strategic sanitation planning - World Water Week

PresentationPresentation from the 2008 World Water Week in StockholmPresentation from the 2008 World Water Week in Stockholm©The Author(s), all rights reserved

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Planning for Sustainable Sanitation in Cities

Clean towns: progress and prospects ofClean towns: progress and prospects of strategic sanitation planning in Ghana

Lukman Salifu

World Water Week, August 17 – 23, 2008 - Stockholm International Fairs and Congress Center. “Progress and Prospects on Water: For a Clean and Healthy World”.

WasteCare Associates, Accra

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Outline…

--- Background: principles & key elements of Strategic Sanitation Planning (SSP)Sanitation Planning (SSP)

--- Kumasi, changing trends : two decades = 1½ rounds of i t ti ?interventions ?

--- Overcoming barriers to clean towns: where do we start?Overcoming barriers to clean towns: where do we start?

--- Enabling elements: how do we listen to household decisions and implement community actions quickly?Lessons & prospects: rolling out nation wide district --- Lessons & prospects: rolling out nation-wide district environmental sanitation planning


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Background: strategic sanitation planning - Principles & elements

Elements

Situation Analysis

Principles

• No one size fits all – recommended • Situation Analysis

• Technical Options

o o e s e ts a eco e dedoptions for housing segments

• User preferences and willingness to • Technical Options

• Institutional Options

User preferences and willingness to pay

• Short planning horizon 10 15 years • Institutional Options

• Financing Options

• Short planning horizon 10- 15 years

• Overall plan put in financing k th t b i l t d • Financing Options

• Implementation

packages that can be implemented independently but together provides full coverage • Implementation

Strategyfull coverage

• dynamic plan that takes on board changing experiences and aspirationschanging experiences and aspirations


WASTECARE THE STRATEGIC SANITATION PLANNING PROCESS

Background: strategic sanitation planning - processTHE STRATEGIC SANITATION PLANNING PROCESS

PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION

SANITATION PLAN

MONITORING AND PROJECT

PREPARATION p1,

EXPERIENCE

EVALUATION p ,

p2, p3‐EXPERIENCE

PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION p1,

p2, p3‐

Plan Elements

• Situation Analysis

•Technical Options•Financial Options•Institutional Options•Implementation StrategyStrategy


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Kumasi: 1½ Rounds of interventions in 2 decadesKSP Pilot(1989 – 1994)

SSP K i (1994 2000)

UESP – Phase 1(1996 – 2002)

d t f SSP i d i

UESP – Phase 2(2005 – 2010)

U d t f SSP iSSP-Kumasi (1994 - 2000)

- WTP Survey

update of SSP + primary drainage study and intervention + treatment & disposal facilities for solid/liquid wastes

Update of SSP + primary drainage interventions + improving O&M of facilities & services

Housing Segments• Tenement - simplified sewerage (8km – WSPonds)

wastesHousing Segments• Tenement - simplified sewerage• Indigenous - KVIP Latrines (1600

servicesHousing Segments• Tenement - simplified sewerage

I di KVIP L t i• Indigenous - KVIP Latrines (400 out of deficit 12,000)• Government - Septic Tanks• High Cost - Septic tanks

deficit 11,000 ??)• Government - Septic Tank• High Cost - Septic tanks

• Indigenous - KVIP Latrines (2000 deficit 10,900 ??)• Government - Septic Tank• High Cost - Septic tanksHigh Cost Septic tanks

Institutional Strengthening• creation of dedicated wastes mgt. dept

Institutional Strengthening• franchise collection and privatised waste collection

g pInstitutional Strengthening• Extending franchise SWM zones

i f di l f ili ig p

• franchise management of public toilets• revolving loan scheme for latrine promotion

• franchise management of public toilets, BOT, BOO• 50-50 subsidy project/beneficiary for household toilet promotion

• private mgt of disposal facilities• drainage maintenance unit• 15% subsidy for household toilet promotionlatrine promotion for household toilet promotion promotion


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Changing trends …Some issues that we need to consider:• Have housing segments remained the same ?• Have housing segments remained the same ?

• Which aspect of “cleaning” towns do we start with?Which aspect of cleaning towns do we start with?

•How do we achieve the important Situational pAnalyses that reflect household decisions and enable area-wide(communal) actions?( )

•How do we accelerate coverage of infrastructure and services, (scale-up country-wide)? In 2007, 105 towns with population above 15,000 besides five largest cities. In 2015 additional 30 towns.


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Changing trends …housing segments

Criteria Tenement Housing Indigenous Housing New Government Housing

High-cost Housing

Low density (newly developing areas)

Population (year 2000)

170,000 people. 470,000 people 60,000 people.8% f l i

70,000 people. 85,000 people.2000) 22% of population. 55% of population. 8% of population.

p p10% of population.

15% of population.

