Strategies for building a global knowledge commons Leslie Chan Bioline International University of Toronto at Scarborough Institutional Repository and

Strategies for building a global

knowledge commons

Leslie Chan

Bioline International

University of Toronto at Scarborough

Institutional Repository and Beyond

IDRC, OttawaOct. 17, 2005

“African countries need to have in place appropriate mechanisms and infrastructure for training and exploitation of knowledge. This will enable them to make meaningful evidence-based policy, in order adequately to address local needs and participate in the international community on science and technology issues.”

Network of the African Science Academies and the science academies from the G8 countries (2005)http://www.scidev.net/pdffiles/jointstatement.pdf

Challenges ?

The countries that move early to build a 21st century Research Communications System – harnessing the full power of “open access” – will be the leaders in building tomorrow’s knowledge economies and innovative societies

Arthur J. CartyNational Science Advisor to the Prime MinisterInternational Association of Technological University Librarie, Quebec 31 May 2005

Opportunities ?

Assumptions

• Access to data and information critical to development of an innovative knowledge society

• Open Access is transforming the way the research communities create, share, and disseminate their intellectual output

• OA is even more crucial for science and research in the developing world

Open Access ?

• Benefits• Strategies for archiving OA

– OA Publishing– OA Repository

• Is OA a truly global movement?• Case studies

– Bioline International– TSpace University of Toronto Institutional Repository

• Policy Issues

Paradoxes of R&D and Scholarly Communications

• Emphasis on generation of research - lack of attention to its dissemination, even less attention on preservation and stewardship

• Publicly funded research results privately owned

• Eagerness to translate university research into marketable products

• Growing “enclosure” of the knowledge commons

• Global science and “lost” science

Challenges

• Data, information, knowledge highly fragmented

• High cost of research

• Divergence of information systems

• Lost of digital information

• Indigenous knowledge systems poorly represented

Benefits of OA

• Increase citation impact and hence return on investment

• Raise institutional prestige • New usage of research results• Promote collaboration and broaden

participation• Enable new service and business models• Enhance public subsidies

International Initiatives

• Budapest Open Access Initiative (2002)• Berlin Declaration on Open Access (2003)• OECD Ministerial Declaration on Access to Research Data

(2004)• IFLA Statement on Open Access (2004)• Funding agencies moving towards open access policies

– Wellcome Trust (UK)– RCUK– NIH (US)

• Open Access Publishing gaining supporters – U.K.: Biomed Central – U.S.: PLoS

• Salvador Declaration on Open Access: the developing world perspective (2005)

http://www.icml9.org/channel.php?lang=en&channel=91&content=439

Recent OA Meetings

• Open Access for Developing Countries, 9th International Congress on Medical Librarianship, 20-23 September 2005, Salvador, Brazil– http://www.icml9.org/meetings/openaccess/public/document

s/declaration.htm• International Conference on Strategies and Policies on Open

Access to Scientific Information, Beijing, China (2005)• Workshops on Open Access Repositories, MS Swamanathan

Research Foundation, Chennai, India, 2003• OSI organized workshops in S. Africa (2003), Ukraine (2005),

Lithuania (2005)

Canadian Context

Arthur J. CartyNational Science Advisor to the Prime MinisterInternational Association of Technological University Librarie, Quebec 31 May 2005

Some key Canadian Initiatives• Open Knowledge Project - John Willinsky UBC• SSHRC and Canada Foundation for Innovation – supporting development of

the Synergies Project• SSHRC - OA consultation (Should SSHRC mandate OA?)• Federal eLibrary (FSeL) – The Strategic Alliance of Federal Science and

Technology Libraries is proposing the creation of a virtual library for use by all Government of Canada scientists, S&T researchers & policy analysts

• Canadian Association of Research Library (CARL) - – developing a network of IRs and a central harvester– Funded the Knowledge Dissemination Study

• Canadian Research Knowledge Network - developing statement on OA• National Data Infrastructure – the National Consultation on Access to

Scientific Research Data (NCASRD) has recommended the creation of a national data infrastructure to ensure open and secure access to key databases of scientific & historical importance to Canada

• TOWARDS AN INTEGRATED KNOWLEDGE ECOSYSTEM: A CANADIAN RESEARCH STRATEGYA Report Submitted to the Canadian Association of Research Libraries / L'Association des bibliothèques de recherche du Canada (CARL/ABRC) Jan 2005

• http://www.kdstudy.ca/results.html

Academic publishing in Canada

• Little commercial interest

• Highly subsidized by government funding

• Most journals have low overseas subscription

• Most academic authors published outside of Canada

http://tspace.library.utoronto.ca

Faculty Benefits

Increased visibility Increased citation rates Increased readership Permanent links Copyright is not transferred Long-term preservation Persistent access Minimizes effort

Priority indexing and ranking in search engines

447 downloads in a year

Increased use

In a year, 4,177 hits

Prof Kenned’s online CV: 1681

ave. chapter visits 229

The library’s 6 copies

circulated once in past year (since online)

grand total of 57 times since 1992.

