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Chapter 1INTRODUCTIONOverview / BackgroundProviding street
lights is one of the basic but important responsibilities the
authority needs to achieve. According to research, street lights
take 10 38% of the expenditures in a city. The present systems
being used to the street lights are usually timer-controlled and
manually operated. It is a critical concern for the public
authority to provide a proper lighting to their community since it
shows security and stability for the people and the community
itself. Street lighting can be just one of the basic commodities of
a community but its inefficiency has a big impact.Automatic Street
Lights also known as the Dark Sensor is a simple and powerful
concept that uses a transistor as a switch ON and OFF the street
light automatically. By using a LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) it
senses the light just like our eyes. It will automatically switch
ON the lights when the LDR senses a low incident light intensity
and it will switch OFF if the LDR senses a high intensity of light.
The idea of this project is to introduce a new system which is more
advance and efficient than the existing systems. This new system
will be the use of automation in controlling street lights.
Automation is now a trend in the technology field basically because
it is more efficient and practical. By automation, there is no need
for an operator for the street light to function. It will use a
light sensor that will detect darkness to activate the on or off
switch so the streetlights will turn on when needed and turn off
when not necessary.Statement of the Problem Traditional way of
controlling street lights takes too much time and
effortObjectivesMain To be able to design a system that automates
the control of a street lightSpecific To be able to create a
circuit using integrated circuit (IC) as the main component. To be
able to apply the knowledge in Logic Circuits and Design.
Significance of the StudyThis project automates the switching of
lights along the streets using operational amplifier and sensors.
This will eliminate the manual control of the street lights in our
community which will lessen the cost and work needed. This system
is more advanced and efficient than the existing systems that are
available, as of now.Safety in the community is one of the most
important things that the authorities must provide and inefficient
street lights are not helping. Poor lighting in certain area draws
unsafe condition that may cause crimes and accidents. Also,
economic stability is another issue since people dont usually
invest in an area where it is unsafe. With this Automatic Street
Lighting Control, safety will not be an issue since it is more
efficient than the manual control.Automation is now one of the
trends in our advanced technology and the proposed project is one
way to show how it can be used to improve the current system. This
is significant in spreading the latest technology.Scope and
LimitationsThis project uses operational amplifier and LDR or Light
Dependent as its sensor. In able to simulate the actual used of
this project in real life, LED or Light Emitting Diode will served
as the street lights and will be connected to the main circuit of
this project.
Chapter 2REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURESIntelligent wireless
street lighting systemLighting systems, particularly within the
public sector, are still designed per the previous standards of
reliability and that they don't usually profit of latest
technological developments. Recently, however, the increasing
pressure associated with the raw material prices and also the
increasing social sensitivity to CO2 emissions are leading to
develop new techniques and technologies which permit significant
cost savings and larger respect for the environment. In the
literature we will notice three solutions to those issues. The
first one, and maybe the most intuitive, is the use of recent
technologies for the sources of light. The LED technology is
thought as best solution but it offers several edges. Researchers
have already thought of this risk, coming up with advanced street
lighting system based mostly on LEDs. The second resolution, and
perhaps the most revolutionary, is to use of remote management
system based mostly on intelligent lampposts that send info to a
central management system, simplifying the management and
maintenance. Researchers have developed street lamp system using
the GPRS transmission, power line carrier transmission or GSM.
Finally, the third solution is to use of renewable energy sources
instead of typical power sources, therefore taking care of the
environment. In this field, solar energy is the most often used
resource. Our work aims at unification of the three prospects,
making an intelligent lamppost managed by a remote controlled
system that uses LED-based lightweight supply and is powered by
renewable energy (solar panel and battery). The management is
implemented through a network of sensors to gather the relevant
info associated with the management and maintenance of the system,
transferring the data in wireless mode using the ZigBee protocol
(which has been chosen among numerous alternatives because it is
the most convenient, see clarification below). The ZigBee remote
sensing and management systems are widely described in the
literature; we can cite here as examples the applications for the
lighting systems.(Fabio Leccese and Zbigniew Leonowicz, Intelligent
wireless street lighting system)An energy efficient pedestrian
aware Smart Street Lighting systemConventional street lighting
systems in areas with a low frequency of passers-by are online most
of the night without purpose. The consequence is that a large
amount of power is wasted meaninglessly. With the broad
availability of flexible-lighting technology like light-emitting
diode lamps and everywhere available wireless internet connection,
fast reacting, reliably operating, and power-conserving street
lighting systems become reality. The purpose of this work is to
describe the Smart Street Lighting (SSL) system, a first approach
to accomplish the demand for flexible public lighting systems. This
work presents the SSL system, a framework developed for a dynamic
switching of street lamps based on pedestrians locations and
desired safety (or fear) zones. In the developed system prototype,
each pedestrian is localized via his/her smartphone, periodically
sending location and configuration information to the SSL server.
