Strategic Innovation Agenda for Smart Sustainable Cities812341/FULLTEXT01.pdf · er-increasing expectations of city services from citizens and businesses. Smart sustainable cities

Strategic Innovation Agenda for Smart Sustainable Cities

Table of contentsPreface 3What does this agenda mean for Swedish innovation? 4The philosophy behind this agenda 6The concept of smart sustainable cities 8Smart sustainable cities throughout the World 10Why innovation for smart sustainable cities in Sweden? 12Vision, goals and objectives 15% Global trends and challenges 16% Opportunities 18% Obstacles to overcome for Sweden 20

SUGGESTED ACTIVITIES 23This agenda recommends the implementation of % Research and innovation activities in four priority areas as well as % Supporting and coordinating activi-ties in six key priority areas, using ICT as a cross-cutting enabler

% Implementation roadmap 32Support for the SSC Agenda 34

ABBREVIATIONS AND TERMSEU: European UnionKPI: Key Performance IndicatorICT: Information and Communication TechnologyIoT: Internet of ThingsITS: Intelligent Transportation SystemsITU: International Telecommunication UnionNGO: Non-Governmental OrganisationR&D: Research and DevelopmentR&I: Research and InnovationSME: Small and Medium-sized EnterprisesSSC: Smart Sustainable City (see definition on pages 8–9)

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Text: This document was conceived and written by representatives from a large number of stakeholders within the innovation area of smart sustainable cities in Sweden. The stakeholders are listed on page 34. The content may be quoted provided the source is clearly stated.Photography/rendering: 1 © LDprod/Shutterstock.com 2 © hxdyl/Shutterstock.com 3 7 8 14 16 19 22 25 28 33 © Incomible/Shutterstock.com 4–5 © Seregam/Shutterstock.com 6 © VLADGRIN/Shutterstock.com 8–9 © Tupungato/Shutterstock.com 9 © 1000 Words/Shutterstock.com 9 © iurii/Shutterstock.com 10–11 © Creativemarc/Shutterstock.com 12 © Bildagentur Zoonar GmbH/Shutterstock.com 14 © BraunS/iStock/Thinkstock 15 © wong yu liang/Shutterstock.com 15 © Jakub Krechowicz/Shutterstock.com 15 © Carlos andre Santos/Shutterstock.com 15 © Chones/Shutterstock.com 16–17 © IM_photo/Shutterstock.com 18 © iStock.com/Sergey Khakimullin 20 © Greg Epperson/Shutterstock.com 23 © David Thyberg/Shutterstock.com 24 © Filipe Frazao/Shutterstock.com 26–27 © kwest/Shutterstock.com 29 © Ridofranz/iStock/Thinkstock 30–31 © Rawpixel/Shutterstock.com 32 © auremar/Shutterstock.com 34–35 © boggy22/iStock/Thinkstock 36 © oriontrail/Shutterstock.comDesign and layout: Gunnar Linn, www.linnkonsult.seISBN: 978-91-7595-567-4Contact: www.smartsustainablecities.se, [email protected]

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C ities are faced with tremendous challenges arising from rapid population growth, de-

cline outside economic hubs, environmental degradation, societal inequalities and the ev-er-increasing expectations of city services from citizens and businesses. Smart sustainable cities represent a new paradigm that enable the de-coupling of high quality of life and economic growth from resource consumption and envi-ronmental impact.

This agenda represents the shared vision of a multi-stakeholder consortium and a strategy for Sweden to become a leader in smart sustain-able city research and innovation and the real-ization of smart sustainable cities. Citizens are core contributors to the smart sustainable city. Therefore, this agenda recommends actions that will enable socially cohesive communities with empowered and engaged citizens, and cit-ies that enable environmentally sound choices.

It recommends actions to develop an inno-vative environment that will enable Sweden to a) become role models for smart sustainable cit-

ies, b) undertake world-leading research and in-novation on smart sustainable cities, c) become a leading nation in attracting investments from the emerging multi-billion dollar market of SSC-products and services, and d) boost Swed-ish competitiveness in SSC-technology-mar-kets.

There are several other strategic innovation agendas which focus on specific aspects related to this agenda. These agendas focus on topics such as: The Internet of Things, Smart Electron-ic Systems and Roadmap Sweden (e-mobility). This agenda is unique because it focuses on the integration of disconnected and disparate in-frastructures and systems in urban areas, and it takes a horizontal perspective when looking at ICT as an enabler for smart sustainable cities.

This agenda has brought together prominent actors in Sweden (see page 4) to facilitate re-search and knowledge exchange between actors in the innovation system, to stimulate continu-ous learning, and to jointly overcome barriers to bring about sustainability transitions in cities.

Preface

Figure 1. The creation of smart sustainable cities requires a cross-sectorial, transdisciplinary and multi-stake-holder approach, which calls for the establishment of strategic collaborations between: urban decision-mak-ers, national and regional authorities, enterprises (large companies and small and medium-sized enterprises) in the ICT, energy, power and automation, transport and infrastructure, construction, housing, real-estate investment, household and professional appliance sectors, universities and research institutes and non-gov-ernmental organisations (NGOs).

SUGGESTED ACTIVITIES:

Government/Public

Industry in core SSC-sectors

Academic

Civil society

Pages 24–27 Pages 28–29

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Supporting and coordinating activities in six key priority areas• SSC Forum• Capacity Building and Knowledge Sharing• Test beds and Living Labs• Integrated Business Models, Innovation Procurement and Financing• Key Performance Indicators, Monitoring and Benchmarking• Policy, Regulations and Standardisation

Research and innovation activities in four priority areas• Empowered citizens• Sustainable districts and built environment• Sustainable urban mobility• Integrated infrastructure

Pages 24–27 Pages 28–29

Name of organisation Type of organisation

ABB Enterprise — Power and automation technologies

Chalmers University

City of Gothenburg Local Public Body (city administration)

City of Malmö Local Public Body (city administration)

City of Stockholm — City Planning Administration Local Public Body (city administration)

Electrolux Enterprise — Household and professional appliances

Ericsson Enterprise — ICT

Fortum Enterprise — Energy Utility

HS2020 — ElectriCITY Small and medium sized enterprise (SME) — City development

IBM Enterprise — ICT

Intel Enterprise — ICT

Interactive Institute Swedish ICT Research Institute

International Telecommunication Union International Organisation

KTH Royal Institute of Technology University

Lund University University

NCC Enterprise — Construction

NetPort Science Park Karlshamn NGO

Scania Enterprise — Transport

Siemens Enterprise — ICT, energy, transport, infrastructure

Skåne Regional Council Regional public body

SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden Research Institute

Sweco Enterprise — ICT, construction, housing, transport, urban planning

Swedish National Grid National authority

Swedish Transport Administration National Public Body

The Swedish Union of Tenants NGO

TeliaSonera Enterprise — ICT

Vasakronan Enterprise — Real estate investment and services

G lobally, the market for SSC-solutions are expected to grow from USD 8.8 billion in

2014 to a cumulative global investment of USD 174.4 billion by 20231. Sweden’s advantage in gaining a significant share of this market lies in its existing strengths in digital infrastructure, innovative environment and strong history and political will to tackle sustainability challenges. The implementation of smart sustainable cities represents a real potential for Swedish inno-vation and targeted growth, and at the same time helps cities to respond to the challenges of urban development and reduce their environ-mental footprint. Specifically, smart sustainable cities can aid in the achievement of EU2020 (regarding climate change and energy sustaina-bility, R&D, employment, education, and fight-ing poverty and social exclusion) and EU2050 goals2.

In table 1, the stakeholders behind this agen-da are listed, and in figure 2, we see the results from the stakeholder brainstorming session concering the “overall picture” of the SSC-inno-vation field.

1 Navigant Research, 2014. Smart Cities. www.smartsustainablecities.se/fn/navigantresearch2 European Commission, 2015. Climate Action. www.smartsustainablecities.se/fn/climateact

What does this agenda mean for Swedish innovation?

Table 1: Stakeholders

“ORDINARY” CITY

Cocreative city

Participation

Sustainable and innovative leadership

Vision and goals

Collaboration andstakeholder platforms

Testbed/risk funds

Innovation-centeredprocurement

Citizen dialogue

Technology and systems

Prereqisites for processLegal adaptation

New business modelsShort chain of command

Needs

Require-ments

PolicyOppor-tunities

Financing

Political support

Cooperation

OK to do the wrong thing

System perspective/holistic perspective

High quality of life

Meeting citizens’demands

VISION:NO

FOOTPRINT

High-standardhousing

to fair cost

Sustainableresource planning/

resource flow/resource use

Efficientcommunication

Sustainabletransportation

Accessibleindividualised

decision support

Easy to do the right thingHard to do the wrong thing

SMART SUSTAINABLE CITY

ICT: enabler

Aware and committedcitizens, but

must be possibleto act withoutbeing committed

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http://www.smartsustainablecities.se/fn/navigantresearch

http://www.smartsustainablecities.se/fn/navigantresearch

http://www.smartsustainablecities.se/fn/climateact

Figure 2: Results from stakeholder brainstorming session concerning the “overall picture” of the SSC innovation field.

“ORDINARY” CITY

Cocreative city

Participation

Sustainable and innovative leadership

Vision and goals

Collaboration andstakeholder platforms

Testbed/risk funds

Innovation-centeredprocurement

Citizen dialogue

Technology and systems

Prereqisites for processLegal adaptation

New business modelsShort chain of command

Needs

Require-ments

PolicyOppor-tunities

Financing

Political support

Cooperation

OK to do the wrong thing

System perspective/holistic perspective

High quality of life

Meeting citizens’demands

VISION:NO

FOOTPRINT

High-standardhousing

to fair cost

Sustainableresource planning/

resource flow/resource use

Efficientcommunication

Sustainabletransportation

Accessibleindividualised

decision support

Easy to do the right thingHard to do the wrong thing

SMART SUSTAINABLE CITY

ICT: enabler

Aware and committedcitizens, but

must be possibleto act withoutbeing committed

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The philosophy behind this agenda

Innovation is traditionally defined as “the im-plementation of a new significantly improved

product (good or service), or process, a new marketing method, or a new organisational method in business practices, workplace organ-isation or external relations”1. Innovation can be incremental (the optimisation of existing products, services or systems) or radical (inno-vations which dramatically change social and business practices, and create new markets).

