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8/2/2019 Strategic planning for city networks: The emergence of a Basque Global City? (Eng)/ Planificación estratégica para …
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/strategic-planning-for-city-networks-the-emergence-of-a-basque-global-city 1/32
Brfd|zrk Wbrfmeg Xkxdr \drmd|me Zdrrmzbrmka Lbcxdzmzmyded||
Etcodr ?88>#84 .DE-
M\\E ;=>=#;?>>
\zrkzdgml xakeemeg ibr lmz} edzwbrf|0Znd dcdrgdeld bi k Ok|{td Gaboka Lmz}2
Dydrz Cdm`dr|! @brm| Nbdf|zrk! _mlkrjb Kgtkjb
Dydrz Cdm`dr|! BZO _d|dkrln Me|zmztzd ibr Nbt|meg! Troke kej Cbomamz} \ztjmd|!Jdaiz Temydr|mz} bi Zdlnebabg}d%`%cdm`dr|Hztjdaiz%ea
@brm| Nbdf|zrk! BZO _d|dkrln Me|zmztzd ibr Nbt|meg! Troke kej Cbomamz} \ztjmd|!Jdaiz Temydr|mz} bi Zdlnebabg} `%|%l%c%nbdf|zrkHztjdaiz%ea
_mlkrjb Kgtkjb! Brfd|zrk#Ok|{td Me|zmztzd bi Lbcxdzmzmyded||rkgtkjbHbrfd|zrk%jdt|zb%d|
Fd}wbrj|0Xba}ldezrml troke rdgmbe|! Dt|Fka Nmrmk! Ok|{td Gaboka Lmz}! lbcxdzmzmyded||
@DA Lbjd|0
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8/2/2019 Strategic planning for city networks: The emergence of a Basque Global City? (Eng)/ Planificación estratégica para …
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/strategic-planning-for-city-networks-the-emergence-of-a-basque-global-city 2/32
K \zrkzdgml xakeemeg ibr lmz} edzwbrf|0 Znd dcdrgdeld bi k Ok|{td GabokaLmz}2
Znrbtgnbtz Dtrbxd! xbaml}#ckfdr| krd jdydabxmeg xbamlmd| zb ib|zdr znd |xkzmka! dlbebcml kej |blmkajdydabxcdez bi wnkz m|! me znd amzdrkztrd! bizde zdrcdj „xba}ldezrml troke rdgmbe|”0 k rdgmbeka lat|zdr bilab|d#o} lmzmd|% Mz m| k||tcdj znkz zkfmeg k |dz bi rdakzmyda} |ckaa br cdjmtc#|mpdj lmzmd| zbgdzndr bxde| txxb||momamzmd| ibr rdgmbeka dlbebcml grbwzn% Me znm| xkxdr wd xtz ibrwkrj znkz znd |mcxad iklz znkz k rdgmbe m|xba}ldezrml jbd| ebz edld||krma} cdke znkz mz m| cbrd lbcxdzmzmyd% Ibr znkz zb nkxxde! mz eddj| zb dybaydmezb k wdaa mezdgrkzdj troke edzwbrf lnkrklzdrm|dj o} ke bxzmcka t|d bi mz| lrmzmlka ck||! d~xabmzkzmbe bilbcxadcdezkrmzmd| kej o} |xkzmka mezdrklzmbe%\zrkzdgml xakeemeg ibr znd jdydabxcdez bi |tln xba}ldezrml troke rdgmbe| me cke} lk|d| meybayd| xakeemegbe k rdakzmyda} edw |lkad! ok|dj txbe edw |zkrzmeg xbmez| kej zkfmeg be obkrj edw |zrkzdgml bo`dlzmyd|%Znm| xkxdr xrd|dez| bed bi znd imr|z .;==8|- zdrrmzbrmka jdydabxcdez ym|mbe| ibr xba}ldezrml troke rdgmbe|!znd zdrrmzbrmka jdydabxcdez |zrkzdg} ibr znd Ok|{td ktzbebcbt| rdgmbe% Znd fd} mjdk bi znm| |zrkzdg}!akodadj Dt|fka Nmrmk .„Ok|{td Gaboka Lmz}”-! m| d~klza} kmcdj kz jdydabxmeg znd edzwbrfmeg odzwdde mz| znrddckme lmzmd| .Omaokb! \ke \dok|zmke kej Ymzbrmk-%
Xakemimlklmüe d|zrkzígmlk xkrk ebjb| jd lmtjkjd|0 ²ak kxkrmlmüe jd tek lmtjkjyk|lk gaboka2
K ab akrgb } kelnb jd Dtrbxk! ak lak|d xbaãzmlk d|zë jd|krrbaakejb xbaãzmlk| xkrk ikybrdldr da jd|krrbaab d|xklmka!dlbeücmlb } |blmka jd ab {td de ak amzdrkztrk |d jdebcmek ‑rdgmbed| xbamlíezrmlk| trokek|–0 te lat|zdr rdgmbekaibrckjb xbr lmtjkjd| ldrlkek|% Ak amzdrkztrk k|tcd {td ka kgrtxkr tek |drmd jd lmtjkjd| jd zkckûb xd{tdûb bcdjmkeb |d ikybrdldrëe ak| xb|momamjkjd| jd abgrkr te ck}br jd|krrbaab rdgmbeka% De d|zd zrkok`b jd|krrbaakrdcb| ak
mjdk jd {td da cdrb ndlnb jd {td tek rdgmüe |dk xbamlíezrmlk eb mcxamlk edld|krmkcdezd {td yk}k k |dr cë|lbcxdzmzmyk% Xkrk {td d|b |tldjk jdod jkr|d tek dybatlmüe jd|jd da |mcxad xbamldezrm|cb nklmk ak lbeimgtrklmüe jdte ebjb trokeb omde mezdgrkjb! lkrklzdrmpkjb xbr te t|b üxzmcb jd |t ck|k lrãzmlk! jd ak| lbcxadcdezkrmdjkjd|dezrd eðladb| trokeb| } jd ak mezdrkllmüe d|xklmka%
Ak xakemimlklmüe d|zrkzígmlk xkrk da jd|krrbaab jd rdgmbed| xbamlíezrmlk| trokek| rd{tmdrd! de ctlnb| lk|b|! tekxakemimlklmüe k xkrzmr jd etdyk| d|lkak|! ok|kjk| de etdyb| xtezb| jd xkrzmjk } zdemdejb de ltdezk etdyb| bo`dzmyb|d|zrkzígmlb|% D|zd zrkok`b xrd|dezk tek jd ak| xrmcdrk| .;==8- ym|mbed| xkrk da jd|krrbaab jd rdgmbed| trokek|xbamlíezrmlk|! ak d|zrkzdgmk jd jd|krrbaab zdrrmzbrmka xkrk ak Lbctemjkj Ktzüebck jda Xkã| Yk|lb% Ak mjdk xrmelmxka jdd|zk d|zrkzdgmk! jdebcmekjk Dt|fka Nmrmk .lmtjkj yk|lk- lbe|m|zd de jd|krrbaakr ak| mezdrkllmbed| dezrd ak| zrd|lkxmzkad| yk|lk| .Omaokb! Ymzbrmk } \ke \dok|zmëe%
Nmrm ebjbdzkrkfb xakegmezpk d|zrkzdgmfbk0 dt|fka nmrm gabokak kpkazpde krm kajk2
Dtrbxk b|bke pdnkr! xbamzmfkrmkf xbamzmfkf gkrkzpde krm jmrk amzdrkztrke ‑nmrm d|ftkajd xbampdezrmfb‑ jdmztzkfbde gkrkxded|xkpmkak! dfbebcmfbk dzk |bpmkak otazpkzpdfb% Nmrm d|ftkajd xbampdezrmfbkf dafkrrdegkejmf ntroma jktjde nmrmdfb|kztzkfb d|ftkajdfb fat|zdrrkf jmrk% Amzdrkztrkf kjmzpdrk dckzde jmgt nkmeokz nmrm z~mfm djb drzkme ctazpbfkzpdeokjmztgt! d|ftkajdfb gkrkxde nkejmkgbk abrzpdfb ktfdrk gdnmkgb mpkegb jmrdak% Ake nbedzke kpkajt eknm jtgt dpjdak ptpdek bejbrmbpzkzpdk d|ftkajd okz xbampdezrmfbk okjk! ptpdedke adnmkfbrrkgbk mpkegb jdak% Mpke drd!adnmkfbrrk mpkzdfb! xbampdezrmfb ntz| mpkzdzmf begm mezdgrkztzkfb nmrm ebjb mpkzdrk xk|kzt odnkr jk% Nmrm ebjb nbrrdedpktgkrrm mpkegb jmrk ck|k frmzmfbkrde! nmrmgtedde krzdfb b|kgkrrmzk|tekrde dzk d|xkpmbfb dafkrrdfmezpkrde drkomadrkbedek%
Nmrm d|ftkajd xbampdezrmfbkf gkrkzpdfb xakegmezpk d|zrkzdgmfbkf d|fkzpde jt! fk|t k|fbzke! xakegmezpk dgmzdfb d|fkakodrrmdzkzmf komkzpdk! komkxtezt odrrmdzke bmekrrmzpde jmrdekf! dzk ndaotrt d|zrkzdgmfb odrrmkf fbeztke nkrzpdejmztpzdekf% Ake nbedzke nmrm d|ftkajd xbampdezrmfbkf gkrkzpdfb adndedegb mft|xdgmdzkfb okz .;==8- ktrfdpzde jtgt!Dt|fka Ktzbebcmk Drfmjdgbfb atrrkajd gkrkxdedfb d|zrkzdgmk% D|zrkzdgmk nbrrdf Dt|fka Nmrmk mpdek nkrzt jt dzk mjdmkekgt|mk jk DKDfb nmrt nmrmotrtde krzdfb .Omaob! Gk|zdmp dzk Jbeb|zmk- dafkrrdfmezpkf gkrkzpdk%