Most journals allow authors to openly post their work

Journal article

Control the use of your work:

creativecommons.ca

• Screen shots of a

– Technical report or a Working papers -kmdi

– Video (oise – multimedia) Technical reports

Presentations

Datasets

Audio

Video….

Operational aspects

EprintsServer

Operational aspects

Ploneserver

Operational aspects

NEW ISSUE PUBLISHED

ARTICLE CONVERSION

IMAGE CONVERSION

FILES GATHERED / CREATED

FINAL TOUCHES & CHECKING FOR ACCURACY

UPLOAD & CHECK EPrints & ARCHIVING

PDF

HTML

XML

sp2000sp2000

DSMZDSMZ

HTML Full Paper Repository


XMLConfig Files

XMLConfig Files

Abstracts Repository

(XML)


(XML)

PDFFull Paper Repository


Aux Files(XML/HTML)

Aux Files(XML/HTML)

ControlerDatabase

ControlerDatabase

Species NamesDatabase


AbstractsDatabase

AbstractsDatabase

OAIHarvester

OAIHarvester

OAIHarvester

OAIHarvester

OAIHarvester

abstract

journals

homepage

fullpaper

PDF fullpaper

UTDocument

tagging and formatting

UTDocument


XML

HTML

HTML

HT

ML

PDF

sp2000sp2000

DSMZDSMZ



XMLConfig Files

XMLConfig Files


(XML)


(XML)



ControlerDatabase

ControlerDatabase



AbstractsDatabase

AbstractsDatabase

OAIHarvester

OAIHarvester

OAIHarvester

OAIHarvester

OAIHarvester

abstract

journals

homepage

fullpaper

PDF fullpaper

UTDocument


UTDocument


XML

XM

L

Aux Files(XML/HTML)

Aux Files(XML/HTML)

HT

ML

<<articlearticle id="oc05011" lang="en" volume="100" number="01" month="02" year="2005“ pages="55-58" content="html" version="xml" received-date="20040319“ accepted-date="20041220" bioline-date="20050414" free="yes">>

<<titletitle lang="en">Antifungal activity from <taxon genus="Ocimum" species="gratissimum"><sp>Ocimum</sp> <sp>gratissimum</sp></taxon> L. towards <taxon genus="Cryptococcus" species="neoformans"><sp>Cryptococcus</sp> <sp>neoformans</sp></taxon> <</title/title>>

<<authorauthor>>Janine de Aquino Lemos, Xisto Sena Passos, Orionalda de Fátima Lisboa Fernandes, José Realino de Paula, Pedro Henrique Ferri, Lúcia Kioko Hasimoto e Souza, Aline de Aquino Lemos, Maria do Rosário Rodrigues Silva <</author/author>>

<<keywordkeyword lang="en">Ocimum gratissimum, essential oil, eugenol, Cryptococcus neoformans<</keyword/keyword>>

<<abstractabstract lang="en">Cryptococcal infection had an increased incidence in last years due to the explosion of acquired immune deficiency syndrome epidemic and by using new and effective immunosuppressive agents. The currently antifungal therapies used such as amphotericin B, fluconazole, and itraconazole have certain limitations due to side effects and emergence of resistant strains. So, a permanent search to find new drugs for cryptococcosis treatment is essential. Ocimum gratissimum, plant known as alfavaca (Labiatae family), has been reported earlier with in vitro activity against some bacteria and dermatophytes. In our work, we study the in vitro activity of the ethanolic crude extract, ethyl acetate, hexane, and chloroformic fractions, essential oil, and eugenol of O. gratissimum using an agar dilution susceptibility method towards 25 isolates of <taxon genus="Cryptococcus" species="neoformans"><sp>Cryptococcus</sp> <sp>neoformans</sp></taxon>. All the extracts of O. gratissimum studied showed activity in vitro towards C. neoformans. Based on the minimal inhibitory concentration values the most significant results were obtained with chloroformic fraction and eugenol. It was observed that chloroformic fraction inhibited 23 isolates (92%) of C. neoformans at a concentration of 62.5 μg/ml and eugenol inhibited 4 isolates (16%) at a concentration of 0.9 μg/ml. This screening may be the basis for the study of O. gratissimum as a possible antifungal agent.