Existing processes of incremental improve-ment, whilst important, are not sufficient to bring about the structural change required to achieve sustainable urban development. Radi-cal change is required over a long-term period. Such changes are called ‘system innovations’ or ‘transitions’. System innovations change the way societal functions (such as mobility, resource management, energy and food production) are fulfilled. System innovations involve changing from one socio-technical system to another; for example, the shift from centralised to decentral-ised systems of energy production.

System innovations can be influenced by interactions between three different levels, figure 3: • Macro: % Global trends and challenges which

are slowly changing external macro variables (such as broad political movements, cultural and normative values, economic growth and material infrastructures) which influence in-novation.

• Meso: % Opportunities provide SSC-inno-vations with the chance to develop and gain momentum; however, % Obstacles prevent these innovations from becoming main-stream.

• Micro: % Research and Innovation Activities together with % Supporting and Coordinat-ing Activities can provide protected spaces for niche innovations to develop and break through into the mainstream.

1 OECD, 2009. Innovation in Firms: A Microeco-nomic Perspective, OECD Publishing, Paris.

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% Global Trends and Challenges place pressure on existing development trajectories.

Global trends and challenges present % Opportunities for smart sustainable city development in several core areas: empowered citizens, sustainable districts and built environment, sustainable urban mobility, and integrated infrastructure.% Obstacles prevent innovations from responding to these opportunities.

% Research & Innovation Activities respond to global trends and challenges and% Supporting & Coordinating Activities help overcome obstacles by steering structural change and supporting system innovations.

mic

rom

eso

mac

roGlobal Trends and Challenges

Opportunities

Obstacles

Supporting & Coordinating Activities

Research & Innovation Activities

Figure 3. A system innovation approach behind this agenda. In the following chapters, we will return to this figure and discuss its building blocks in detail.

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OUR FOCUSThis agenda delivers on two core principles:• A strong focus on environmental sustaina-

bility, together with social and economic as-pects, through SSC-solutions and initiatives

• Overcoming the prevailing siloed paradigm through integration and connection of infrastructures and systems, participation and co-creation enabled by ICT

Pages 16–17

Pages 18–19

Pages 20–22

Pages 23–31

This agenda employs the system innovation approach to structure activities to enable incre-mental and radical system change in cities. This approach has been extensively adopted in the Netherlands2 and the United Kingdom3, and is supported by the OECD4 and VINNOVA5.

Cities require a socio-technical — rather than a pure technological — focus because societal functions are achieved by a combination of technology, infrastructure, production systems, policy and legislation, user practices and cultur-al meaning. This requires a change in the com-ponents and configurations of systems, which can be achieved via, for instance, a shift in gov-ernance structures, a high level of institutional support and new modes of collaboration across diverse actor groups.

Furthermore, cities are interconnected social, technical and ecological systems comprised of people, physical forms, flows, functions, servic-es, and ecosystem services. The sustainability challenges that our cities are facing cannot be solved by traditional disciplinary modes of re-search, innovation, and financing of individual industries and sectors. A new integrative and co-creative approach is needed to overcome the limitations and barriers of working in ‘siloes’.

Co-creation refers to a creation process

2 Kemp, R. 2011. The Dutch energy transition ap-proach. In: Bleischwitz,R., Welfens, P,J,J., Zhang, Z. e.d. International Economics of Resource Efficiency. Physica-Verlag HD: 187–213.3 Foxon, T. J., Hammond, G. P., Pearson, P. J. 2010. Developing transition pathways for a low carbon electricity system in the UK. Technological Forecast-ing and Social Change, 77(8): 1203–1213. 4 OECD, 2014. OECD Science, Technology and Industry Outlook 2014, OECD Publishing, Paris.5 VINNOVA, 2013. Innovation Policy for the Future: System Innovation for Societal Challeng-es, Job Creation and Sustainable Growth. www.smartsustainablecities.se/fn/innovpol

where new solutions are designed with people, not for people. It is closely related to notions of ‘participatory design’, ‘co-design’, ‘design atti-tude’ and ‘design thinking’: approaches that in recent years have been emphasised as central to innovation and will be an integral part of the activities suggested in this agenda.

This agenda responds to the global trends and challenges faced by cities, and the specif-ic obstacles that Swedish cities must overcome when addressing these challenges. Through the activities highlighted on pages 23–31, this agenda transforms these challenges into drivers for Swedish innovation and growth in a global context.

http://www.smartsustainablecities.se/fn/innovpol

http://www.smartsustainablecities.se/fn/innovpol

The concept of smart sustainable cities

C ities are the principle engines of innova-tion and economic growth. However, ur-

ban activities consume a significant amount of resources, generate waste and pollution, and cause structural depreciation. Due to our in-creasingly globalised production and consump-tion systems, negative environmental impacts are felt locally and globally.

To achieve sustainable urban development, targeted growth in key technology sectors is required to provide the infrastructure and solu-tions that support operations and behaviours which reduce the negative environmental im-pact caused by urban life and urban develop-ment. This agenda focuses on people, technolo-gies and infrastructures in urban areas, enabled by ICT, as one pathway to support the transition to sustainable urban development.

The SSC-concept is relatively new and is rap-idly gaining momentum internationally. Smart sustainable cities can contribute to sustainable urban development through the connection and integration of various socio-technical sys-tems, actors, sectors and infrastructures enabled

by ICT, figure 4. There are a growing number of definitions of a smart sustainable city1. Rather than limiting this agenda to a single definition, this agenda, more broadly, sees smart sustaina-

1 One example is the definition provided by the ITU: “A smart sustainable city is an innovative city that uses information and communication technologies (ICTs) and other means to improve quality of life, efficiency of urban operation and services, and competitiveness, while ensuring that it meets the needs of present and future generations with respect to economic, social and environmental aspects”

ble cities as possessing a number of qualities as described in the fact box.

The ‘smart’ in smart sustainable cities in-cludes the necessary connection and integra-tion of socio-technical systems, sectors and infrastructures. However, the mere connection of intelligent physical infrastructures is not the only requirement to be smart. Smart also en-compass the engagement of human capital into planning, decision-making and innovation ac-tivities transpiring in cities.

Furthermore, smart sustainable cities should be seen as a concept describing a gradual pro-cess rather than achievement of predefined target levels. It is important to monitor and

Figure 4. Smart Sustainable Cities, as seen by this Agenda

Smart solutionsSustainability

• Cloud• Mobility• Broadband

• e-services• Integrated

infrastructure

• Environmental• Social• Economic

• Big data

Cities• Inhabitants• Companies• Authorities

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Figure 5. Some paths toward the smart sustainable city of the future

follow-up the sustainability aspects of solutions and activities in smart sustainable cities in a life cycle and consumption perspective; with-out doing so, a solution could be claimed to be smart and sustainable without any verification.

In the cities of today, services are delivered to their inhabitants via physical forms and in-frastructures that result in the flow of people, material, energy, water and waste. In the smart sustainable cities of tomorrow, new constel-lations of physical forms and infrastructure will be supported by ICT, figure 5. This can be achieved by following a number of non-mutu-ally exclusive pathways, for instance, becoming a climate neutral city, an eco-city, a healthy city, or an integrated and collaborative city. This will give rise to the possibility to achieve more sus-tainable flow of people, material, energy, water and waste within cities.

SSC QUALITIES• Smart sustainable cities provide citizens with

the capabilities to fulfil their own needs, and pursue environmental, social and economic sustainability through innovative systems, services and products.

• Smart sustainable cities consider the impact of their activities beyond their physical boundaries, taking a regional and global perspective of their production and con-sumption footprint.

• Smart sustainable cities have platforms that enable local governments, industries, aca-demia, and citizens to improve city life.

• Smart sustainable city solutions are ad-aptable and can adjust to rapid dynamic changes in demands on infrastructure and market demands, as well as future technol-ogy breakthroughs.

• Smart sustainable cities are open innovation areas where co-creation delivers sustainable services to citizens.

Tomorrow’s sustainable city with its physical forms, flows,

functions, businesses and people.

Today’s city with its physical forms, flows, functions, businesses and people.

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The attractive and livable city

The climate neutral city

The climate adapted city

The responsive city

The integrative, collaborative city

The resource saving city

The eco-friendly city

The healthy city

The responsible city (global footprint)

Smart sustainable cities throughout the World

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There is significant market potential for smart sustainable cities in developed, tran-

sition and developing economies. Internation-ally recognised cities implementing and testing smart city technologies include Vienna, Toron-to, Paris, New York, Tokyo, Berlin, Copenhagen, Hong Kong, Barcelona, Amsterdam, Melbourne, São Paulo, Vancouver and Stockholm. Europe is currently leading the world in demonstrating the potential of smart sustainable cities. Vienna is recognized as one of Europe’s smartest cities and in 2014 pioneered its city-wide Smart City Framework. Additionally, a multitude of city organisations, programmes and initiatives exist globally.

The European Union (EU) is supporting the area of smart sustainable cities through a num-ber of programmes, projects, partnerships and alliances including, for example: the ICT Policy Support Programme (focusing on the infra-structure required for smart cities), the Europe-an Innovation Partnership on Smart Cities and Communities (connecting 3000 stakeholders including local authorities, companies, NGOs, academia and citizens across Europe), the Eu-ropean Commission’s Smart Cities and Com-munities Smart Cities Stakeholder Platform1, the European Energy Research Alliance’s Joint Programme on Smart Cities (connecting aca-

1 European Commission, 2013. Smart Cities Stakeholder Platform: Public Procurement for Smart Cities.

demia and research institutes across Europe). Of particular interest for Sweden, Stockholm as a lead partner, together with Barcelona and Cologne, has been selected as the EU Horizon 2020 first Lighthouse cities supported with 25 million EUR to demonstrate smart, sustainable urban energy and transport solutions and to create new jobs in the smart city sector.

China’s market for smart sustainable cities is expanding rapidly. Every year, China’s cities are projected to absorb more than 20 million new inhabitants. The push to modernize China will mean that 250 million residents are planned to be moved into newly constructed towns and cit-ies over the next twelve years2. China currently has more than 120 initiatives under various ti-tles such as Eco-Cities, Low-Carbon Cities and Smart Cities. In India, the 31% of urban resi-dents is set to increase to 41% (which means an increase of more than a 100 million people) by 2030. Smart cities are seen as a solution to this massive migration to urban areas. India plans to build 100 smart cities, many along the Delhi Mumbai Industrial Corridor, investing USD 1.2 trillion over the next 20 years3.