8/2/2019 Strategic planning for city networks: The emergence of a Basque Global City? (Eng)/ Planificación estratégica para …
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/strategic-planning-for-city-networks-the-emergence-of-a-basque-global-city 3/32
;% MEZ_BJTLZMBE0 \Z_KZDGML XAKEEMEG IB_ LAT\ZD_\ BI LMZMD\
Wnmad jtrmeg znd ;=>8| troke kej rdgmbeka xakeemeg ckmea} iblt|dj be |xdlmiml
jdydabxcdez xrb`dlz| kej akej t|d rdgtakzmbe! wd nkyd wmzed||dj k rd#dcdrgdeld bi
lbcxrdnde|myd! |zrkzdgml |xkzmka xakeemeg ibr lmzmd|! lmz}#rdgmbe| kej rdgmbe| irbc znd
;==8| bewkrj| .\kadz kej Ikatjm! ?8886 Kaordlnz| dz ka %! ?88<-% \zrkzdgml |xkzmka
xakeemeg kmc| zb xrbymjd ke mezdgrkzdj irkcdwbrf ibr zdrrmzbrmka jdydabxcdez kej
meyd|zcdez| xrb`dlz|%
Irbc k |to|zkezmyd xbmez bi ymdw! k ck`br zndcd me cke} |zrkzdgml zdrrmzbrmka
jdydabxcdez xake| nk| odlbcd „xba}ldezrml jdydabxcdez”% Znm| kxxdkr| akrgda} jtd
zb mz| me|drzmbe me znd ;=== Dtrbxdke \xkzmka Jdydabxcdez Xdr|xdlzmyd .LDL! ;===6
Ikatjm kej Wkzdrnbtz! ?88?6 Jkybtjm! ?88<-% Bed rdk|be ibr znd xbxtakrmz} bi znm|
lbeldxz m| mz| xrbcm|d bi amefmeg xbzdezmkaa} lbeiamlzmeg bo`dlzmyd| |tln k|
lbcxdzmzmyded||! lbnd|mbe kej |t|zkmekomamz}% Znd bo`dlzmyd bi xba}ldezrml
jdydabxcdez m| ltrrdeza} odmeg zkfde itrzndr me znd ltrrdez jdokzd kobtz k Dtrbxdke
zdrrmzbrmka lbnd|mbe xbaml} .Ikatjm! ?884! ?8896 Lbtelma bi znd Dtrbxdke Tembe! ?8896
LDCKZ! ?8896 DT Cmem|zdr| _d|xbe|moad ibr \xkzmka Xakeemeg kej Jdydabxcdez!
?8876 Zkzpodrgdr! ?88>-%
Kz xrd|dez! d~xamlmz xakeemeg ibr |tln xba}ldezrml troke rdgmbe| m| k idkztrd bi
|zrkzdgml rdgmbeka jdydabxcdez |zrkzdgmd| me cke} Dtrbxdke lbtezrmd| .|dd Cdm`dr|!
?884-! kaznbtgn |tln rdgmbeka lat|zdr| bi lmzmd| krd gdedrkaa} ebz rdidrrdj zb k|
xba}ldezrml troke rdgmbe|% _kzndr! xbaml} ckfdr| bizde rdidr zb zndc k| „troke
edzwbrf|” br „lmz} edzwbrf|”% T|d m| ckjd bi znd edzwbrf cdzkxnbr zb dcxnk|m|d znd
kaadgdj br jd|mrdj lbcxad~ kej |zrbeg rdakzmbe|nmx| odzwdde znd lmzmd| kej k| |tln
znd lbndrdeld kej temz} bi znd rdgmbe%
Xakeemeg ibr xba}ldezrml troke rdgmbe| me cke} lk|d| meybayd| xakeemeg be k
rdakzmyda} edw |lkad! ok|dj txbe edw |zkrzmeg xbmez| kej zkfmeg be obkrj edw
|zrkzdgml bo`dlzmyd| .Akcordgz|! ?888-% D~dcxakr} me znm| lk|d m| bed bi znd imr|z
.;==8|- dakobrkzdj zdrrmzbrmka jdydabxcdez ym|mbe| ibr xba}ldezrml troke rdgmbe|! znd
zdrrmzbrmka jdydabxcdez |zrkzdg} ibr znd Ok|{td ktzbebcbt| rdgmbe me \xkme% Znd fd}
mjdk bi znm| |zrkzdg}! akodadj Dt|fka Nmrmk .„Ok|{td Gaboka Lmz}”-! m| znkz znd lrmzmlka
ck|| bi znd Ok|{td ktzbebcbt| rdgmbe lke od melrdk|dj mi mz| znrdd lkxmzka#lmzmd|
.Omaokb! \ke \dok|zmke kej Ymzbrmk- krd lbcxadcdezkr} zb dkln bzndr! kej mi znd} krd
;
8/2/2019 Strategic planning for city networks: The emergence of a Basque Global City? (Eng)/ Planificación estratégica para …
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/strategic-planning-for-city-networks-the-emergence-of-a-basque-global-city 4/32
mezdgrkzdj me k xba}ldezrml troke edzwbrf wmzn cke} mezdrklzmbe| kej lb#bxdrkzmbe
odzwdde dkln bi znd lmzmd|! k| wdaa k| wmzn znd rd|z bi znd zdrrmzbr}%
Me znm| lbezrmotzmbe! wd d~xabrd znd adydrkgd bi znd |zrkzdgml rdgmbeka jdydabxcdez
|zrkzdg} ibr znd Ok|{td ktzbebcbt| rdgmbe! kmcdj kz „femzzmeg” zbgdzndr mz| znrdd ckme
lmzmd| mezb bed „Ok|{td Gaboka Lmz}”% Me wnkz |de|d nk| mz odde koad zb xrbymjd k xbaml}
irkcdwbrf lkxkoad bi jmrdlzmeg kej kezmlmxkzmeg itztrd |xkzmka jdydabxcdez|! kej zb
klztkaa} cbomam|d |xkzmka klzbr| zb zkfd znd edld||kr} |zdx| zb |nmiz znd Ok|{td
Lbtezr}”| zdrrmzbrmka jdydabxcdez zrk`dlzbr} me |tln k wk} znkz ke troke edzwbrf “ me
znd zrtd |de|d bi znd wbrj “ nk| dcdrgdj2
Me ke|wdrmeg znm| rd|dkrln {td|zmbe! wd otmaj be znd rdldez klkjdcml jdokzd be znd
|xkzmka brgkem|kzmbe kej itelzmbemeg bi xba}ldezrml troke rdgmbe| kej znd lnkaadegd|
bi |zrkzdgml |xkzmka xakeemeg me |tln rdgmbe|% Wd kjbxz k zwb#|zdx kxxrbkln% Imr|z! wd
wmaa k||d|| zb wnkz d~zdez znd ym|mbe be znd jd|mrdj |xkzmka jdydabxcdez bi znd
xba}ldezrml troke |}|zdc me znd Ok|{td ktzbebcbt| rdgmbe nk| „ckzdrmkampdj” me
xrklzmld% Znm| keka}|m| kjjrd||d| k „itelzmbeka” jmcde|mbe% \dlbej! wd ztre zb k cbrd
gdedrka jm|lt||mbe be znd mcxklz bi |xkzmka jdydabxcdez |zrkzdgmd| kej lbe|mjdr
wndzndr |bcd ok|ml rd{tmrdcdez| ibr diidlzmyd |xkzmka jdydabxcdez krd cdz me znd
Ok|{td ktzbebcbt| rdgmbe%
Znd xkxdr m| |zrtlztrdj k| ibaabw|% Me |dlzmbe ?! wd |zkrz wmzn k ormdi zndbrdzmlka
rdymdw bi wnkz |nbtaj od lbe|mjdrdj znd ckme |xkzmka jdydabxcdez lnkaadegd me
xba}ldezrml troke rdgmbe|% Znm| lnkaadegd lke od lnkrklzdrm|dj k| jdydabxmeg znd
lbaadlzmbe bi lmzmd| mezb k wdaa mezdgrkzdj troke edzwbrf% Me |dlzmbe < wd xrd|dez znd
zdrrmzbrmka jdydabxcdez |zrkzdg} bi znd Ok|{td ktzbebcbt| rdgmbe kej d~kcmed nbw
mz jdka| wmzn znm| lnkaadegd! ed~z zb xrbymjmeg k ormdi mezrbjtlzmbe bi znm| rdgmbe% Me
|dlzmbe : wd wmaa dcxmrmlkaa} keka}|d znd d~zdez zb wnmln znd znrdd lmzmd| me znd Ok|{td
ktzbebcbt| rdgmbe nkyd dybaydj be zndmr xkzn zb odlbcmeg k wdaa mezdgrkzdj troke
edzwbrf% Cbrd |xdlmimlkaa}! znrdd m||td| wmaa od d~xabrdj me jdzkma0 lrmzmlka ck||!
