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Social Stratification
What is Social Stratification?
Caste and Class SystemsStratification
Marx
Weber
Stratification and Technology: A Global
Perspective
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What is Social Stratification?
or tens of tho!sands of years" h!mans lived in
small h!nting and gathering societies# These
bands of people sho$ little signs of ine%!ality# Associeties became more complex" ma&or changes
came abo!t" these changes elevated certain
categories of the pop!lation by giving them more
po$er" money" and prestige# Social Stratification-a system by $hich a society
ran's categories of people in a hierarchy#
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(# Social stratification is a trait of society" not
simply a reflection of individ!al differences#
Children born into $ealthy families are moreli'ely than children born in poverty to experience
good healthy" achieve academically" s!cceed in
life)s $or' and live a long life#
*# Social stratification persists over generations#
To see stratification as a trait of society rather than
one of individ!als" $e need to only loo' at ho$
ine%!ality persists along generations# +n allsocieties" parents pass their social position on to
their children#
Social Mobility-change in one)s position in the
social hierarchy#
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,# Social stratification is !niversal b!t variable#
+n some societies" ine%!ality is mostly a matter of
prestige- in others" $ealth or po$er is the 'ey
dimension of difference# More importantly some
societies display more ine%!ality than others# .# Social stratification involves not &!st ine%!ality
b!t beliefs#
Any system of ine%!ality gives some people more
than others and the society also defines the
arrangements as fair#
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Caste and Class Systems
A Caste System-is a social system based on
ascription" or birth#
A p!re caste system is closed beca!se birth alonedetermines one)s destiny" $ith little or no
opport!nity for social mobility based on effort#
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First,traditional caste gro!ps have specific
occ!pations" so generations of a family perform
the same type of $or'# Second" maintaining a rigid social hierarchy
depends on people marrying $ithin their o$n
categories- /mixed0 marriages $o!ld bl!r the
ran'ing of children#
Endogamy-marriage bet$een people of the same
social category#
Third" caste norms g!ide people to stay in thecompany of /their o$n 'ind#0
Fourth" caste systems rest on po$erf!l c!lt!ral
beliefs#
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Caste systems exist in agrarian societiesbeca!se
life long ro!tines of agric!lt!re depend on a rigid
sense of d!ty and discipline#
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The Class System Class System-social stratification based on both
birth and individ!al achievement# The class system categori1es people according to
their color" sex" or social bac'gro!nd comes to be
seen as $rong in ind!strial and post2ind!strial
societies" and all people gain political rights andro!ghly e%!al standing before the la$#
Meritocracy-social stratification based on
personal merit# People in ind!strial societies develop a broad
range of capabilities" stratification is based on
/merit"0 $hich is the &ob one does and ho$ $ell
one does it#
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Why do ind!strial and postind!strial societies
'eep caste2li'e %!alities?
3eca!se a p!re meritocracy diminishes theimportance of families and other social gro!pings#
4conomic performance is not everything after all#
Wo!ld $e $ant to eval!ate o!r family members
solely on their &obs? Probably not# Therefore"class systems in high2income nations move to$ard
meritocracy to promote prod!ctivity and
efficiency b!t retain caste elements to maintain
order and social cohesion#
Status consistency-the degree of consistency in a
person)s social standing across vario!s dimensions
of social ine%!ality#
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The Functions of Social Stratification
The structural-functional paradigm-social
ine%!ality plays a vital part in the operation of
society# Dais-Moore thesis-Social stratification has
beneficial conse%!ences of the operation of a
society#
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According to the 5avis2Moore thesis" the greater
the f!nctional importance of a position" the morere$ards a society attaches to it# This strategy
promotes prod!ctivity and efficiency beca!se
re$arding important $or' $ith income" prestige"
po$er" and leis!re enco!rages people to do these&obs and to $or' better longer and harder#
6ne%!al re$ardsbenefit some individ!als" then"
and a system of !ne%!al re$ardsbenefits societyas a $hole#
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Stratification and Conflict
