Strengthening Fisheries Management in IndonesiaNational Initiative on Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries Management

National Working Group on

Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries Management

Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries, Republic of Indonesia

Jatinangor, 23 September 2014

Disampaikan oleh

Luky AdriantoPKSPL-IPB/FPIK-IPB

The Outline

What’s EAFM and What’s Difference with Conventional Fisheries Management?

Why Indonesia needs EAFM?

Road Map and Progress of EAFM Initiative in Indonesia

EAFM Indicators for Indonesia : Strategic Planning Approach

EAFM Activities and Their Challenges for Better Fisheries Management in

Indonesia

Closing Remarks

Problem Setting – Social-Ecological System

benefits costs

costsbenefits

Problem Setting – Social-Ecological System

Konektivitas Perikanan

Understanding Fisheries – Complex System

Human ecosystems (2)

Aquatic ecosystems (1)

Our Challenges of Fisheries Management

(+)(-)

(+-)

(+-)

The FAO definition is“....an ecosystem approach to fisheries (EAF) strives to

balance diverse societal objectives, by taking account of the knowledge and

uncertainties of biotic, abiotic and human components of ecosystems and their

interactions and applying an integrated approach to fisheries within ecologically

meaningful boundaries.”

Ecosystem‐based fishery management is a new direction for fishery

management, essentially reversing the order of management priorities so

that management starts with the ecosystem rather than a target species.

(Pikitch, et al., 2004)

An ecosystem approach is different from the way fisheries have been

management historically where the focus is usually on a single species.

EAFM is a holistic approach to fisheries management that involves the entire

socio-biotic system.

What is EAFM – Some Formal Definitions of EAFM

fish resources

aquatic

ecosystem

fish resources, aquatic ecosystem

and human activities

fish resources,

aquatic ecosystem, human activities

and policies

EAFMAdopted from Adrianto (2011)

Understanding EAFM

How to Understanding EAFM ?

It is simple : existing fisheries management just focuses on target species or

catch without considering their relationship with other components of aquatic

ecosystem.

In short word : existing fisheries management sees that target species is

INDEPENDENT to aquatic ecosystems.

EAFM more focuses on the connectivity among the component of ecosystems,

EAFM sees target species is part of ecosystems including human being who

dependent on the fish as their livelihood.

EAFM is improving the existing fisheries management not replacing it..

EAFM Main Features

Managing the fisheries with concerns on system integrity between the targets,

habitats and fishers interests.

Putting fishers as the importance factors.

Adaptive and evolutionary process

Some Arguments on What Difference of EA and CA

• Maintain system sustainability

• Maintain biodiversity consistent with natural processes

• Protect and restore habitats of fish and prey

• Maintain social and economic benefits

EAFM Ultimate Goals

Aquatic ecosystems of Indonesia (marine and inland waters) are tropical

ecosystems that characterized by HIGH BIODIVERSITY in terms of species.

Fish species is HIGH DIVERSE but LOW in terms of abundance.

High biodiversity connects with the diversity of ecosystems.

In the meantime, fisheries still play an important role in food security and

livelihood of the most coastal communities in Indonesia

Therefore, fisheries management is indeed an SOCIAL-ECOLOGICAL SYSTEM

(SES).

EAFM is needed.

Why Indonesia Needs EAFM ?

KepMen 45/2011

Why Indonesia Needs EAFM ? – Improving Fisheries Management

International Policy on EAFM

Working Group 1 on

Seascape

Working Group 2 on

Ecosystem Approach to

Fisheries

Management

Working Group 3 on

Marine Protected Area

Working Group 4 Climate

Change Adaptation

Working Group 5 on

Threatened Species

Working Group 6 on

Capacity Development

National Working Group 2 on

Ecosystem Approach to

Fisheries

Management

Initiating EAFM in

Indonesia

International Policy on EAFM

National

Working Group on

EAFM

(led by Direktorat

SDI)