lbcxadcdezkrmzmd| kej |xkzmka mezdrklzmbe|% Me |dlzmbe 4! wd xrbymjd k cbrd gdedrka
jm|lt||mbe bi znd diidlzmyded|| bi |xkzmka jdydabxcdez |zrkzdgmd| kej lbe|mjdr
wndzndr |bcd ok|ml rd{tmrdcdez| ibr diidlzmyd |zrkzdgml |xkzmka xakeemeg krd cdz me
znd Ok|{td ktzbebcbt| rdgmbe% Wd rbtej bi wmzn k lbelatjmeg |dlzmbe 9%
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8/2/2019 Strategic planning for city networks: The emergence of a Basque Global City? (Eng)/ Planificación estratégica para …
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/strategic-planning-for-city-networks-the-emergence-of-a-basque-global-city 5/32
?% ZND JDYDABXCDEZ LNKAADEGD0 I_BC XBA]LDEZ_ML T_OKE
_DGMBE ZB T_OKE EDZWB_F
Znd iklz znkz me |b cke} Dtrbxdke lbtezrmd| xbaml} ckfdr| nkyd mjdezmimdj k lat|zdr
bi lab|d#o} lmzmd| k| k rdadykez |xkzmka dezmz} zb xake ibr! jdcbe|zrkzd| znd grdkz
xbzdezmka znkz m| lbccbea} kzzrmotzdj zb |tln rdgmbe|% Nbwdydr! znd |mcxad iklz znkz k
rdgmbe m| xba}ldezrml jbd| ebz edld||krma} cdke znkz mz m| cbrd lbcxdzmzmyd% Ibr znkz zb
nkxxde! mz eddj| zb dybayd mezb k wdaa mezdgrkzdj troke edzwbrf .Cdm`dr|! ?887k-%
Wnmad k xba}ldezrml troke rdgmbe lke od ok|mlkaa} mjdezmimdj be znd ok|m| bi znd „mckgd
be znd ckx” .k lat|zdrmeg bi lmzmd|-! ke troke edzwbrf m| lnkrklzdrm|dj o} idkztrd|
|tln k| |mpd edtzrkamz}! lbcxadcdezkrmz}! ebjkamz}! nbrmpbezka klld||momamz}! kej zwb#
wk} iabw| odzwdde lmzmd|! wnmln rdiadlz znd rdgmbekam|kzmbe bi beld ablka nbt|meg kej
akobtr ckrfdz| .Okzzde! ;==46 Yke jdr Fekkx! ?88?6 Cdm`dr|! ?887k-% Mi k xba}ldezrml
troke rdgmbe wkez| zb od lbcxdzmzmyd! mz eddj| zb dybayd mezb ke troke edzwbrf%
Me brjdr zb k||d|| wndzndr kej zb wnkz d~zdez k xba}ldezrml troke rdgmbe nk|
jdydabxdj mezb ke troke edzwbrf! |dydrka k|xdlz| eddj zb od lbe|mjdrdj% Znm|
melatjd| ke keka}|m| bi znd lrmzmlka ck|| xrd|dez me znd rdgmbe kej zb wnkz d~zdez mz
klztkaa} m| d~xabmzdj! ke keka}|m| bi lbcxadcdezkrmzmd| odzwdde znd lmzmd| k| wdaa k|
ke keka}|m| bi mezdrklzmbe| odzwdde znd lmzmd| .br znd klzbr| wmznme zndc-% Nbwdydr!
wd |zkrz wmzn ke mezrbjtlzmbe zb btr lk|d |ztj} rdgmbe kej xrd|dez znd |zrkzdgml |xkzmka
jdydabxcdez |zrkzdg} bi znd Ok|{td ktzbebcbt| rdgmbe me cbrd jdzkma%
<% ZND OK\[TD \Z_KZDGML ZD__MZB_MKA JDYDABXCDEZ \Z_KZDG]
Znd jdydabxcdez lnkaadegd jd|lrmodj kobyd nk| odde rdlbgem|dj me znd Ok|{td
ktzbebcbt| rdgmbe k| wdaa% Odibrd d~xabrmeg znd |xkzmka jdydabxcdez |zrkzdg} me
cbrd jdzkma! wd wmaa imr|z mezrbjtld znd Ok|{td ktzbebcbt| rdgmbe kej mz| ck`br lmzmd|%
<%; Znd Ok|{td Lbtezr}
Znd Ok|{td ktzbebcbt| rdgmbe wmzn bydr ? cmaambe menkomzkez| m| ablkzdj me znd ebrzn
bi \xkme% Mz lbe|m|z| bi znrdd xrbymeld|0 Kakyk! Ompfkmk! kej Gmxtpfbk% Znd Ok|{tdLbtezr} m| lnkrklzdrmpdj o} k xba}ldezrml troke |}|zdc% Znd znrdd lkxmzka| bi znd
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8/2/2019 Strategic planning for city networks: The emergence of a Basque Global City? (Eng)/ Planificación estratégica para …
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/strategic-planning-for-city-networks-the-emergence-of-a-basque-global-city 6/32
xrbymeld| krd znd ckme lmzmd| kej krd ablkzdj wmznme rdk|bekoad jm|zkeld bi dkln
bzndr% Znd|d lmzmd| krd Omaokb! \ke \dok|zmke kej Ymzbrmk% Znd} krd znd ldezrd bi k
omggdr krdk znkz m| lab|da} rdakzdj zb znd ldezrka lmz}% Me znm| xkxdr wd t|d znd|d omggdr
krdk| .|b#lkaadj lbckrlk|- k| znd temz bi keka}|m|% Zkoad ; xrbymjd| ok|ml |zkzm|zml|
be znd|d lmz}#rdgmbe|%
Zkoad ; Ok|ml mejmlkzbr| bi znd znrdd Ok|{td lmz}#rdgmbe|
GrkeOmaokb
.Omaokb-
AakekjkKakyd|k
.Ymzbrmk-
Jbeb|zmkajdk
.\ke\dok|zmke-
Xbxtakzmbe lmz}#rdgmbe.?884- >7;%99; ?<=%=:< <;>%9>4
Xbxtakzmbe lbrd lmz} .?889- <4;%;7= ??=%99> ;>8947
\trikld me |{tkrd fmabcdzrd| .?884- <7? 7>4 <89
Xbxtakzmbe jde|mz} .nkomzkez|"fc?-.?88:-
?<98 <89 ;8::
Ibrdmge#obre xbxtakzmbe .$- .?889- <!= 9!; 4!;
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Tedcxab}cdez me $ .?88;- ;:!4 ;8!8 ;;!8
$ bi znd klzmyd xbxtakzmbe wbrfmeg meznd ctemlmxkamz} wndrd znd} amyd .?88;-
:8 >4 4;
$ dcxab}dj me kgrmltaztrd .?88;- 8!4 ;!< ;!<
$ dcxab}dj me mejt|zr} .?88;- ?8!< <8!7 ?;!8
$ dcxab}dj me lbe|zrtlzmbe .?88;- =!> 7!9 >!9
$ dcxab}dj me |drymld| .?88;- 9=!: 98!: 9=!;
Kydrkgd nbt|d xrmld .₡"c?- .?887- :?7; <84= <>;8
\btrld0 Me|zmztzb Yk|lb jd Lbcxdzmymjkj! ?887! \xkem|n cmem|zr} bi Nbt|meg.www%cymy%d|-
Me|zmztzmbeka kej xbamzmlka lbezd~z
Znd xbamzmlka lbezd~z bi znd Ok|{td lbtezr} m| rkzndr lbcxamlkzdj |meld zndrd krd eb
ad|| znke imyd jmiidrdez zmdr| bi gbydrecdez meybaydj0 znd Dtrbxdke Tembe! znd
\xkem|n ldezrka gbydrecdez! znd rdgmbeka gbydrecdez! znd xrbymeld| kej znd
ctemlmxkamzmd|%
Znd Ok|{td ktzbebcbt| rdgmbe nk| mz| ndkj{tkrzdr| me Ymzbrmk kej m| rd|xbe|moad
ibr! kcbeg bzndr znmeg|! djtlkzmbe! ndkazn lkrd kej |xkzmka xakeemeg% Me |dlzmbe <%?
