Strengthening the Role of Strengthening the Role of the UN in the Prevention the UN in the Prevention

and Punishment of and Punishment of GenocideGenocide

http://http://www.preventgenocide.org/www.preventgenocide.org/law/convention/text.htmlaw/convention/text.htm

CambodiaCambodia

DefinintionDefinintion genocide means any of the following acts genocide means any of the following acts

committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such: as such:

(a) Killing members of the group;(a) Killing members of the group;(b) Causing serious bodily or mental harm to (b) Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group;members of the group;(c) Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions (c) Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part;destruction in whole or in part;(d) Imposing measures intended to prevent births (d) Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group;within the group;(e) Forcibly transferring children of the group to (e) Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group.  another group. 

HistoryHistory

The term "genocide" did not exist The term "genocide" did not exist before 1944. It is a very specific term, before 1944. It is a very specific term, referring to violent crimes committed referring to violent crimes committed against groups with the intent to against groups with the intent to destroy the existence of the group. destroy the existence of the group. Human rights, as laid out in the U.S. Bill Human rights, as laid out in the U.S. Bill of Rights or the 1948 United Nations of Rights or the 1948 United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, concern the rights of individuals. concern the rights of individuals.

The Declaration of Human RightsThe Declaration of Human Rights

Whereas recognition of the inherent dignity and of the Whereas recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world, the world,

Whereas disregard and contempt for human rights have Whereas disregard and contempt for human rights have resulted in barbarous acts which have outraged the resulted in barbarous acts which have outraged the conscience of mankind, and the advent of a world in which conscience of mankind, and the advent of a world in which human beings shall enjoy freedom of speech and belief and human beings shall enjoy freedom of speech and belief and freedom from fear and want has been proclaimed as the freedom from fear and want has been proclaimed as the highest aspiration of the common people, highest aspiration of the common people,

Whereas it is essential, if man is not to be compelled to Whereas it is essential, if man is not to be compelled to have recourse, as a last resort, to rebellion against tyranny have recourse, as a last resort, to rebellion against tyranny and oppression, that human rights should be protected by and oppression, that human rights should be protected by the rule of law, the rule of law,

1900: Raphael Lemkin1900: Raphael Lemkin

Raphael Lemkin, who would later coin the Raphael Lemkin, who would later coin the word "genocide," is born into a Polish Jewish word "genocide," is born into a Polish Jewish family in 1900. His memoirs detail early family in 1900. His memoirs detail early exposure to the history of Ottoman attacks exposure to the history of Ottoman attacks against Armenians (which most scholars against Armenians (which most scholars believe constitute genocide), antisemitic believe constitute genocide), antisemitic pogroms, and other histories of group-pogroms, and other histories of group-targeted violence as key to forming his targeted violence as key to forming his beliefs about the need for legal protection beliefs about the need for legal protection of groups of groups

1933: Rise of Adolf Hitler1933: Rise of Adolf Hitler

HitlerHitler

1941: A crime without a name1941: A crime without a name

On June 22, 1941, Nazi Germany On June 22, 1941, Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Unioninvaded the Soviet Union. As the . As the German forces advanced further German forces advanced further east, SS, police, and military east, SS, police, and military personnel carried out atrocities that personnel carried out atrocities that moved British Prime Minister Winston moved British Prime Minister Winston Churchill to state in August 1941: Churchill to state in August 1941: “We are in the presence of a crime “We are in the presence of a crime without a name.” without a name.”

Motivation for the Term GenocideMotivation for the Term Genocide

. Lemkin, who arrived in the United . Lemkin, who arrived in the United States as a refugee in 1941, had States as a refugee in 1941, had heard of Churchill’s speech and later heard of Churchill’s speech and later claimed that his introduction of the claimed that his introduction of the word “genocide” was in part a word “genocide” was in part a response to Churchill’s statement. response to Churchill’s statement.