For street lamp control, each and every lamppost is equipped with a
ZigBee-based radio device, receiving control information from the
SSL server via multi-hop routing. This research paper confirms that
the application of the proposed SSL system has great potential to
revolutionize street lighting, particularly in suburban areas with
low-pedestrian frequency. More important, the broad utilization of
SSL can easily help to overcome the regulatory requirement for CO2
emission reduction by switching off lampposts whenever they are not
required. The paper discusses in detail the implementation of SSL,
and presents results of its application on a small scale.
Experiments have shown that objects like trees can interrupt
wireless communication between lampposts and that inaccuracy of
global positioning system position detection can lead to unexpected
lighting effects. This paper introduces the novel SSL framework, a
system for fast, reliable, and energy efficient street lamp
switching based on a pedestrians location and personal desires of
safety. Both safety zone definition and position estimation in this
novel approach is accomplished using standard smartphone
capabilities. (Reinhard Mullner and Andreas Riener, (2011) An
energy efficient pedestrian aware Smart Street Lighting
System)Wireless Streetlight Control SystemIn todays competitive
world where demand for internets, intranets and telecommunications
are increasing, wired networks are beginning to lose its
significance. The scenario is best described with use of street
lights having wired networks. In wired networks, the installation
cost, maintenance of street lights, power consumption, monitoring
and management of street lights are the various problems that are
rising up. Such complexities can be easily removed by using the
concept of Wireless Sensor Networks. A wireless sensor network
(WSN) is a wireless network consisting of spatially distributed
autonomous devices using sensors which works corporately to monitor
physical or environmental conditions, such as temperature, sound,
light, vibration, pressure, at different locations. Unique
characteristics of a WSN include: Mobility of nodes Dynamic network
topology Tolerance to communication failures Heterogeneity of
nodes. This system comprises of control station (PC), a GUI to
display and update status of street light, and network processing
devices (NPD) .The nodes and NPD are Jennic 513x wireless
microcontroller with different programming. The master, nodes and
NPD have light sensors embedded in them. A threshold value (in LUX)
is set up at the master. The nodes will sense the light intensity
and send the value to the master. The master compares these values
with the threshold value and appropriately decides whether to
switch ON/OFF the nodes. The GUI gives us a representation of the
streetlights i.e. their status (ON/OFF). This scenario increases
life of streetlights, reduces power consumption, ease of monitoring
and controlling and less installation cost are the various
advantages achieved. (Deepak Kapgate, (2012), Wireless Streetlight
Control System)
Chapter 3METHODOLOGY
Figure 3.1
Figure 3.1 shows the input, process and the output of our
project. The input will be the darkness or light in the environment
that will be sense by the LDR and transfer it through the IC that
will lead to the switching ON and OFF of the LED Indicator.
Light is switch off.StartIs the sunlight present?Light is switch
on.
NoYes
End
Figure 3.2 Flow Chart
The figure above shows how the Automatic Street Lighting works.
This system will only work with the help of sunlight since it will
be detected by the LDR which will control whether the street light
should be switch on or off. As the LDR works, as it detects
sunlight or high intensity of light, the LED indicator will not
light. But when it detects a low intensity of light then the LED
indicator will light.
Figure 3.3 PCB LayoutThe figure above shows the PCB Layout of
our first project which is the Automatic Street Lights. Figure 3.4
Multism for Automatic Street LightsThe figure above shows the
Multism of the Automatic Street Lights. We use components such as
LM741, resistors, LEDs, 9 V Battery and potentiometer as the LDR
(Light Dependent Resistor)
Chapter IVCONCLUSIONUsing LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) as a
sensor in our prototype, it just prove that having an automated
street lights will make us conserve energy or lessen power
consumption. LDR is a sensor that switched ON the LED Indicator
when it sense the environment is dark. Normally the resistance of
an LDR is very high, sometimes as high as 1000 000 ohms, but when
they are illuminated with light resistance drops dramatically. When
the light level is low the resistance of the LDR is high. This
prevents current from flowing to the base of the transistors.
Consequently the LED does not light. However, when light shines
onto the LDR its resistance falls and current flows into the base
of the first transistor and then the second transistor; the LED
light. This project let us apply what we have learned in this
course; K-Mapping, basic logic gates applications and many more.
Making a circuit out of the output and K-Map that has been made.
Using an IC also makes everything easier.
Chapter VRECOMMENDATIONThe researchers recommend connecting the
circuit in real-life street lights. This project only uses a Light
Emitting Diode or LED for the simulation. LED acts differently
compared to the light bulbs installed on the streets, results
between the two may differ. Actual connection of the circuit to a
light bulb may give a better results and data that could reflect
the actual behavior of the project when it is connected to the real
street light.
Chapter VIREFERENCESFabio Leccese and Zbigniew Leonowicz,
Intelligent wireless street lighting systemReinhard Mullner and
Andreas Riener, (2011) An energy efficient pedestrian aware Smart
Street Lighting SystemDeepak Kapgate, (2012), Wireless Streetlight
Control System
Appendices
Groupie while designing the protoype
Images of our PCB for Street Lights