znd |xkzmka xakeemeg xbamlmd| bi znd Ok|{td ktzbebcbt| rdgmbe krd jm|lt||dj me cbrd
jdzkma%
:
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Ibr nm|zbrmlka rdk|be|! znd znrdd xrbymeld| .Kakyk! Ymplk}k! kej Gmxtpfbk- krd bi
xkrzmltakr mcxbrzkeld me znm| xkrz bi znd Ok|{td lbtezr}% Znd} lbmelmjd wmzn znd |b#
lkaadj nm|zbrmlka zdrrmzbrmd|! dezmzmd| znkz nkyd kawk}| de`b}dj |to|zkezmka ktzbebc} me
znd xk|z% Znd xrbymeld| nkyd lbcxdzdeld| me krdk| |tln k| troke jdydabxcdez kej
meirk|zrtlztrd% Me lbezrk|z wmzn bzndr xrbymeld| me \xkme .d~ldxz Ekykrrk-! znd} nkyd
lbe|mjdrkoad imekelmka xbwdr |meld znd} krd rd|xbe|moad ibr znd lbaadlzmbe bi znd
gdedrka melbcd kej lbrxbrkzmbe zk~d|% Dkln bi znd znrdd xrbymeld| jdimed| mz| bwe
zk~ rdgmcd% Znd xrbymeld| |to|d{tdeza} zrke|idr xkrz bi znd zk~ rd|btrld| zb znd
\xkem|n gbydrecdez! znd Ok|{td gbydrecdez kej znd ctemlmxkamzmd|% Znm| |zrbeg
xb|mzmbe me zdrc| bi lbcxdzdeld| kej rd|btrld| bi znd xrbymeld| mcxamd| znkz znd
rdgmbeka Ok|{td gbydrecdez m| rkzndr jdxdejdez be zndmr lb#bxdrkzmbe%
Zndrd krd ?48 ctemlmxkamzmd| me znd Ok|{td ktzbebcbt| rdgmbe! cke} bi zndc ydr}
|ckaa% Znd ctemlmxkamzmd| rkm|d ablka zk~d| kej krd rd|xbe|moad ibr otmajmeg xrb`dlz|
kej xtoaml |drymld| kz znd ctemlmxka adyda%
<%? \zrkzdgml |xkzmka jdydabxcdez |zrkzdg}0 zbwkrj| k „Ok|{td Gaboka Lmz}”
Znd Ok|{td gbydrecdez m| rd|xbe|moad ibr |xkzmka xakeemeg wmznme znd ktzbebcbt|
rdgmbe% Me znd dkra} ;==8|! mz jdydabxdj ke kxxrbkln znkz iblt|dj be znd
|zrdegzndemeg bi k xba}ldezrml troke |}|zdc me znd rdgmbe% Znd ckme mjdk wk| zb
|zrtlztrd znd rdgmbeka jdydabxcdez bi znd Ok|{td ktzbebcbt| rdgmbe krbtej znd
itrzndr jdydabxcdez bi znd xba}ldezrml troke edzwbrf Omaokb “ Ymzbrmk “ \ke
\dok|zmke% Znd kobyd ym|mbe wk| xrd|dezdj me k xbaml} jbltcdez znkz wk| xtoam|ndj
me ;==70 Jmrdlzrmld| jd Brjdeklmüe Zdrrmzbrmka jd ak LKXY .JBZ Dt|fkjm-%
Znd mjdk| be xba}ldezrml jdydabxcdez znkz wdrd xrbxb|dj me JBZ Dt|fkjm wdrd
itrzndr jdydabxdj me znd xtoamlkzmbe Dt|fka Nmrmk % Znd Dt|fka Nmrmk ym|mbe |zkrz| irbc
znd bo|drykzmbe znkz me znd gaboka lbcxdzmzmbe odzwdde lmzmd| lrmzmlka ck|| m|
mcxbrzkez! kej znkz lbe|d{tdeza} bea} lmzmd| bi k ldrzkme |mpd nkyd znd xbzdezmka zb
kzzrklz znd |xdlmkampdj |drymld| znkz krd |b mcxbrzkez ibr meebykzmbe kej
lbcxdzmzmyded||% Znd fd} mjdk bi Dt|fka Nmrmk m| znkz znd lrmzmlka ck|| bi znd Ok|{td
rdgmbe lke od denkeldj mi znd znrdd ckme troke krdk| me znd rdgmbe krd
lbcxadcdezkr} zb dkln bzndr! kej mi znd} krd mezdgrkzdj me ke troke edzwbrf
lnkrklzdrm|dj o} cke} mezdrklzmbe| odzwdde dkln bi znd lmzmd|! k| wdaa k| wmzn znd
4
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rd|z bi znd zdrrmzbr}% Znd Dt|fka Nmrmk |zrkzdgml jdydabxcdez ym|mbe xrd|dez| |dydrka
xrbxb|mzmbe| zb |zrdegznde mz| edzwbrf bi ck`br lmzmd|0
Cbrd lbbxdrkzmbe odzwdde znd znrdd Ok|{td lmzmd| wmzn rdgkrj zb |xkzmka kej
dlbebcml xakeemeg% Znd iblt| |nbtaj od be lbbxdrkzmbe me|zdkj bi
lbcxdzmzmbe6
Ke mcxrbydcdez bi znd meirk|zrtlztrd znkz lbeedlz| znd znrdd Ok|{td lmzmd|% Me
znm| rd|xdlz! d|xdlmkaa} znd itztrd nmgn#|xddj zrkme lbeedlzmbe| amefmeg Omaokb
kej \ke \dok|zmke wmzn Ymzbrmk krd lbe|mjdrdj zb od mcxbrzkez6
Odzzdr lbeedlzmbe| kej cbrd lbbxdrkzmbe wmzn znd lmzmd| kej rdgmbe| btz|mjd
Ok|{td lbtezr}6
:% \]ED_G] ODZWDDE ZND OK\[TD LMZMD\
Yke Nbtztc kej Akgdejm`f .?88;- xrd|dez k xd||mcm|zml ymdw be znd d~zdez zb wnmln
|}edrgmd| odzwdde znd Ok|{td lmzmd| nkyd jdydabxdj! |zkzmeg znkz znd mjdk bi k
Ok|{td troke edzwbrf m| ok|dj be gdb|zrkzdgml lbe|mjdrkzmbe| .Ok|{td lbtezr} k|
znd lrb||rbkj bi mcxbrzkez dlbebcml lbrrmjbr|- kej k |zrbeg ltaztrka mjdezmz} rkzndr
znke be itelzmbeka mezdgrkzmbe me xrklzmld% Ndrd! wd xrd|dez ke dcxmrmlka k||d||cdez
bi Yke Nbtztc kej Akgdejm`f”| lbeymlzmbe% K| |}edrg} jdrmyd| irbc ke bxzmcm|kzmbe
bi lrmzmlka ck||! irbc lbcxadcdezkrmzmd| kej irbc mezdrklzmbe|! wd d~xabrd znd|d
znrdd m||td| me znd |to|d{tdez |to|dlzmbe|%
:%; Lrmzmlka Ck||
Zkfde zbgdzndr znd znrdd lmz} rdgmbe| me znd Ok|{td Lbtezr} nkyd kxxrb~mckzda} ;%4
cmaambe menkomzkez|% Me znm| |dlzmbe wd wmaa d~xabrd znd d~zdez zb wnmln znd lrmzmlka ck||
bi znd troke xbxtakzmbe me znd Ok|{td Lbtezr} m| tzmampdj zb |txxbrz |dydrka troke
itelzmbe|% Znd itelzmbe| melatjdj me btr keka}|m| krd zrkjmzmbekaa} lbeldezrkzdj me
lmzmd| kej melatjd zrke|xbrz! jdlm|mbe#ckfmeg! xtoaml kjcmem|zrkzmbe! febwadjgd!
zbtrm|c kej mejt|zr}%
Wd kxxrbkln znd {td|zmbe bi nbw ctln lrmzmlka ck|| m| xrd|dez me znd xba}ldezrml
Ok|{td troke |}|zdc o} lbcxkrmeg znd rdgmbe wmzn lmz}#rdgmbe| znkz krd bi |mcmakr
|mpd! otz! me lbezrk|z! nkyd k cbebldezrml |xkzmka |zrtlztrd% Me bzndr wbrj|! wd
9
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7
k||tcd znkz znd xba}ldezrml Ok|{td troke |}|zdc m| klztkaa} bed |megad lmz}#rdgmbe
wmzn k zbzka troke xbxtakzmbe bi lab|d zb ;%4 cmaambe%
Znd lmzmd| kgkme|z wnmln znd Ok|{td troke |}|zdc m| odelnckrfdj wdrd lnb|de
odlkt|d znd} |nkrd |bcd lbccbe idkztrd|% Ed~z zb k |mcmakr lrmzmlka ck|| bi ;%4
cmaambe menkomzkez| me znd itelzmbeka troke krdk! znm| melatjd| zndmr ablkzmbe me znd
|btznwd|z bi Dtrbxd kej znd iklz znkz znd} krd ebz lkxmzka lmzmd|! kej dyde krd {tmzd k
jm|zkeld kwk} irbc zndmr ekzmbe”| lkxmzka% Znd odelnckrf lmzmd| lnb|de krd0 Ykadelmk!