1944: "Genocide" coined1944: "Genocide" coined

Nazi leadership embarked on a variety of Nazi leadership embarked on a variety of population policies aimed at restructuring population policies aimed at restructuring the ethnic composition of Europe by force, the ethnic composition of Europe by force, using mass murder as a tool. Included using mass murder as a tool. Included among these policies and involving mass among these policies and involving mass murder were the attempt to murder all murder were the attempt to murder all European Jews, which we now refer to as European Jews, which we now refer to as the Holocaustthe Holocaust, the attempt to murder most , the attempt to murder most of the of the Gypsy (Roma) Gypsy (Roma) population of Europe, population of Europe, and the attempt to physically liquidate the and the attempt to physically liquidate the leadership classes of Poland and the leadership classes of Poland and the former Soviet Union. former Soviet Union.

1945-1946: International Military 1945-1946: International Military TribunalTribunal

Nuremberg tried 22 major Nazi Nuremberg tried 22 major Nazi German leaders on charges of crimes German leaders on charges of crimes against peace, war crimes, crimes against peace, war crimes, crimes against humanity and conspiracy to against humanity and conspiracy to commit each of these crimes. It was commit each of these crimes. It was the first time that international the first time that international tribunals were used as a post-war tribunals were used as a post-war mechanism for bringing national mechanism for bringing national leaders to justice. leaders to justice.

1947-1948: Creating an international convention on 1947-1948: Creating an international convention on genocidegenocide

Raphael Lemkin was a critical force Raphael Lemkin was a critical force for bringing “genocide” before the for bringing “genocide” before the nascent United Nations, where nascent United Nations, where delegates from around the world delegates from around the world debated the terms of an international debated the terms of an international law on genocide. On December 8, law on genocide. On December 8, 1948, the final text was adopted 1948, the final text was adopted unanimously unanimously

The UN Ratifies the TermThe UN Ratifies the Term

The United Nations Convention on The United Nations Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Prevention and Punishment of Genocide entered into force on Genocide entered into force on January 12, 1951, after more than 20 January 12, 1951, after more than 20 countries from around the world countries from around the world ratified it. ratified it.

1950-1987: Cold war1950-1987: Cold war

Massive crimes against civilian Massive crimes against civilian populations were all too common in populations were all too common in the years after World War II and the years after World War II and throughout the Cold War. Whether throughout the Cold War. Whether these situations constituted these situations constituted “genocide” was scarcely considered “genocide” was scarcely considered by the countries that had undertaken by the countries that had undertaken to prevent and punish that crime by to prevent and punish that crime by joining the Genocide Convention. joining the Genocide Convention.

1988: U.S. signs the Genocide Convention1988: U.S. signs the Genocide Convention

On November 5, 1988, U.S. President On November 5, 1988, U.S. President Ronald Reagan signed the UN Ronald Reagan signed the UN Convention on the Prevention and Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Genocide. The Punishment of Genocide. The Convention had faced strong Convention had faced strong opponents, who argued it would opponents, who argued it would infringe on US national sovereignty, infringe on US national sovereignty, and supporters. and supporters.

1991-1995: Wars of the former 1991-1995: Wars of the former YugoslaviaYugoslavia

The wars of the former Yugoslavia were The wars of the former Yugoslavia were marked by massive war crimes and marked by massive war crimes and crimes against humanity. The conflict crimes against humanity. The conflict in Bosnia (1992- 1995), brought some in Bosnia (1992- 1995), brought some of the harshest fighting and worst of the harshest fighting and worst massacres to Europe since World War massacres to Europe since World War II. In one small town, Srebrenica, 7,800 II. In one small town, Srebrenica, 7,800 Bosnjiak men and boys were murdered Bosnjiak men and boys were murdered by Serbian forces. by Serbian forces.

1993: Resolution 8271993: Resolution 827

In response to the atrocities In response to the atrocities occurring in Bosnia, the United occurring in Bosnia, the United Nations Security Council issued Nations Security Council issued resolution 827, establishing the resolution 827, establishing the International Criminal Tribunal for International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) in The the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) in The Hague. It was the first international Hague. It was the first international criminal tribunal since Nuremberg. criminal tribunal since Nuremberg.

1994: Genocide in Rwanda1994: Genocide in Rwanda

From April until July, up to 800,000 From April until July, up to 800,000 people, mostly from the Tutsi people, mostly from the Tutsi minority group, were killed in minority group, were killed in RwandaRwanda. It was killing on a . It was killing on a devastating scale, scope, and speed. devastating scale, scope, and speed.

