Strategies to Produce Commercial Liquid Organic (8)

8/9/2019 Strategies to Produce Commercial Liquid Organic (8)

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Strategies to produce commercial liquid organic fertilisers from

“alperujo” composts

1.

Introduction

a b s t r a c t

Composting is considered an economically-friendly procedure for producing commercial sol

organic

amendments and fertilisers from the two-phase olie mill waste !called “alperujo”" #$%& main

by-product

of the Spanish olie oil industry. #$ composts are characteri'ed by a noticeable organic mattecontent&

mainly of lignocellulosic nature& which determines their humic properties. In this stud

& we hae

assayed seeral e(traction conditions in order to release commercial liquid organic fertilis

s from #$

composts. )he following conditions were tested" e(traction time& e(traction temperature& h

at !*+ C%

time applied& e(traction ratio& e(tractant agent and al,ali concentration. )heir eects on organ

c fraction

!total organic& polyphenol- and carbohydrate-li,e carbons%& nutrient concentration and e(tra

tion ef .-ciency were ealuated.

In general terms& an increase

in

the e(traction

time

and the comined use of

al,ali

and heat

increased signi.cantly the amount of organic carbon solubilised from th

compost&aecting the nature of the al,ali-soluble organic matter and een showing a chemical degradation of the

humic fraction in some cases. )he e(traction ratio modi.ed the concentration of the

rganic and

inorganic fraction in the e(tracts& and also their polyphenol and carbohydrate content. )he usof a /0 h

e(traction with 1 234 !1"0 or 1"5& e(traction ratios% and heat !0 h at *+ C% allowed us to

(tract the

required amount of C and 2 from #$ compost& being necessary an e(ternal source of 6 and 7 to

complete

the

fertiliser formulations according to the

current Spanish legislation for

3rgano-miner

8ertiliserproduction !9: 5+; /+10 ?lseier $td. #ll rights reser

d.

#ltieri et al.& /+10@ 6air et al.& /+10%. )herefore& the quality o

he #$

composts has been recognised by the Spanish authorities& inc

uding

Composting

is

considered

a

low

cost

technology

for

trans-

forming organic wastes and by-products into quality materials that

can be used as soil amendments and


2/14

humic properties !DarcGa-Dome' et al.& /++5@ #lburquerque et

al.&

/++Fa@ Serrania et al.& /+1=%. oreoer& the composting proces

s is

associated with a high degradation of the main components of t

he

organic

matter !lignin&

cellulose& hemicellulose and protei

ns%@

deliering simple carbohydrates and polyphenols which hae be

en

proposed in the literature as releant precursors for the hum

.ca-tion process !Sanche'-onedero et al.& 1FFF@ DarcGa-Dome'et al. &

/++5%.

)he humic substances are considered the most important

rac-

tion of organic matter in agricultural soils !Steenson& 1FF0

)his

fact is

related

with

the

improement

of physico-

chemical

and

=E D. )ortosa et al. < Hournal of Cleaner 7roduction E/ !/+10% =*e00

biological soil properties and also& with positie eects on plantphysiology& nutrient upta,e and root deelopment ! )reisan

et al.&

/+1+%.

In

addition

to

these

facts&

composts

can

be

also

u

sed

for

the

e(traction

of

soluble

humic

substances

with

potential

to

be

used in agriculture& nowadays becoming more commonly fou

nd in

commercially

aailable

liquid

fertilisers

!aldrighi

et

al.&

1FF;@Aidegain

et al.&

/+++@

?yheraguibel et al.&

/++E%.

#it

Aad

di

et

al.

!/+1=% and asmoudi et al. !/+1=% characteri'ed the humi

c frac-

tion from #$ composts showing that the al,ali-e(tracted h

umic-

li,e substances presented characteristics close to those of sta

ndard

humic materials. oreoer& Caraaca et al. !/++;% and 2ohler

et al.

!/++E%

hae

shown

positie

eects

of

the

al,ali-soluble

o

rganic

matter application from #$ composts on some important legu

mescrops !9etama sphaerocarpa $. and edicago satia $.%.