Global IT companies (such as Ericsson, IBM,

2 Johnson, I. 2013. China’s great uprooting: Moving 250 million into cities. The New York Times, 15 June 2013.3 Smart Cities India, 2015. Smarter Solutions for a Better Tomorrow. Conference and Exhibition 20–22 May, New Delhi, India.

Intel, Siemens, Cisco and General Electric) as well as global consultancies (such as Accen-ture, Arup and WSP) are actively promoting solutions to cities in areas including planning and management, infrastructure (for example, energy, mobility, water), and social and educa-tional programmes. The Smart Cities Council is a business-led initiative promoting the interests of its members (such as IBM, Cisco, Mercedes-Benz and Microsoft) through advocacy and lob-bying actions. The International Telecommuni-cation Union’s (ITU) Focus Group on Smart Sustainable Cities (FG-SSC) acts as an open platform for stakeholders to exchange knowl-edge and identify how to best support the inte-gration of ICT services in smart sustainable cit-ies. The FG-SSC, since its inception in February 2013, has finalized over 20 Technical Reports and Specifications4, and is currently working on a Guide for city leaders and Master Plan for smart sustainable cities.

4 Including reports such as: “An overview of smart sustainable cities and the role of information and communication technologies”, “Setting the stage for stakeholders’ engagement in smart sustainable cities” and “Standardization roadmap for smart sustainable cities”.

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Why innovation for smart sustainable cities in Sweden?

The Swedish government explicitly calls for the maintenance of Sweden’s leading busi-

ness rankings to attract international invest-ments that strengthen the Swedish economy and job market1. Sweden is currently strong in ICT, urban sustainability and innovation, and this agenda will strengthen these areas.

1 The Government Offices of Sweden, 2012. The Swedish Innovation Strategy. Swedish Ministry of Enterprise, Energy and Communications.

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FASTEST CITY POPULATION GROWTH IN EUROPE — AN IDEAL PLACE TO STARTAlthough relatively small from an international perspective, Sweden’s population and cities are growing fast. The Swedish population is expect-ed to grow from 9.3 million in 2010 to 11.5 mil-lion by 2060. These changes will also result in an aging population, with the percentage of 65+ to increase from 18% to 26% between 2010 and 20602. Furthermore, 86% of Swedes live in ur-ban areas; a rate which is increasing by 0.2% per year3 and forecast to reach 90% by 2050. Swed-ish cities are also projected to grow at a faster rate than other European cities. Stockholm is the fastest growing city in Western Europe and forecast to grow by an average rate of 3.2% from 2010–20164; with other cities expecting less than 3% growth.

HIGH ENVIRONMENTAL TARGETS AND HIGH ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESSSweden is an internationally recognised lead-er in the area of environmental sustainability. Sweden was one of the first countries to address environmental problems and move them to the political agenda. Sweden hosted the 1972 United Nations conference on the Human En-vironment, placing the environment on the international agenda and making Swedish mu-nicipalities the forerunners in terms of environ-mental efforts.

Sweden has gained 25 years of experience re-garding land-use planning with sustainability as its starting point. The Brundtland report (1988) and the subsequent Rio-declaration (1992) have become the official Swedish definition of sustainability. The Swedish Plan- and Building

2 Eurostat, EU27 population is expected to peak by around 2040, 80/2011, www.smartsustainablecities.se/fn/eurostat3 www.smartsustainablecities.se/fn/esa4 The Economist Intelligence Unit, 2012. Hot spots Benchmarking global city competitiveness

Law, the Environmental Law and many nation-al policy documents have the following defi-nition of sustainability as a portal paragraph: “promotes societal development with equal and good social living conditions and a good and long-term sustainable living environment for current and future generations”5.

One concrete example is the set of 16 Swedish environmental quality objectives; those with a direct relevance for cities include: ‘A Good Built Environment’, ‘Reduced Climate Impact’, and ‘Clean Air’. There is also an urgency to meet these objectives, as they should be achieved within one generation6.

Swedish cities, such as Stockholm, Gothen-burg and Malmö, have adopted goals to be “one of the world’s cleanest, safest and most beauti-ful cities”, “leading in environmental and ur-ban development, and one of the world’s most progressive cities in tackling environmental and climate problems” and “to be 100-percent sustained by renewable or recycled energy”, re-spectively. Such efforts have been international-ly recognised; for instance, Stockholm was the first city to receive the European Green Capital award in 2010 in recognition of its commit-ments and achievements toward environmental sustainability.

A FORERUNNER IN ECO-CITY DEVELOPMENTSweden is an internationally recognized fore-runner in developing eco-cities and sustaina-ble urban areas. High profile examples include Hammarby Sjöstad (Stockholm), the Stock-holm Royal Seaport (Stockholm), Western Harbour (Malmö), Hyllie (Malmö), Ekosta-den Augustenborg (Malmö) and Östra valla (Linköping).

5 Svensk författningssamling 2010:900. Socialde-partementet.6 www.smartsustainablecities.se/fn/miljomal

HIGH-QUALITY INFRASTRUCTURE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENTSweden’s existing building stock meets high in-ternational standards that encompass well-in-sulated building shells, large share of exhaust and supply air ventilation systems with heat recovery, and high penetration of smart me-ters. Sweden is a leading nation in electrical engineering in general, and especially when it comes to control systems. Sweden also has a large share of hydropower and strong electric-ity grid that can accept electricity from small generation units, for example wind, wave and photovoltaic production.

This high quality infrastructure provides strong possibilities to test and implement inno-vative modes of reducing energy use in public–private partnerships.

LONGSTANDING CULTURE OF INNOVATIONSweden has a strong innovation culture, sup-ported at the national level. The Swedish In-novation Strategy highlights that innovation is required to 1) meet global challenges, 2) in-crease competitiveness and create more jobs in a global knowledge economy and 3) deliver public services with increased quality and effi-ciency. This agenda fits within this framework by addressing these three areas by using ICT to support sustainable urban development.

Sweden’s top-ranking position in innovation is particularly prominent in the field of ICT and cleantech. Sweden is a leader of innovation in

system solutions for sustainable urban devel-opment (for example the ‘Hammarby Model’) and companies are well positioned to develop SSC-solutions and capitalise on the growth of the SSC-market.

STRONG ICT INFRASTRUCTURE AND EARLY ADOPTERS Sweden is a developed ICT country, ranked within top three in the global ITU ranking of countries7, with advanced ICT infrastructure and services, and a high proportion of the pop-ulation regularly using the internet and ICT. Swedish companies are among the global lead-ers in telecommunication, and Ericsson has been pivotal in driving the development of Swe-den’s ICT-infrastructure.

Swedish citizens are known to be early adop-ters of new technologies; Sweden is often cho-sen as the preliminary market for innovative products, services and systems needing eval-uation. This makes Swedish cities a useful test bed for evaluation, and engaging end users and stakeholders.

Congestion charging has been introduced in Stockholm and Gothenburg, providing a strong platform for transforming the decision-mak-ing situation in urban transport to support ef-ficiency and sustainability. In Stockholm, the successful implementation of congestion charg-ing can aid in the further development of this tool in a dynamic, demand-sensible direction. Stockholm, more so than Gothenburg, has also a favourable position in terms of high propor-tion of public transport, a heritage from 1940’s decision to expand the underground in an or-chestrated combination with concentrated sub-urban expansion.

7 International Telecommunication Union, 2014. Measuring the Information Society Report 2014

SWEDEN –– A FORERUNNERSweden is one of the forerunners in devel-oping technologies, business models, prod-ucts and services that create new markets with the potential to displace conventional counterparts. This is seen from the effect of Swedish innovations such as Spotify and Skype on their respective markets.

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http://www.smartsustainablecities.se/fn/eurostat

http://www.smartsustainablecities.se/fn/esa

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STRONG LOCAL GOVERNMENTS Sweden has a long-standing tradition of local self-governance. Sweden’s 290 municipalities are given a significant degree of autonomy and can independently regulate local taxes and fees, providing them with the freedom to plan and coordinate their own activities. Additionally, many Swedish municipalities own local land, enabling them to set their own goals and stand-ards which can be more demanding than re-spective national regulations when developing land. This strength and independency creates an opportunity that is relatively unique to Swe-den, lending the country to be a place of poten-tially fast uptake of SSC-innovations related to public services and infrastructure.

A CULTURE OF COOPERATIONSwedish culture and decision-making is strong-ly emphasised by consensus and cooperation. Management by consensus and open discussion have moved the power from individual ‘lead-ers’ to a more diversified group of actors. This mode of decision-making creates a motivating, cooperative and creative framework for action. Cooperation and collective decision making on energy topics make up the fabric of Swedish so-ciety. For instance, as housing cooperatives in apartment dwellings own their buildings, they are responsible for purchasing energy (especial-ly heating) and making energy improvement decisions at a collective scale. Housing coop-eratives are essentially ‘energy cooperatives’ and their multi million Euro annual budgets give them the power to pursue building mod-ernising through the help of ICT, local energy production, self-consumption or more-efficient energy consumption.

Furthermore, due to Sweden’s long tradition of innovative cooperation between public- and private-sector actors8 structures have been es-

8 Such as a) SJ and General Swedish Electric Company, b) the Swedish Armed Forces and Bofors Defence, c) the Swedish Armed Forces and Saab,

tablish for such type of cooperation to be real-ized in the pursuit of smart sustainable cities. Furthermore, the Swedish tradition of appoint-ing ’negotiators’ for such cooperation offers a good platform for challenging conservative thinking.

There is a positive attitude and governmen-tal commitment to interdisciplinary research in Sweden. Interdisciplinary research is supported by several research funding agencies9, which are also committed to create favourable condi-tions for such collaboration. Interdisciplinary research allows for the potential to integrate data, methods, techniques and knowledge from different disciplines; which is essential for un-derstanding and solving the complex challenges faced by today’s cities. This concept has been taken further, extended to a transdisciplinary approach to bridge the gap between academia and society and to empower people in partici-patory decision-making processes.