1998: First conviction for 1998: First conviction for genocidegenocide

On September 2, 1998, the ICTR On September 2, 1998, the ICTR issued the world’s first conviction for issued the world’s first conviction for genocide in an international tribunal genocide in an international tribunal when when Jean-Paul Jean-Paul AkayesuAkayesu was judged was judged guilty of genocide and crimes against guilty of genocide and crimes against humanity for acts he engaged in and humanity for acts he engaged in and oversaw as mayor of the Rwandan oversaw as mayor of the Rwandan town of Taba town of Taba

2004: Genocide in Darfur2004: Genocide in Darfur

For the first time U.S. government history, For the first time U.S. government history, an ongoing crisis is referred to as a an ongoing crisis is referred to as a "genocide." On September 9, 2004, "genocide." On September 9, 2004, Secretary of State Colin Powell testifies Secretary of State Colin Powell testifies before the Senate Foreign Relations before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee that "We concluded -- I Committee that "We concluded -- I concluded -- that genocide has been concluded -- that genocide has been committed in committed in DarfurDarfur and that the and that the Government of Sudan and the Janjaweed Government of Sudan and the Janjaweed bear responsibility -- and that genocide may bear responsibility -- and that genocide may still be occurring." still be occurring."

Special Problems of GenocideSpecial Problems of Genocide Genocide is the world’s worst intentional Genocide is the world’s worst intentional

human rights problem. But it is different human rights problem. But it is different from other problems and requires different from other problems and requires different solutions. Because genocide is almost solutions. Because genocide is almost always carried out by a country’s own always carried out by a country’s own military and police forces, the usual military and police forces, the usual national forces of law and order cannot national forces of law and order cannot stop it. International intervention is stop it. International intervention is usually required. But because the world usually required. But because the world lacks an international rapid response lacks an international rapid response force, and because the United Nations has force, and because the United Nations has so far been either paralyzed or unwilling to so far been either paralyzed or unwilling to act, genocide has gone unchecked.act, genocide has gone unchecked.

8 Stages of Genocide8 Stages of Genocide

Genocide is a process that develops Genocide is a process that develops in eight stages that are predictable in eight stages that are predictable but not inexorable. At each stage, but not inexorable. At each stage, preventive measures can stop it. The preventive measures can stop it. The process is not linear.  Logically, later process is not linear.  Logically, later stages must be preceded by earlier stages must be preceded by earlier stages.  But all stages continue to stages.  But all stages continue to operate throughout the process.operate throughout the process.

1-Classification1-Classification

CLASSIFICATION:CLASSIFICATION: All cultures have All cultures have categories to distinguish people into categories to distinguish people into “us and them” by ethnicity, race, “us and them” by ethnicity, race, religion, or nationality: German and religion, or nationality: German and Jew, Hutu and Tutsi. Bipolar societies Jew, Hutu and Tutsi. Bipolar societies that lack mixed categories, such as that lack mixed categories, such as Rwanda and Burundi, are the most Rwanda and Burundi, are the most likely to have genocide. likely to have genocide.

Preventing ClassificationsPreventing Classifications The main preventive measure at this early The main preventive measure at this early

stage is to develop universalistic institutions stage is to develop universalistic institutions that transcend ethnic or racial divisions, that transcend ethnic or racial divisions, that actively promote tolerance and that actively promote tolerance and understanding, and that promote understanding, and that promote classifications that transcend the divisions. classifications that transcend the divisions. The Catholic church could have played this The Catholic church could have played this role in Rwanda, had it not been riven by the role in Rwanda, had it not been riven by the same ethnic cleavages as Rwandan society. same ethnic cleavages as Rwandan society. Promotion of a common language in Promotion of a common language in countries like Tanzania has also promoted countries like Tanzania has also promoted transcendent national identity. This search transcendent national identity. This search for common ground is vital to early for common ground is vital to early prevention of genocide.prevention of genocide.

2-SYMBOLIZATION2-SYMBOLIZATION

We give names or other symbols to the We give names or other symbols to the classifications. We name people “Jews” classifications. We name people “Jews” or “Gypsies”, or distinguish them by or “Gypsies”, or distinguish them by colors or dress; and apply the symbols colors or dress; and apply the symbols to members of groups. Classification to members of groups. Classification and symbolization are universally and symbolization are universally human and do not necessarily result in human and do not necessarily result in genocide unless they lead to the next genocide unless they lead to the next stage, dehumanization. stage, dehumanization.