\dymaak! Xbrzb! Ztrme kej Ckr|dmaad%
Ibr znm| keka}|m|! wd rda} be znd jkzkok|d be znd |lkad bi itelzmbeka troke krdk|
dakobrkzdj wmznme znd Dtrbxdke \xkzmka Xakeemeg Bo|drykzbr} Edzwbrf .D\XBE-
;%;%; xrb`dlz .Ebrjrdgmb dz ka %! ?88:-% Me znm| rd|dkrln xrb`dlz! lmz}#rdgmbe| krd
jdamcmzdj be znd ok|m| bi itelzmbeka lrmzdrmk! |tln k| ibr me|zkeld zrkyda#zb#wbrf krdk|%
Znd jdimemzmbe bi |tln krdk| ykrmd| |amgnza} klrb|| Dtrbxdke lbtezrmd|% Ibr znd
Ok|{td lbtezr}! znrdd itelzmbeka troke krdk| .ITK|- nkyd odde jdimedj! ldezdrdj
krbtej Omaokb! \ke \dok|zmke kej Ymzbrmk% Me xrklzmld! znm| m| znd Grdkzdr Omaokb
rdgmbe .=:7%888 menko%-! `t|z znd ctemlmxkamz} ibr Ymzbrmk .??9%888 menko%-! kej znd
krdk melbrxbrkzdj me znd \ke \dok|zmke ITK melatjd| znd |dzzadcdez| kabeg znd lbk|z
zbwkrj| Irkeld! kej dyde mezb Irkeld% Me D\XBE zdrc|! mz m| lbe|mjdrdj k
zrke|obrjdr ITK .<=<%888 menko%-% Ebzd znkz znd Ok|{td troke |}|zdc m| znt| ebz
lbe|mjdrdj k| bed ITK! otz k| znrdd |dxkrkzd ITK| me D\XBE ;%;%;%
Znm| D\XBE xrb`dlz melatjd| ke keka}|m| bi znd xb|mzmbe me znd Dtrbxdke troke
|}|zdc bi dkln bi znd ;4=9 ITK| znkz wdrd mjdezmimdj me D\XBE ;%;%; be znd ok|m| bi
zndmr ck`br troke itelzmbe|% Ndrd! wd wmaa d~kcmed znd |lbrd| bi btr imyd odelnckrf
lmzmd| kej znd znrdd Ok|{td lkxmzka lmzmd| be znd|d itelzmbe|% Me Zkoad ?! znd |lbrd| bi
dkln bi znd lmzmd| me btr odelnckrf krd am|zdj% Ed~z zb k |dxkrkzd am|zmeg bi znd znrdd
Ok|{td lkxmzka lmzmd|! wd ka|b am|z znd |lbrd| bi znd znrdd lmzmd| wnde zkfde zbgdzndr0
„Dt|fka Nmrmk xrd|dez” mejmlkzd| znd od|z |lbrd ibtej me bed bi znd znrdd lmzmd| kz
xrd|dez! kej xrbymjd| me|mgnz me znd ltrrdez xb|mzmbe bi znd wnbad rdgmbe% Znm| |nbtaj
od tejdr|zbbj k| znd xb|mzmbe bi znd rdgmbe me lk|d znd znrdd lkxmzka lmzmd| krd k
rkzndr abb|da} lbeedlzdj lbaadlzmbe bi lmzmd|% „Dt|fka Nmrmk xbzdezmka” mejmlkzd| znd
|lbrd| znkz wbtaj cb|z xrbokoa} od ibtej wnde znd znrdd lmzmd| rdkaa} wdrd
itelzmbekaa} edzwbrfdj “ me znkz lk|d! znd troke itelzmbe| bi dkln lmz} lke od
|tccdj tx%
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Zkoad ? _kefmeg be troke itelzmbe|
Lmz} ITKXbxtakzmbe
Zrke|xbrz Febwadjgd Cketiklztrmeg
Jdlm|mbeckfmeglbcxkemd|
XtoamlKjcmem|zrzmbe
Ykadelmk ;<=7>8= : : : ? ? \dymaak ;;>8;=7 ; : < ? ? Xbrzb ;?<;:<> < : < < ? Ztrme ;4:4?8? ? : : ? ? Ckr|dmaad ;4;9<:8 : : e%k% ; ?
Omaokb =:7<<: ; : < ? ; \ke \dok|zmke* <=?49= ; ; < ; ;
Ymzbrmk ??9:=> ; ; ? ; ? ‑Dt|fka Nmrmk–xrd|dez
;499:8; ; : < ? ?
‑Dt|fka Nmrmk–xbzdezmka
;499:8; ? : : .2- ? .2- ?
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Fd} zb |lbrd| 4 Gaboka Zrke|xbrz Nto .cbrd znke 4$ bi Dtrbxdke zbzka-
## Gaboka mejt|zrmka ebjd .5?8 omaambe Dtrb me GYK-
Gaboka jdlm|mbe# ckfmeg ldezrd .54$ bi zbx ;488 lbcxkemd| me Dtrbxd-
DT Lkxmzk
: Zrke|xbrz nto bi Dtrbxdke |mgemimlkeld .;#4$ bi Dtrbxdke zbzka-
Febwadjgd ebjd bi Dtrbxdke |mgemimlkeld .48#488f |ztjdez|-
Mejt|zrmka ebjd bi Dtrbxdke |mgemimlkeld .7%4#?8 omaambe dtrb me GYK-
Dtrbxdke jdlm|mbe# ckfmeg ldezrd .?# 4$ bi zbx ;488 lbcxkemd| me Dtrbxd-
Ekzmbeka lkxmzka
< Ck`br Zrke|xbrz ebjd .cbrd znke 4$ bi ekzmbeka zbzka otz ad|| znke
;$ bi Dtrbxdke zbzka-
Akrgd nmgndr djtlkzmbe me|zmztzd .;8#48f |ztjdez|-
Zrke|ekzmbe ka mejt|zrmka |mgemimlkeld br |zrbega} mejt|zrmkaa} brmdezdj ITK .?%4#
7%4 omaambe Dtrb me GYK-
Ekzmbeka jdlm|mbe# ckfmeg ldezrd .5;8$ bi zbx 488 lbcxkemd|
me lbtezr}6 1?$ bi Dtrbxdke zbzka-
##
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? Cmebr zrke|xbrz ebjd .?#4$ bi ekzmbeka zbzka-
Cdjmtc# |mpdj nmgndr djtlkzmbe me|zmztzd .4# ;8f |ztjdez|-
Ck`br mejt|zrmka ITK .;#?%4 omaambe Dtrb me GYK-
_dgmbeka jdlm|mbe# ckfmeg ldezrd .?# ;8$ bi zbx 488 lbcxkemd| me lbtezr}-
_dgmbeka"xbymelmka lkxmzka
; \ckaa kmrxbrz .5 48f xk||degdr| "}dkr- br
nkrobtr .5?8f ZDT"}dkr-
_dgmbeka nmgndr djtlkzmbe me|zmztzd .14f
|ztjdez|-
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GYK-
Ablka jdlm|mbe# ckfmeg ldezrd .1?$ bi zbx
488 lbcxkemd| me lbtezr}-
Ablka kjcmem|zrkyd ldezrd
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Znd lbcxkrm|be be Zkoad ? adkj| zb imyd mcxbrzkez bo|drykzmbe| rdgkrjmeg lrmzmlka
ck|| me znd Ok|{td ktzbebcbt| rdgmbe0
Zkfde be zndmr bwe! znd Ok|{td lmzmd| bea} nkyd k cmebr xb|mzmbe me znd
Dtrbxdke troke |}|zdc6
Omaokb m| znd Ok|{td”| lbtezr} ck`br zrtcx me ekzmbeka kej mezdrekzmbeka
lbcxdzmzmbe6
Znd Ok|{td lmzmd| jb ebz d~xabmz zndmr lrmzmlka ck|| k| wdaa k| bzndr
lbcxkrkoa}#|mpdj lmz}#rdgmbe|6
Me lk|d znd Ok|{td troke |}|zdc zrta} itelzmbe| k| ke troke edzwbrf! mz wbtaj
od k lmz}#rdgmbe bi Dtrbxdke |mgemimlkeld .rkefmeg |mcmakr zb lmzmd| |tln k|
\dymaak! Xbrzb! Ckr|dmaad! Ztrme-6
Itrzndr jdydabxcdez bi k edzwbrfdj Ok|{td troke |}|zdc m| rdwkrjmeg0 mz
ckfd| znd jmiidrdeld odzwdde lbcxdzmeg k| k lmz} rdgmbe bi Dtrbxdke
mcxbrzkeld! br k| |ckaadr lmz} rdgmbe| bea} bi ekzmbeka mcxbrzkeld% Znd
xbzdezmka gkme me lrmzmlka ck|| lke od rbtgna} lkaltakzdj k| odmeg k| ??$%
:%? Lbcxadcdezkrmzmd|
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rbad| .Nkgtd kej Fmrf! ?88<-% Ndeld! znd lnkaadegd m| zb ckx znd jmiidrdeld|
odzwdde znd lmzmd| kej zb |dd wndzndr znd|d jmiidrdeld| odzwdde znd lmzmd| ka|b adkj
zb melrdk|dj mezdrklzmbe! wnmln lke od t|dj k| k xrb~} ibr odmeg ctztkaa} odedimlmka%
Me znd ed~z |to|dlzmbe! wd xrbymjd |bcd me|mgnz me znd |xkzmka mezdrklzmbe| odzwdde
znd lmzmd|! wnmad me znm| |dlzmbe znd dcxnk|m| m| be keka}pmeg znd jmiidrdeld| odzwdde
znd lmzmd|% Ndrd! wd keka}|d .xbzdezmka- lbcxadcdezkrmzmd| me zdrc| bi |xdlmkampdj
ot|med|| |drymld| kej lbe|tcdr |drymld| bi wnmln mz m| febwe znkz znd} xbzdezmkaa}
nkyd |txrkablka |mgemimlkeld%
Nbwdydr! odibrd abbfmeg kz znd|d |drymld |dlzbr klzmymzmd| me cbrd jdzkma! wd wmaa
xrbymjd k imr|z kej xdrnkx| rdakzmyda} rbtgn keka}|m| bi jmiidrdeld| me dlbebcml
|zrtlztrd bi znd ck`br Ok|{td lmzmd| .lbckrlk|-% Gmyde znd amcmzdj |xkld me znm|
xkxdr! wd iblt| bea} be lbcxadcdezkrmzmd| me zdrc| bi jmiidrdez dlbebcml xrbimad| bi