Housing 300-600 persons/ha.2-3 storey buildings with 20-30 rooms and inner

80-250 persons/ha.Single storey homes with 5-10 rooms and

50 persons/ha.Rows of detached single-storey homes

10-15 persons/ha.Detached single family homes on

5 -10 persons/ha.Detached single family homes in20-30 rooms and inner

courtyard10-20 families (40-100 persons).Street in front and rear ll

with 5-10 rooms and interior courtyards. 4-10 families (20-50 persons).Street in front and rear ll

single-storey homes in walled compounds with 2-3 rooms.1-2 families.St t i f t

family homes on large lots with 5-8 rooms and servants’ quarters.

family homes in mixed single-double storeys on 30m x30 m lots with 5-8 rooms

alley. alley. Street in front, no rear alley.

Water use Water use = 60 lcd.90% of homes have house connections and 25% have

Water use = 40 lcd.25% of the homes have yard taps, others buy

Water use = 80-100 lcd.All houses have full

Water use = 100-120 lcd.All houses have

Water use = 60 -80 lcd.All houses have full i l l bimultiple fixtures. water from neighbours internal plumbing. full internal

plumbing.internal plumbing. Rely mostly on water vendors

Existing sanitation facilities

45% septic tanks.40% public latrines.10% Si lifi d S

60% public latrines.25 % Traditional Pit l t i

100% septic tanks. 100% septic tanks, partial d i fi ld

100 % septic tanks without drain fields

10% Simplified Sewerage5% KVIPs

latrines5% KVIPs5%???

drain fields


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HUMAN WASTE GENERATION AND DISPOSAL, KUMASI (1990)LIQUID VOLUME (M3/DAY) AND DRY WEIGHT (KG/DAY)Changing trends …

HOUSEHOLDS USING PUBLIC LATRINES 230,000 PEOPLE

PUBLIC LATRINES & CESSPITS (HOLDING

TANKS)

DESLUDGING TRUCKS

565m3 9200

60m3

3000 kg60m3

4000 kg

,

HOUSEHOLDS WITH CONSERVANCY

)

LAN

DFI

LL

565m3 9200 kg

65m3

3350 kg

250m3

8360 kg

10m3

600 kg10m3

500 kg

BUCKET LATRINES 150,000 PEOPLE

WORKERS

HOUSEHOLDS WITH

240m3 6000 kg

60m3

3000 kg

160m3

2000 kg

SEPTIC TANKSWCs150,000 PEOPLE 1140m3

6000 kg560m3

2760 kg280m3

2760 kg

50m3

600 kg

HOUSEHOLDS WITH TRAD. PIT LATRINES

40,000 PEOPLEPITS

STREAM

65m3

1600 kg

HOUSEHOLDS USING BUSH

30,000 PEOPLE

STREAMSOPEN STREET DRAINS

NEIGHBOURHOOD DUMPS

1,435M3/DAY – 12,650 KG/DAYTOTAL LOADING

60m3

1200 kg


WASTECARE HUMAN WASTE GENERATION AND DISPOSAL, KUMASI (2000)

LIQUID VOLUME (M3/DAY) AND DRY WEIGHT (KG/DAY)Changing trends …

HOUSEHOLDS USING PUBLIC LATRINES 115,000

PEOPLE

PUBLIC LATRINES & CESSPITS (HOLDING

TANKS)

DESLUDGING TRUCKS

HOUSEHOLDS WITH BUCKET LATRINES ??? EXTINCT

LAN

DFI

LL

SEPTIC TANKSHOUSEHOLDS WITH WCs

350,000 PEOPLE

HOUSEHOLDS WITH TRAD. PIT LATRINES

160,000 PEOPLEPITS

STREAM

SIMPLIFIED SEWERS250,000 PEOPLE

STREAM

WASTE STABLIZATION

POND

STREAMSOPEN STREET DRAINS

NEIGHBOURHOOD DUMPS

1 435M3/DAY – 12 650 KG/DAY

HOUSEHOLDS USING BUSH

1,435M3/DAY 12,650 KG/DAYTOTAL LOADING


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Overcoming barriers to clean towns – where do we start?

Diarrhoeal episodes per child per year in favelas in Salvador, Brazil, 1989-90

No toilet

Diarrhoeal episodes per child per year in favelas in Salvador, Brazil, 1989-90

7

6

No toilet

No drainage

5

4 Drains only

3

2

With toilet

D i &

With toilet

1

Drains & sewers

Individual households Communities as a whole

The benefits of investments in communal environmental sanitation go beyond toiletsSource: Adapted from UNDP Human Development Report 2006 (Cairncross and others 2003)


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SULLAGE DISPOSAL

EXCRETA DISPOSAL

STORMWATER DRAINAGE

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Integration of environmental sanitation services is essential:

DRAINAGEMANAGEMENT

Integration of environmental sanitation services is essential:•Sullage and stormwater are often carried in the same drains.•Maintenance of drains and sewers will be more difficult where there is poor solid waste management is poorg p•Some excreta disposal methods (for instance pit latrines) will require that separate provision is made for sullage disposal

S St t i Pl i f M i i l S it ti GHK R h & T i i Ltd i A i ti ith WEDC dSource: Strategic Planning for Municipal Sanitation, GHK Research & Training Ltd in Association with WEDC and WSP-SA, July 2000.


