String Instructions String instructions were designed to

operate on large data structures. The SI and DI registers are used as

pointers to the data structures being accessed or manipulated.

The operation of the dedicated registers stated above are used to simplify code and minimize its size.

String Instructions The registers(DI,SI) are automatically

incremented or decremented depending on the value of the direction flag: DF=0, increment SI, DI. DF=1, decrement SI, DI.

To set or clear the direction flag one should use the following instructions: CLD to clear the DF. STD to set the DF.

String Instructions The REP/REPZ/REPNZ prefixes are

used to repeat the operation it precedes.

String instructions we will discuss: LODS STOS MOVS CMPS SCAS INS OUTS

LODS/LODSB/LODSW/LODSD Loads the AL, AX or EAX registers with

the content of the memory byte, word or double word pointed to by SI relative to DS. After the transfer is made, the SI register is automatically updated as follows: SI is incremented if DF=0. SI is decremented if DF=1.

LODS/LODSB/LODSW/LODSD Examples:

LODSB

AL=DS:[SI]; SI=SI 1 LODSW

AX=DS:[SI]; SI=SI 2 LODSD

EAX=DS:[SI]; SI=SI 4 LODS MEAN

AL=DS:[SI]; SI=SI 1 (if MEAN is a byte) LODS LIST

AX=DS:[SI]; SI=SI 2 (if LIST is a word) LODS MAX

EAX=DS:[SI]; SI=SI 4 (if MAX is a double word)

LODS/LODSB/LODSW/LODSDExample

Assume:Location ContentRegister SI 500HMemory location 500H 'A'Register AL '2'

After execution of LODSB

If DF=0 then:

Location ContentRegister SI 501HMemory location 500H 'A'Register AL 'A'

Else if DF=1 then:

Location ContentRegister SI 4FFHMemory location 500H 'A'Register AL 'A'

STOS/STOSB/STOSW/STOSD Transfers the contents of the AL, AX or

EAX registers to the memory byte, word or double word pointed to by DI relative to ES. After the transfer is made, the DI register is automatically updated as follows: DI is incremented if DF=0. DI is decremented if DF=1.

STOS/STOSB/STOSW/STOSD Examples:

STOSB

ES:[DI]=AL; DI=DI 1 STOSW

ES:[DI]=AX; DI=DI 2 STOSD

ES:[DI]=EAX; DI=DI 4 STOS MEAN

ES:[DI]=AL; DI=DI 1 (if MEAN is a byte) STOS LIST

ES:[DI]=AX; DI=DI 2 (if LIST is a word) STOS MAX

ES:[DI]=EAX; DI=DI 4 (if MAX is a double word)

STOS/STOSB/STOSW/STOSDExampleAssume:

Location ContentRegister DI 500HMemory location 500H 'A'Register AL '2'

After execution of STOSB

If DF=0 then:

Location ContentRegister DI 501HMemory location 500H '2'Register AL '2'

Else if DF=1 then:

Location ContentRegister DI 4FFHMemory location 500H '2'Register AL '2'

MOVS/MOVSB/MOVSW/MOVSD Transfers the contents of the the

memory byte, word or double word pointed to by SI relative to DS to the memory byte, word or double word pointed to by DI relative to ES. After the transfer is made, the DI register is automatically updated as follows: DI is incremented if DF=0. DI is decremented if DF=1.

MOVS/MOVSB/MOVSW/MOVSD Examples:

MOVSBES:[DI]=DS:[SI]; DI=DI 1;SI=SI 1

MOVSWES:[DI]= DS:[SI]; DI=DI 2; SI=SI 2

MOVSDES:[DI]=DS:[SI]; DI=DI 4; SI=SI 4

MOVS MEAN1,MEAN2ES:[DI]=DS:[SI]; DI=DI 1; SI=SI 1 (if MEAN1 and MEAN2 are byte sized)

MOVS LIST1,LIST2ES:[DI]=DS:[SI]; DI=DI 2; SI=SI 2 (if LIST1 and LIST2 are word sized)

MOVS MAX1,MAX2ES:[DI]=DS:[SI]; DI=DI 4; SI=SI 4 (if MAX1 and MAX2 are double word sized)

MOVS/MOVSB/MOVSW/MOVSDExampleAssume:

Location ContentRegister SI 500HRegister DI 600HMemory location 500H '2'Memory location 600H 'W'

After execution of MOVSB

If DF=0 then:

Location ContentRegister SI 501HRegister DI 601HMemory location 500H '2'Memory location 600H '2'

Else if DF=1 then:

Location ContentRegister SI 4FFHRegister DI 5FFHMemory location 500H '2'Memory location 600H '2'

INS/INSB/INSW/INSD Transfer the contents of the port

addressed by DX to the memory byte, word or double word pointed to by DI relative to ES. After the transfer is made, the DI register is automatically updated as follows: DI is incremented if DF=0. DI is decremented if DF=1.

