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Mediterranean striped dolphins share echolocation information during traveling and foraging. Marianna Anichini * 1,2 , Cristina Giacoma 2 , Elena Papale 1,2 , Marta Azzolin 1,2 1 Gaia Research Institute Onlus. Italy 2 University of Torino, Dip. Biologia Animale e dell'Uomo, V. Accademia Albertina, 13, 10125 Torino, Italy * [email protected] Discussion References Introduction Who? Freeranging Striped Dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba), one of the most widespread cetacean species in the Mediterranean Sea, is an extremely vocal mammalian species but its visual and acoustic behaviour is almost unknown. (FIG 1). Where? Gulf of Corinth (GOC), Greece. The study area is located between the Patra strait, opening on the Ionian sea, and the Corinth Canal on the Alkyonides gulf. An area of about 700km 2 has been covered (FIG 2). When? During the months of July and August 2009 and 2010. Why? In order to understand and analyze how Stenella coeruleoalba echolocation clicks rate changes in relation to focal group size and behavioral context. Results Materials and methods During this research, 63 vessel based surveys have been carried out in typical weather condition and ecologic and anthropogenic parameters were recorded every 15 minutes. During sightings, group size and interaction with boats were collected every 3 minutes. The animal surface behaviour was analyzed using the focal group sampling methodology (Altmann,1974), and following an ethogram created before and during the study: 41 behaviours and 4 different vocal type were recorded, thanks also to those already developed in previous studies on Atlantic spotted dolphins (Herzing,D.L.,1996; Dudzinski,K.M.,1996). Group dimension was divided in four categories: 1) 15; 2) 69; 3) 1015; 4) 2030 animals. Sounds were recorded in the proximity of the focal group (max distance 100m) with a single hydrophone at a sampling frequency of 96 kHz (16bit mono channel) connected to a digital audio MAudio microtrack recorder. In order to reduce the low frequency background noise a filter at 1kHz was used during recordings. Striped dolphin clicks have been classified in four qualities categories (03): only signals clear and audible (23 quality) were considered. In order to synchronize visual and acoustic behaviour, recordings have been subdivided in intervals of 3 minutes each. For each interval, only the clicks detected in the first 10 seconds were considered for analysis and only the most frequent (number of times in which appears the behavior / number of total behavioral sequences in intervals of 3 minutes) behavioral states (normal swim tail out, rafting and sharking) related to the main categories of Travelling and Foraging were included. Statistical analysis (KruscallWallis Test) showed that the echolocation clicks rate was significantly affected by group size. The echolocation clicks production per dolphin (clicks/minute/animal) is minimum in the biggest group size . Jones and Sayigh (2002), have reported how the bottlenose dolphin in larger groups, emitted less of echolocation clicks per unit of time, sharing the echoes of the other animals (Tyack,1997). Statistical analysis (Rho Spearman’s Test) showed also, a positive and significant correlation of the click rate in relation to behavioral state linked to forage and travel activities, indicating that echolocation is used in foraging and travelling. We suggest that these results, support the idea that echolocation information can be shared by the animals in a larger group above all during specific behavioral activities as foraging and travelling. Altmann, J. (1974). Observational study of behavior: sampling methods. Behav.ior 49, 227267. Dudzinski, K. M. (1996). Communication and behavior in the Atlantic spotted dolphins (Stenella frontalis): relationships between vocal and behavioral activities. Ph.D. Dissertation. Texas A&M University. Herzing,D.L.(1996). ‘Vocalizations and associated underwater behavior of freeranging Atlantic spotted dolphins, Stenella frontalis and bottlenose dolphin, Tursiops truncatus’. Aqua.Mamm. 22,61–79. Jones, G.J., and L.S. Sayigh. (2002). Geographic variation in rates of vocal production of freeranging bottlenose dolphins. Marine Mammal Science 18:374.393 Tyack, P. (1997). Studying how cetaceans use sound to explore their environment. Perspectives in Ethology 12:251–297. Fig.3.Spectrogram OF cliks (quality 3) obtained by the software Adobe Audition 3.0 WITH a FFTsize of 256 points IN Hamming window. Fig.2.Study area: Gulf of Corinth (GOC), Greece. Fig.1.Striped Dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba) Fig.5. Scatter plot showing the relation between the clicks/minute/A and the different group dimension. Sightings 44 Mean sightings frequency FREQ=n°sightings/ hours survey 0,5 Hours of behavioral observations and simultaneous recordings 3,5 Echolocation clicks totally detected in the first 10s for each interval (FIG 2) 5015 Fig.4. Scatter plot showing the relation between the clicks/10 and the different group dimension. Both the relationships between group size category (number of animals) and the echolocation clicks (clicks/minute) and those divided for the number of animals (number of clicks/minute/animals), were examined. The non parametric KruscallWallis Test showed a significant difference (P< 0.05) between group sizes and the clicks/minute (X2= 11,268; Df= 3; P= 0,010) and clicks/minute/animals (X2= 15,743; Df= 3; P= 0,001), as clearly showed in the graphs (FIG 4 5). The maximum value of clicks rate (number of clicks/minute/animals) produced is in the third group, while the minimum is in the fourth (2030 animals). Similar result was obtained from the non parametric Rho Spearman’s Test calculated to correlate the most frequent states (normal swim, rafting and sharking), with the clicks rate. The test highlighted that the clicks rate was positively correlated with Sharking (P.= 0,028; correlation coefficient 0,274), Rafting (P = 0,004; correlation coefficient = 0,357) and Normal swim tail out (P. = 0,000; correlation coefficient = 0,477 ). Akwnoledgments Thalassa, research and charter. GAIA RESEARCH INSTITUTE ONLUS which have permitted me to develop my research. All the people that have worked and studied with me in Lakazeza (Greece) and all the voulunteers that participated to surveys. Check also: To be silent or to communicate? Analysis of the Mediterranean striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba) acoustic behaviour in order to improve passive acoustic monitoring. Azzolin M., Anichini M., Giacoma C., Papale E.,.