AN IDEAL PLACE TO START — BUT FURTHER WORK IS REQUIREDSweden possesses a number of unique con-textual opportunities that can enable it to be a leader in the development of SSC-innovations. However, these strengths need to be balanced with the acknowledgement that the success of SSC-solutions is context dependent.

Whilst there will be significant growth in ‘mega cities’, the majority of urban population growth is expected to occur in cities with pop-ulations of 1 million inhabitants or less. On a global scale Sweden’s cities are rather small. Sweden’s three largest cities, Stockholm, Goth-enburg and Malmö have populations of 1.37,

d) Televerket and Ericsson, e) Vattenfall and General Swedish Electric Company9 Liinason, M., Alnebratt, K., Holm U.M., 2006. Disciplinary Boundaries between the Social Sciences and Humanities — Two case studies from Sweden. University of Göteborg.

0.55 and 0.28 million, respectively. Such Swed-ish cities are prime places to test SSC-solutions that have the potential to reach 60% of the world’s urban inhabitants10 that live in cities of less than 1 million inhabitants and may also po-tentially serve as test beds for larger cities. Fur-thermore, of Sweden’s 290 municipalities, 275 have a population below 100 000 inhabitants. These cities present a large potential to create cumulative positive impacts on the path to sus-tainable urban development.

10 WWF, n.d. Reinventing the City Three Prerequi-sites for Greening Urban Infrastructures

Vision, goals and objectives

VISIONARY OBJECTIVES FOR KEY GOAL AREA 1VO1.1: Swedish cities take the lead in integrating ICT

and big data to support sustainable urban development and achieve EU2020 and 2050 targets

VO1.2: Swedish cities are role models for smart sus-tainable cities

VO1.3: ICT supports the capacity to achieve individual and collective well-being goals in a sustainable way

VISIONARY OBJECTIVES FOR KEY GOAL AREA 2VO2.1: Swedish industry is the global leader in provid-

ing SSC-solutionsVO2.2: Swedish SMEs and start-ups provide SSC-solu-

tions to the national and international market VO2.3: Sweden is an attractive destination for interna-

tional investments in SSC-technologiesVO2.4: Sweden targets economic growth in sectors

that support environmental sustainability in cities

VISIONARY OBJECTIVES FOR KEY GOAL AREA 3VO3.1: Sweden attracts investments enabled by an

innovation ecosystem that supports transitions to sustainable urban development through ICT

VO3.2: ICT can enable faster and more efficient path-ways from idea to market

VO3.3: Swedish cities are test beds and living labs for innovations

VO3.4: Sweden has established collaborative inno-vation processes for smart sustainable cities enabled by co-creation

VO3.5: Sweden has established innovative multi-stake-holder business models

KEY GOAL AREA 1Sweden is a leader in sustainable urban development by designing, testing, and implementing integrated ICT enabled solutions.

KEY GOAL AREA 2Sweden has strong growth in sectors developing smart solutions for urban sustainability.

KEY GOAL AREA 3Sweden has an open innovation climate that facilitates new solutions and ac-celerate the market uptake of SSCR&D solutions.

This agenda formulates a vision for Sweden to become a forerunner in smart sustain-

able city development. This vision is further articulated in three key goal areas and corre-sponding objectives to guide the strategic work toward the vision.

GOALS AND OBJECTIVESIdentifying sustainable urban development goals is a daunting task. In Sweden, there are at least 100 relevant national goals, 20 national policy frameworks and 30 national authorities which must be navigated and interpreted from a city perspective. This is further complicated by EU directives and the numerous national, regional and local level strategies, plans and programmes, which set goals in a range of areas relevant to smart sustainable cities.

Establishing sustainable urban development goals relevant to smart sustainable cities can-not be undertaken in the scope of this agenda. Rather, this agenda establishes the following vi-sionary objectives stemming from the threefold vision.

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VISIONIn 2050, Swedish smart sustainable city in-novations will have successfully delivered new ICT enabled solutions for integrated urban systems that aid cities to achieve their sustainable urban development goals with-in the Planetary Boundaries whilst ensuring a good quality of life for their citizens.

% Global trends and challenges

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There are a number of macro-level global trends affecting urban development. These

trends are: the Rapidly Developing Information and Communication Technologies, Striving for Sustainability and Resource Efficiency in a Globalised World, and Increasing Urbanisation. They present a number of challenges that are common to cities throughout the world, and are described in the adjacent fact boxes.

Sweden is in a strong position to turn these challenges into opportunities for sustainable growth and job creation.

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RAPID DEVELOPMENT OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIESICT has revolutionised the way we consider our proximity to others, reducing the significance of physical distance to citizen interaction and business development. The diffusion of ICT, the shift toward an information society and ubiqui-tous computing are giving rise to new possibili-ties to transform daily life.Challenges:% ICT1: The protection of trust, security and

privacy; system vulnerability due to increased integration

% ICT2: Interoperability of emerging ICT infra-structure; managing the complexity of urban systems

% ICT3: Overcoming the digital divide; preventing social and economic ine-quality between users and non-users of ICT

% ICT4: Adapting to changes in working life, employment and labour markets resulting from increasing automation

% ICT5: Mitigating the environmental impact of ICT

STRIVING FOR SUSTAINABILITY AND RESOURCE EFFICIENCY IN A GLOBALISED WORLDEconomic activities concentrate in urban areas, culminating in the increased intensity of social interaction and resource use. Globalisation and the increase of global trade have resulted in the geographical dispersion of the sustainability im-pacts of economic activity. This has led to tech-nological trajectories (for example, transport, energy, and the production and consumption of goods and services) which are not sustain-able.Challenges:% S1: Creating attractive cities for citizens

and businesses whilst staying within the Earth’s system processes (planetary boundaries1)

% S2: Moving toward resilient cities that can continue to provide ecosystem services in urban areas2

% S3: Decoupling economic growth from environmental impact

% S4: Climate change mitigation and adapta-tion

% S5: Shifting from linear to circular flows of materials and nutrients, and energy cascades

% S6: Fair forms of accounting for the envi-ronmental impacts of the production and consumption of goods and services

1 Steffen et al. 2015. Planetary Boundaries: Guiding human development on a changing planet. Science, January 2015.2 UK National Ecosystem Assessment, 2014. Chapte 10: Urban. UNEP-WCMC, LWEC, UK

INCREASING URBANISATIONThe world and Europe are facing rapid de-mographic changes. The global urban popu-lation has grown from 746 million in 1950 to 3.9 billion in 2014. Today, 54% of the world’s population are living in urban areas; by 2050 this will increase to 66%3. In the EU, 72% of the population live in cities4, a proportion that is expected to grow. Furthermore, many Euro-pean countries will have to deal with the im-plications, negative and positive, of an aging population.Challenges:% U1: Providing infrastructure and services to

current and future urban populations, meeting increasing expectations regard-ing city services

% U2: Enabling smaller cities to remain attrac-tive for residents

% U3: Promoting social cohesion and limiting gentrification and segregation occurring in urban areas

% U4: Tackling the problems of urban sprawl and informal settlements

3 UN, 2014. World Urbanization Prospects High-lights. Department of Economic and Social Affairs.4 European Parliamentary Research Service, 2014. What is a city? In focus in urban areas. www.smartsustainablecities.se/fn/whatisacity

http://www.smartsustainablecities.se/fn/whatisacity

http://www.smartsustainablecities.se/fn/whatisacity

The global trends and challenges described on pages 16–17 present a number of op-

portunities for ICT to create sustainable smart cities that offer improved services and increased resource efficiency. For instance, the potential of ICT to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emis-sions in all other sectors has been estimated to be around 16% of the total global GHG emis-sions by 2020, with significant saving potential in buildings, energy and transportation1.

Cities are complex system clusters interact-ing with each other. The capability to manage large amounts of information is instrumental in order to provide reliable and manageable infor-

1 GeSI, 2012. SMARTer2020 The Role of ICT in Driving a Sustainable Future

mation to support more substantiated decisions and enable automation. This can improve en-ergy use in the demand-side (Smart Buildings, Districts, and electric vehicle infrastructures) and in the supply-side (Smart Energy Grids), and particularly enable more local renewable energy production. Big data analytics can ena-ble participatory and inclusive decision-making through real-time monitoring, management, optimisation and visualisation of urban sys-tems.

Smart services and applications can have a great impact on how people interact with the urban environment and, ultimately, how people interact with the city. The introduction of ICT itself will change how these activities are per-formed and how the value chain and business models are applied.

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Common to all these technologies and solu-tions is that they depend on a well-functioning, high-capacity ICT infrastructure. Opportuni-ties have been identified in the four focus are-as of: empowered citizens, sustainable districts and built environment, sustainable urban mo-bility and integrated infrastructure.

% EMPOWERED CITIZENSIn a smart sustainable city, the information demand from citizens of the city and its differ-ent actors increases. At the same time, the cit-izens are a source of information through their movement in the city. This is creating a rapidly changing market for geographic information. Until recently geographical data has been scarce and expensive; attaching a high price to anal-ysis tools, applications and methods for data management. This situation is changing as vast amounts of data are being collected through applications on mobile devices and sensors mounted on vehicles.

Real-time data generated by a multitude of sources including sensors, smart metering sys-tems, IoT devices and crowd-sourced sensing will provide the opportunity for real-time feed-back to support both operational and strategic decisions by city planners, utility providers, in-dustries and citizens. Visualisation of this feed-back through mobile platforms or augmented reality can empower citizens to make sustain-able choices and bring about innovative solu-tions. Furthermore, machine learning and de-cision support are important technologies that can enable better management of cities as com-plexity goes beyond human management alone.

% SUSTAINABLE DISTRICTS AND BUILT ENVIRONMENTSustainable districts involve compact, ener-gy-efficient urban landscapes with access to urban functions and ecosystem services that create attractive and liveable cities. In smart buildings, electric and thermal loads can be shifted and evened out using demand-response strategies, allowing for a more-efficient resource use and increased use of renewable resources. At the same time, the demand for energy can be decreased by providing energy services only when necessary. The interconnection of a building’s systems with other buildings could extend the prospects for optimisation and in-crease performance. Future sustainable energy systems need increased flexibility which can be achieved through different means; for instance, the increased interconnection of different pow-er systems or combined district heating and electricity systems. The integration of the ener-gy storage technologies is an important solution for increasing flexibility by shaving energy de-mand peaks.