znd lmz}#rdgmbe|! nbwdydr! klfebwadjgmeg znkz lbcxadcdezkrmz} lke rdidr zb k ctln
orbkjdr |dz bi m||td| me wnmln lmzmd| ck} jmiidr%
;:
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Znd cdznbj t|dj zb keka}|d lbcxadcdezkrmzmd| me zdrc| bi dlbebcml klzmymzmd| znkz m|
dcxab}dj ndrd m| lbrrd|xbejdeld keka}|m|% Mz nk| odde |tlld||itaa} t|dj xrdymbt|a}
ibr znm| xtrxb|d! |dd Cdm`dr| .?8846 ?887o-! kej znd rdkjdr m| ka|b rdidrrdj zb
Grddeklrd .;==<- ibr k cbrd jdzkmadj kllbtez be cdznbjbabgmlka kej |zkzm|zmlka
k|xdlz| bi znm| z}xd bi keka}|m|% Lbrrd|xbejdeld keka}|m| kaabw| t| zb d~xabrd
rdakzmyd jmiidrdeld| me dlbebcml xrbimad bi znd znrdd lmzmd| kej zb ym|tkam|d znd|d% Be
znd okm| bi znm| cdznbj! k „lbcxadcdezkrmz} rkzmb” lke od jdimedj wmzn ykatd| odzwdde
8 .ck~mctc jtxamlkzmbe0 dkln lmz}#rdgmbe k| znd |kcd dlbebcml xrbimad- kej ;
.ck~mctc lbcxadcdezkrmz}0 dkln dlbebcml klzmymz} m| tem{tda} ablkzdj me `t|z bed bi
znd znrdd Ok|{td lmzmd|-% Me Zkoad :! wd xrd|dez znd |lbrd| be znd lbcxadcdezkrmz}
rkzmb bydr znd ;==4#?888#?889 xdrmbj ibr jmiidrdeld| me znd ckme dlbebcml |zrtlztrd
odzwdde znd lbckrlk| me wnmln znd ck`br Ok|{td lmzmd| krd ablkzdj% Jkzk be znd
etcodr bi dcxab}dj xdr|be| xdr ckme lak|| bi dlbebcml klzmymz} .;< me zbzka- wk|
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zrdej| kxxdkr zb
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;9
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dlbebcml klzmymzmd|% Dlbebcml klzmymzmd| a}meg lab|d zbgdzndr krd cbrd br ad|| |mcmakra}
jm|zrmotzdj odzwdde znd lmzmd|% Znd jm|zkeld odzwdde lmzmd| kej dlbebcml klzmymzmd| m|
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meiatdeld znd ablkzmbe bi ke dlbebcml klzmymz}! kej lbeydr|da}! kaa dlbebcml klzmymzmd|
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lak||d| bi dlbebcml klzmymzmd| znkz cddz btr znrd|nbaj bi ?$% Zbgdzndr znd} kllbtez
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rd|dez| znd xrbxbrzmbe bi znd lbcxadcdezkrmz} rkzmb znkz m| d~xakmedj o} dkln bi znd
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;7
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Imgtrd ; Cb|z mcxbrzkez rdakzmyd |xdlmkampkzmbe| bi Ok|{td lkxmzka lmzmd|!
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a mezdrcdjmkzdxrbjtlz|! wk|zd kej |lrkx
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rdakzdj zdlnemlka
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9<: Klzmymzmd| bi bzndr zrke|xbrzkgdelmd|
zkzdkej znd dlbebcml kej
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mejmlkzmbe bi lbcxadcdezkrmz} kej itelzmbeka mezdgrkzmbe% Me znm| |dlzmbe wd keka}pd
znd iabw| bi xdbxad odzwdde Omaokb! Ymzbrmk kej \ke \dok|zmke%
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\bcd bzndr lbelat|mbe| znkz lke od jrkwe be znd Ok|{td cbomamz} |ztj} me ?887 krd0
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\btrld0 Gbomdreb Yk|lb! ?887
Eb Ok|{td troke edzwbrf
Znd keka}|m| bi lrmzmlka ck|| nk| |nbwe znd xbzdezmka gkme| ibr znd Ok|{td troke
|}|zdc mi mz wk| koad zb d~xabmz mz| xbzdezmka zb znd itaa d~zdez% Nbwdydr! btr imejmeg||zrbega} |tggd|z znkz znd Ok|{td xba}ldezrml troke |}|zdc nk| ebz }dz jdydabxdj
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cdzkxnbr| me znm| xrbld|| .|dd ka|b Nk`dr kej Pbeedydaj! ?888-% Ka|b znd ckx| kej
bzndr lkrzbgrkxnml ym|tkam|kzmbe| me znd |zrkzdg} lke od ydr} xbwdrita me
lbcctemlkzmeg mz| fd} cd||kgd| .Ikatjm! ;==96 Jñnr! ?88<-% Kebzndr ad||be rdakzd|
zb znd „bwedr|nmx” bi znd |zrkzdg} kej znd me|zmztzmbeka |zrtlztrd0 „diibrz| zb krzmltakzd
|zrkzdgmd| kej xrklzmld| eddj zb od lbeedlzdj zb kllbtezkoad xbamzmlka adyda| bi
gbydrecdez kej zb ibrcka! adgka rd{tmrdcdez| znkz kiidlz obzn rdgtakzbr} kej
meyd|zcdez xrklzmld|” .x%;?>-% K imeka gdedrka ad||be znd} jrkw kobtz Dtrbxdke
zrkzdgml xakeemeg |zrkzdgmd| m| znd klldxzkeld bi k |zrbeg rbad ibr znd |zkzd kej k
iklzbr! „meirk|zrtlztrd kej jm|zkeld|” wnmln! nbwdydr!
d|xmzd odmeg k zndcd me znd |zrkzdg}! m| |bcdwnkz ad|| jmrdlza} lbeedlzdj zb znd
zrkzdgmd|%
de
|
|zrbeg lbe|lmbt|ed|| bi xakld mjdezmz}%
\bcd bi znd iklzbr| cdezmbedj o} Kaordlnz| dz ka % .?88<- jd|dryd lab|dr kzzdezmbe k|
znd} kxxdkr zb nkyd odde znd cb|z |drmbt| menmomzbr| bi znd jdydabxcdez bi znd
Ok|{td troke edzwbrf me znd xk|z jdlkjd0 zdrrmzbrmka mjdezmz} kej rdgmbeka brgkempmeg
lkxklmz}% Wnkz m| akodadj ndrd k| „zdrrmzbrmka mjdezmzmd|” rdakzd| zb znd ablka
dcodjjdjed|| kej xakld mjdezmz}% Wnkz wd akoda „rdgmbeka brgkem|meg lkxklmz}”
kjjrd||d| znd klldxzkeld bi |zkfdnbajdr|! xbamzmlka adkjdr|nmx kej znd rbad bi znd
|zkzd .br! xdrnkx| odzzdr me znm| ktzbebcbt| rdgmbe0 znd rbad bi znd ldezrka Ok|{td
gbydrecdez-% Wd kjjdj k znmrj
j
adydrkgd bi |xkzmka |
Zdrrmzbrmka mjdezmzmd|
Xrboadckzml ibr znd jdydabxcdez bi ke troke edzwbrf m| znkz mz rd{tmrd| ebz bea} znd
lb#bxdrkzmbe bi xtoaml klzbr| zb odlbcd k rdkamz}! otz jdxdej| k| wdaa be znd |xkzmka
odnkymbtr bi xdbxad kej imrc|% Cbrd xrdlm|da}! znd|d klzbr| eddj zb jdydabx k
orbkjdr rdgmbeka „|lbxd”% Me znd troke |blmbabg} kej ltaztrka gdbgrkxn} amzdrkztrd! mz m|
bizde dcxnk|mpdj znkz ltaztrka iklzbr| |tln k| zdrrmzbrmka mjdezmzmd| kej kzzmztjd| nkyd
k |zrbeg mcxklz be znd wk} xdbxad cdezkaa} |zrtlztrd zndmr deymrbecdez .cdezka
ckx|- kej ka|b ckfd t|d bi zdrrmzbrmd|% Ibr me|zkeld! _dmlndr kej Nbxfme| .?88;-
|zkzd znkz „znd komamz} zb gdz xdbxad zb mckgmed zndc|dayd| k| ibrcmeg k gmy
lbcctemz} kej deym|kgd |xdlmiml ibrc| bi |blmka rdakzmbe| k| xrbxdr kej xb||moad m|
d||dezmka me gdzzmeg zndc zb memzmkzd klzmbe| znkz krd kmcdj kz rdkampmeg znm| rdkamz}”%
Znd Ok|{td Lbtezr} nk| k |zrbeg zdrrmzbrmka mjdezmz}0 cke} Ok|{td xdbxad idda|zrbega} lbeedlzdj zb znd Ok|{td Lbtezr}% Odlkt|d bi znm| |zrbeg iddameg bi
?<
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odabegmeg zbgdzndr! wd wbtaj gdedrkaa} d~xdlz zb imej |zrbeg itelzmbeka rdakzmbe|nmx|
me znd Ok|{td Lbtezr}% Nbwdydr! mz kxxdkrdj znkz ablka mjdezmzmd|! amefdj zb Omaokb!
