Street Lighting Design in KC - KCITEkcite.org/images/meeting/092614/kcite_lighting_presentation__9_26... · • FHWA Lighting Handbook • FHWA Design Criteria for Adaptive Roadway

Street Lighting Design in KC

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Panel IntroductionsPanel Introductions

• Tate Betz – Lighting Designer & Daylighting Analyst• Henderson Engineers, Inc.

• J. Phil Herrman – Civil Engineer• Burns & McDonnell

• Michael Park – City Traffic Engineer• City of Lee’s Summit, MO

• Mark Sherfy – Transportation Manager • City of Shawnee, KS

Agenda – (30 minute segments) Agenda – (30 minute segments)

• Lighting terminology, technologies, trends, and specifications

• Local standards/specifications and lighting software demo

• Metro streetlight survey results and agency perspectives regarding streetlight maintenance, energy use, and implementation challenges

• Roundtable discussion

Did you Know?Did you Know?• There are an estimated 200,000 street lights in the KC Metro• Survey indicates that 85% are High Pressure Sodium (HPS)• Reviews of Municipal KCP&L street light energy bills indicate a

typical cost of $0.07/kWh (energy charges vary by kWh consumed)• 150w HPS average around 800kWh/year = $60/year for energy• 250w HPS average around 1280kWh/year = $85/year for energy• Using an average of $72.50/light we estimate $14,500,000/year is

spent on energy costs to light streets in the Kansas City Metro• Approximately 208 million kWh/year of energy is consumed by

street lights in the Kansas City Metro

Opportunities?Opportunities?

• Area experience indicates energy decreases between 35%-45% for new street lighting technologies (LED or Induction of similar illuminance)

• Today, we will discuss the standards and cost hurdles currently in the way to more use of new technologies

• Today, we will discuss how we can better work together to overcome these hurdles

Lighting TopicsLighting Topics

• What is IESKC and IESNA?• Lighting Essentials• Roadway Lighting Standards• Current Trends and New Concepts

IESIES

• Illuminating Engineering Society– North America (IESNA)– Kansas City Metro (IESKC)

• Goal– Improve the lighted environment to benefit the public

• IESKC (Local section)– Governing board of elected volunteers– Over 100 IES members– Over 275 total active and non-active individuals

IESIES

• Member Constituency– Manufacturers– Lighting Designers– Architects– Contractors– Distributors / Wholesalers– Utility / Energy Sector / Government

• Endeavors and Responsibilities– Lighting Standards / Guidelines / Technical Papers– Design / Calculation Guides– Lighting Measurement / Energy Management / Testing Guides

Lighting EssentialsLighting Essentials• Light Source Parameters

– Wattage– Lumen output and lumen depreciation– Efficacy– Lamp life– Color Rendering Index (CRI)– Correlated Color Temperature (CCT)

• Light Fixture Parameters– System wattage– Fixture lumen output– Distribution type– Ballast / Driver life– Heat dissipation

Lighting EssentialsLighting EssentialsLight Source Rated Life

(Hours)LumenDepreciation

Efficacy(Lumen/Watt)

Mercury Vapor 24,000…. ~60-70% Mean 50-70

Low Pressure Sodium

18,000 ~70-85% Mean 110-190

High Pressure Sodium

30,000+ ~75-90% Mean 80-150

Metal Halide 20,000 ~55-80% Mean 60-120

Linear Fluorescent 62,000+ ~95% Mean 60-120

Induction 100,000 ~65-70% Mean 100-110

Light Emitting Plasma

50,000 70% EOL 95-125

LED (Road/Site) 100,000…. 70%-95% EOL 50-160

Lighting EssentialsLighting Essentials

• Light Source Type– CRI & CCT


• Light Source Type– CRI & CCT


• Vision perception varies with level of light– Photopic – Cones

Full daylight to the horizon, overcast sky at sunset

– Mesopic – Cones and Rods Horizon, clear sky just after sunset to a moonless clear night sky

– Scotopic – Rods Moonless overcast night sky to near darkness


• Vision perception varies with level of light

.000001 .0001 .01 1 100 10000 1000000 10^8 10^10

ROADWAY LIGHTLEVELS


• Light Source Distribution– Type I

• Not common – Center of roadway

– Type II• Side of roadway

– Type III• Side of wide roadway

– Type IV• Side of very wide roadway

– Type V• Intersection


• Light Source Distribution– Typical LED manufacturer’s distributions

Lighting EssentialsLighting Essentials• Why MH / HPS / Induction?