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Mediterranean striped dolphins share echolocation information during traveling and foraging.

Marianna Anichini * 1,2, Cristina Giacoma2, Elena Papale1,2, Marta Azzolin1,2

1Gaia Research Institute Onlus. Italy2University of Torino, Dip. Biologia Animale e dell'Uomo, V. Accademia Albertina, 13, 10125 Torino, Italy

* [email protected]

Discussion

References

IntroductionWho?

Free‐ranging  Striped Dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba), one of the most widespread cetacean species in the Mediterranean Sea, is an extremely vocal mammalian species but its visual and acoustic behaviour is almost unknown. (FIG 1).

Where?Gulf of Corinth (GOC), Greece. The study area is located between the Patra strait, opening on the Ionian sea, and the Corinth Canal 

on the Alkyonides gulf. An area of about 700km2 has been covered (FIG 2).

When?During the months of July and August 2009 and 2010.

Why?In order to understand and analyze how Stenella coeruleoalba echolocation clicks rate changes in relation to focal group size and 

behavioral context.

Results

Materials and methodsDuring this research, 63 vessel based surveys have been carried out in typical weather condition and ecologic and anthropogenic parameters were  recorded  every  15 minutes. During  sightings,  group  size  and  interaction with  boats were  collected  every  3 minutes.  The    animal  surface  behaviour was  analyzed  using    the    focal  group  sampling  methodology  (Altmann,1974),  and following an ethogram created before and during the study: 41 behaviours and 4 different vocal type were recorded, thanks also to  those  already  developed  in  previous  studies  on  Atlantic  spotted  dolphins  (Herzing,D.L.,1996;  Dudzinski,K.M.,1996).  Group dimension was divided in four categories: 1) 1‐5; 2) 6‐9; 3) 10‐15; 4) 20‐30 animals. Sounds were recorded in the proximity of the focal group (max distance 100m) with a single hydrophone at a sampling frequency of 96 kHz (16‐bit mono channel) connected to a digital audio M‐Audio microtrack recorder. In order to reduce the low frequency  background  noise  a  filter  at  1‐kHz  was  used  during  recordings.  Striped  dolphin  clicks  have  been classified  in  four  qualities categories (0‐3): only signals clear and audible (2‐3 quality) were considered.In order to synchronize visual and acoustic behaviour, recordings have been subdivided in intervals of 3 minutes each. For each interval, only the clicks detected in the first 10 seconds were considered for analysis and only the most frequent (number of  times  in which  appears  the  behavior  /  number  of  total  behavioral sequences  in  intervals  of  3 minutes)  behavioral  states (normal swim tail out, rafting and sharking) related to the main categories of Travelling and Foraging were included. 