SymbolsSymbols

When combined with hatred, symbols When combined with hatred, symbols may be forced upon unwilling may be forced upon unwilling members of pariah groups: the members of pariah groups: the yellow star for Jews under Nazi rule, yellow star for Jews under Nazi rule, the blue scarf for people from the the blue scarf for people from the Eastern Zone in Khmer Rouge Eastern Zone in Khmer Rouge Cambodia. Cambodia.

Can you give an example from here Can you give an example from here in our own region?in our own region?

Combating the ProblemsCombating the Problems To combat symbolization, hate symbols can be To combat symbolization, hate symbols can be

legally forbidden (swastikas) as can hate speech. legally forbidden (swastikas) as can hate speech. Group marking like gang clothing or tribal Group marking like gang clothing or tribal scarring can be outlawed, as well. The problem is scarring can be outlawed, as well. The problem is that legal limitations will fail if unsupported by that legal limitations will fail if unsupported by popular cultural enforcement. Though Hutu and popular cultural enforcement. Though Hutu and Tutsi were forbidden words in Burundi until the Tutsi were forbidden words in Burundi until the 1980’s, code-words replaced them. If widely 1980’s, code-words replaced them. If widely supported, however, denial of symbolization can supported, however, denial of symbolization can be powerful, as it was in Bulgaria, where the be powerful, as it was in Bulgaria, where the government refused to supply enough yellow government refused to supply enough yellow badges and at least eighty percent of Jews did not badges and at least eighty percent of Jews did not wear them, depriving the yellow star of its wear them, depriving the yellow star of its significance as a Nazi symbol for Jews.significance as a Nazi symbol for Jews.

3-DEHUMANIZATION3-DEHUMANIZATION

One group denies the humanity of the One group denies the humanity of the other group. Members of it are equated other group. Members of it are equated with animals, vermin, insects or with animals, vermin, insects or diseases. Dehumanization overcomes diseases. Dehumanization overcomes the normal human revulsion against the normal human revulsion against murder. At this stage, hate propaganda murder. At this stage, hate propaganda in print and on hate radios is used to in print and on hate radios is used to vilify the victim group. In combating this vilify the victim group. In combating this dehumanization, incitement to genocide dehumanization, incitement to genocide should not be confused with protected should not be confused with protected speech. speech.

The Need for Democratic The Need for Democratic GovernmentsGovernments

Genocidal societies lack constitutional Genocidal societies lack constitutional protection for countervailing speech, and protection for countervailing speech, and should be treated differently than should be treated differently than democracies. Local and international democracies. Local and international leaders should condemn the use of hate leaders should condemn the use of hate speech and make it culturally unacceptable. speech and make it culturally unacceptable. Leaders who incite genocide should be Leaders who incite genocide should be banned from international travel and have banned from international travel and have their foreign finances frozen. Hate radio their foreign finances frozen. Hate radio stations should be shut down, and hate stations should be shut down, and hate propaganda banned. Hate crimes and propaganda banned. Hate crimes and atrocities should be promptly punished.atrocities should be promptly punished.

4-ORGANIZATION4-ORGANIZATION

Genocide is always organized, usually Genocide is always organized, usually by the state, often using militias to by the state, often using militias to provide deniability of state provide deniability of state responsibility (the Janjaweed in responsibility (the Janjaweed in Darfur.) Sometimes organization is Darfur.) Sometimes organization is informal (Hindu mobs led by local RSS informal (Hindu mobs led by local RSS militants) or decentralized (terrorist militants) or decentralized (terrorist groups.) Special army units or militias groups.) Special army units or militias are often trained and armed. are often trained and armed.

Outlawing MilitiaOutlawing Militia

To combat this stage, membership in To combat this stage, membership in these militias should be outlawed. Their these militias should be outlawed. Their leaders should be denied visas for leaders should be denied visas for foreign travel. The U.N. should impose foreign travel. The U.N. should impose arms embargoes on governments and arms embargoes on governments and citizens of countries involved in citizens of countries involved in genocidal massacres, and create genocidal massacres, and create commissions to investigate violations, commissions to investigate violations, as was done in post-genocide Rwanda.as was done in post-genocide Rwanda.