– Lower initial cost– Higher light levels, but more on that later…

• Why LED?– Longer life– Better CRI– More efficient at placing light where needed– Less maintenance– Control opportunities– Instant start and no restrike delay– Minimal color shift over time– More efficient at blue wavelengths than HPS/LPS


• More about LED…..– Lower design levels needed to meet minimum requirements– Less spill light is good for light trespass and dark skies, but may

leave adjacent areas dark– Many LED fixtures feature direct illumination, so may have

higher perceived glare – Multiple CCT options– Heat dissipation concern– LED is not the same as HID……LED is a different animal….

NO TWO MANUFACTURER’S PRODUCTS ARE THE SAME


• LED Testing Standards– LM-79 – Standardized method for photometric and electric

measurements of an LED product. • Demonstrates Lumens/Watt, CCT, and CRI

– LM-80 – Standardized method for measurement of the useful lifespan of an LED product.

• Requires minimum of 6000 hours testing• Data is obtained every 1000 hours

– TM-21 – Standardized method for forecasting long-term lumen maintenance beyond 6000 hours

• Make sure the fixture manufacturer is demonstrating use of these standards.


• LED Testing Standards


• Horizontal and Vertical Lighting– Horizontal illumination describes visibility of the roadway

surfaces– Vertical illumination describes the visibility of everything else

• Buildings• Signs• People• Animals• Rocks, sofas, tumbleweeds, etc.

– Both exist at the same time, but not always equally– Both are always essential, but vertical is often overlooked as a

design metric


• Horizontal and Vertical Lighting

RP-08 Roadway LightingRP-08 Roadway Lighting• Purpose of Roadway

Lighting– Reduction in night accidents,

attendant human misery, and economic loss

– Aid to police protection and enhanced sense of personal security

– Facilitation of traffic flow– Promotion of business and the use

of public facilities during the night hours

– To be superseded by RP-08-14 THIS MONTH

RP-08-00 Roadway LightingRP-08-00 Roadway Lighting

• Decision Process– Determine the design parameters

• Start from IES RP-08-00 (soon to be replaced by RP-08-14)• Road / Street classification• Road / Street surface type• Pedestrian conflict / traffic• Intersections / Roundabouts (DG-19-08)

– Develop design or specification based on the RP-08 requirements

• ILLUMINANCE / LUMINANCE / SMALL TARGET VISIBILITY (STV) methods• Choose a lighting product and a tentative pole spacing and arrangement• Develop a design layout or request one from a consultant or manufacturer• Over time, design patterns may emerge allowing for some prescriptive

design parameters


• Design Parameters - Application– Roadways – no pedestrian conflict

• Freeway Class A• Freeway Class B• Expressway

– Streets – pedestrian conflict• Major• Collector• Local

– Intersections– Roundabouts– Non-intersection pedestrian crossings


• Design Parameters


• Design Parameters

RP-08-00 Roadway LightingRP-08-00 Roadway Lighting• Design Considerations

– Design of Public Right of way – Existing adjacent light sources

– Appearance and Scale– Visual Task – Driving, Seeing pedestrians, dropping off

passengers, traffic, reading signs, searching for addresses/buildings, parking.

– Integration with non-lighting elements– Vertical surface illumination– Glare and sky glow– Transition Lighting

RP-08-00 Roadway LightingRP-08-00 Roadway Lighting• Illuminance (Footcandles)

– Quantity of light incident at a point • Luminance (Candela / m2)

– Luminous intensity (brightness) of a surface directed at the driver

• Veiling Luminance– Visual field brightness which reduces visual acuity

• Small Target Visibility• Luminance of the targets• Immediate background luminance• Adaption level of the adjacent surroundings• Disability glare


• Illuminance Method


• Illuminance Method


• Luminance Method


• Luminance Method

RP-08-00 Roadway LightingRP-08-00 Roadway Lighting• Small Target Visibility Method


• Intersections

DG-19 Roundabout LightingDG-19 Roundabout Lighting

• Safe Sight Stopping Distance– Stopping distance from the crosswalk at a given

speed

DG-19 Roundabout LightingDG-19 Roundabout Lighting

• Pole Placement Recommendations

Trends & Emerging ConceptsTrends & Emerging Concepts• RP-08-14

– Luminance design standard• Wireless Controls

– Remote monitoring and operation– Energy consumption data– Communication between enabled devices

• Adaptive Lighting– Reduce lighting when no one is present

• Autonomous Vehicles– Reduce the significance of street lighting?