Additionally, smart buildings and infrastruc-ture have the potential to contribute to the secu-rity of society. Monitoring and remote sensing systems may help to optimize maintenance and distribution strategies, and the reallocation of available resources in times of crisis. Common for all these solutions is the need to consider both new urban development projects as well as the retrofitting of existing building stock.

% SUSTAINABLE URBAN MOBILITYThe development of a new and truly intelligent transportation system (ITS), including the per-spective of remote connection and non-trans-portation forms of mobility, can stimulate cooperation between separated systems and sectors. Transportation, especially in urban areas, has traditionally suffered from a lack of coordination, resulting in the regular stoppage of services. Due to recent advancements in ICT (ubiquitous connectivity, cheap sensors and computing capacity, and new way of utilizing information and payment services), it is pos-sible to overcome these shortcomings through solutions such as real-time communication between providers and customers, and service customisation.

Big data and individualised data enable new ways of real-time interaction between provid-ers and customers. New internet-based services have improved individual customer’s decisions in urban transportation. The involvement of key urban transport providers (those who of-fer space in the city, in the streets, in parking lots and in public transportation vehicles) can support system optimisation and system inno-vations through improved coordination of indi-vidual and third-party services.

Urban transport will soon be a two billion ‘market’ of urban citizens exposed to traffic problems on a daily basis, and hundreds of local authorities without appropriate tools to handle growing challenges. Sweden has unique possi-bilities to take a leading position in developing a sustainable urban transportation system, with implications for other relevant aspects of the urban fabric.

% INTEGRATED INFRASTRUCTUREDevelopments in areas such as mobile tech-nology, cloud-based services and IoT enable innovative urban product-service systems that act as catalysts for new economic niches based on principles of circularity and/or sharing. To maximize the benefits of these technologies the information, energy, water, transportation, resource and waste infrastructures needs to be tightly integrated. At the same time, this inte-gration needs to allow flexibility for actors to participate according to their own agendas.

Integrating ecosystem services in ICT-ena-bled planning and management of urban sys-tems provides great opportunities to address sustainability issues interactively through par-ticipatory processes. Ecosystem services such as local climate and water regulation can be monitored in real-time through passive sensors, which together with related planning support systems can be fed into scenarios for interac-tive exploration of urban development options. Planning and management of cultural ecosys-tem services such as recreation opportunities, and biodiversity, that are critical for attractive cities with liveable urban landscapes, can be empowered by crowd sourcing and citizen sci-ence and integrated in the planning support systems.

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% Obstacles to overcome for Sweden

The obstacles for implementing SSC-solu-tions are inherently complex, with these

complexities being experienced by many coun-tries. Sweden’s ability to attract SSC-investments depends on how well it can overcome this com-plexity, resistance to change and entrenched ‘lock-in’ of unsustainable systems.

This agenda identifies eight broad obstacles which must be overcome through supporting and coordinating activities if SSC-solutions are to become mainstream: departmentalised problem ownership; lack of sustainable urban development coordination; limited integrated SSC-competences; unclear, un-established val-ue chains and business models; limited financ-ing and lack of innovation procurement; lack of test beds and living labs; no national represent-ative association; and high resistance to change.




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% OBSTACLE O1: DEPARTMENTALISED PROBLEM OWNERSHIPSmart sustainable cities depend on a high de-gree of bridging between different sectors. De-partmentalised mandates, budgets, cultures and academic disciplines result in the depart-mentalisation of problem ownership. This is an obstacle that needs to be addressed in order for Sweden to be a successful leader in the realisa-tion of smart sustainable cities.The way forwardThrough communication, dialogue, data and knowledge-sharing, new modes of collabora-tion and business relations can be established to overcome departmentalisation.

This process has already started in Sweden. In 2014, the Swedish government established a new platform for sustainable development that interconnects the National Housing Agen-cy, the Environmental Protection Agency, the Energy Agency, the Swedish Agency for Eco-nomic and Regional Growth and the Swedish Transport Administration1. The Swedish Green Building Council has initiated a Framework of sustainable city development (e.g. Cities Intel-ligence Hubs) to connect crucial stakeholders in Sweden. Another prominent example is the Environmental Management Task Force for the Stockholm Royal Seaport, which includes heads of a number of city departments to col-laborate in setting sustainability targets. Similar platforms are also found in transdisciplinary re-search platforms in Swedish academia.

Overcoming this departmentalisation of problem ownership is one of the largest success factors for this agenda. This can be achieved by undertaking supporting and coordinating ac-tivities in the following areas:

1 Government Offices of Swedem, 2014. Govern-ment to establish a platform for sustainable urban development. Press Release, February 20, 2014, Socialdepartementet.

• Capacity Building and Knowledge Sharing• Integrated Business Models, Innovation Pro-

curement and Financing • Policy, Regulations and Standardisation

% OBSTACLE O2: LACK OF SUSTAINABLE URBAN DEVELOPMENT COORDINATIONLocal authorities have a critical role in the co-ordination of actions to be implemented and in supporting the transition to sustainable urban development. However, there is a lack of ref-erence points to aid this coordination. This is compounded because of the lack of coordina-tion between European, national, regional and local level principles and objectives for sustain-able urban development. In general, there is an extensive list of national goals and programmes that are the very basis for the planning work in municipalities and cities. The National Board of Housing, Building and Planning states2 that there are more than 20 relevant national policy frameworks and sectors that are of relevance for sustainable urban development. Nearly 30 na-tional authorities work in this field. On top of a series of EU-directives and norms, there are more than 100 relevant national goals that have to be regarded in urban development. Further-more, there are a significant number of nation-al strategies, plans and programmes which set goals and standards for a wide range of areas, from national health goals to risk management.

Despite the designation of sustainability (see pages 8–9), a general problem is that actors need to decide not only the actions required to be undertaken, but also how to assess sustain-ability and the appropriate indicators for this assessment. Thus, there is a need to find ways to integrate and weight all sustainability aspects

2 Boverket, 2011. Sammanställning av nationella mål, planer och program av betydelse för fysisk samhällsplanering Delrapport. Rapport 2011:17.

into the decision-making process. Additionally, the “smart” dimension is from now on an addi-tional aspect to consider.The way forwardEfforts are required to develop goals for sustain-able urban development in a coordinated way from the national to local level, as well as re-spective key performance indicators (KPIs) for monitoring and follow-up. This can be achieved by undertaking supporting and coordinating activities in the following areas:• SSC Forum• Capacity Building and Knowledge Sharing• KPIs, Monitoring and Benchmarking• Policy, Regulations and Standardisation

% OBSTACLE O3: LIMITED INTEGRATED SSC-COMPETENCESSweden has a wealth of expertise and compe-tencies within smart ‘siloes’, but lacks com-petences concerning integration of solutions which are required for smart sustainable cities. This is generally true for local governments, as well as for Swedish industries and research and development (R&D) organisations. These integrated competencies are a requirement for the development of smart sustainable cities in Sweden.The way forwardThis siloed SSC-expertise in Sweden can be turned into an opportunity by collaborating to develop national SSC-competencies. This can be achieved by undertaking supporting and co-ordinating activities in the following areas:• SSC Forum• Capacity Building and Knowledge Sharing• Test Beds and Living Labs

% OBSTACLE O4: UNCLEAR, UN-ESTABLISHED VALUE CHAINS AND BUSINESS MODELSSSC-solutions create societal value. From the industry’s perspective, translating this value into business models is a major challenge, es-pecially with regards to data access. This rep-resents an obstacle to industry preventing the market penetration of SSC-solutions. Given the interconnected nature of SSC-solutions, tradi-tional business models provide limited oppor-tunities for value capitalisation. This is due to the fact that there are numerous types of solu-tion providers that provide values and benefits, and numerous stakeholders in the value chain that are benefitted. This becomes a two-tiered obstacle. First, to understand the new emerging value chains that bring about SSC-solutions. Second, to establish new value chains by con-necting new value chain elements through new business models.The way forwardThe SSC-innovation system needs to under-stand emerging value chains in SSC-solutions, and bring together stakeholders in the value chain to develop new multi-modal business models, such as information marketplaces. Establishing these multi-stakeholder business models has been identified as a key step toward unlocking Sweden’s SSC-potential. This can be achieved by undertaking supporting and coor-dinating activities in the following areas:• Capacity Building and Knowledge Sharing• Test Beds and Living Labs• Integrated Business Models, Innovation Pro-

curement and Financing• Policy, Regulations and Standardisation

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% OBSTACLE O5: LIMITED FINANCING AND LACK OF INNOVATION PROCUREMENTSince SSC-solutions are relatively new, govern-ments at the local and national level have yet to understand how they can relate to and support them with conventional investment models. As a consequence of Obstacle 1, many SSC-solu-tions span multiple city departments, and local government budgets are limited to specific sec-tors. This creates a conflict between innovations and the necessary public procurement process-es. While VINNOVA3 and the European Inno-vation Partnership on Smart Cities and Com-munities have developed some preliminary mechanisms for innovation procurement, there is still a long way to fast market uptake of inno-vations in the public sector.The way forwardLocal governments need help in establishing structural change, similar to those occurring in Vienna4, which can better support local SSC-solutions. This can be achieved by under-taking supporting and coordinating activities in the following areas:• Capacity Building and Knowledge Sharing• Integrated Business Models, Innovation Pro-


3 VINNOVA, n.d. Innovation Procurement. www.smartsustainablecities.se/fn/innovproc4 Smart Ciity Wein, n.d. VIENNA 2050: Ensuring Quality of Life Through Innovation — Adopt-ing the Smart City Wien Framework. www.smartsustainablecities.se/fn/wienframework

% OBSTACLE O6: LACK OF TEST BEDS AND LIVING LABSThe ability to design, test, and develop new SSC-services together with end-users reduces ‘time to market’, and expenditures for indus-try, researchers and entrepreneurship. A num-ber of test beds and living labs are emerging throughout Sweden, for example, the Swedish Living Lab on Vehicle and Transport ICT, the Stockholm Living Lab and the Active House in the Stockholm Royal Seaport. Furthermore, Hammarby Sjöstad with its system approach to ‘eco-governance’ has become an important part of the Swedish SymbioCity concept. Hence, test beds are emerging without any plan for the long-term needs of SSC-test beds in Sweden. This also makes them relatively inaccessible for other interested but non-affiliated organi-sations. Furthermore, ‘technology push’ seldom succeeds, as the local contexts and conditions in international markets usually remain obscure to entrepreneurs. To overcome this obstacle, in-ternational test beds/nodes are required.The way forwardNational coordination and planning of SSC-test beds would allow Swedish organisations to systematically test innovative services and products, significantly increasing the yield of national R&D investments.