In

)ortosa

et

al.

!/+1/%&

we

underlined

the

importa

nce

of

producing high quality composts in establishing a fertiliser

mar-

,et& which could promote an ef .cient recycling strategy f

or #$.

#lso&

we

demonstrated

the

technical

feasibility

for

producing

commercial

solid organic

amendments

and

fertilisers

fro

m

#$

composts according to the Spanish legislation for fertiliser

pro-

duction !9:

5+;


3/14

and ;.+ J =.5 g ,gK1

of aerage& respectiely. In general ter

ms& the

#$

composts

showed

germination

inde(

!DI%

alues

higher

than*+L

and

a

low

heay

metal

content

that

con.rmed

the

ir

non-

phytoto(ic characteristics. 8inally& agrochemical characteristics of

#$ composts used were agreed with those reiewed by u,ta

dirul

Aari Chowdhury et al. !/+1=%.

)able 1#grochemical characteristics of the #$ composts used !#$C1 from Cegarra

al.&

/++;@ #$C/-* from )ortosa et al.& /+1/%.

7arametersa #$ composts

#$C1 #$C/ #$C= #$C0 #$C5 #$C; #$C*p4 b E.FF E.=+ *.F* E.+/ E.EE E.5

E.=5

?Cb !dS mK

1% /.F; 1.*+ 1.E0 /.00 1.;F 1.*

/.+=

3 !g ,gK1% F1/./

*05.;

*;+.= *0;.+ 5;1./

5*/.1 5EE./

$ignin !g ,gK1% =FF./ 0/E./ 0;*.0 05*./ =5+.; =*5.+

=*0.1

Cellulose !g ,gK1% /+E.+ 1*;.; 1E/.E 1*E.; 10;.1 1*F./

1EE.1

4emicellulose !g ,gK1% /F1.0 /+E.* 15/./ 1/F.1 1=1.+ F/.+

+0.+

)3C !g ,gK1

% 0E0.F =F;.; 0+=.1 =F=./ /51.F /*/.=

/EE.0

)6 !g ,gK1

% /=.1 /+./

/+.;

/1.1 1E.; 1F./

1F.1

)3C


4/14

/./.

?(traction conditions and humic-li,e fractionation

)he current protocol for the preparation of organic fertilisers is

based

on

the

procedures

proposed

by

the

International

4

umic

Substances

Society

!I4SS& http"


5/14

)able /7erceptual contribution !L% of alcali-soluble polyphenol !#S7C% and

carbohydrates

!#SCC% to al,ali-soluble organic carbon !#SC% e(tracted and its humic acid

fractions

!4#% at dierent e(traction procedures.