Statistical  analysis  (Kruscall‐Wallis  Test)  showed  that  the  echolocation  clicks  rate was  significantly  affected  by  group  size.  The  echolocation  clicks  production  per dolphin (clicks/minute/animal) is minimum in the biggest group size .  Jones  and  Sayigh (2002),  have  reported  how  the  bottlenose  dolphin  in  larger groups, emitted  less of echolocation clicks per unit of time, sharing the echoes of the other animals (Tyack,1997). Statistical  analysis  (Rho  Spearman’s  Test)  showed  also,  a  positive  and  significant correlation  of  the  click  rate  in  relation  to  behavioral  state  linked  to  forage  and travel activities,  indicating that echolocation  is used  in foraging and travelling. We suggest  that  these results, support  the  idea  that echolocation  information can be shared  by  the  animals  in  a  larger  group  above  all  during  specific  behavioral activities as foraging and travelling.

•Altmann, J. (1974). Observational study of behavior:  sampling methods. Behav.ior 49, 227‐267.•Dudzinski, K. M. (1996).  Communication and behavior in the Atlantic spotted dolphins (Stenella frontalis): relationships between vocal and behavioral activities. Ph.D. Dissertation. Texas A&M University.•Herzing,D.L.(1996). ‘Vocalizations and associated underwater behavior of free‐ranging Atlantic spotted dolphins,  Stenella frontalis and bottlenose dolphin,  Tursiops truncatus’. Aqua.Mamm. 22,61–79. •Jones, G.J., and L.S. Sayigh. (2002). Geographic variation in rates of vocal production of free‐ranging bottlenose dolphins. Marine Mammal Science 18:374.393•Tyack, P.  (1997). Studying how cetaceans use sound to explore their environment. Perspectives in Ethology 12:251–297.

Fig.3.Spectrogram OF cliks (quality 3) obtained by the software Adobe Audition 3.0 WITH a FFT‐size of 256 points IN Hamming window.

Fig.2.Study area: Gulf of Corinth (GOC), Greece.

Fig.1.Striped Dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba)

Fig.5. Scatter plot showing the relation between the clicks/minute/A  and the different group dimension.

Sightings 44Mean sightings frequency

FREQ=n°sightings/ hours survey0,5

Hours of behavioral observations and simultaneous recordings

3,5

Echolocation clicks totally detected in the first 10s for each interval  (FIG 2)

5015

Fig.4. Scatter plot showing the relation between the clicks/10  and the different group dimension.

Both  the  relationships  between  group  size  category  (number  of  animals)  and  the echolocation clicks (clicks/minute) and those divided for the number of animals (number of clicks/minute/animals), were examined.The non parametric Kruscall‐Wallis Test showed a significant difference (P< 0.05) between group sizes and the clicks/minute (X2= 11,268; Df= 3; P= 0,010) and clicks/minute/animals (X2= 15,743; Df= 3; P= 0,001), as clearly showed  in the graphs  (FIG 4  ‐ 5). The maximum value of clicks rate (number of clicks/minute/animals) produced is in the third group,  while the minimum is in the fourth (20‐30 animals). Similar  result was obtained  from  the non parametric Rho Spearman’s Test  calculated  to correlate the most frequent states (normal swim, rafting and sharking), with the clicks rate. The test highlighted that the clicks rate was positively correlated with Sharking (P.= 0,028; correlation  coefficient  0,274),    Rafting  (P  =  0,004;  correlation coefficient  =  0,357)  and  Normal swim tail out (P. = 0,000; correlation coefficient = 0,477 ). 

Akwnoledgments• Thalassa, research and charter.• GAIA  RESEARCH  INSTITUTE  ONLUS  which  have  permitted  me  to develop my research. • All  the  people  that  have worked  and  studied with me  in  Lakazeza(Greece) and all the voulunteers that participated to surveys.

Check also: To be silent or to communicate?

Analysis of the Mediterranean striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba) acoustic

behaviour in order to improve passive acoustic monitoring.

Azzolin M., Anichini M., Giacoma C., Papale E.,.