\ke \dok|zmke kej Ymzbrmk! krd dyde |zrbegdr% Mz |ddc| znkz menkomzkez| bi znd|d lmzmd|
krd ydr} |zrbega} |blmkaa} rbbzdj me zndmr bwe ablka lbcctemzmd|% Ibr Ok|{td xdbxad mz
m| ydr} mcxbrzkez zb amyd! kej zb k ad||dr d~zdez wbrf! me znd ymlmemz} bi ikcma} kej
irmdej|% Znm| m| rdakzdj zb znd lnkrklzdrm|zml| bi znd \btzndre Dtrbxdke wdaikrd |zkzd|!
me wnmln k rdakzmyda} akrgd xkrz bi znd wdaikrd zk|f| .ibr d~kcxad lnmaj lkrd! lkrd ibr
znd dajdra}- m| lkrrmdj btz o} znd ikcma} me|zdkj bi o} znd |zkzd br znd ckrfdz% Znd
mezde|myd mezrk#ikcma} rdakzmbe| me wnmln znm| rd|taz| rd{tmrd rd|mjdezmka xrbxme{tmz} .|dd
Nbdf|zrk! ?884-% Zndrdibrd! lnkeld| krd nmgn znkz |bcdbed wnb amyd| me \ke
\dok|zmke ibr me|zkeld! m| ka|b obre zndrd% Zndrd kxxdkr| zb od k |zrbeg rd|m|zkeld zb
cbyd odzwdde xakld|! d|xdlmkaa} bydr k akrgdr jm|zkeld% Znd |zrbeg xakld kzzklncdez
ka|b mcxamd| znkz xdbxad! kej xdrnkx| ka|b imrc|! krd ydr} ctln brmdezdj ablkaa} wnde
abbfmeg ibr klzmymzmd| .`bo|! |nbxxmeg! ltaztrka kcdemzmd|- zb itaima zndmr eddj|%
Lbcxkrdj zb bzndr lbtezrmd|! Ok|{td xdbxad zdej zb amyd rkzndr lab|d zb zndmr wbrfmeg
ablkzmbe% Znd |lndjtad bi wbrfmeg nbtr| ka|b xak}| k rbad ndrd% Cke} Ok|{td| |zmaa
wbrf me cbremeg kej kizdrebbe |nmiz| wmzn k akrgd ateln ordkf me odzwdde% Wmzn |tln
k wbrf |lndjtad! lbcctzmeg bydr akrgdr jm|zkeld| m| ebz ydr} kzzrklzmyd odlkt|d mz
dke| bed lkeebz nkyd ateln kz nbcd kej m| kwk} irbc znd dkra} cbremeg zmaa zndc
akzd kizdrebbe .z}xmlkaa} cbrd znke zwdayd nbtr|-%
Znd |zrbeg ablka kzzklncdez m| ka|b ib|zdrdj o} |dydrka xbamlmd| kej rdgtakzmbe| me
xakld% Me xkrzmltakr znd Ok|{td nbt|meg ckrfdz kej nbt|meg xbamlmd| nkyd |bcd
|zrtlztrka lnkrklzdrm|zml| znkz nkcxdr cbomamz}% Imr|z bi kaa! zndrd m| k amcmzdj |txxa} bi
rdezka jwdaameg|% Znm| ckfd| mz jmiimltaz ibr }bteg xdbxad wmzn k abw melbcd zb adkyd
zndmr xkrdezka nbt|d kej |zkrz zb amyd be zndmr bwe .ibr d~kcxad zb |zkrz k „edw” amid me
kebzndr lmz}-% Lbe|d{tdeza}! cke} }bteg xdbxad fddx be amymeg me zndmr xkrdezka
nbt|d tezma znd} nkyd |kydj debtgn cbed} zb ot} k nbt|d .bizde wmzn imekelmka kmj
irbc znd ikcma}0 nbt|d xrmld| me znd znrdd ckme Ok|{td lmzmd| krd lbcxkrkoad zb
znb|d bi cdzrbxbam|d| k| Ckjrmj de Okrldabek! wnmad wkgd| krd gdedrkaa} abwdr-%
Bizde! znd} bea} rdkln znm| xbmez wnde znd} kardkj} nkyd k |zdkj} `bo kej
rdakzmbe|nmx kej krd bydr <8 }dkr| baj% Kz znkz xbmez! znd lnkeld| bi cbymeg zb
kebzndr lmz} krd kardkj} rkzndr abw% Me ke kzzdcxz zb |bayd znd nbt|meg xrboadc| ibr}bteg nbt|dnbaj|! znd jmiidrdez adyda| bi gbydrecdez .rdgmbeka gbydrecdez!
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ctemlmxkamzmd|- xrbymjd |to|mjmpdj bwedr#blltxkel} nbt|meg .Ymymdejk jd Xrbzdlzmbe
Biimlmka - ibr abwdr kej cmjjad melbcd grbtx|% Nbwdydr! |bcd bi znd|d |to|mjmpdj
jwdaameg| krd bea} klld||moad ibr xdbxad znkz krd kardkj} amymeg me znd krdk me wnmln
nbt|meg! akobtr kej lbe|tcdr gbbj
krfdz|% Znd mezdrklzmbe| odzwdde znd jmiidrdez krdk| me znd rdgmbe krd |zmaa zbb amcmzdj
eka ckrfdz%
dyda bi mezdrklzmbe! znd wmaameged|| kej komamz} bi xkrzmlmxkzmeg
znd jwdaameg| krd otmaz .|dd Nkiiedr kej Nbdf|zrk! ?889-% Mz gbd| wmznbtz |k}meg znkz
znm| rd|zrmlzmbe nkcxdr| mezdrctemlmxka cbomamz}%
K| k rd|taz bi znd |zrbeg ablka brmdezkzmbe me Ok|{td lbtezr}! znd ktzbebcbt| rdgmbe
cdrda} lbe|m|z| bi k |dz bi jmiidrdez ablka
c
zb |xdkf bi bed mezdgrkzdj rdgmb
_dgmbeka brgkem|meg lkxklmzmd|
Xtoaml kjcmem|zrkzmbe zdej| zb od brgkem|dj me k zdrrmzbrmka nmdrkrln}% Nbwdydr! lb#
bxdrkzmbe me xba}ldezrml troke rdgmbe| meybayd| ctazmxad |lkad| kej ltz| klrb||
|dydrka kjcmem|zrkzmyd zmdr|% Kjjmzmbekaa}! ctazm#adyda gbydrekeld rd{tmrd| znd
meybaydcdez bi ctazmxad xtoaml! xrmykzd kej brgkem|dj mezdrd|z grbtx|! zndrdo} zkfmeg
mezb kllbtez znkz jmiidrdez m||td| lkaa ibr jmiidrdez kaamkeld| wmzn jmiidrdez |xkzmka
lbcxdzdelmd| kej amid |xke|% Zndrdibrd! znd d~xabmzkzmbe bi znd zndbrdzmlka xbzdezmka bi
znd xba}ldezrml Ok|{td troke |}|zdc ebz bea} lbeldre| lb#bxdrkzmbe odzwdde lmzmd|!
