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Processing Stream Sediment Geochemical Data for Geology and Dilution: An Example from Northern Vancouver Island Dennis Arne, PGeo (BC), RPGeo (AIG), Principal Consultant Geochemistry, CSA Global Yao Cui, PGeo (BC), Senior Geomatics Geoscientist, BCGS Rob Mackie, PGeo (MB), Principal Consultant – Geology, CSA Global Olivia Brown, Associate Database Consultant, CSA Global www.csaglobal.com 1 Geoscience BC Day, October 8, 2015

Stream Sediment Geochemical for Dilution: from Vancouver ... · PDF fileProcessing Stream Sediment Geochemical Data for Geology and Dilution: An Example from Northern Vancouver Island

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Page 1: Stream Sediment Geochemical for Dilution: from Vancouver ... · PDF fileProcessing Stream Sediment Geochemical Data for Geology and Dilution: An Example from Northern Vancouver Island

Processing Stream Sediment Geochemical Data for Geology and Dilution:

An Example from Northern Vancouver Island

Dennis Arne, PGeo (BC), RPGeo (AIG), Principal Consultant ‐ Geochemistry, CSA GlobalYao Cui, PGeo (BC), Senior Geomatics Geoscientist, BCGS

Rob Mackie, PGeo (MB), Principal Consultant – Geology, CSA GlobalOlivia Brown, Associate Database Consultant, CSA Global

www.csaglobal.com 1Geoscience BC Day, October 8, 2015

Page 2: Stream Sediment Geochemical for Dilution: from Vancouver ... · PDF fileProcessing Stream Sediment Geochemical Data for Geology and Dilution: An Example from Northern Vancouver Island

• Statement of problem• Background to catchment analysis• Results from northern Vancouver Island• Conclusions

www.csaglobal.com

Outline

2

Page 3: Stream Sediment Geochemical for Dilution: from Vancouver ... · PDF fileProcessing Stream Sediment Geochemical Data for Geology and Dilution: An Example from Northern Vancouver Island

• The presence of regionally extensive basalts of the KarmutsenFormation having elevated Cu makes it difficult to detect Cu anomalies associated with porphyry Cu and other Cu‐bearing mineral deposits on northern Vancouver Island.

• How can we filter out the effects of high regional background Cu and so add value to re‐analyzed regional geochemical survey (RGS) samples and new stream sediment data?

www.csaglobal.com 3

Statement of Problem

Page 4: Stream Sediment Geochemical for Dilution: from Vancouver ... · PDF fileProcessing Stream Sediment Geochemical Data for Geology and Dilution: An Example from Northern Vancouver Island

Raw Cu Data

• Geology is interpreted in terms of lithology, rather than map units.• The distribution of Cu is clearly influenced by the Karmutsen basalt.

www.csaglobal.com 4

Importance of Lithology

Mt Hall Gabbro?

Page 5: Stream Sediment Geochemical for Dilution: from Vancouver ... · PDF fileProcessing Stream Sediment Geochemical Data for Geology and Dilution: An Example from Northern Vancouver Island

• The most important principal components from regional stream sediment geochemical data  usually reflect bedrock lithology

• PC1 from northern Vancouver Island defines mafic lithologies

www.csaglobal.com 5

Principal Component Analysis

Data Cloud in 2D

From Peters, 1987

Page 6: Stream Sediment Geochemical for Dilution: from Vancouver ... · PDF fileProcessing Stream Sediment Geochemical Data for Geology and Dilution: An Example from Northern Vancouver Island

• PC1 provides a better discriminator for the Karmutsen basalt

www.csaglobal.com 6

PC1 vs Raw Cu Data

Raw Cu Data Inverse PC1

Page 7: Stream Sediment Geochemical for Dilution: from Vancouver ... · PDF fileProcessing Stream Sediment Geochemical Data for Geology and Dilution: An Example from Northern Vancouver Island

• Catchment size–Controls dilution

• Catchment geology– Introduces variable geochemical background and differential erosion

• Variable relief–Controls erosion rates in different parts of the catchment

• Scavenging of metals by various sample constituents–Adsorption onto secondary Fe and/or Mn hydroxides, clays or organics

• Stream water pH & Eh–Controls solubility of metals and secondary hydroxides

• Effects of exposed mineralization– Introduces anomalous data populations

• Sample representativeness–Historical RGS Au data is not very reproducible

www.csaglobal.com 7

Drainage Geochemistry Affected by:

Page 8: Stream Sediment Geochemical for Dilution: from Vancouver ... · PDF fileProcessing Stream Sediment Geochemical Data for Geology and Dilution: An Example from Northern Vancouver Island

• Raw data• Residuals following regression against control elements• Data levelled by dominant catchment lithology• Data levelled by presence/absence of a particular unit• Data levelled by catchment weighted background value• Multiple regression analysis using catchment geology• Residuals following regression against principal components• Productivity analysis• Weighted sums model• Weighted sums model adjusted for catchment area size

www.csaglobal.com 8

Data Processing Approaches

Page 9: Stream Sediment Geochemical for Dilution: from Vancouver ... · PDF fileProcessing Stream Sediment Geochemical Data for Geology and Dilution: An Example from Northern Vancouver Island

• Data compiled for 1835 samples in total• Catchment basins delineated for 1725 samples

www.csaglobal.com 9

North Vancouver Island Catchments

Page 10: Stream Sediment Geochemical for Dilution: from Vancouver ... · PDF fileProcessing Stream Sediment Geochemical Data for Geology and Dilution: An Example from Northern Vancouver Island

• Entire catchment area delineated for each sample (nested)• Locations validated against original maps  and adjusted to TRIM hydrology

www.csaglobal.com 10

Sample Validation/Catchments

Page 11: Stream Sediment Geochemical for Dilution: from Vancouver ... · PDF fileProcessing Stream Sediment Geochemical Data for Geology and Dilution: An Example from Northern Vancouver Island