The SSC-innovation system would benefit from the development of models that allow for better access to, and coordination of, Sweden’s existing test beds, as well as a strategy leading to the identification of international collaboration nodes. This can be achieved by undertaking supporting and coordinating activities in the following areas:• SSC Forum• Capacity Building and Knowledge Sharing• Test Beds and Living Labs

% OBSTACLE O7: NO NATIONAL REPRESENTATIVE ASSOCIATION Sweden currently lacks a representative associa-tion that can support SSC-interests on a nation-al level. The absence of national coordination limits the ability of organisation in Sweden to derive the full potential and the internation-al exposure from ongoing international and national SSC efforts, for example from Hori-zon2020 projects. This is also evident from the relatively low visibility and presence of Swed-ish SSC-solutions in international expositions, conferences, and trade and investment council activities.The way forwardThe creation of a national representative associ-ation is important. There are already some ini-tiatives working in this direction. For instance, VINNOVA is financing four innovation plat-forms for sustainable attractive cities: Malmö, Lund, Gothenburg, and Borås. In addition, Stockholm Royal Seaport Innovation partic-ipates in these group meetings. The develop-ment of a national representative association can be achieved by undertaking supporting and coordinating activities in the following areas:• SSC Forum

% OBSTACLE O8: HIGH RESISTANCE TO CHANGEToday’s cities can be characterised by relative-ly slow change and inflexible systems. Urban systems are stabilised by ‘lock-in’ mechanisms that are related to sunk investments, behav-ioural patterns, vested interests, infrastructure, favourable subsidies and regulations5. Hence, many political and administrative systems in cities are built on prevailing structures that have been introduced in the 20th century. Such resistance to changes has the advantage of sta-bility and predictability, but also a disadvantage as new innovative solutions are hard to imple-ment. Thus, incremental change dominates and system innovations do not come about easily.The way forwardThis agenda creates the basis for activities to help actors overcome the lock-in in current socio-technical systems; this concerns both institutional (city governments and adminis-trations) and physical constraints. This can be achieved by undertaking supporting and coor-dinating activities in the following areas:• Capacity Building and Knowledge Sharing• Test Beds and Living Labs• Integrated Business Models, Innovation Pro-


5 Geels, F. W. (2010). Ontologies, socio-technical transitions (to sustainability), and the multi-level perspective. Research Policy, 39(4), 495–510.

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http://www.smartsustainablecities.se/fn/innovproc

http://www.smartsustainablecities.se/fn/innovproc

http://www.smartsustainablecities.se/fn/wienframework

http://www.smartsustainablecities.se/fn/wienframework

A CHALLENGE-DRIVEN RESEARCH AND INNOVATION APPROACHThis agenda responds to the global challenges that cities face and the specific obstacles that Swedish cities must overcome when addressing these challenges. SSC-niche innovations should be supported by facilitating protected spaces where new, non-standard, promising techno-logical and organisational innovations can be developed. This agenda will deliberately attempt to steer structural change and support system innovations in urban systems. This will be done by developing research and innovation activi-ties and supporting and coordinating activities to support the actors behind this agenda to de-velop strong networks, and to support coordi-nated policy and infrastructure development, which can fast-track the transition toward sus-tainable urban development.

Through the activities highlighted in this chapter, this agenda transforms these chal-lenges into drivers for Swedish innovation and growth in a global context.

TWO TYPES OF ACTIVITIESSystem innovations require both vertical and horizontal coordination. In order to reach this agenda’s vision, two types of activities are pro-posed:• Research and innovation activities address

the global trends and challenges described on pages 16–17 and are required to achieve a better understanding of urban dynamics and to develop innovative, inclusive, cost-ef-ficient, replicable and scalable solutions for smart sustainable cities.

• Supporting and coordinating activities ad-dress the obstacles described on pages 20–22 and are required to facilitate market uptake of smart solutions and to overcome obstacles for bringing about sustainability transitions in cities of today and tomorrow.

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Figure 6. Priority areas: Research and Innovation Ac-tivities and Supporting and Coordinating Activities




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Research and Innovation Activities:ICT enabled�Sustainability Transitions in Cities

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% RESEARCH AND INNOVATION ACTIVITIESCities are interconnected social and technical systems comprised of physical forms, flows, functions, services, and people. The research and innovation sctivities in this agenda are fo-cused on four interconnected areas, which are crucial for implementation of smart sustainable cities, and an area where Swedish academia and industry are well positioned. These areas have so far been identified as: • Empowered Citizens• Sustainable Districts and Built Environment• Sustainable Urban Mobility• Integrated Infrastructures

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The potential of ICT combined with current and new technologies and infrastructures (such as en-ergy storage, local electricity production, energy efficient lighting, ventilation, climatization, waste, water, and shading) may enable the creation of cli-mate neutral urban districts and can facilitate the cost-effective refurbishment of old building stock without major burdens to tenants. These systems bring us toward a new concept of the built envi-ronment, intrinsically more complex. The increased complexity of these systems requires integrated design approaches, decision-making and manage-

ment. This is needed to optimize the management of all the available energy sources and infrastruc-tures in a smart sustainable city. This can also help in achieving several targets, for example: shaving the energy demand peaks, minimizing environ-mental impact, and at the same time providing better living conditions at a lower cost for occu-pants. The design of such advanced decision-mak-ing and management systems requires information generally not available today, but is achievable through the integration of several ICT technologies (e.g., wireless sensors and actuators networks).

Placing the citizen in the centre of the innovation process is essential for citizens to feel engaged with the smart sustainable city. Trans- and interdiscipli-nary research and innovation activities are needed to understand citizens’ daily practices, motivations, and the opportunities and barriers that enable citizens to take active part in smart sustainable city initiatives, or to choose sustainable solutions. Citizens’ sustainability choices are part of a larg-er complex array of relations, infrastructures and

technologies that are interdependent and work at a system level. These insights combined with feed-back enabled by big data on the consequences of decisions and can be visualised through mobile platforms, augmented reality and geographic in-formation systems (GIS)-based spatial tools. These services can empower citizens to become actors in SSC-activities, including co-creation, participatory decision-making and prosuming (producing prod-ucts and services).

% RESEARCH AND INNOVATION ACTIVITY:EMPOWERED CITIZENS

% RESEARCH AND INNOVATION ACTIVITY:SUSTAINABLE DISTRICTS AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT

• Citizen involvement in the innovation pro-cess can be supported by obtaining a better understanding of a) the elements of current or future interventions that are valuable to citizens in terms of service outcomes, b) developing insights into what might not be valuable to citizens, c) creating synergies between the outcomes of co-creation processes and citizen’s lives, and d) understanding where and how citizens have the resources, motivation and skills to undertake ‘part of the job’ that the government is currently undertaking.

• Participatory urban sustainability visions and transition strategies. Transdisciplinary approaches need to be developed to under-stand urban sustainability transitions. Partici-patory backcasting and the quantification of transition pathways should be used to develop long-term sustainability visions and transition strategies.

• Engagement of citizens in smart sus-tainable cities. Solutions must be designed

according to real and common needs and aim at solving the correct issues or creating the right value. To do so, we need to understand the ‘city experience’ and how technology can improve its weak points. A clear map should be made between: a) the information that citizens need to receive in order to gain understanding of their relevance in a city, b) the information that a smart sustainable city should receive from its inhabitants in order to improve the city experience, and c) the value that citizens can co-produce for a smart sustainable city.

• GIS-based spatial tools, crowd sourcing and citizen science are corner stones in the planning support system for ecosystem services in urban areas. New services to manage and analyse these vast new sources of geographical data require development; services that will help developers to analyse and plan smarter solutions, and help citizens act smarter in the city.

Suggested examples for research and innovation activities

• Adaptive learning schemes can be incorpo-rated in the decision-making process to account for users’ attitudes and preferences (e.g., data provided through mobile phones).

• Urban governance for sustainable districts and built environment involves a diversity of practical approaches (such as transition towns, one planet communities, etc.) to catalyse and shape sustainability transitions.

• Planning under uncertainty when forming sustainable districts and built environment through developing methods and tools.

• Zero-energy building cluster development needs advanced knowledge about the transi-tion toward sustainable building and planning focusing on several levels, from governance to end-users.

• Ecosystem services in urban areas. To create and maintain attractive urban districts and landscapes, cultural ecosystem services (such as recreation opportunities) and biodiversity are important factors that can be monitored and modelled interactively in planning support systems. Planning and management of cultural

ecosystem services and biodiversity that are critical for attractive cities with liveable urban landscapes can be empowered by crowd sourc-ing and citizen science.

• Healthy indoor environments can be fos-tered through the use of ICT to create sound and sustainable indoor environments which promote human health, well-being and pro-ductivity. This can involve addressing new envi-ronmental stressors (due to changing climate) and societal needs (aging population, increased sensitisation and prevalence of disease) whilst at the same time striving for the sustainable use of resources.

• Consumer-oriented IoT for homes have the potential to increase quality of domestic life and reduce environmental impact.

• Structural Health Monitoring for physical in-frastructure. Structural health monitoring tech-niques have the potential to save significant amount of resources due to better estimation of remaining lifetime of structures, optimised maintenance strategies and reduction of waste.


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ITS will provide a large number of opportunities to create the smart sustainable city of the future, and is a prerequisite for various smart travel concepts such as: car sharing, smart charging, inter-modal travel, bus rapid transit, travel services, automation of vehi-cles and interaction between vehicles and infrastruc-ture, smart maintenance and construction. From a sustainability perspective, ICT based alternatives to travelling can also be considered as an integrated part of ITS.