otz rkzndr! znd jdydabxcdez bi wnkz lke od lbmedj k| „rdgmbeka brgkem|meg lkxklmz}”%
Znd lbeldxz bi rdgmbeka brgkem|meg lkxklmz} .Cdm`dr| kej _bcdme! ?88<- rdidr| zb znd
komamz} zb rdgmbekaa} lb#brjmekzd jdydabxcdez| znrbtgn k cbrd br ad|| me|zmztzmbekam|dj
irkcdwbrf bi lb#bxdrkzmbe! jdokzd! edgbzmkzmbe kej jdlm|mbe#ckfmeg me xtr|tmz bi
rdgmbeka mezdrd|z| me wnmln k ctazmztjd bi xtoaml kej xrmykzd |zkfdnbajdr| xkrzmlmxkzd%
Zb wnkz d~zdez xb|mzmyd d~zdrekamzmd| krm|d irbc lb#bxdrkzmbe boymbt|a} jdxdej| be
znd tzmam|kzmbe kej itelzmbemeg bi |tln irkcdwbrf| .|dd Lkxdaab! ?888-! ibr me|zkeld
wmzn rd|xdlz zb znd a
klzbr| zb |dz k|mjd ablka mezdrd|z| ibr znd grdkzdr rdgmbeka gbbj kej znd kybmjkeld bi
irdd#rmjdr odnkymbtr%
K z}xmlka xrboadc me xba}ldezrml troke rdgmbe| m| znd aklf bi „xbamzmlka bwedr|nmx” bi
m||td| znkz rd{tmrd zb od kjjrd||dj kz znd rdgmbeka |lkad rkzndr znke znd ablka%
Nbwdydr! kz imr|z |mgnz! znd Ok|{td xbamzmlka#me|zmztzmbeka |}|zdc |ddc| zb od {tmzd
wdaa d{tmxxdj zb kjjrd|| rdgmbeka m||td|0 znd Ok|{td ktzbebcbt| rdgmbe m|
xb|mzmbedj kz znd rmgnz |xkzmka |lkad zb jdka wmzn znd lbndrdez jdydabxcdez bi zndOk|{td troke |}|zdc! rtameg bydr kaa mz| lmzmd|% Cbrdbydr! mz nk| ibrcka lbcxdzdelmd|
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me |xkzmka xakeemeg kej zdrrmzbrmka jdydabxcdez% Nbwdydr! znd nm|zbrmlkaa} rbbzdj |zrbeg
ktzbebc} bi znd znrdd xrbymeld| kej zndmr akrgd imekelmka xbwdr k| k rd|taz bi zndmr
rd|xbe|momamz} ibr zk~ lbaadlzmbe ckfd| znd kjjrd||meg bi lbbxdrkzmbe m||td| kej
rdgmbeka lbbrjmekzmbe bi |xkzmka jdydabxcdez cbrd lbcxamlkzdj% Me xkrzmltakr |zrkzdgml
rdgmbeka xrb`dlz| znkz ck} nkrc znd zk~ ok|d bi bed xrbymeld me ikybtr bi kebzndr
xrbymeld |ddc ebz dk|} zb kllbcxam|n% Mz kxxdkr| znkz xrbxdr me|zrtcdez| znkz kaabw
ibr k zrkjd#bii bi lb|z| kej odedimz|! wnmln blltr kz jmiidrdez xbmez| me zmcd kej bizde
jb ebz kllrtd zb znd |kcd klzbr|! krd aklfmeg% Cbrd gdedrkaa}! mz kxxdkr| znkz
xrbymeld| krd ebz ydr} lbeymeldj bi znd eddj zb |dz k|mjd zndmr mezdrd|z| ibr znd
xtr|tmz bi znd grdkzdr „rdgmbeka gbbj”% Znm| ka|b mcxamd| znkz znd xbzdezmka gkme| bi
tln k cbrd „rdgmbeka iblt|” nkyd ebz odde jdcbe|zrkzdj kej lbcctemlkzdj
zbaa
me m| ad|| mcxbrzkez! jtd zb znd abeg zrkyda zmcd
aj| lbcxkrkzmyda} cbrd ibr znd
|
|tiimlmdeza}%
Meirk|zrtlztrd kej jm|zkeld|
Ntgd meyd|zcdez| me znd xk|z jdlkjd nkyd |mgemimlkeza} mcxrbydj znd rbkj
meirk|zrtlztrd odzwdde znd lmzmd|% Ka|b! lbegd|zmbe rdckme| akrgda} amcmzdj zb znd
dezrkeld bi lmzmd| irbc znd cbzbrwk}|! rkzndr znke be znd cbzbrwk}| zndc|dayd|%
Edydrzndad||! zndrd krd |zmaa |bcd nkcxdrmeg iklzbr|% Ibr d~kcxad! znd nmgnwk}
odzwdde \ke \dok|zmke kej Omaokb m| rkzndr ekrrbw wnmln cdke| znkz kllmjdez|
{tmlfa} adkj zb k lbcxadzd lab|trd bi znd rbkj kej |drmbt| zrkiiml `kc|% Itrzndrcbrd!
znd nmgnwk}| odzwdde \ke \dok|zmke kej Omaokb kej Omaokb kej Ymzbrmk krd
rbkj|% Znm| |mgemimlkeza} kjj| zb znd zrkyda lb|z| kej xrbokoa} nk| k edgkzmyd
meiatdeld be xdbxad”| wmaameged|| zb zrkyda o} lkr odzwdde znd cdezmbedj lmzmd|%
K| ikr k| xtoaml zrke|xbrz m| lbeldredj! znd ot| m| cbrd mcxbrzkez znke znd zrkme%
Zndrd krd ird{tdez ot|d| odzwdde znd znrdd lmzmd| kej znd xrmld| bi ot| zrkyda krd
abw lbcxkrdj zb zrkyda o} lkr% Znd zrk
.d|xdlmkaa} ibr znd lbeedlzmbe odzwdde \ke \dok|zmke kej Omaokb- kej znd amcmzdj
ird{tdel} .kaa mezdrlmz} lbeedlzmbe|-%
Me btr bxmembe! znd ltrrdez zrkyda jm|zkeld| odzwdde znd lmzmd| .d~xrd||dj me zrkyda
zmcd kej lb|z|- rdckme `t|z od}bej znd amcmz| znkz cke} Ok|{td xdbxad krd wmaameg zb
zrkyda! ldrzkmea} ibr zrmx| ckjd be k jkma} ok|m|% Znm| nb
zrmx| odzwdde Ymzbrmk kej \ke \dok|zmke y%y% kej \ke \dok|zmke kej Omaokb y%y%! k|
znd Ymzbrmk#Omaokb zrmx rd{tmrd| ad|| zmcd kej cbed}%
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Boymbt|a}! znd mcxrbydcdez bi meirk|zrtlztrd lbeedlzmeg znd lmzmd| m| znd cb|z
|zrkmgnzibrwkrj cdke| bi femzzmeg znd znrdd lmzmd| cbrd zbgdzndr% Me xkrzmltakr znd
mcxrbydcdez bi znd zrkme lbeedlzmbe| odzwdde znd znrdd lmzmd| m| bi mcxbrzkeld% K| ikr
k| znm| m| lbeldredj! znd ]#yk|lk! k nmgn |xddj zrkme amed! wnmln wmaa amef Omaokb kej
\ke \dok|zmke wmzn Ymzbrmk kej bewkrj| zb Ckjrmj kej klrb|| znd Irdeln obrjdr! m| k
fd} xrb`dlz% K odzzdr kej ik|zdr zrkme lbeedlzmbe odzwdde znd znrdd ckme Ok|{td
troke krdk| lbtaj xb||moa} ckfd znd jmiidrdeld odzwdde znd Ok|{td troke |}|zdc
odmeg k abb|da} lbeedlzdj troke |}|zdc br k itaa} mezdgrkzdj troke edzwbrf%
Cbrdbydr! mz ka|b kaabw| ibr k odzzdr mezdgrkzmbe bi Ok|{td lbtezr} wmzn bzndr
mcxbrzkez Dtrbxdke krdk|% Me kjjmzmbe! znd kxxkrdez rdatlzkeld bi Ok|{td xdbxad zb
cbyd nbt|d odzwdde znd znrdd lmzmd| m| kebzndr krgtcdez znkz ckfd| znm|
meirk|zrtlztrd jdydabxcdez jd|mrkoad% Znd nmgn |xddj zrkme wmaa kaabw xdbxad zb
lbezmetd amymeg me znd xakld me wnmln znd} krd |blmkaa} rbbzdj! wnmad mz bxde| tx
bxxbrztemzmd| ibr wbrf kej |ztj} me znd bzndr lmzmd|% Nbwdydr! me znd Ok|{td
ktzbebcbt| rdgmbe! znd jdydabxcdez bi znm| nmgn#|xddj amed m| k lbezrbydr|mka m||td%
xxbedez| nkyd deymrbecdezka lbeldre| kej |zrd|| znd eddj zb gmyd xrmbrmz} zb zrkme
amzmlka kej mjdbabgmlka
be|mjdrkzmbe| xrbokoa} ka|b xak} k rbad%
jmydr|mz}! edzwbrfmeg! lbezd~ztkamz}! znd lrdkzmbe bi ym|mbe kej irkcdwbrf|!
B
lbeedlzmbe| kz znd lmz}#rdgmbeka adyda% Kz znd oklfgrbtej gdbxb
l
9% LBELAT\MBE0 XAKEEMEG IB_ T_OKE EDZWB_F\
Kllbrjmeg zb Ndkad} .?8890 4?7- „|zrkzdgml |xkzmka xakeemeg dejdkybtr| krd
zndc|dayd| lbcxad~ gbydrekeld xrbld||d|! znrbtgn wnmln lbeldxz| bi |xkzmka
brgkempkzmbe krd cbomampdj wmzn znd kcomzmbe bi klltctakzmeg |tiimlmdez kaablkzmyd!
ktznbrmzkzmyd kej mckgmekzmyd ibrld zb |nkxd obzn znd ckzdrmkamzmd| kej mjdezmzmd| bi
xkrzmltakr xakld|%” Znm| ibrld eddj| zb od |zrbeg me k xba}ldezrml troke rdgmbe! k|
|tln k rdgmbe lke od lnkrklzdrm|dj k| k „|blmb#|xkzmka lbeiamlz pbed ibr krzmltakzmbe bi
ctazmxad mezdrd|z|! mjdezmzmd| kej ltaztrka jmiidrdeld|” .Kaordlnz|! ?88;0 7<:-% Fd}
dadcdez| bi k xakeemeg kxxrbkln me xba}ldezrml troke rdgmbe| krd |dadlzmymz}!
jmkabgtd!
cbomam|meg! me|zmztzmbe#otmajmeg kej klzmbe#brmdezkzmbe .Kaordlnz|! ?88;-% K lkrdita
|dadlzmbe bi fd} |zrkzdgml xrb`dlz| wndrd boymbt| |}edrgmd| lke od ckmezkmedj m|
kebzndr%
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Gmyde btr imejmeg znkz me znd Ok|{td ktzbebcbt| rdgmbe bea} |bcd memzmka |zdx|
zbwkrj| znd ibrckzmbe bi k zrtd troke edzwbrf odzwdde Omaokb! \ke \dok|zmke kej
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