NGOs

Support

Central

Government

Support

Local

Government

Support

Industries and

Fisheries

Stakeholders

National Expert

Group on EAFM

EAFM Learning

Centers

setiap WPP

International

Support

NWG EAFM Platform

KEMENTERIAN KELAUTAN DAN PERIKANAN

KOMNASJISKAN

Direktorat Jenderal Pengawasan Sumberdaya Kelautan dan

Perikanan

Badan Karantina Kelautan dan Perikanan

Direktorat Jenderal P2HP

Direktorat Jenderal Kelautan, Pesisir, dan Pulau-

pulau Kecil

Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kelautan dan

Perikanan

Badan Pengembangan Sumberdaya Manusia Kelautan

dan Perikanan

Aspek Scientific

Aspek Sumberdaya Ikan dan Lingkungan

Aspek Pengawasan

Aspek Perdagangan

Stakeholders :Fishers Association, Local

Goverment, University, NGO, Company Trading, etc

Sumber : NWG2-EAFM

NWG EAFM Platform

Direktorat Jenderal Perikanan Tangkap

Aspek Pengembangan

Kompetensi SDM

EAFM Initiative in Indonesia – A Strategic Planning Approach

Existing Fisheries Management

Improving Fisheries

Management through EAFM

Initiative

Better Fisheries Management

Bridging

Process

Before

After

PA

I

MP

A

I

MP

A

I

M P

A

I

M

Planning

Adopting

Implementing

Monitoring-Evaluating

2010

• Workshop on the Needs of EAFM and Development Its Indicator

2011

• Further development of EAFM Indicators and Testing for FMAs

2012• Capacity Development in EAFM and Pilot Testing

2013

• Pilot Testing and Preparation for Legal backbone for EAFM implementation in Indonesia

2014• Adoption of EAFM

Source : National Working Group 2 on EAFM

Policy Road Map of EAFM in Indonesia

What NWG EAFM have done?

EAFM

Initiation

Workshop on the Importance of EAFM

Fisheries management testing using EAFM indicators

Capacity Development for EAFM Assessment

EAFM implementation process

Workshop on EAFM Indicators

Software development for Ecosystem Approach

EAFM Competency Development

Launching EAFM Indicators System

Development of Learning Centers on EAFM

2010-2014

Pre-workshop

EAFM I

Workshop

EAFM Indicator

Workshop

Refinement

EAFM Indicator

Preliminary Studies

EAFM for FMAs

in Indonesia

Refinement of

Preliminary Studies

of EAFM for FMAS

In Indonesia

Workshop on

EAFM Methodology

In Indonesia

Development of

Course Book on EAFM

Indicators

Training

Workshop

on EAFM

Indicators

Pilot Testing

For EAFM

Indicators

Workshop

Pilot Testing

EAFM

Indicators

Refinement

EAFM Approach

and Methodology

Adoption of EAFM

in Indonesia

Set A

Set B

V-2

V-1

Workshop

on EAFM

for

Stakeholders

V-3

2010

2010 20112011

2011

2011-201220122012

2012

2012

Pilot Testing

for EAFM

Implementation

20132013 2014

2011

V-4

EAFM Roadmap in Indonesia

EAFM

Competency

Development

2014

Domain

Habitat dan

Ekosistem

EAFM

Assessment

Domain

Sumberdaya

Ikan

Domain Teknologi

Penangkapan Ikan

Domain

Sosial

Domain

Ekonomi

Domain Tata

Kelola/Kelembagaan

EAFM Indicators System

Ecological Tier

Social Tier

Tier MethodLevel of

information

1 Quantitative analysis High

2 Semi-quantitative or

Qualitative AnalysisLow

EAFA – 2 Tiers

Limit RPTarget RPUndisturbed

Risk

03

Green zone Yellow zone Red zone

2

Increased anthropogenic impact

Improved by proper management

1

EAFA – Reference Points and Risks

Modified from Zhang (2014)