ICT can create new opportunities for a more-ef-ficient public transport system, for example, giving busses green waves by the communication between busses and traffic lights. The collection and analysis

of travel behaviour data (obtained from travel cards) can lead to more precise information on service which used can be used to adjust supply to demand. Such information could also be used to understand travellers’ behaviour in the event of disruptions, al-lowing for the design of better mitigation and re-covery strategies. Advanced information technology also opens up for more sophisticated payment sys-tem that could help shift demand from periods of overcrowding to periods of spare capacity.

Big data allows better dynamic-travel-time fore-casting systems to be developed. Together with personalised data, this allows for the construction of genuinely intelligent personalised travel-advice

systems. Such systems could provide a single inte-grated travel system offering the traveller custom-ised travel information pre- and on-route choices. Another option is to use this information to create smart car- and bike-sharing systems that help the driver and passenger to match, pay and physically find each other. Innovations in this area can result in an overall reduction of energy use, emission re-ductions, optimal use of the road network, reduced driver stress, increased safety, increased experienced comfort and increased attractiveness of public trans-port.

% RESEARCH AND INNOVATION ACTIVITY:SUSTAINABLE URBAN MOBILITY

• Urban governance for sustainable ur-ban mobility requires a diversity of practical approaches to catalyse and shape sustainability transitions.

• The political economy of urban e-mobility involves advancing our understanding of how social, political and technical forces effect the choice of policies affecting e-mobility/e-cars/elec-tro-fuels in differing jurisdictions.

• An urban-regional perspective on physical mobility in the context of smart sustainable cit-ies considers the inter-modality between cycling, walking and public transport as an important approach to increase share of public transport, walking and cycling and decrease the use of unsustainable forms of transport. In addition, the option of using ICT instead of physical dis-

placement needs to be an integrated aspect.• Intelligent transportation implies data sharing

and coordination among different vehicles, which can be seen as an advanced and mobile sensor network used, for example, to measure air pollution. Such a sensing network is capable to gather data with a higher spatial resolution than today’s devices. This detailed information can be used in the short-term by decision-mak-ers to create environmentally aware policies to address air pollution. In the near future possi-bilities could exist for automated suggestions targeted at drivers to prevent further pollution in already polluted areas.

• Intelligent transportation networks for example interactive bridges and tunnels (which could communicate with vehicles) may reduce

disruption of network users. Implementation of condition and performance monitoring systems might help develop maintenance strategies for infrastructure assets.

• Shared speed city means that people’s physical mobility should be at the speed of pedestrians and cyclists in designated city areas. System based on the application of various speed control systems in vehicles and on the street level can help prevent speeding violations.

• Urban walking is focused on the importance of perceived environmental qualities in the charac-teristic web of walking paths and green spaces that need to be fully recognized and explored. Special consideration should be put on the con-trast between daytime and night time.


27

The benefits of integrated physical infrastructures for reaching energy targets and climate goals should be further explored. Smart grids, polygeneration and energy storage are at the forefront of innova-tion. Big data analytics, standardisation and auto-mation are key features to enable their integration, as well as the integrated management and co-opti-mization of complex infrastructure systems (system

of systems).In order to actively achieve common targets, for

example the maximization of renewable energy use and minimization of energy imbalances, these infrastructures need to share large amounts of in-formation;—which are integrated and used for de-cisions-making in different sectors.

Novel holistic approaches for designing advanced

automation systems for optimizing the operation of these physical devices are needed. To be integrated and coordinated, these approaches have to account for multiple interacting subsystems with multiple stakeholders, providers with different contracts and protocols (e.g., building constructors, HVAC provid-ers and distributed generators providers).

R&I Activities Global Trends and Challenges (see page 17)

ICT Sustainability Urbanisation

ICT1 ICT2 ICT3 ICT4 ICT5 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 U1 U2 U3 U4

Empowered Citizens • • • • • • • • • •

Sustainable Districts and Built Environment • • • • • • • •

Sustainable Urban Mobility • • • • • • • •

Integrated Infrastructures • • • • • • • • • • •

Table 2. Research and Innovation activities required to meet Global Trends and Challenges

% RESEARCH AND INNOVATION ACTIVITY:INTEGRATED INFRASTRUCTURES

• Interdisciplinary studies on merging city in-frastructures are the first step toward integrat-ed infrastructure in a smart sustainable city. To resolve the issue of infrastructure fragmentation, it is important to look into how different sectors (transport, energy, health, etc.) are inter-related and how common service platforms, infrastruc-ture and business solutions can be developed; this requires interdisciplinary system thinking.

• Urban supply systems including water, energy, food and resources/materials as well as their interaction within the context of smart sustaina-ble city need to be analysed and evaluated. For example, intelligent energy systems can allow for the optimisation of energy sources and carriers depending on application, environmental profile and resources utilisation.

• Smart Urban Metabolism. ICT can enable the possibility to provide real-time feedback on material and energy flows which can assist 1)

decision makers following up on sustainable urban development goals, 2) the private sector in achieving regulatory compliance, 3) engaging citizens in pro-environment behavioural change, and 4) in supporting community initiatives and new innovation/business forms empowered by real-time/big data.

• Data/management platforms and city dash-boards need to be further developed to enable an integrated view of different critical infra-structures or functions in a city, such as traffic, energy (power, heat and cold), water, emergency functions and waste.

• Real-time monitoring of ecosystem services such as local climate and water regulation could be enabled through passive sensors; which, together with related planning support systems, can be fed into scenarios for interactive explora-tion of urban development options.

• Urban symbiosis. The performance of urban

infrastructures, including energy, water and waste can be made more efficient by developing symbiotic relationships. In this way, emissions can be cut and resource consumption can be di-minished. It is also necessary to investigate how resources from industries can be used by the city. Operations, organisations and/or companies can be matched in order to enable them to exchange resources of varying quality.

• Smart lighting. The lampposts might be used as the base for sensors, WiFi, mobile networks and can also be used for charging electric vehi-cles. It can also be combined with status report-ing, thus improving maintenance and reducing the time between breakage and repair. Lighting can also be sensor controlled to optimize the energy use, for instance only operating in the presence of pedestrians or cyclist.


SUPPORTING AND COORDINATING ACTIVITIESSuccessful research, innovation and implemen-tation in these areas will facilitate sustainability transitions in Sweden and abroad, strengthen the position of Sweden’s academia and give companies a competitive advantage in the glob-al market. However, research and innovation activities must be completed with demand-side measures, such as developing new business models, facilitating innovation procurement, setting new standards or improving regulations; these are addressed by means of Supporting and Coordinating activities.

Supporting and coordinating activities focus on the following topics:• SSC Forum• Capacity Building and Knowledge Sharing• Test Beds and Living Labs• Integrated Business Models, Innovation Pro-

curement and Financing• KPIs, Monitoring and Benchmarking• Policy, Regulations and Standardisation

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All SSC-stakeholders need to work together to take advantage of the opportunities afforded by technical advances and synergies. Cooper-ation across industries, systems and disciplines, enables the implementation of intelligent sys-tems for smart sustainable cities.

Therefore, there is need for a cohesive force, responsible for ensuring that the collective and collaborating SSC-area stays on target, and uses the roadmap suggested in this agenda. This co-hesive force can be well suited for performing follow-up on this agenda’s suggested activities, and might also be appropriate for taking the ownership of this agenda; a living document subject to updates at suitable intervals.

Accordingly, we suggest forming an SSC Forum to constitute this cohesive function and promote and support Sweden’s SSC-interests nationally and globally. This forum would col-laborate with the ITU-T Study 5 on Environment and Climate Change.

In order to break the siloed thinking, to facilitate continuous learning, to empower development of Sweden’s SSC competency and to enhance en-gagement of different stakeholders, this agenda suggests that knowledge sharing, training and educational activities be organized. For example: a web-based platform for knowledge exchange between different partners, as well as updates on recent developments worldwide; on-line market places for innovative SCC-solutions; brokerage events, inventor-entrepreneur and peer-to-peer meetings; study visits to large demonstration sites and staff exchanges. Smart city hackathons are popular competitions that attract urban planners, architects, sustainability experts, researchers, de-velopers and designers to co-create, for example, new prototypes to help cities become more livea-ble, competitive and sustainable.

These activities are aimed at acquiring detailed knowledge both from ‘best practices’ and from the unsuccessful experiences for the various segments

that smart sustainable cities comprise. This is re-quired to avoid difficulties already encountered by cities in Sweden and internationally. Specifically for Sweden’s smaller cities, a first step would be to de-termine their specific needs and constraints.

Long-term competitiveness and excellence re-quires interdisciplinary educational programs on Masters and PhD levels, and a set of training cours-es within the life-long learning paradigm.

Finally, to ensure a deliberate and outcome-ori-ented collaboration between governmental, in-dustrial, academic, and citizen-representative organisations, this agenda needs to reflect their continuously changing challenges. Addressing these challenges is one of the most effective means of strengthening Sweden’s position as a leader and exporter of cleantech. Therefore, a suggested ac-tivity is an annual, national conference that brings together organisations that present their challeng-es and solutions.

To be successful during the innovation process, companies and academic partners need to have an opportunity to develop and test new SSC-solutions together with relevant user groups. It is of increasing importance to provide SSC-stakeholders with better access to Sweden’s existing test beds and activi-ties that lead to the identification of several international collaboration nodes. Hence, the notion of “greentech export” needs to be revisited; ‘technology push’ does not always work as intended. Therefore, the establishment of select-ed international nodes/test beds is necessary if Sweden’s SSC-solutions are to be successful in other markets. Through these strategically selected internation-

al nodes, local problem owners can provide Swedish innovation organisations with a much deeper understanding of the context in which SSC-solutions are to be implemented.

To shift the focus of innovation systems from technology-centric to user-cen-tric, this agenda proposes to facilitate the implementation of living labs. Living labs serve to enhance understanding of the user situation and solution innova-tions to match those in a changing society and, therefore, their applications can enhance innovation, inclusion, usefulness and usability of ICT and its applica-tions in society.