• Cu shows a positive correlation with Al• Regression against Al removes some of the lithological effects

www.csaglobal.com 11

Relationship Between Cu and Al

Cu Residuals

Page 12: Stream Sediment Geochemical for Dilution: from Vancouver ... · PDF fileProcessing Stream Sediment Geochemical Data for Geology and Dilution: An Example from Northern Vancouver Island

• Many elements show lithological control• Statistical outliers are preserved during Z‐score levelling

www.csaglobal.com 12

Levelling by Dominant Lithology

Raw Data Levelled Data

Page 13: Stream Sediment Geochemical for Dilution: from Vancouver ... · PDF fileProcessing Stream Sediment Geochemical Data for Geology and Dilution: An Example from Northern Vancouver Island

• Levelling by dominant lithology or presence/absence of basalt both reduce lithological effects

www.csaglobal.com 13

Levelling Cu Data for Lithology

Levelled by Dominant Lithology Levelled by presence/absence basalt

Page 14: Stream Sediment Geochemical for Dilution: from Vancouver ... · PDF fileProcessing Stream Sediment Geochemical Data for Geology and Dilution: An Example from Northern Vancouver Island

• Average background values have been estimated for most lithologies• These have been used to Z‐score level the Cu data

www.csaglobal.com 14

Weighted Background Values

Z‐score Cu “Residuals”

Page 15: Stream Sediment Geochemical for Dilution: from Vancouver ... · PDF fileProcessing Stream Sediment Geochemical Data for Geology and Dilution: An Example from Northern Vancouver Island

• Cu can be regressed against PC1 (lithological control)• High positive residuals represent Cu above background

www.csaglobal.com 15

Regression Against PC1

Page 16: Stream Sediment Geochemical for Dilution: from Vancouver ... · PDF fileProcessing Stream Sediment Geochemical Data for Geology and Dilution: An Example from Northern Vancouver Island

www.csaglobal.com 16

Weighted Sums Model

• The user assigns importance rankings to selected variables based on a‐priori knowledge of the mineralogy/chemistry of a target deposit type

• Positive rankings used for those elements that are expected to be high (greater than median) in the target deposit type

• Negative rankings used for elements expected to be low (less than median) in the target deposit type

For porphyry Cu example, using levelled data: Cu Mo Ag Au*Zn

*raw data 3    2    1    1    1

Garrett & Grunsky, 2001

Page 17: Stream Sediment Geochemical for Dilution: from Vancouver ... · PDF fileProcessing Stream Sediment Geochemical Data for Geology and Dilution: An Example from Northern Vancouver Island

• Geochemistry in catchment areas >10 km2 mainly reflects regional background• Catchments > 10 km2 have not been effectively sampled

www.csaglobal.com 17

Dilution Effects

Sampling Effectiveness

Regional Background

Page 18: Stream Sediment Geochemical for Dilution: from Vancouver ... · PDF fileProcessing Stream Sediment Geochemical Data for Geology and Dilution: An Example from Northern Vancouver Island

• Productivity analysis takes into account the effects of dilution

www.csaglobal.com 18

Productivity Analysis

Introduced to account for the downstream dilution of the geochemical signature from a mineral deposit exposed within a catchment.

MemAm = (Mea ‐Meb)Aa + MebAmwhereMea = the metal content at the mouth of catchment

Aa = the total area of the catchmentMem = the metal content of the eroding mineral deposit

Am = the area of the target exposed at surfaceMeb = background metal content in the catchment

However, for a small deposit size relative to the area of the catchment:   MemAm = (Mea ‐Meb)Aa

This is also known as the Productivity

WBV Cu Productivity

(From Rose et al., 1979)

Page 19: Stream Sediment Geochemical for Dilution: from Vancouver ... · PDF fileProcessing Stream Sediment Geochemical Data for Geology and Dilution: An Example from Northern Vancouver Island

• Data processing methods were validated against known occurrences

www.csaglobal.com 19

Method Validation

Cu Occurrences No Cu Occurrences

>90t

hPercentile

<90t

hPercentile

TruePositives

FalsePositives

FalseNegatives

TrueNegatives

Single Element Methods

Cu Produ

ctivity

Weighted Sums M

odel

WSM

 * Catchment A

rea

Page 20: Stream Sediment Geochemical for Dilution: from Vancouver ... · PDF fileProcessing Stream Sediment Geochemical Data for Geology and Dilution: An Example from Northern Vancouver Island

•The effects of elevated background Cu are easily filtered using a variety of methods of varying sophistication.

•Processing methods using several commodity and pathfinder elements weighted for the effects of dilution work best.

•Existing Cu occurrences & deposits on NVI are more readily apparent and new targets evident in the processed data.

•An empirical assessment of sampling effectiveness indicates there are still exploration opportunities in under‐sampled areas.

•There is still much value to be obtained from the interpretation of RGS data, especially where archived material is re‐analyzed by ICP‐MS.

•Our approach to geochemical data should be more like our approach to geophysical data where filtering and data enhancements are routine.

www.csaglobal.com 20

Conclusions

Page 21: Stream Sediment Geochemical for Dilution: from Vancouver ... · PDF fileProcessing Stream Sediment Geochemical Data for Geology and Dilution: An Example from Northern Vancouver Island

• 41 page report• Compiled data file with 

geochemistry• Shapefile of catchments 

attributed with derived values• PDF copies of report figures and 

catchment maps

www.csaglobal.com 21

Final Products

Available from http://www.geosciencebc.com/s/Home.asp Example of thematic catchment basin map

Porphyry Cu WSM * Area