5- POLARIZATION5- POLARIZATION

Extremists drive the groups apart. Hate Extremists drive the groups apart. Hate groups broadcast polarizing groups broadcast polarizing propaganda. Laws may forbid propaganda. Laws may forbid intermarriage or social interaction. intermarriage or social interaction. Extremist terrorism targets moderates, Extremist terrorism targets moderates, intimidating and silencing the center. intimidating and silencing the center. Moderates from the perpetrators’ own Moderates from the perpetrators’ own group are most able to stop genocide, group are most able to stop genocide, so are the first to be arrested and so are the first to be arrested and killed. killed.

Preventing Coup d’etatsPreventing Coup d’etats

Prevention may mean security Prevention may mean security protection for moderate leaders or protection for moderate leaders or assistance to human rights groups. assistance to human rights groups. Assets of extremists may be seized, Assets of extremists may be seized, and visas for international travel and visas for international travel denied to them. Coups d’état by denied to them. Coups d’état by extremists should be opposed by extremists should be opposed by international sanctions. international sanctions.

6 -PREPARATION6 -PREPARATION

Victims are identified and separated out Victims are identified and separated out because of their ethnic or religious because of their ethnic or religious identity. Death lists are drawn up. identity. Death lists are drawn up. Members of victim groups are forced to Members of victim groups are forced to wear identifying symbols. Their wear identifying symbols. Their property is expropriated. They are often property is expropriated. They are often segregated into ghettoes, deported into segregated into ghettoes, deported into concentration camps, or confined to a concentration camps, or confined to a famine-struck region and starved. famine-struck region and starved.

The Time to ActThe Time to Act

At this stage, a Genocide Emergency must At this stage, a Genocide Emergency must be declared. If the political will of the great be declared. If the political will of the great powers, regional alliances, or the U.N. powers, regional alliances, or the U.N. Security Council can be mobilized, armed Security Council can be mobilized, armed international intervention should be international intervention should be prepared, or heavy assistance provided to prepared, or heavy assistance provided to the victim group to prepare for its self-the victim group to prepare for its self-defense. Otherwise, at least humanitarian defense. Otherwise, at least humanitarian assistance should be organized by the U.N. assistance should be organized by the U.N. and private relief groups for the inevitable and private relief groups for the inevitable tide of refugees to come.tide of refugees to come.

7. EXTERMINATION7. EXTERMINATION

EXTERMINATIONEXTERMINATION begins, and quickly begins, and quickly becomes the mass killing legally called becomes the mass killing legally called “genocide.” It is “extermination” to the “genocide.” It is “extermination” to the killers because they do not believe their killers because they do not believe their victims to be fully human. When it is victims to be fully human. When it is sponsored by the state, the armed forces sponsored by the state, the armed forces often work with militias to do the killing. often work with militias to do the killing. Sometimes the genocide results in revenge Sometimes the genocide results in revenge killings by groups against each other, killings by groups against each other, creating the downward whirlpool-like cycle of creating the downward whirlpool-like cycle of bilateral genocide (as in Burundi). bilateral genocide (as in Burundi).

The Necessary Use of ForceThe Necessary Use of Force At this stage, only rapid and overwhelming armed At this stage, only rapid and overwhelming armed

intervention can stop genocide. Real safe areas or refugee intervention can stop genocide. Real safe areas or refugee escape corridors should be established with heavily armed escape corridors should be established with heavily armed international protection. (An unsafe “safe” area is worse international protection. (An unsafe “safe” area is worse than none at all.) The U.N. Standing High Readiness than none at all.) The U.N. Standing High Readiness Brigade, EU Rapid Response Force, or regional forces -- Brigade, EU Rapid Response Force, or regional forces -- should be authorized to act by the U.N. Security Council if should be authorized to act by the U.N. Security Council if the genocide is small. For larger interventions, a the genocide is small. For larger interventions, a multilateral force authorized by the U.N. should intervene. If multilateral force authorized by the U.N. should intervene. If the U.N. is paralyzed, regional alliances must act. It is time the U.N. is paralyzed, regional alliances must act. It is time to recognize that the international responsibility to protect to recognize that the international responsibility to protect transcends the narrow interests of individual nation states. transcends the narrow interests of individual nation states. If strong nations will not provide troops to intervene If strong nations will not provide troops to intervene directly, they should provide the airlift, equipment, and directly, they should provide the airlift, equipment, and financial means necessary for regional states to intervene.financial means necessary for regional states to intervene.