EAFM Indicators

Connectivities

Habitat Domain

Kualitas Perairan

Status Mangrove

Status Lamun

Status Terumbu Karang

Habitat unit/khusus

Produktivitas perairan

Perubahan iklim

Fish Resources Domain

CPUE Baku

Ukuran Ikan

Proporsi Ikan Yuwana

Komposisi Spesies

Spesies ETP

Range of Collapse SDI

Densitas Ikan Karang

Fishing Technology Domain

Metode PTI Ilegal

Modifikasi alat tangkap

Fishing capacity dan effort

Selektivitas Penangkapan

Kesesuaian fungsi dan ukuran kapal

Sertifikasi awak kapal

Social Domain

Partisipasi pemangku kepentingan

Konflik Perikanan

Adanya TEK

Economics Domain

Kepemilikan aset

Nilai Tukar Nelayan

Pendapatan rumah tangga

Saving Rate

Institutional/Governance Domain

Tingkat Kepatuhan

Kelengkapan aturan main

Mekanisme pengambilan keputusan

Rencana Pengelolaan Perikanan

Sinergisitas kebijakan dan kelembagaan

Cognitive SpiderDiagram EAFM

(after Adrianto, 2005, Wildenberg, 2005)

Qualitative Modeling for EAFM

Habitat Domain

Kualitas Perairan

Status Mangrove

Status Lamun

Status Terumbu Karang

Habitat unit/khusus

Produktivitas perairan

Perubahan iklim

Agregat

Domain

Value

(CAi)

Agregat

Domain

Value-1

EAFM

Agregat

Value

(C-WPPi)

Agregat

Domain

Value-2

Agregat

Domain

Value-3

Agregat

Domain

Value-4

Agregat

Domain

Value-5

Agregat

Domain

Value-6

n, br, sd CAij

n =indicator value,

br =ranking value

sd = density score

Komposit Habitat

Komposit Sumberdaya Ikan

Komposit Teknologi PI

Komposit Ekonomi

Komposit Sosial

Komposit Kelembagaan

Komposit Agregat

Visualisasi Penilaian EAFM – Social Ecological System Approach

Ecolo

gic

al fe

atu

res (

habitat,

SD

I)

Social-features (TPI, sosial, ekonomi, kelembagaan)

Sustaining

strategy

Conservation

Management

Strategy

Social

Development

Strategy

Restoration

strategy

S=3

S=1

S=2

S=2

Publications and Dissemination

Testing implementasi EAFM Testing indikator EAFM 2012 Testing indikator EAFM 2013

Testing Unit Perikanan dengan Menggunakan Sistem Indikator EAFM

What NWG EAFM have done?

Unsyiah

Unri

STP

IPB (NLC)

Undip

UB Unram

UKAW

Poltan

Unmul

Unhas

Unhalu

Unpatti

STPL Palu

Learning Centers EAFM

What NWG EAFM have done?

EAFM Implementation Challenges in Indonesia

WPP-1 FMA-1

WPP-2 FMA-2

WPP-3 FMA-3

financial/policy support

financial/policy support

financial/policy support

monitoring/evaluation

monitoring/evaluation

monitoring/evaluation

feedback action

feedback action

feedback action

NationalFisheriesManagement

co-management/EAFM

co-management/EAFM

co-management/EAFM

• Government• Resources users

• NGO, sciencecommunity

• Government• Resources users

• NGO, sciencecommunity

• Government• Resources users

• NGO, sciencecommunity

FMNationalBoard

Adrianto (2011)

Closing Remarks

EAFM is evolutionary process and it is not replacing existing fisheries

management but improving it.

EAFM implementation should be based on the changes from

ADMINISTRATIVE FISHERIES MANAGEMENT to FUNCTIONAL FISHERIES

MANAGEMENT

Functional implementation of EAFM requires a structural institutions changes

i.e. needs a fisheries management authority based on spatial concerns.

Keep fishers catch the fish not others…!!