Additional Design ResourcesAdditional Design Resources• IES TM-10 – Addressing Obtrusive Light in Conjunction with

Roadway Lighting• IES DG-4 – Roadway Lighting Maintenance• IES TM-15 – Luminaire Classification System for Outdoor

Luminaires• IES 10th Edition Lighting Handbook• DOE Model Specification for LED Roadway Luminaires• AASHTO Roadway Lighting Design Guide• FHWA Lighting Handbook• FHWA Design Criteria for Adaptive Roadway Lighting• MSSLC Model Specification for Networked Outdoor Lighting Control

Systems

KC Area Lighting Specs KC Area Lighting Specs

• High Intensity Discharge (HID)– High Pressure Sodium (HPS)

• Light Emitting Diode (LED)

• Induction

Street Lighting Design SoftwareStreet Lighting Design Software

• Industry Software

– Visual Professional 2012• Used in Metro & Regionally

– AGi32

Street Lighting Design DemoStreet Lighting Design Demo

• HPS LED– Illuminance Method– 4-lane Undivided– Staggered 200’– Arterial (low peds)– R3 Pavement

Street Lighting Order FormStreet Lighting Order Form

Street Lighting Optical Distributions Street Lighting Optical Distributions

Agency PerspectiveAgency Perspective

All agencies in the metro have some responsibility for street lights whether

owned or lease managed!

Survey FindingsSurvey FindingsReporting Agency Lighting Design Standards/Specifications

Independence P&L IESKansas City BPU Varied

City of Gladstone, MOResidential - Dead ends, cul-de-sacs, intersections, and other special road conditions. Mid-block lighting will only be approved if the distance between lights exceeds 800-feet. Arterial -Continuous lighting with spacing of 140 to 190 feet.

MoDOT

Continuous lighting along freeways, urban arterials, expressways and ramps thereto must provide an average intensity of 0.6 fc (6.5 lux) and a minimum intensity of 0.2 fc (2.2 lux). Continuous lighting on other roads must provide an average intensity of 0.4 fc (4.3 lux) and a minimum intensity of 0.2 fc (2.2 lux). Basic lighting at intersections, including ramp terminals is to provide an average intensity of 0.6 fc (6.5 lux) and a minimum intensity of 0.2 fc (2.2 lux).

City of Westwood, KS Spacing is inconsistent. Kansas DOT Location is at ramp terminals for interchanges 150 watt HPS 40 ft poles

City of Overland Park, KS

Arterial spacing is about 200' . Collector spacing is about 275'. For residential, one light at every intersection and where street curves more than 60 degrees. Lights in between at non-continuous lighting standard on residential. We have a policy on street lights but it is being reviewed in light of the LED's.

City of Grandview, MO 400 foot spacing on all leased lights, about 250 foot spacing for Main Street LED's

City of Liberty, MO NoneCity of Fairway, KS None

City of Merriam, KS None

City of Shawnee, KS IES Illuminance & Uniformity for Continuous Roadway Lighting. Residential streets based on typical spacing guidelines for various classifications.

City of Lee's Summit, MO IES Illuminance & Uniformity for Continuous Roadway lighting. Set Spacing/Locations for Residential Lighting.

Survey FindingsSurvey FindingsReporting Agency

# City Owned Lights

# Leased Lights(KCPL & Westar)

Tried New Technologies

/Energy Efficient (EE)

Lighting

Require EELighting/Updated

Standards & Specifications

Independence P&L 12000 0 Yes Yes / Both (IES)

Kansas City BPU 20000 0 Yes Partly / No

City of Gladstone, MO 300 1500 Yes Partly / No

MoDOT 5000 0 No No / No

City of Westwood, KS 38 188 Yes Yes / Specs

Kansas DOT 100 0 No No / No

City of Overland Park, KS 17000 0 Yes No / Yes (Mod. IES)

City of Grandview, MO 150 1150 Yes Partly / No

City of Liberty, MO 0 2600 Yes No / No

City of Fairway, KS 325 0 Yes NA / No

City of Merriam, KS 0 0 Yes NA / NA

City of Shawnee, KS 4095 2045 Yes Partly / Des. (IES)

City of Lee's Summit, MO 2000 4000 No No / No

Survey FindingsSurvey FindingsFrom the 13 Agencies who completed the survey

23.1%

69.2%

7.7%

Has your agency installed any higher energy efficient street lighting fixtures?

No

Yes - Within the last 4 years

Yes - Within the last 10 years


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What type(s) of higher energy efficient lighting have you installed?


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New installations on new light poles along

thoroughares (e.g. arterials)

Retrofit installations on

existing light poles along

thoroughfares (e.g. arterials)

New installations on new light

poles in subdivisions

(e.g. residential areas)

Retrofit installations on

existing light poles in

subdivisions (e.g. residential

areas)

Other (please specify)

Please indicate where you have installed higher energy efficient street lighting?

Survey FindingsSurvey FindingsWhere are these installations?

Survey FindingsSurvey Findings

• New Projects versus Replacements and/or Retrofits• … LED, Induction Differences• Is variety of products an issue? Agency concerns• Maintenance Stories• Public Concerns (glare, color, visibility, demand)• Energy Saving Experiences? Cost-Benefit Analysis• Power Company (Leased Lighting) Opportunities

Other survey questions and feedback?

