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Stress, Health, and Coping

Chapter 10

Copyright © 2005 Allyn & Bacon


Thoughts on

Stress, Health, and Coping“Happiness is nothing more than good health

and a bad memory.”

– Albert Schweitzer

“What worries you masters you.”

– Haddon W. Robinson

“A positive attitude may not solve all your problems, but it will annoy enough people to make it worth the effort.”

– Herm Albright


Stress

The general term describing the psychological and bodily response to a stimulus that alters one’s state of equilibrium

• Stressor

– Acute stressor

– Chronic stressor

• Stress response


The Biology of Stress

• General adaptation syndrome (GAS)

• The alarm phase

– Fight or flight response

• The resistance phase

– Adaptation

• The exhaustion phase


Sources of Stress

• Cognitive appraisal

– Primary appraisal

– Secondary appraisal

– Coping


Sources of Stress

• Perceived control

– Learned helplessness

– Predictability

– Context


Sources of Stress

• Internal conflict

– Conflict

– Approach-approach conflict

– Avoidance-avoidance conflict

– Approach-avoidance conflict


Sources of Stress

• Life’s hassles

– Daily hassles

– Interruptions


Sources of Stress

• Work-related factors

– Environmental factors

• Lighting, noise, crowding

– Job-related factors

• Workload, deadlines

– Personality factors

– Burnout


Hostility

A personality trait characterized by

mistrust, an expectation of harm and

provocation by others, and a cynical attitude

• Associated with heart disease

• Gender differences

• Anger management programs


The Immune System

• White blood cells

– B cells

– T cells

• Natural killer cells

– Glucocorticoids and stress

• Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)


The Immune System

• Cancer

– Stress and tumor growth

• Heart disease

– Stress and blood pressure

– Atherosclerosis

– Depression and heart disease

– Anxiety and heart disease


Stages of Sleep• Stage 1

– Hypnogogic

• Stage 2

– Sleep spindles

• Stages 3 and 4

– Delta waves

• REM (rapid eye movement) sleep


The Function of Sleep

• Sleep deprivation

– REM rebound

– Cognitive, emotional, and physical effects

• Restorative theory

• Evolutionary theory


Dreaming

• What triggers particular dreams?

• Why do we dream?

• Freud

– Manifest content

– Latent content

• Activation-synthesis hypothesis


Sleep and the Brain

• The chemistry of sleep

– Acetylcholine

– Sleeping pills

– Melatonin

• Circadian rhythms

– Suprachiasmatic nucleus

– Shift work


Troubled Sleep

• Narcolepsy

• Insomnia

• Sleep apnea


Coping Strategies

• Problem-focused strategies

– Active coping

– Planning

– Instrumental social support

– Suppression of competing activities

– Restraint coping


Coping Strategies

• Emotion-focused strategies

– Emotional social support

– Venting emotions

– Positive reinterpretation/growth

– Behavioral disengagement

– Mental disengagement


Coping Strategies

• Thought suppression

– Rebound effect

• Humor


Coping Strategies

• Aggression

– Environmental factors

• Depression

• Pain

– Hostile attribution bias

– Aggressive tendencies

– Gender differences

– Self-esteem

– Narcissism


Drugs and Alcohol

• Substance abuse

• Substance dependence

– Tolerance

– Withdrawal


Psychoactive Substances

• Depressants

– Alcohol, barbiturates

• Stimulants

– Cocaine, amphetamines

• Narcotic analgesics

– Heroin

• Hallucinogens

– LSD, marijuana


Depressants: Alcohol

• 40% of American adults drink alcohol

– 9% have alcohol abuse or dependence

• Biological effects

– Depressant

– Disinhibition

• Psychological effects

– Inhibitory conflict

– Alcohol myopia

– Blackouts


Stimulants: Cocaine

• Crack

• Other stimulants

– Amphetamines

– Caffeine

– Nicotine


Actions of Amphetamines on

Neurotransmitters


Hallucinogens: Marijuana

• Most commonly used hallucinogen in U.S.


– Cannabinoid receptors

– Appetite, memory, pain


– Dependant on mood

• Medical marijuana


Ecstasy (MDMA)


– Releases serotonin and prevents reuptake

– Damages serotonin receptors

– Decrease dopamine levels

– Dry mouth, muscular tension, hyperthermia


– Increased awareness and pleasure

– May cause depression


Coping and Social Support

• Social support affects

– Survival

– Depression

– Immune system

• Perceived social support

• Enacted social support


Mind-Body Interventions

• Natural methods

– Relaxation techniques

– Meditation

– Hypnosis

• Exercise

• Placebos


Gender, Culture, and Coping

• Gender differences and stress levels

• Cultural contexts

– Crowding

– Social support

Documents

Stress, Health, and Coping - Quia · PDF fileThis multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. ... Copyright © 2005 Allyn & Bacon . ... Stress, Health, and