<</abstract/abstract>>

<<copyrightcopyright>> Copyright 2005 - Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz.

<</copyright/copyright>>

<</article/article>>

Technical infrastructure

Low cost hardware– Intel based computers

Open Source / free software – Red Hat Linux OS– Perl– Javascript– PostgreSQL database– Apache Web Server

• Standard Technologies– HTML, XML, XSLT, SQL, SOAP

Results of OA so far - conventional

• Featured in various articles: e.g. "Open Archives Initiative Data Providers. Part II: Science and Technology," Library Hi Tech News 21, no. 5 (June 2004): 22-30. 22-30.

• http://www.public.iastate.edu/~gerrymck/OAI-DP-II.pdf

• Contacted by Bowker.com to provide information about the Bioline databases for Ulrich’s Serials Directory

• Bioline journals listed in the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ) – http://www.doaj.org

• Project recommended to journals by officials at the WHO

• Bioline E-Prints server included in ISI Current Web Contents - http://www.isinet.com/products/cap/ccc/cwc/

• Bioline journals included in numerous library e-journal & e-resource lists

Sample Bioline usage statistics

Year Journal Name 2002 2003 2004 Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (2068 articles) 11526 33001 116971

Neurology India (583 articles) 0 13295 41836

Journal of Postgraduate Medicine (500 articles) 2635 28187 43392

African Crop Science Journal (368 ar ticles) 6319 18556 37716

Agricultura T ecnica (263 articles) 856 9946 27621 Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology (253 articles) 0 1489 14997

Indian Journal of Surgery (237 articles) 0 11256 38389

African Journal of Biotechnology (212 articles) 249 11948 45732

Electronic Journal of Biotechnology (203 articles) 0 9169 37502

Indian Journal of Medical Sciences (157 articles) 0 7894 46358

Table 1. The ten journals with the most number of articles and their respective hits from 2002 to 2004

0100002000030000400005000060000700008000090000

100000110000120000

2002 2003 2004

MemÑrias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz(2068 articles)Neurology India (583 articles)

Journal of Postgraduate Medicine (500articles)

African Crop Science Journal (368articles)

Agricultura T?cnica (263 articles)

Indian Journal of Dermatology,Venereology and Leprology (253 articles)

Indian Journal of Surgery (237 articles)

African Journal of Biotechnology (212articles)

Electronic Journal of Biotechnology (203articles)

Indian Journal of Medical Sciences (157articles)

Fig 2. Graph showing the hits of the ten journals with the most number of articles

OA results

• Referral– 1st: Google (51892)– 2nd: Yahoo (16969)– 16th: DOAJ (3295)– 22nd: Eprints server (2168)

• Country domains– 55% (1,631,169) with IP from N. America– Europe (9.98%), South America (6.11%), Asia

(4.13%), Oceania (1.14%) and Africa (<1%)

Number of articles submitted, JPGM

Data from D.K. Sahu

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Journal of Postgraduate Medicine

2003 2004

Articles received 438 629

Decisions taken 437 550

Submissions and acceptance

rate

Articles accepted 143 [33% ] 106 [19%]

All articles 166 (38%) 189 (30%) Submissions from outside

India Original research papers 15% 31%

Time taken for first decision 24.78 31.82

Days from first submission to

acceptance

62.92[0,

181]

72.48[0,217]

Journal's performance

Days from acceptance to publication 71.16[1,192] 74.80[3,195]

Number of reviewers 1432 1699

Data from D.K. Sahu

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

%

2000 2001 2002 2003

From India

Overseas

International submissionsData from D.K. Sahu


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Submissions

Countries

UK

Data from D.K. Sahu


0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

2000 2001 2002 2003

Effect on citationsData from D.K. Sahu

ISI

Impa

ct F

acto

rJournal of Postgraduate Medicine

Sources: ISI Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar

Publicationyear

Citationyear

Total number ofcitationsin scientific journals (A)

No of articles other thaneditorials, letters, and news(B)

A/B

1998-1999 2000 2 60 0.031999-2000 2001 12 111 0.112000-2001 2002 34 147 0.232001-2002 2003 62 155 0.402002-2003 2004 137 173 0.78

Increasing CitationJournal of Postgraduate Medicine

Policy Issues

• The sure route to OA?

• Only 15-25% of scholarly material OA

• RCUK, Wellcome Trust

• SSHRC?– OA repository– OA journals– What about SSHRC subsidized journals?

Should OA be mandated?

Policy Issues

• Who pays for what

• Rights management

• Long term preservation

Documents

Strategies for building a global knowledge commons Leslie Chan Bioline International University of Toronto at Scarborough Institutional Repository and