Speaker (majority party)

Republicans:• Majority Leader• Majority Whip• Chairman of the

Caucus• Steering & Policy

Committee• Democratic

Congressional Campaign Committee

Speaker of the HouseJohn Boehner (R-OH)

Majority LeaderEric Cantor (R-VA)

Majority WhipKevin McCarthy (R-CA)

Page 22: Structure of Congress Objective: Understand how Congress is organized Bell Ringer: List the qualifications for serving in Congress as set forth in the

HOUSE LEADERSHIPHOUSE LEADERSHIP

Democrats:• Minority Leader• Minority Whip• Chairman of

Conference• Policy Committee• Committee on

Committees• National Republican

Congressional Committee

• Research Committee

Minority LeaderNancy Pelosi (D-CA)

Minority WhipSteny Hoyer (D-MD)

Page 23: Structure of Congress Objective: Understand how Congress is organized Bell Ringer: List the qualifications for serving in Congress as set forth in the

SENATE LEADERSHIPSENATE LEADERSHIP

President of the Senate (Vice President)

President Pro Tempore (majority party)

Democrats:• Majority Leader• Majority Whip• Chairman of Conference• Policy Committee• Steering Committee• Democratic Senatorial

Campaign CommitteeMajority LeaderHarry Reid (D-NV)

President Pro TempDaniel Inouye (D-HI)

Majority WhipRichard Durbin

(D-IL)

President of the Senate

Joe Biden (D-DE)

Page 24: Structure of Congress Objective: Understand how Congress is organized Bell Ringer: List the qualifications for serving in Congress as set forth in the

SENATE LEADERSHIPSENATE LEADERSHIP

Republicans:• Minority Leader• Minority Whip• Chairman of

Conference• Policy Committee• Committee on

Committees• Republican Senatorial

Committee

Minority LeaderMitch McConnell

(R-KY)

Minority WhipJon Kyl (R-AZ)

Page 25: Structure of Congress Objective: Understand how Congress is organized Bell Ringer: List the qualifications for serving in Congress as set forth in the

Strength of Party Structure?Strength of Party Structure?

• Measure of party strength:

1. Ability of leaders to control party rules and organization

2. Extent to which party members vote together in the House and Senate

• Senate: less party-centered and leader oriented

Page 26: Structure of Congress Objective: Understand how Congress is organized Bell Ringer: List the qualifications for serving in Congress as set forth in the

How Congress is Organized to Make Policy

How Congress is Organized to Make Policy

• Caucuses: The Informal Organization of Congress• Caucus: a group of members of Congress

sharing some interest or characteristic•About 300 caucuses• Caucuses pressure for committee meetings and

hearings and for votes on bills.• Caucuses can be more effective than lobbyists.

Page 27: Structure of Congress Objective: Understand how Congress is organized Bell Ringer: List the qualifications for serving in Congress as set forth in the

CAUCUSESCAUCUSES

• Groups (may be bipartisan) meeting to pursue common legislative objectives

• Rivals to parties in policy formulation• Examples: Democratic Study Group,

Congressional Black Caucus, Tuesday Lunch Bunch, Human Rights, Congressional Caucus for Women’s Issues, Out of Iraq Caucus,

Rural Caucus, Travel & Tourism Caucus, House Caucus on Missing and Exploited Children

Page 28: Structure of Congress Objective: Understand how Congress is organized Bell Ringer: List the qualifications for serving in Congress as set forth in the

"Congress in session is Congress on public exhibition, whilst Congress in its committee-rooms is Congress at work.”

- Woodrow Wilson

Page 29: Structure of Congress Objective: Understand how Congress is organized Bell Ringer: List the qualifications for serving in Congress as set forth in the

Legislative Committees:Legislative Committees:

Function and Purpose

Page 30: Structure of Congress Objective: Understand how Congress is organized Bell Ringer: List the qualifications for serving in Congress as set forth in the

Legislative Committees:Function & Purpose

Legislative Committees:Function & Purpose

1. Consider bills (a.k.a. “mark-up” bills)

A bill with a member’s mark-up notes

Page 31: Structure of Congress Objective: Understand how Congress is organized Bell Ringer: List the qualifications for serving in Congress as set forth in the

Legislative Committees:Function & Purpose

Legislative Committees:Function & Purpose

2. Maintain oversight of executive agencies

Secretary Donald Rumsfeld testifies before a Senate Appropriations Committee hearing re: the Department of Defense Budget (May, 2006)

Page 32: Structure of Congress Objective: Understand how Congress is organized Bell Ringer: List the qualifications for serving in Congress as set forth in the

Legislative Committees:Function & Purpose

Legislative Committees:Function & Purpose

3. Conduct investigations

New Orleans Mayor Ray Nagin testified before the Senate Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee on Hurricane Katrina (Feb., 2006)

Page 33: Structure of Congress Objective: Understand how Congress is organized Bell Ringer: List the qualifications for serving in Congress as set forth in the

Types of CommitteesTypes of Committees

Standing Committees - permanent panel with full legislative functions and oversight responsibilities• Subcommittees – formed to tackle very specific

tasks within the jurisdiction of the full committees Select or Special Committees - groups appointed for a

limited purpose and limited duration Joint Committees - includes members of both

chambers to conduct studies or perform housekeeping tasks

Conference Committee - includes members of House & Senate to work out differences between similar bills

Page 34: Structure of Congress Objective: Understand how Congress is organized Bell Ringer: List the qualifications for serving in Congress as set forth in the

Standing CommitteesStanding Committees

Page 35: Structure of Congress Objective: Understand how Congress is organized Bell Ringer: List the qualifications for serving in Congress as set forth in the

House Standing CommitteesHouse Standing Committees

Agriculture

Appropriations

Armed Services

Budget

Education & Workforce

Energy & Commerce

Financial Services

Government Reform

House Admin.