Social2Conflict analysis arg!es that rather thanbenefiting society as a $hole" social stratificationprovides some people $ith advantages over others#This analysis dra$s heavily on the ideas of 7arlMarx" $ith contrib!tions from Max Weber#
Marx defined classes in terms of their relationship tothe means of prod!ction#
Capitalistclasso$ns the means of prod!ction#
Workingclasssells their labor for $ages
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Marxexplained that thro!gh the family"opport!nity and $ealth are passed do$n from
generation to generation# Moreover" the legal systemdefends privateproperty and inheritance# inally" elite childrenmix at excl!sive schools" forging social ties that$ill benefit them thro!gho!t their lives#
Capitalist society reprod!ces the class str!ct!reineach ne$ generation#
Marx sa$ great ine%!alityin $ealth and po$erarising from capitalism" $hich" he arg!ed" made
class conflictinevitable# +n time" he believed"oppressionand misery$o!ld drive the $or'ingma&ority to organi1e and !ltimately overthro$capitalism#
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Why !o Mar"ist #eolution? (# The fragmentation of the capitalist class#
5ay2to2day operations of large corporations are no$ in thehands of a managerial class" $hose members may or may
not be ma&or stoc'holders#
*# A higher standard of living#
A cent!ry ago most $or'ers $ere in factories or on farmsperforming bl!e2collar occ!pations" lo$er2prestige $or'
that involves mostly man!al labor#
Today" most $or'ers hold $hite2collar occ!pations"
higher2prestige $or' that involves mostly mental activity#
Most of today)s $hite2collar $or'ers do not thin' of
themselves as an /ind!strial proletariat#0
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,# More $or'er organi1ations#
Wor'ers today have organi1ational clo!t that theylac'ed a cent!ry ago# Wor'er management
disp!tes are settled $itho!t threatening the
capitalist system#
.# More extensive legal protections#
5!ring the t$entieth cent!ry" the government
passed la$s to ma'e the $or'place safer and
developed programs s!ch as !nemploymentins!rance" disability protection and Social
Sec!rity#
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Ma" Weber$ Class% Status% and &o'er
Weber sa$ Marx)s t$o2class model simplistic#
+nstead" he tho!ght social stratification involves
three distinct dimensions of ine%!ality#
The first dimension is economic ine%!ality222the
iss!e so vital to Marx8$hich Weber called class
position# Weber did not thin' of /classes0 as
cr!de categories b!t as a contin!!m ranging fromhigh to lo$# Weber)s seconddimension of social
stratification is stat!s" or social prestige" and the
third ispo$er#
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Class 5istinction and Property
The term classrefers to any gro!p of peoplethat is
fo!nd in the same class sit!ation#
A pl!rality of people meets competitively in
mar'etplacespecific life chances
The $ealthy$ho o$n property $ill have more life
chances-
Property vs lac' of property
basic categories ofall class sit!ations-
The factor that creates classis !nambig!o!sly
economic interests9T!min" (;
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4conomic>rder
The $ayin $hich economic goods and
services are distrib!ted and !sed-
4conomic order merely decides $hogets$hatreso!rces
Social and economic orders react to each
other
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Class Sit!ation
(#A n!mber of people have in common a specificca!sal component of their life chances-
*# This component is represented excl!sively byeconomic interestsin the possession of goods andopport!nities for income-
,# This component is represented !nder theconditions of commodity or labor mar'ets#
The 'ind of chance in the mar'etis decisivemoment for the individ!al)s fate# Class sit!ationis" in this sense" !ltimately /mar'et sit!ation0
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ife chances
(ife chances: >pport!nities to provide materialgoods" positive living conditions" and favorable
life experience-
Wealthis the monetary val!e of everythingone o$ns" min!s debt#
+t is calc!lated by adding all financial assets and
s!btracting all debts#
Incomeis the amo!nt of money bro!ght into a
ho!sehold from vario!s so!rces d!ring a given
period#
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Comm!nal Action
Comm!nal action refers to that action$hichis oriented to the feeling of the actorsthat
they belong together 9T!min" (;
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Stat!s @onor
Stat!s sit!ationrefers to every typical componentof the life fate of men that is determined by aspecific" positive or negative" social estimation ofhonor9T!min" (;
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Social @onor
>ften" %!est for po$er is conditioned by the socialhonor-
Bot all po$er" ho$ever" entails social honor- /Ba'ed0 economic po$er not necessarily basis of