What do Street Lights Cost to Run?What do Street Lights Cost to Run?Agencies get a break on energy charges as streetlights are on during off-peak times. However, HPS lamps burn kWh of energy.

Lamp and Luminaire Typical Annual Energy Needs

Typical Annual Energy Cost

250w HPS Cobra Head 1280 kWh $85150w HPS Post Top 800 kWh $60

Survey revealed there is approximately 1 street light for every 10 people in the Metro. A City of 10,000 population may have approximately 500 HPS (250w) and500 HPS (150w lamps) and a typical annual energy cost of $72,500/year.

What do Street Lights Cost to Purchase?

What do Street Lights Cost to Purchase?

Ranges shown do not represent a single product or manufacturer. They represent typical mid range pricing (2014) for products currently implemented in the region.

Luminaire Type Cost Range

New 250w HPS Cobra Head Luminaire $140-$190

New 250w LED Cobra Head Luminaire $450-$550

New 250w Induction Cobra Head Luminaire $450-$550

New 400w LED Cobra Head Luminaire $575-$675

New 150w HPS Post Top Luminaire $300-$350

New 150w LED Post Top Luminaire $750-$850

New 150w Induction Post Top Luminaire $650-$750

Retrofit 250w LED Cobra Head Luminaire $450-$550

Retrofit 150w Induction Post Top Luminaire $200-$300

Are the Numbers There Yet?Are the Numbers There Yet?

• Street light vendors market their numbers

Be cautious and verify they are using:- True Agency energy rates, not residential rates- True initial purchase, relamp and ballast costs- Realistic LED and Driver replacement cycles- Adequate design standards and spacing's

(Are we truly comparing the same amount of surface light?)(Have we grounded these lights?)

Are the Numbers There Yet?250w Cobra head LED Example – Replace in place with new head

Are the Numbers There Yet?250w Cobra head LED Example – Replace in place with new head

Expense HPS 250W LED 250W equivalent

Year 1 – Luminaire + Lamp Cost $165 $500

Year 5 – Relamp Cost $40 $0


Year 15 – Relamp Cost(+ Ballast/Driver replacement)

$40$100

$400

Year 1-15 Energy CostsAnnual Energy CostsAnnual Energy Use

$1275$85/year

1280 kWh/year

$750$50/year

753 kWh/year

Total 15 Year Costs $1660 $1650

Example assumes 42% energy consumption decreases and product selection aimed at similar surface lighting patterns.

Public/Private partnerships can minimize or eliminate Year 1 purchase costs. (Developers to install for example)

How About a Retrofit?150w Post Top Induction Example – Replace in place with retrofit head

How About a Retrofit?150w Post Top Induction Example – Replace in place with retrofit head

ExpenseHPS 150WPost Top

Induction 150W Post Top

equivalent

Year 1 – Lamp Cost $0 $250



Year 15 – Relamp Cost(+ Ballast/Driver replacement)

$40$100

$250

Year 1-15 Energy CostsAnnual Energy CostsAnnual Energy Use

$900$60/year

800 kWh/year

$525$35/year

465 kWh/year

Total 15 Year Costs $1120 $1025

Example assumes 42% energy consumption decreases and product selection aimed at similar surface lighting patterns. Directional lighting patterns may vary.

Retrofit HurdlesRetrofit Hurdles• LED retrofits tend to work best in Cobra Heads;

however, the current cost difference between retro and new is not great

• Induction retrofits currently have a cost advantage for Post Tops; but, are not truly designed for the luminaires in which they are installed and throw varied light patterns

• Ultimately, luminaires all will need replaced, not retrofitted

• LED technology appears to be the most likely long term solution as the technology is efficient as it can be better aimed, pointed and dimmed

Agency HurdlesAgency Hurdles• Budgets are tight, should we just wait?• Many Cities do not own all their street lights• Will the product and vendor we select be around when it is

time to replace?• Will their product remain as reliable as claimed?• How can we keep competitive pricing, yet minimize the

number of different products we must keep in our replacement inventory?

• Is our public ready for the new color and ‘brightness’ in their neighborhood?

• Are there liabilities associated with not aligning new lighting technologies with existing pole spacing and specifications?

What Can KCITE Do?What Can KCITE Do?

• Work together or partner with IES / APWA to establish regional street lighting standards / best practices

• Support agencies in pursuing new tariffs for high efficiency lighting (unmetered & leased)

• Help the region get comfortable with potential changes• Develop a committee to share Agency testing

experiences and minimize the duplication of efforts• Develop a regional approved product material list• Develop a regional street light purchasing cooperative

Roundtable DiscussionRoundtable Discussion

Documents

Street Lighting Design in KC - KCITEkcite.org/images/meeting/092614/kcite_lighting_presentation__9_26... · • FHWA Lighting Handbook • FHWA Design Criteria for Adaptive Roadway