?(traction time +.1 234 1 234!hours%

#S7C #SCC #SC #S7C #SCC #SC/ 1=.+b 15.+e 1++.+ *.1 ab 1E.1d

1++.+

0 1/.=b 10.=d 1++.+ *.5b 1*.+ ab 1++.+

E 1=./b 15.=e 1++.+ *.=.b 1E.+e 1++.+

1; 1/.;b 1=.+c 1++.+ ;.1a 15.Ea 1++.+

/0 1+.0 ab 1/.+c 1++.+ ;.;a 15.Fa 1++.+

=; E.Ea 1+.Fb 1++.+ *.Fb 1;.F ab 1++.+

0E *.Fa E.5a 1++.+ 1+.;c 1*.Fc 1++.+

#S7C4# #SCC4# #SC4# #S7C4# #SCC4# #SC4#

/ /1.*d 1E.Ed 1++.+ F.5b 1*.=c 1++.+

0

1F.+c

1;.0c

1++.+

F.5b

1E.5c

1++.+E 1F.Fc 1E.5d 1++.+ E.F ab 1*./c

1++.+

1; 1E.+c 15./c 1++.+ *.+a 10.Fa 1++.+

/0 1=.0b 1/.0b 1++.+ *.Ea 10.*a 1++.+

=; 1+.5 ab 11.*a 1++.+ F.Eb 15.Fa 1++.+

0E F./a 11.Ea 1++.+ 1/.Ec 1;.=b 1++.+

?(traction ratio +.1 234 1 234#S7C #SCC #SC #S7C #SCC #SC

1"0+ F.1c 15.;c 1++.+ ;.Eb 1;./c 1++.+

1"/+ F.*c 1/.+c 1++.+ ;.;b 15.*c 1++.+1"1+ 5.Fb E./b 1++.+ 0.Fa 11.Eb 1++.+

1"5 =.0a 5./a 1++.+ 5.1a *.5a 1++.+

1"0 =.;a 0.;a 1++.+ 0.*a ;.Ea 1++.+

#S7C4# #SCC4# #SC4# #S7C4# #SCC4# #

C4#

1"0+ 1+.5c 1E.Ec 1++.+ *.5b 15.+c 1++.+

1"/+ 1/./c 1/.;c 1++.+ *.Eb 10.5c 1++.+

1"1+ ;./b ;.Fb 1++.+ 5.5a 11.Eb 1++.+1"5 /.*a 5./a 1++.+ 5.;a 5.1a

1++.+

1"0 =.=a 5.1a 1++.+ 0.Fa 0.*a 1++.+

4eat !*+ C% time +.1 234 1 234/.=. Chemical characterisation of the organic e(tracts potentially

used as commercial fertilisers

)hree e(tractant procedures !4/3& 234 1 at /5 C and

234

1 at *+ C% at both 1"= and 1"/+ during an e(traction of /0 h were

tested. 8or each e(traction procedure& a total of seen e(tractions

!n

Q

*%

were

made

!one

per

each

compost%

per

duplic

ate.

#$

composts used are described in )ortosa et al. !/+1/% and Cegarra et

al. !/++;%. #lso& composts used were free'e-dried and gro

und to

less

than

+.5

mm

and

their

humic

fraction

!4#%

in

the

al,aline

e(tracts were obtained as preiously described.

/.0. #nalytical methods

)he following parameters were determined in the al,aline e(-

tracts

obtained

in

Section

/./"

the

total

al,ali-e(tracted

organic

carbon !#SC% and that in the 88 !#SC88% were determined usi

ng anautomatic carbon analyser for liquid samples !)3C- CS6 S

)6-1

#nalyser&

Shimad'u%@

carbon in

humic-li,e

acids

!#S

C4#%

wascalculated by subtracting #SC88 from #SC !#SC" #SC4# S #SC88%. )he

lignocellulosic fraction presented in the al,aline e(tracts aected by

e(traction procedures assayed was ealuated according to

al,ali-soluble polyphenols and carbohydrates

concentration. 7oly-

phenols

and

carbohydrates

were

measured

spectroscop

cally ac-

cording to DarcGa-Dome' et al. !/++5% in the al,aline

e(tracts. )he

analyses were based on 8olin-Ciocalteu !l Q */5 nm% for th

former

and sulphuric acid-antrone !l Q ;/5 nm% chemical reactios for the

latter.

Caeic

acid

and

:-glucose

were

used

as

the

tandards&

respectiely&

and the results were e(pressed as polyph

nols and

carbohydrates-li,e carbon content !#SC7 and #SCC& resp

ectiely%

referred to both standards in order to calculate their p

centage

respect to #SC ! )able /%.


6/14

applied !hours%

#S7C #SCC #SC #S7C #SCC #SC+ 1+.;a 11.1b 1++.+ ;.;a 1;.+b

1++.+

0 1/.*b 1+.0 ab 1++.+ 1+.=c F./a 1++.+

1/ 1=.+b 1+.; ab 1++.+ F.*b E.;a 1++.+

1; 1/.Fb F.Ea 1++.+ 1+.1c E.;a 1++.+

/0 1=.0c F.Ea 1++.+ 1+.*c F./a 1++.+

#S7C4# #SCC4# #SC4# #S7C4# #SCC4# #SC4#

+ 1/.Ea 11.*b 1++.+ *./a 10.1c 1++.+

0 15.1b F.*a 1++.+ 11.Eb *.Ea 1++.+

1/ 15.;b 1+.1a 1++.+ 11.5b E.+a 1++.+

1; 10.Eb F.+a 1++.+ 1/.=bc E.1a 1++.+

/0 15.;b F.0a 1++.+ 1=.*c F.5b 1++.+

6ote" same lower-case letters in columns within the same parameters mean

s no

statistical dierences according to )u,eyTs test at 7 U +.+5.