social honor-Socialhonor orprestige may even be the basis of
political or economic po$er-
The $ay in $hich social honoris distrib!ted in acomm!nity bet$een typical gro!ps is called socialorder-
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4conomicConditions and Stat!s
Stratification
The mar'et 'no$s nothing of honor
Stat!s orderis threatened $hen na'ed
economic po$er9even $extra2stat!s stigma=
co!ld bring an individ!al !p the honor level
of high stat!s gro!p
When mar'et is stable" stratification by stat!s
is favored
Technological change and economic
transformation threatens stat!s stratification
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Social 5ifferentiation
The process by $hich different stat!ses
develop in any gro!p" organi1ation" or
society#
+n a sports organi1ation" players" o$ners" managers"
fans" cheerleaders" and sponsors all have a different
stat!s $ithin the organi1ation#
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Social 5ifferentiation
+n a sports organi1ation: >$nerscontrol the reso!rces of the teams#
Playersearn high salaries" yet do not controlthe team reso!rces#
Sponsorsprovide the reso!rces#
ansprovide reven!e#
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Parties
Classesbelong in the economic sphere
Stat!s gro!psbelong in the social order sphere
9distrib!tion of honor=
Partiesbelong in the sphere of po$er
Str!ggle for ac%!isition of social control
Al$ays involves association
Sociological str!ct!re of parties differs according To $hether comm!nity is stratified by stat!s or class
To the str!ct!re of domination
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Weber)s vie$ of social stratification in ind!strialsocieties as a m!ltidimensional ran'ing rather than
a hierarchy of clearly defined classes#
Socioeconomic stat!s 9S4S=2a composite ran'ingbased on vario!s dimensions of social ine%!ality#
Social stratification according to Weber is variable
and complex#
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)ne*ualities in +istory$
Weber points o!t that each of his three dimensions
of social ine%!ality stands o!t at different points in
the evol!tion of h!man societies# Agrariansocieties emphasi1e stat!s or social prestige"
typically in the form of honor#
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+unting and ,athering Societies
With simple technology" h!nters and gathers
prod!ce only $hat is necessary for day2to2day
living# Some people may prod!ce more thanothers" b!t the gro!p)s s!rvival depends on all
sharing $hat they have# Th!s" no categories of
people emerge as better off than others#
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+orticultural% &astoral% and Agrarian
Societies
As technology advances create a s!rpl!s" social
ine%!ality increases# +n hortic!lt!ral and pastoral
societies" a small elite controls most of the s!rpl!s#arge2scale agric!lt!re is more prod!ctive still"
and mar'ed ine%!ality8as great as any time in
h!man history8means that vario!s categories of
people lead stri'ingly different lives# Agrariannobility typically exercises godli'e po$er over the
masses#
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)ndustrial Societies
+nd!striali1ation t!rns the tide" lessening
ine%!ality# Prompted by the need to develop
individ!al talents" meritocracy ta'es hold and
erodes the po$er of traditional elites# The speciali1ed $or' performed in ind!strial
societies demands schooling for all" sharply
red!cing illiteracy# A literate pop!lation" in t!rn"
presses for a greater voice in political decision
ma'ing" f!rther diminishing social ine%!ality and
lessening men)s domination over $omen#
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Meritocracy
A concept that refers to social stratification
based onpersonal merit
+ncl!des 'no$ledge" abilities" and effort
Why do modern" ind!strial societies 'eep some
elements of caste D s!ch as letting $ealth pass
from generation to generation D rather than
becoming complete meritocracies?
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Stratification and +nteraction
Micro2level analysis of social stratification
Social standing affects everyday interaction
People $ith different social standing 'eep theirdistance from one another
Conspicuous consumption
Buying and using products with an eye to the
statement they make about social position
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Occupational Prestige
Generates incomeand is an important so!rce of
prestige
@igh prestige given to occ!pationsthat re%!ireextensive training and generate high income
ess prestigio!s $or' pays less and re%!ires
less ability and schooling
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+deology: the Po$er 3ehind
Stratification Ideology
Cultural beliefs that justify particular social
arrangements, including patterns of inequality 4very c!lt!re considers some type of
ine%!ality fair
+deology changes $ith a society)s economyand technology