8. DENIAL8. DENIAL DENIALDENIAL is the eighth stage that always follows a is the eighth stage that always follows a

genocide. It is among the surest indicators of genocide. It is among the surest indicators of further genocidal massacres. The perpetrators of further genocidal massacres. The perpetrators of genocide dig up the mass graves, burn the bodies, genocide dig up the mass graves, burn the bodies, try to cover up the evidence and intimidate the try to cover up the evidence and intimidate the witnesses. They deny that they committed any witnesses. They deny that they committed any crimes, and often blame what happened on the crimes, and often blame what happened on the victims. They block investigations of the crimes, victims. They block investigations of the crimes, and continue to govern until driven from power by and continue to govern until driven from power by force, when they flee into exile. There they remain force, when they flee into exile. There they remain with impunity, like Pol Pot or Idi Amin, unless they with impunity, like Pol Pot or Idi Amin, unless they are captured and a tribunal is established to try are captured and a tribunal is established to try them. The response to denial is punishment by an them. The response to denial is punishment by an international tribunal or national courts.international tribunal or national courts.

TribunalsTribunals

In these courts the evidence can be In these courts the evidence can be heard, and the perpetrators punished. heard, and the perpetrators punished. Tribunals like the Yugoslav or Rwanda Tribunals like the Yugoslav or Rwanda Tribunals, or an international tribunal to Tribunals, or an international tribunal to try the Khmer Rouge in Cambodia, or an try the Khmer Rouge in Cambodia, or an International Criminal Court may not International Criminal Court may not deter the worst genocidal killers. But deter the worst genocidal killers. But with the political will to arrest and with the political will to arrest and prosecute them, some may be brought prosecute them, some may be brought to justice.to justice.

The International Campaign to End Genocide is an international coalition The International Campaign to End Genocide is an international coalition dedicated to creating the international institutions and the political will to end dedicated to creating the international institutions and the political will to end

genocide forever.genocide forever.

Four Goals:Four Goals:

1.1. The provision of public information The provision of public information on the nature of genocide and on the nature of genocide and creation of the political will to creation of the political will to prevent and end it. prevent and end it.

GoalsGoals

1.1. The creation of an effective early-The creation of an effective early-warning system to alert the world warning system to alert the world and especially the U.N. Security and especially the U.N. Security Council, NATO and other regional Council, NATO and other regional alliances to potential ethnic conflict alliances to potential ethnic conflict and genocide. and genocide.

UN ActionUN Action

2. The establishment of a powerful 2. The establishment of a powerful United Nations rapid response force United Nations rapid response force in accordance with Articles 43-47 of in accordance with Articles 43-47 of the U.N. Charter, as well as regional the U.N. Charter, as well as regional rapid response forces, and rapid response forces, and international police ready to be sent international police ready to be sent to areas where genocide threatens to areas where genocide threatens or has begun. or has begun.

Adding Teeth to the UNAdding Teeth to the UN

Articles 43-47 pertain to the UN’s Articles 43-47 pertain to the UN’s ability to use force or military action ability to use force or military action in emergencies deemed necessary in emergencies deemed necessary by the Security Councilby the Security Council

Following these articles would allow Following these articles would allow UN security forces to act when UN security forces to act when genocidal events are occurring. genocidal events are occurring.

TribunalsTribunals

1.1. Effective arrest, trial, and Effective arrest, trial, and punishment of those who commit punishment of those who commit genocide, including the early and genocide, including the early and effective functioning of the effective functioning of the International Criminal Court, the International Criminal Court, the use of national courts with universal use of national courts with universal jurisdiction, and the creation of jurisdiction, and the creation of special international tribunals to special international tribunals to prosecute perpetrators of genocide. prosecute perpetrators of genocide.