)he free'e-dried liquid samples of the water


7/14

concentration produced an

increase

in

both

phenolic-li,e

and

carbohydrate-li,e carbon around /.5 times in all e(tracting

times

studied !data not shown%.

#ccording to these results& the e(traction time can optimis

e the

ef .ciency of the process& especially for #SC concentration !

g $K1%

under

low

al,aline

concentration

when

non-saturated

e(traction

conditions are carried out. Ay using 1 234 at /5 C& a satur

ation

condition was reached after /0 h.

=./.

?ects of e(traction ratio on organic carbon solubilisation

#s

e(pected&

#SC

!g

$K1%

was

linear

and

positiely

rela

ted

to

e(traction ratio !8ig. 1%. )hus& the highest alues of its concen

tration

were obtained using 1"0 as e(traction ratio@ /+.1 and 0/.

= g $K1

with

+.1

and

1

234&

respectiely.

#s

was

noticed

befor

e&

the

principal

component

of

the

#SC

was

always

the

4#

fracti

on. In

general terms& the 234 concentration produced an increase n

early

double in #SC concentration& for all e(traction ratio ranges stu

died.

#SC and #SC4# concentrations were much higher at larger al

ues of e(traction ratio !as was e(pected%& similar results that 9oletto and

3ttino

!1FE0%

found

using two

lignocellulosic waste com

posts&

+.5

6a34

and

e(traction

ratio

alues

of

1"1+

and

1"1++. 3n

the

contrary&

the

ef .ciency

!L%

was

only slightly aected

by

the

e(traction

ratio&

showing

a

decrease

along

the

e(traction ratio

8ig. 1. ?ects of e(traction time& e(traction ratio and heat !*+ C% time applied !ho

s%

in a /0 h e(traction in the organic carbon e(traction !g $K1% and its humic acid frac

on

!4#% using +.1 and 1 234 as e(tractant agents. ?(traction ratio is represented as

he

quotient between weight !g% and olume !ml% !1"0 Q +./5@ 1"5 Q +./+@ 1"1+ Q

+.1+@

1"/+ Q +.+5@ 1"0+ Q +.+/5%.

assayed !8ig. /%. )his eect was preiously noted by 9oletto

and


8/14

3ttino !1FE0% in the humic carbon ef .ciency obtained with 6

a34

and 6a07/3* as e(traction agents using 1"1+ and 1"1++ e(trac

onratios during seeral e(traction times !=& ;& 1/ and /0 h%.

D. )ortosa et al. < Hournal of Cleaner 7roduction E/ !/+10% =*e00 01

8ig. /. ?ects of e(traction time& e(traction ratio and heat !*+ C% time applied !

hours%

in a /0 h e(traction in the organic carbon e(traction efciency !L% and its humic acid

fraction !4#% using +.1 and 1 234 as e(tractant agents. ?(traction rao is repre-

sented as the quotient between weight !g% and olume !ml % !1"0 Q +./5@

5 Q +./+@

1"1+ Q +.1+@ 1"/+ Q +.+5@ 1"0+ Q +.+/5%.


9/14

8ig. =. ?ects of heat !*+ C% time applied !hours% in a /0 h e(traction in the 7oli

m-

eration Inde( !#SC#4


10/14

n 1"= /a# =.1 *a# 1/.; =+.= 1+a# 1*.* 0/.=

1"/+ +a# +.* +a# 5.5 /5.0 1a# F.1 =E.+

Nn 1"= 1a# E.; *a# 0/.0 5;.; 1/a# *+.E *E./

1"/+ +a# 0.; 1a# =;.* 5/.* 1a# 5=.F *5.1

6ote" :ata was shown as the mean alue of seen replicates with less than 5L of relatie error. Same lower-case letters in columns within the same nutrient

nd same capital

letters in les within the same e(traction ratio means no statistical dierences according to )u,eyTs test at 7 U +.+5.a 6utrients in humic acid fraction !4#% are e(pressed as L of the total nutrient solubili'ation in the liquid e(tracts.

aecting their perceptual contribution to #SC and #SC#4 obtainedwith +.1 and 1 234& respectiely ! )able /%. )his fact could be

e(plained due to the increase registered by #SC that was

specif-

ically

produced

by

other

organic

fractions

solubilisation.