INS/INSB/INSW/INSD Examples:

INSBES:[DI]=[DX]; DI=DI 1

INSWES:[DI]= [DX]; DI=DI 2

INSDES:[DI]=[DX]; DI=DI 4

INS MEANES:[DI]=[DX]; DI=DI 1 (if MEAN is a byte)

INS LISTES:[DI]=[DX]; DI=DI 2 (if LIST is a word)

INS MAXES:[DI]=[DX]; DI=DI 4 (if MAX is a double word)

OUTS/OUTSB/OUTSW/OUTSD Transfer the contents of the memory byte,

word or double word pointed to by SI relative to DS to the port addressed by DX. After the transfer is made, the SI register is automatically updated as follows: SI is incremented if DF=0. SI is decremented if DF=1

OUTS/OUTSB/OUTSW/OUTSD Examples:

OUTSB[DX]=DS:[SI]; SI=SI 1

OUTSW[DX]= DS:[SI]; SI=SI 2

OUTSD[DX]=DS:[SI]; SI=SI 4

OUTS MEAN[DX]=DS:[SI]; SI=SI 1 (if MEAN is a byte)

OUTS LIST[DX]=DS:[SI]; SI=SI 2 (if LIST is a word)

OUTS MAX[DX]=DS:[SI]; SI=SI 4 (if MAX is a double word)

CMPS/CMPSB/CMPSW/CMPSD Compares the contents of the the memory

byte, word or double word pointed to by SI relative to DS to the memory byte, word or double word pointed to by DI relative to ES and changes the flags accordingly. After the comparison is made, the DI and SI registers are automatically updated as follows: DI and SI are incremented if DF=0. DI and SI are decremented if DF=1.

SCAS/SCASB/SCASW/SCASD Compares the contents of the AL, AX or

EAX register with the memory byte, word or double word pointed to by DI relative to ES and changes the flags accordingly. After the comparison is made, the DI register is automatically updated as follows: DI is incremented if DF=0. DI is decremented if DF=1.

REP/REPZ/REPNZ These prefixes cause the string

instruction that follows them to be repeated the number of times in the count register ECX or until: ZF=0 in the case of REPZ (repeat while

equal). ZF=1 in the case of REPNZ (repeat while

not equal).

REP/REPZ/REPNZ Use REPNE and SCASB to search for

the character ‘f’ in the buffer given below.

BUFFER DB ‘EE3751’ MOV AL,’f’ LEA DI,BUFFER MOV ECX,6 CLD REPNE SCASB JE FOUND

REP/REPZ/REPNZ Use REPNE and SCASB to search for

the character ‘3’ in the buffer given below.

BUFFER DB ‘EE3751’ MOV AL,’f’ LEA DI,BUFFER MOV ECX,6 CLD REPNE SCASB JE FOUND

Modular Programming Many programs are too large to be

developed by a single individual. A team of programmers develops different

parts of the system and their program modules are linked together, thus becoming a large program which includes all modules programmed separately.

The Assembler and Linker

The Assembler converts an ASCII source file created by the programmer into hexadecimal object file. TASM PROG1.ASM

The Linker reads the object file and creates the executable file. TLINK PROG1.OBJ

PUBLIC and EXTERN These two directives allow the

programmer to define labels, data, and entire segments as follows: PUBLIC defines that labels, data, and entire

segments are available for other program modules to use. .DATA

PUBLIC LIST

LIST DB 50 DUP(?) .

PUBLIC and EXTERN

EXTERN declares that labels are external to a module. If data is defined as external, their sizes must be defined. .DATA

Extrn LIST:byte .CODE

Extrn POWER:far

Libraries

Collections of procedures that may be used by many different programs.

DOS and BIOS Interrupts DOS and BIOS interrupts are used to

perform some very useful functions, such as displaying data to the monitor, reading data from keyboard, etc.

They are used by identifying the interrupt option type, which is the value stored in register AH and providing, whatever extra information that the specific option requires.

BIOS Interrupt 10H Option 0H – Sets video mode. Registers used:

AH = 0H AL = Video Mode.

3H - CGA Color text of 80X25 7H - Monochrome text of 80X25

Ex: MOV AH,0 MOV AL,7 INT 10H

BIOS Interrupt 10H Option 2H – Sets the cursor to a

specific location. Registers used:

AH = 2H BH = 0H selects Page 0. DH = Row position. DL = Column position.

Ex: MOV AH,2 MOV BH,0 MOV DH,12 MOV DL,39 INT 10H

BIOS Interrupt 10H Option 6H – Scroll window up. This

interrupt is also used to clear the screen when you set AL = 0.

Registers used: AH = 6H AL = number of lines to scroll. BH = display attribute. CH = y coordinate of top left. CL = x coordinate of top left. DH = y coordinate of lower right. DL = x coordinate of lower right.