International Relations

JudiciaryResourcesRulesScienceSmall BusinessStandards of Official

ConductTransportation &

InfrastructureVeterans AffairsWays & Means

Page 36: Structure of Congress Objective: Understand how Congress is organized Bell Ringer: List the qualifications for serving in Congress as set forth in the

Senate Standing CommitteesSenate Standing Committees

Agriculture, Nutrition, & Forestry

Appropriations

Armed Services

Banking, Housing, & Urban Affairs

Budget

Commerce, Science, Transportation

Energy & Natural Resources

Environment and Public Works

Finance

Foreign Relations

Governmental Affairs

Health, Education, Labor & Pensions

Judiciary

Rules and Administration

Small Business and Entrepreneurship

Veterans Affairs

Page 37: Structure of Congress Objective: Understand how Congress is organized Bell Ringer: List the qualifications for serving in Congress as set forth in the

Special, Select CommitteesSpecial, Select Committees

• House Select Committee on Energy Independence & Global Warming

• Senate Select Committee on Ethics

• House & Senate Select Committees on Intelligence

Gen. Michael Hayden is sworn in during a full committee hearing of the Senate Select Intelligence Committee on his nomination to be director of the Central Intelligence Agency.

Page 38: Structure of Congress Objective: Understand how Congress is organized Bell Ringer: List the qualifications for serving in Congress as set forth in the

Joint CommitteesJoint Committees

• Joint Economic Committee• Joint Committee on Printing• Joint Committee on Taxation

Joint Committee on Taxation hearing

Page 39: Structure of Congress Objective: Understand how Congress is organized Bell Ringer: List the qualifications for serving in Congress as set forth in the

How Congress is Organized to Make Policy

How Congress is Organized to Make Policy

• Getting on a Committee•Members want committee assignments that will

help them get reelected, gain influence, and make policy.

•New members express their committee preferences to the party leaders.

• Those who have supported their party’s leadership are favored in the selection process.

• Parties try to grant committee preferences.

Page 40: Structure of Congress Objective: Understand how Congress is organized Bell Ringer: List the qualifications for serving in Congress as set forth in the

How Congress is Organized to Make Policy

How Congress is Organized to Make Policy

• Getting Ahead on the Committee• Committee chair: the most important influencer of

congressional agenda•Dominant role in scheduling hearings, hiring staff,

appointing subcommittees, and managing committee bills when they are brought before the full house

•Most chairs selected according to seniority system.•Members who have served on the committee the longest

and whose party controlled Congress become chair

Page 41: Structure of Congress Objective: Understand how Congress is organized Bell Ringer: List the qualifications for serving in Congress as set forth in the

How Congress is Organized to Make Policy

How Congress is Organized to Make Policy

• Congressional Staff• Personal staff: They work for the member,

mainly providing constituent service, but help with legislation too.

• Committee staff: organize hearings, research and write legislation, target of lobbyists

• Staff Agencies: CRS, GAO, CBO provide specific information to Congress

Page 42: Structure of Congress Objective: Understand how Congress is organized Bell Ringer: List the qualifications for serving in Congress as set forth in the

The Legislative Obstacle CourseThe Legislative Obstacle Course

Page 43: Structure of Congress Objective: Understand how Congress is organized Bell Ringer: List the qualifications for serving in Congress as set forth in the

How A Bill Becomes LawHow A Bill Becomes LawFact: About 5,000

bills are introduced in Congress every year, but only about 150 are signed into law.

1. Explain why so few bills become law.

2. Is that a good thing or a bad thing?

3. Should the legislative process in Congress be reformed? If yes, what changes would you recommend? If not, why not?

Source: http://acswebcontent.acs.org/olga/legissummbilltolaw.pdf

http://acswebcontent.acs.org/olga/legissummbilltolaw.pdf
http://acswebcontent.acs.org/olga/legissummbilltolaw.pdf
Page 44: Structure of Congress Objective: Understand how Congress is organized Bell Ringer: List the qualifications for serving in Congress as set forth in the

Title: Resolution Artist: Bob GorrellDate: 12/28/06 Source: http://www.gorrellart.com/

http://www.gorrellart.com/
Page 45: Structure of Congress Objective: Understand how Congress is organized Bell Ringer: List the qualifications for serving in Congress as set forth in the

Artist: R.J. Matson, New York Observer & Roll CallDate: 1/18/07Source: http://www.cagle.com

Page 46: Structure of Congress Objective: Understand how Congress is organized Bell Ringer: List the qualifications for serving in Congress as set forth in the

Title: Imagine there’s no Congress Artist: Joe Heller, Green Bay Press-GazetteDate: 6/06/07 Source: http://www.politicalcartoons.com/

http://www.politicalcartoons.com/
Page 47: Structure of Congress Objective: Understand how Congress is organized Bell Ringer: List the qualifications for serving in Congress as set forth in the

Title: Senator Reid Can Handle the TruthArtist: RJ MatsonDate: 6/18/07Source: http://www.politicalcartoons.com

http://www.politicalcartoons.com/
http://www.politicalcartoons.com/
Page 48: Structure of Congress Objective: Understand how Congress is organized Bell Ringer: List the qualifications for serving in Congress as set forth in the

Source: http://bigpicture.typepad.com/ Date: 5/6/06

http://bigpicture.typepad.com/

th World Congress on Midwifery and Women's Health · forth “th4 World Congress on Midwifery and Women’s Health” (Midwifery Congress 2017) scheduled to be held during July 20-22,

th World Congress on Midwifery and Women's Health · forth “th4 World Congress on Midwifery and Women’s Health” (Midwifery Congress 2017) scheduled to be held during July 20-22,

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