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Strategies for Empowering New Students to Think Critically in the Humanities
GENERATION NO CHILD LEFT
BEHIND
LaTricea Adams, Ed.S. Tennessee State University Doctoral Candidate Cesar Chavez Public Charter Schools Assessment & Data Specialist
How can we build the cognitive stamina of students who came through the wave of No Child Left Behind?
ESSENTIAL QUESTION
Self-evaluate on the current level of critical thinking of students as evident by current pedagogy (pre- and post survey).
Build the framework for facilitating close reading and Socratic questioning (Socratic Seminar) and incorporating authentic intellectual performance tasks into instructional time.
SESSION OUTCOMES
Mini-Segment Description Time Allotted
NCLB…The Saga of “Education Reform”
5 minutes
Self-Assessment 5 minutes
Intellectual Standards 5 Minutes
Close Reading 10 minutes
Authentic Intellectual Performance Task 10 minutes
Socratic Seminar 10 minutes
Next Steps to Moving Pedagogical Practice (Post Self-Assessment)
5 minutes
AGENDA
No Child Left Behind…The Saga of
“Education Reform”
TRANSITION
In August of 1981, the National Commission on Excellence in Education was chartered under the authority of 20 U.S.C. 1233a.
Their goal was to review & synthesize the data on the quality of learning & teaching in the nation's schools, colleges, and universities, both public and private.
The National Commission on Excellence published a report:
A Nation at Risk, which found that the American school system was falling behind compared to education institutions around the world.
The notion of equal education for all regardless of race or class or economic status had not been met.
NCLB…THE SAGA OF “EDUCATION REFORM”
1994Improving America’s
Schools Act (IASA)
1994-2000The Rise of
Assessments, Data &
Accountability
2001
No Child Left Behind Act
(NCLB)
2010
NCLB Reform/ESEA
Flexibility
NCLB…THE SAGA OF “EDUCATION REFORM”
In 2013, we graduated our fi rst cohort of American students who went K-12 under NCLB…
What are some deficits in your students’ critical thinking abilities?
How do you think No Child Left Behind aff ected your students’ level of critical thinking?
DISCUSSION
TRANSITION
TRANSITION
DISCUSSION
How does allowing students to do the heavy “intellectual lifting” look?
What are some common instructional practices for establishing this type of learning environment?
INTELLECTUAL STANDARDS
METACOGNITION
INTELLECTUAL STANDARDS
TRANSITION
Paraphrasing the Text Sentence by Sentence
Explicating the Thesis of a Paragraph
Analyzing the logic of what we’re reading
Assessing the logic of what we’re reading
Speaking in the Voice of an Author
CLOSE READING
CLOSE READING
EXCERPT FROM INVISIBLE MAN BY RALPH ELLISON “I am an invisible man. No, I am not a spook like those who haunted Edgar Allan Poe; nor am l one of your Hollywood-movie ectoplasms. I am a man of substance, of flesh and bone, fiber and liquids – and I might even be said to possess a mind. I am invisible, understand, simply because people refuse to see me. Like the bodiless heads you see sometimes in circus sideshows, it is as though I have been surrounded by mirrors of hard, distorting glass. When they approach me they see only my surroundings, themselves, or figments of their imagination – indeed, everything and anything except me.”
CLOSE READINGPARAPHRASING
CLOSE READINGEXPLICATING
SState the main point of the paragraph in 1-2 sentences.
EElaborate on what you have paraphrased.
EExemplify meaning by tying it to concrete situations in the real world.
I Illustrate with metaphors, analogies, pictures, or diagrams of the basic thesis to connect it to other meanings you already understand.
1. What is the key question the author is trying to answer?
2. What is the author’s fundamental purpose?
3. What is the author’s point of view with respect to the issue?
4. What assumptions is the author making in his/her reasoning?
5. What are the implications of the author’s reasoning?
6. What information does the author use in reasoning through this issue?
7. What are the most fundamental inferences or conclusions in the text?
8. What are the author’s most basic concepts?
CLOSE READINGANALYZING THE LOGIC OF WHAT
WE ARE READING
ASSESSING THE LOGIC OF WHAT WE’RE READING
CLOSE READING SPEAKING IN THE VOICE OF THE AUTHOR
AUTHENTIC INTELLECTUAL PERFORMANCE TASK
EXAMPLES OF MARGINALIZED GROUPS IN SOCIETY
Below are examples of groups that have been unseen and unheard in different ways throughout history or, in the words of Ralph Ellison, “constantly bumped against by those of poor vision.”
1. Women 2. Native Americans
3. People with Disabilities
4. Workers/Laborers
5. Immigrants
6. Religious Minorities
TRANSITION
DISCUSSION
What are some concerns with facilitating a classroom around Socratic Questioning?
How can these concerns be addressed (organization of the process)?
SOCRATIC SEMINAR
What puzzles me is… I’d like to talk with people about… I’m confused about… Don’t you think this is similar to… Do you agree that the big ideas seem to be… I have questions about… Another point of view is… I think it means…Do you think…What does it mean when the author says…Do you agree that…
CREATE YOUR OWN…
• Close Reading Activity (be explicit about the type of thinking/expectations for each level and how to incorporate time for students to “Think about their Thinking”)
• Socratic Seminar framework
• Authentic Intellectual Performance Task
TRANSITION
Next Steps to Moving Pedagogical Practice (Post Self-Assessment)
Brookhart , S . (2010). How to Assess Higher-Order Thinking Ski l l s in Your C lassroom. A lexandr ia , VA: ASCD. 17-39.
Educat ion Week (2011). No Chi ld Left Behind. Retr ieved f rom http: / /www.edweek.org/ew/ issues/no -chi ld- left behind/ .
K ing, F. , Goodson, L . , Rohani , L . (1997). H igher Order Thinking Ski l l s : Defi nit ion, Teaching Strategies , and Assessments . Educat ional Serv ice Programs. 1 .
Newmann, F. , Bryk, A. , Nagaoka, J . (2001). Authent ic Inte l lectual Work and StandardizedTests : Confl ict or Coexistence. Consort ium on Chicago School Research. 10-
11.
Partnership for Assessment of Readiness for Col lege and Careers . (2011). PARCC modelcontent f rameworks: Engl ish language arts / l i teracy grades 3–11. Retr ieved f rom
www.parcconl ine.org/s i tes /parcc /fi les /PARCCMCFELALiteracyAugust2012_FINAL pdf
Paul , R. , & E lder , L . (2008). How to read a paragraph: The art of c lose reading. Di l lonBeach, CA: Foundat ion for Cr i t ica l Thinking Press .
Paul , R. & E lder , L . (2007). The Art o f Socrat ic Quest ioning. D i l lon Beach, CA: Foundat ion for Cr i t ica l Thinking Press .
Wiggins , G. & McTighe, J . (2005). Understanding by Des ign. A lexandr ia , VA: ASCD.
REFERENCES