The CampaignThe Campaign

This Campaign is an international, de-This Campaign is an international, de-centralized, global effort of many centralized, global effort of many organizations. In addition to its work for organizations. In addition to its work for institutional reform of the United Nations, it institutional reform of the United Nations, it is a coalition that brings pressure upon is a coalition that brings pressure upon governments that can act on early warnings governments that can act on early warnings of genocide through the U.N. Security of genocide through the U.N. Security Council. The Campaign has its own NGO Council. The Campaign has its own NGO early warning system and its own websites: early warning system and its own websites: www.genocidewatch.orgwww.genocidewatch.org, , www.preventgenocide.orgwww.preventgenocide.org. .

Bypassing the GovernmentsBypassing the Governments

Bypassing the secrecy of government Bypassing the secrecy of government intelligence services, the Campaign has intelligence services, the Campaign has created an early warning network to created an early warning network to provide truly confidential provide truly confidential communication links that allow relief communication links that allow relief and health workers, whistle-blowers, and health workers, whistle-blowers, and ordinary citizens to create an and ordinary citizens to create an alternative intelligence network that will alternative intelligence network that will warn of ethnic conflict before it turns warn of ethnic conflict before it turns into genocideinto genocide

How it WorksHow it Works

Consciousness raisingConsciousness raising -- maintaining -- maintaining close contact with key policy makers close contact with key policy makers in governments of U.N. Security in governments of U.N. Security Council members, providing them Council members, providing them with information about genocidal with information about genocidal situations situations

SolutionsSolutions

.. Coalition formation Coalition formation --working in --working in coalitions to respond to specific coalitions to respond to specific genocidal situations and involving genocidal situations and involving members in campaigns to educate members in campaigns to educate the public and political leaders about the public and political leaders about solutions solutions

SolutionsSolutions

Policy advocacyPolicy advocacy -- preparing options -- preparing options papers for action to prevent genocide papers for action to prevent genocide in specific situations, and presenting in specific situations, and presenting them to policy makers.them to policy makers.

ExamplesExamples Sudan Leader Charged With GenocideSudan Leader Charged With Genocide By By MARLISE SIMONSMARLISE SIMONS and and JEFFREY GETTLEMANJEFFREY GETTLEMAN July 15, 2008  The New York TimesJuly 15, 2008  The New York Times THE HAGUE, Netherlands (AP) -- The prosecutor of THE HAGUE, Netherlands (AP) -- The prosecutor of

the International Criminal Court filed genocide the International Criminal Court filed genocide charges Monday against Sudanese President charges Monday against Sudanese President Omar al-Bashir, accusing him of masterminding Omar al-Bashir, accusing him of masterminding attempts to wipe out African tribes in Darfur with attempts to wipe out African tribes in Darfur with a campaign of murder, rape and deportation.a campaign of murder, rape and deportation.

The filing marked the first time prosecutors at the The filing marked the first time prosecutors at the world's first permanent, global war crimes court world's first permanent, global war crimes court have issued charges against a sitting head of have issued charges against a sitting head of state. (state. (Read Full ArticleRead Full Article.).)

DarfurDarfur Despite the dispatch of United Nations Despite the dispatch of United Nations

peacekeepers to Darfur and the issuing of peacekeepers to Darfur and the issuing of international arrest warrants for leaders of the international arrest warrants for leaders of the genocide, the killing goes on. So does the burning genocide, the killing goes on. So does the burning of villages, the bombing of schools and the of villages, the bombing of schools and the systematic rape of women and girls. And it will systematic rape of women and girls. And it will continue until the Security Council shows the will continue until the Security Council shows the will to stop it. The Council needs to get more to stop it. The Council needs to get more peacekeepers, helicopters and reconnaissance peacekeepers, helicopters and reconnaissance planes in the field, enforce the arrest warrants planes in the field, enforce the arrest warrants and increase diplomatic and financial pressure to and increase diplomatic and financial pressure to get Sudan to stop obstructing the work of the get Sudan to stop obstructing the work of the peacekeepers. But the Council has shown little peacekeepers. But the Council has shown little urgency in doing any of that. urgency in doing any of that.

The Harsh RealityThe Harsh Reality

Southern Sudan: A Genocide Southern Sudan: A Genocide Foretold Foretold

How to Find Your County’s Human How to Find Your County’s Human Rights ViolationsRights Violations

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