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Enabling elements of strategic environmental sanitation plans

Recognising household decisions ( and coping strategies) to enable community action, but what of constraints of full WTP surveys (time and cost) ?

Apply Environmental Sanitation Assessment and

y ( )

Audit tool as part of SSPlaning; we still segment towns for area-wide solutions but also:

- Simplified household questionnaire survey- Environmental Profiling- Focus Group Discussions- Technical and Institutional Audit


WASTECARE FLOW CHART FOR ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION ASSESSMENT AND AUDIT

Enabling elements of strategic environmental sanitation plansFLOW CHART FOR ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION ASSESSMENT AND AUDIT

Define Scope of Environmental Sanitation Assessment and Audit

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AuditAssessment Assemble all relevant Documents – Guidelines, Regulations, Standards, etc

Develop Audit Framework

Administer survey Instruments

Evaluate and Analyse Documents

Develop instruments for Assessment

Identify gaps, overlaps etc Conduct Audity y g p , p

Compile and Analyse Findings Compile and Analyse Findings

Plan Improvements

OUTPUTS

Managements ImprovementsPolicy Recommendations

Town Env. San. Devp. pPlan and financing packages


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Lessons…adapting the Principles of (CLTS)

• Community-based appraisal of currentsanitation practices, including open-

•Maintaining an open-defaecation-free (ODF) environment, as an essential p , g p

defaecation.

• The need to maintain personal

( ) ,element that triggers and sustains collective behaviour change

• The need to maintain personalhygiene by all community members forgood public health outcomes, andrecognizing the main pathways for

• Identifying existing “anchor groups” within communities and building strategies around their main thrust of activitiesrecognizing the main pathways for

common diseases related to poorsanitation and hygiene, not water

around their main thrust of activities

• identifying and harnessing communal f i t i i i h

• Avoiding the reliance of project-typesubsidy driven installation of even

resources for maintaining services – share of proceeds of franchised toilets for O&M of drains

demonstration latrines


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From lessons to prospects…framework for Env. Sanitation in Ghana

Raising awareness for behavioural change - encompassingRaising awareness for behavioural change - encompassing advocacy at the highest political levels, effectively implementing policies, and enhancing environmental sanitation ed cation and enforcement managementsanitation education and enforcement management

Phased planning and programming for incremental improvements in all aspects of environmental sanitation services based on; District and National environmental ;sanitation strategies and actions plans, strategic investment plan

Ensuring effective coordination of, and collaboration among, sector stakeholders for country-wide adoption of policies, plans and programmes; Aligning resource flows to government procedures, coordination for Multi-Budget Donor Supportpp


WASTECARE Prospects: scaling up to national level planning (NESSAP)

National Environmental Sanitation Strategy and Action Plan

Table of Contents

Strategy and Action Plan

(NESSAP):

Give policy legs (implement

Cha

pter

1te

rIntroduction and Background

Give policy legs (implement policy objectives and measures at decentralised levels)

Cha

pter

Cha

pt

3

2 National Profile

Current state of environ-mental sanitation

Strategic Environmental Sanitation Investment Plan (SESIP):

CC

hapt

erpt

er

4

3National Objectives &Strategies

Services and Infrastruc

Provide financing framework for harmonised strategy and actions

Cha

pC

hapt

er

6

5Services and Infrastruc-ture requirements

Financial Implications actionsC 6


WASTECARE “Closing-the-Loop” – Defining Activities & Searching for demand drivers for Eco-Prospects…broadening technology options

g p g gtoilets


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Prospects…taking on board changing trends

• promoting sanitation as part of home improvementimprovement

• revisit financing options - promoting toilets usingrevisit financing options promoting toilets using revolving loans under “concessionary” terms

h i d i fi d dit h• anchoring around micro-finance and credit schemes for improving livelihoods

• empowering women may be one of the most successful mechanisms for increasing effectivesuccessful mechanisms for increasing effective demand – focus on women’s groups

idi t il t d i t h ti f iliti• providing toilets and rainwater harvesting facilities…World Water Week, August 17 – 23, 2008 - Stockholm International Fairs and Congress Center. “Progress and Prospects on Water: For a Clean and Healthy World”.

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“Civilized man could embark on no task nobler than sanitary reform”Boston Board of Health, 1869Boston Board of Health, 1869

Thank you for your kind attentionThank you for your kind attention