BIOS Interrupt 10H Clear Screen Example:

MOV AH,6 MOV AL,0 MOV BH,7 MOV CH,0 MOV CL,0 MOV DH,24 MOV DL,79 INT 10H

The code above may be shortened by using AX, BX and DX registers to move word size data instead of byte size data.

BIOS Interrupt 10H Option 7H – Scroll window down. This

interrupt is also used to clear the screen when you set AL = 0.

Registers used: AH = 7H AL = number of lines to scroll. BH = display attribute. CH = y coordinate of top left. CL = x coordinate of top left. DH = y coordinate of lower right. DL = x coordinate of lower right.

BIOS Interrupt 10H Option 8H – Read a character and its

attribute at the cursor position. Registers used:

AH = 8H and returned attribute value. AL = Returned ASCII value. BH = display page.

BIOS Interrupt 10H Option 9H – Write a character and its

attribute at the cursor position. Registers used:

AH = 9H. AL = ASCII value. BH = display page. BL = attribute. CX = number of characters to write.

Attribute Definition

Monochrome display attributes Blinking

D7 = 0 - Non-blinking D7 = 1 - Blinking

Intensity D3=0 - Normal intensity D3=1 - Highlighted intensity

Background and foreground D6 D5 D4 and D2 D1 D0

White = 0 0 0 Black = 1 1 1

Blinking IntensityD7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0

Background Foreground

Attribute Definition

Color display attributes Blinking

D7 = 0 - Non-blinking D7 = 1 - Blinking

Intensity D3=0 - Normal intensity D3=1 - Highlighted

intensity Background and

foreground D6 D5 D4 and D2 D1 D0

RGB values defined by the table to the right.

R G B R G BD7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0

BlinkingBackground

IntensityForeground

I R G B Color0 0 0 0 Black0 0 0 1 Blue0 0 1 0 Green0 0 1 1 Cyan0 1 0 0 Red0 1 0 1 Magenta0 1 1 0 Brown0 1 1 1 White1 0 0 0 Gray1 0 0 1 Light blue1 0 1 0 Light green1 0 1 1 Light cyan1 1 0 0 Light red1 1 0 1 Light magenta1 1 1 0 Ye llow1 1 1 1 High intensity white

DOS Interrupt 21H Option 1 – Inputs a single character

from keyboard and echoes it to the monitor.

Registers used: AH = 1 AL = the character inputted from keyboard.

Ex: MOV AH,1 INT 21H

DOS Interrupt 21H Option 2 – Outputs a single character to

the monitor. Registers used:

AH = 2 DL = the character to be displayed.

Ex: MOV AH,2 MOV DL,’A’ INT 21H

DOS Interrupt 21H Option 6 – Inputs a single character

from keyboard without an echo to the monitor.

Registers used: AH = 6 AL = the character inputted from keyboard. DL = 0FFH or -1

Ex: MOV AH,6 MOV DL,-1 INT 21H

DOS Interrupt 21H Option 9 – Outputs a string of data,

terminated by a $ to the monitor. Registers used:

AH = 9 DX = the offset address of the data to be

displayed. Ex:

MOV AH,09 MOV DX,OFFSET MESS1 INT 21H

DOS Interrupt 21H Option 0AH – Inputs a string of data from the

keyboard. Registers used:

AH = 9 DX = the offset address of the location where string

will be stored. DOS requires that a buffer be defined in the

data segment. It should be defined as follows: 1st byte contains the size of the buffer. 2nd byte is used by DOS to store the number

of bytes stored.

DOS Interrupt 21H Ex:

.DATA BUFFER1 DB 0FH,?,0FH DUP (0FFH) . . MOV AH,0AH MOV DX,OFFSET BUFFER1 INT 21H

Assume “Go Tigers!” was entered on the keyboard. BUFFER1 = 0FH,0BH,’Go Tigers!’,CR,0FFH, 0FFH, 0FFH, 0FFH

DOS Interrupt 21H Option 4CH – Terminates a process, by

returning control to a parent process or to DOS.

Registers used: AH = 4CH AL = binary return code.

Ex: MOV AH,4CH INT 21H

Macros Format

Name MACRO Argument,Argument Macro code

ENDM Example

Power MACRO X,N

Macros SWAP MACRO X,Y PUSH AX PUSH DX MOV AX,X MOV DX,Y MOV Y,AX MOV X,DX POP DX POP AX ENDM

SWAP VAR1,VAR2 PUSH AX PUSH DX MOV AX,VAR1 MOV DX,VAR2 MOV VAR2,AX MOV VAR1,DX MOP DX POP AX

Macros A local variable is a variable that appears

only in the macro. Local variables need to be defined with

the local directive. Example:

DELAY MACRO COUNT LOCAL AGAIN PUSH CX MOV CX,COUNT AGAIN:LOOP AGAIN POP CX