S

eeral

authors hae obtained similar results. Vu et al. !/++5% obtain

ed an

increase

in

ferulic

and

p-coumaric

acids&

and

related

p

henolic

compounds

concentration

from sugarcane

bagasse.

Sun

et

al.

!/++1%

showed

the

eect

of

temperature

in

the

quan

titatie

determination

of

hydro(ycinnamic

acids

in wheat& rice&

ry

e&

and

barley straws. 8inally& Vu et al. !/++;% solubilised 5;& 5*& 5F&

;1 and

;/L of the initial hemicellulose content in sugarcane bagasse

with

an e(traction of 1E h using 1 6a34 at /+& /5& =+& =5 and

0+

C&

respectiely.#t was noted before& high temperature increased the amou

nt of

organic carbon e(tracted and its e(traction ef .ciency& and in some

cases&

could

produce

degradation

of

4#

releasing

less-comple(

organic compounds !similar to fulic fraction%. It is import

ant to

note that this increase was produced using a high energy con

dition

!*+

C%& probably not suitable for large olume e(traction sy

stems

commercially aailable due to its important economical co

st. 8orthat reason& a few hours of heat applied !/e0 h% could be eno

ugh to

increase

concentration

and

ef .ciency signi.cantly. #ccording

to

8igs. 1& ;.F and 10.5 g $K1 were obtained with only 0 h using +

.1 and

1 234& respectiely& representing E+./ and EE.FL of the tot

al #SC

concentration solubilised.

=.0. Chemical characterisation of the organic e(tracts

Ay using

distilled

water

as

e(tractant

agent

! )able

=%&

the

e(tracted nutrients

showed

generally

low

concentrations

!b

eing

higher with the 1"= e(traction ratio as e(pected%& giing ma(im

ums

of 5 F0+& ;+= and E*E mg $K1 for C& 6 and 2& respectiely. )he

st of

the macro and micronutrients presented low e(traction ef .cien

ies

!only 7 and Cu alues reached around 1+L using a 1"= e(tr

ctionratio%& with the e(ception of 6 and 2. )he results obtained ereconsistent with those described by Dutierre'-iceli et al. !/+

E%&

)ejada et al. !/++E% and #lburquerque et al. !/++Fb%& who cha

ac-

teri'ed leachates deried from cow manure& forage ermicomp

ts

and

#$

composts& respectiely.

)hese e(tracts

can

be

used

in

a

similar

way

to

“compost

tea”&

where

the

biological

ects

preailed oer the chemical eects !Scheuerell and ahaee& /+0@

4argreaes et al.& /++F%.Mith 1 234 at /5 C& a quantitatie increase was obsered

in

the concentration of the main nutrients studied& especially C an

6

!also

2 was

eleated

due

to the

use

of the

al,ali

e(tra

tant%.

9egarding

the

e(traction

ef .ciency& C& 6& Cu and Nn presen

ed

a

percentage close to 5+L& being too low for nutrients such as 78e&

g and other micronutrients. #t *+ C& a generali'ed increase

as

shown

in

all

nutrient

concentrations

in

both

e(traction

r

tiosassayed& especially in organic carbon than doubled the concen

a-

tion obtained at /5 C !;/.F ersus =*.; g $K1 at *+ C%. 9ega

ing

other

nutrients&

their

e(tractie

ef .ciency was higher than

that

obtained at /5 C& being in some cases aboe *5L in the case 6&

Cu and Nn. In all cases& #SC and the main nutrients were attach

d to

acid humic-li,e acid fraction ! )able =%.

8inally& the e(traction ratio

aected

the )3C


11/14

tractions&

a

negatie

relationship

was

produced&

decreasin

g

this

ratio

with higher e(traction ratio

alues.

Indeed& )3C


12/14

/L and C39D#6IC" 0L%& $iquid 67 !6 )3)#$ S 7/35" ;L& 6 )" /L& 639D#6IC"

1L& 7/35" /L and C39D#6IC" 0L%& $iquid 62 !6 )3)#$ S 2 /3" ;L& 6 )3)#$"

/L&

639D#6IC" 1L&

2 /3"

/L and C39D#6IC" 0L%

and $

iquid

72 !7/35 S 2 /3" ;L& 7/35" /L& 2 /3" /L and C39D#6IC" 0L%. #ccording to

)able =& 1 234 !/5 C% obtained 6 )3)#$" +.=*L& 639D#6IC" +

.=*L&

7/35" +.+0L& 2 /3" 0.=1L and C39D#6IC" =.*;L@ while 1 234

!*+ C%

showed 6 )3)#$" +.;/L& 639D#6IC" +.;/L& 7/35" +.+5L& 2 /3" 0.5

FL and

C39D#6IC" ;./FL. In both cases using an e(traction ratio

of

1"=. )herefore& neither al,ali e(traction procedures assayed could ful.l

the legal requirements listed aboe due to their scarce 6 )3)#$

and 7

content& nor for 2 or C39D#6IC concentrations. In order to sole

it& ane(ternal source of 6 and 7 can be added such as concentrated nitric

and


13/14

-

?lectrical consume. It

is

directly

related to

the sha,ing

and

heating system applied. Ysing our recommendations& the ele

c-

trical cost could be round 5+e1++ I.

8inally& the 3rgano-mineral 8ertilisers production cost fro

m #$

composts

could

be

less

than

+.0 I

per

litre

obtained

u

ng

an

e(traction equipment of 1+++ $ of capacity. )his cost was calclated

00 D. )ortosa et al. < Hournal of Cleaner 7roduction E/ !/+10% =*e00

without ta,ing into account the initial inestment for the e(trac-tion and .ltration equipments acquisition.

#c,nowledgements

Some e(periments hae been carried out under the framewor,of the ?Y contract 8#I95-C)F*-=;/+. )he authors than,

“#ceites

DuadalentGn S.#.” olie mill for .nancial and technical support& and

:. 8rancis $ewis for improement of the written ?nglish.

9eferences

#it Aaddi& D.& #lburquerque& H.#.& )ortosa& D.& Minterton& 7.& 4adi& .& Ce

garra& H.&

/+1=. Characteri'ation of potential liquid organic fertili'ers obtained by al,aline

e(traction from two-phase olie-mill waste composts. ?niron. 7rog. Sustain.

?nergy =/& 11*+e11*E.#lburquerque& H.#.& Don'ale'& H.& Darcia& :.& Cegarra& H.& /++0. #grochemical char-

acterisation of “alperujo”& a solid by-product of the two-phase centrifu

gationmethod for olie oil e(traction. Aioresour. )echnol. F1 !/%& 1F5e/++.

#lburquerque& H.#.& Don'ale'& H.& Darcia& :.& Cegarra& H.& /++;. Composting of a solid

olie-mill by-product !Zalperujo [% and the potential of the resulting

compost forcultiating pepper under commercial conditions. Maste anag. /;& ;/+e;/;.#lburquerque& H.#.& Don'ale'& H.& Darcia& :.& Cegarra& H.& /++*. ?ects of a compost

made from the solid by-product !Zalperujo [% of the two-phase centrifu

gationsystem for olie oil e(traction and cotton gin waste on growth and n

utrient

content of ryegrass !$olium perenne $.%. Aioresour. )echnol. FE& F0+eF05.#lburquerque& H.#.& Don' ale'& H.& )ortosa& D.& Aaddi& D.#.& Cegarra& H.& /++Fa. ?alu-

ation of Zalperujo [ composting based on organic matter degradation& humi

ca-tion and compost quality. Aiodegradation /+& /5*e/*+.

#lburquerque& H.#.&

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