% SUPPORTING AND COORDINATING ACTIVITY:SSC FORUM

% SUPPORTING AND COORDINATING ACTIVITY:CAPACITY BUILDING AND KNOWLEDGE SHARING

% SUPPORTING AND COORDINATING ACTIVITY:TEST BEDS AND LIVING LABS

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S&C Activities Obstacles (see pages 20–22)

O1 O2 O3 O4 O5 O6 O7 O8

SSC Forum • • • • •

Capacity Building and Knowledge Sharing • • • • • • •

Test Beds and Living Labs • • • •

Integrated Business Models, Innovation Procurement and Financing

• • • • • •

KPIs, Monitoring and Benchmarking • • • •

Policy, Regulations and Standardisation • • • • •

Table 3. Supporting and Coordinat-ing activities required to meet the Obstacles

Establishing multi-stakeholder business mod-els and implementing innovation procurement have been identified as key steps toward un-locking Sweden’s SSC-potential. Therefore, this agenda proposes activities to improve the understanding of emerging SSC-solution value chains, and activities that bring together stake-holders to develop new multi-modal business models, such as information marketplaces. Data can be viewed as a resource in organiza-tions, and whilst some data can be open, data can also be bought and sold on an information marketplace. Some cities, such as Dublin, have developed early versions of such information marketplaces.

Whilst taking into account international stand-ards and ongoing standardisation, this agenda proposes activities to establish a common KPI system (taking into consideration existing KPIs developed by the ITU’s FG-SSC) that allows cities and companies to evaluate their own solutions and to benchmark their SSC-progress with other cities in a reliable way. These activi-ties are mainly conducted through participation of the SSC-partners in national and internation-al projects targeted at KPIs development.

Additionally, a clear baseline and sustainabil-ity-performance-monitoring-system should be established to provide an understanding of the contribution of an individual solution/activity to the achievement of overall objectives.

This agenda proposes activities to improve collabo-rative governance mechanisms through integrated planning, use of ICT services and broad stakeholder participation in the planning process. Experiences of forefront cities, such as Vienna with its city-wide Smart City Framework, will be studied by the SCC partnership. This agenda supports development of common standards by national and international organisations in order to ensure interoperability of different models and solutions.

Standardisation of interfaces and requirements can facilitate the implementation of complex sys-tems required smart sustainable cities. This is espe-cially important in situations where actors’ objec-tives conflict. In such cases, standards developed by independent third parties—such as the Inter-national Electrotechnical Commission, the ITU, the European Telecommunications Standards Institute or the institute of Electrical and Electronics Engi-neers—can provide clear support to integration of complex systems across domains (energy, trans-

portation, communication, etc.) and technologies from different vendors.

Standards also facilitate the entry of new small-er actors on markets inhabited by incumbent tech-nology suppliers. Owing to standardized software interfaces, it is possible for small companies to de-velop applications and services that can participate in the overall system without having to invest in developing the complete infrastructure. Coordina-tion of standardisation of interfaces and systems for smart cities is being undertaken by the Smart and Sustainable Cities and Communities Coordina-tion Group and ITU’s FG-SSC.

The implementation of the research and inno-vation activities will be performed using a “Scope up – scope down” approach. During the first two years of implementation, stakeholders are asked to propose a wide range of SSC-innovations; the “scope up” step. After the evaluation stage, the broad innovation area will “scoped down” to sev-eral key areas for Sweden.

% SUPPORTING AND COORDINATING ACTIVITY:INTEGRATED BUSINESS MODELS, INNOVATION PROCUREMENT AND FINANCING

% SUPPORTING AND COORDINATING ACTIVITY:KPIS, MONITORING AND BENCHMARKING

% SUPPORTING AND COORDINATING ACTIVITY:POLICY, REGULATIONS AND STANDARDISATION

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Name of organisation Type of organisation Research and Innovation Activities Supporting and Coordinating Activities

ABB Enterprise — Power and automation technologies • • • • • •

Chalmers University • • • • • • •

City of Gothenburg Local Public Body (city administration) • • • • • • • •

City of Malmö Local Public Body (city administration) • • • • • • • •

City of Stockholm — City Planning Administration Local Public Body (city administration) • • • • • • •

Electrolux Enterprise — Household and professional appliances • • • • •

Ericsson Enterprise — ICT • • • • • • • • • •

Fortum Enterprise — Energy Utility • • • • • •

HS2020 — ElectriCITY Enterprise (SME) — City development • • • • • • •

IBM Enterprise — ICT • • • • •

Intel Enterprise — ICT • • • • • • • • • •

Interactive Institute Swedish ICT Research Institute • • • • • • • • • •

International Telecommunication Union International Organisation • • • • • • • • • •

KTH Royal Institute of Technology University • • • • • • • • • •

Lund University University • • • • • • •

NCC Enterprise — Construction • • • • • • • • •

NetPort Science Park Karlshamn NGO • • •

Scania Enterprise — Transport • • • •

Siemens Enterprise — ICT, energy, transport, infrastructure • • • • • • •

Skåne Regional Council Regional public body • • • • • • • •

SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden Research Institute • • • • • • • • • •

Sweco Enterprise — ICT, construction, housing, transport, urban planning

• • • • • • • •

Swedish National Grid National authority • • • • • •

Swedish Transport Administration National Public Body • • • • • • • • • •

The Swedish Union of Tenants NGO • • •

TeliaSonera Enterprise — ICT • • • • • •

Vasakronan Enterprise — Real estate investment and services • • • • • • •

Revisiting table 1 on page 4, we can now map the SSC stakeholders to the suggested activities as seen in table 4.

Table 4: Stakeholder involvement in agenda activities

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% Implementation roadmap

32

2016 INITIATION MILESTONES

% IM1 National Level Representative Body established through the SSC Forum

% IM2 Task Forces for Supporting and Coordinating Actions

% IM3 First National Annual Confer-ence on Smart Sustainable Cities

% IM4 Initiation of goal formulation of Swedish smart sustainable cities

% IM5 Web-based platform established for knowledge exchange between different partners

% IM6 Smart city hackathons take place in several cities bringing togeth-er actors to create innovative SSC-solutions

% IM7 Operational Plan for test beds and living labs supported by Swe-den’s SSC-stakeholders

% IM8 Calls for Transdisciplinary In-novation Projects are open for Swedish and international con-sortia

% IM9 Good examples and follow-up studies of big data/ICT enabled solutions that empower citizens’ and communities’ engagement in energy efficiency actions

2020 CONTINUATION MILESTONES

% CM1 SSC Forum includes all interest-ed actors in Sweden’s SSC-com-munity

% CM2 A broad network of connected and accessible test beds and liv-ing labs are operating in Sweden’s large and small cities

% CM3 On-line market places for inno-vative SSC-solutions up and run-ning

% CM4 SSC Forum facilitates regular knowledge sharing events

% CM5 Transdisciplinary Masters, PhD and life-long learning training courses established in Sweden’s universities in cooperation with societal partners

% CM6 Large scale demonstration of SSC-solutions

% CM7 Intensified societal initiatives started by citizen and community groups

% CM8 SSC-innovation helps Sweden to surpass EU2020 goals

% CM9 All Swedish cities have showcases of SSC-solutions

% CM10 Budget for innovation in the SSC-sector increase 200%

% CM11 Multi-stakeholder business mod-els and innovation procurement rules established and tested

% CM12 300% growth in Sweden’s SSC-sector and export

2030 EMBEDDING MILESTONES

% EM1 Developed SSC-solutions are cost efficient and widely implemented in Sweden and internationally

% EM2 SSC-start-ups, SMEs and multi-nationals make Sweden a home for their innovation and testing

% EM3 People engaged in collaborative innovation for SSC-solutions in their communities

2050 ACHIEVEMENT MILESTONES

% AM1 Achievement of smart sustain-able city targets set by Swedish cities.

Implementation milestones Global Trends and Challenges Obstacles

ICT Sustainability Urbanisation

ICT1

ICT2

ICT3

ICT4

ICT5

S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 U1

U2

U3

U4

O1

O2

O3

O4

O5

O6

O7

O8

IM1: National Level Representative Association established through the SSC Forum • • •

IM2: Task Forces for Supporting and Coordinating Actions • • • • • • • •

IM3: First National Annual Conference on Smart Sustainable Cities • • •

IM4: Initiation of goal formulation of Swedish smart sustainable cities • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

IM5: Web-based platform established for knowledge exchange between different partners • • • • • •

IM6: Smart city hackathons take place in several cities bringing together actors to create innovative SSC-solutions • • • • • • • • • •

IM7: Operational Plan for test beds and living labs supported by Sweden’s SSC-stakeholders • • • •

IM8: Calls for Transdisciplinary Innovation Projects are open for Swedish and international consortia • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

IM9: Good examples and follow-up studies of big data/ICT enabled solutions that empower citizens’ and communities’ engagement in energy efficiency actions

• • • • •

CM1: SSC Forum includes all interested actors in Sweden’s SSC-community • • •

CM2: A broad network of connected and accessible test beds and living labs are operating in Sweden’s large and small cities

• • • • • • • • • • •

CM3: On-line market places for innovative SCC-solutions up and running • • • • • • • •

CM4: SSC Forum facilitates regular knowledge sharing events • • • • •

CM5: Transdisciplinary Masters, PhD and life-long learning training courses established in Sweden’s universities in cooperation with societal partners

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

CM6: Large scale demonstration of SSC-solutions • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

CM7: Intensified societal initiatives started by citizen and community groups • • • • • • • • • • • • •

CM8: SSC-innovation helps Sweden to surpass EU2020 goals • • • • • •

CM9: All Swedish cities have showcases of SSC-solutions • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

CM10: Budget for innovation in the SSC-sector increase 200% • •

CM11: Multi-stakeholder business models and innovation procurement rules established and tested • • • • •

CM12: 300% growth in Sweden’s SSC-sector and export • •

EM1: Developed SSC-solutions are cost efficient and widely implemented in Sweden and internationally • • • • • •

EM2: SSC-start-ups, SMEs and multinationals make Sweden a home for their innovation and testing • • • • • • •

EM3: People engaged in collaborative innovation for SSC-solutions in their communities • • • • • • • • • • • •

AM1: Achievement of smart sustainable city targets set by Swedish cities. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

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Table 5: Implementation milestones mapped against trends, challenges and obstacles

This agenda was developed from August 2013 to April 2015. The following organisations support and stand behind the agenda.

ABBCHALMERSCITY OF GOTHENBURGCITY OF MALMÖCITY OF STOCKHOLMELECTROLUXERICSSONFORTUMHS2020 — ELECTRICITYIBMINTELINTERACTIVE INSTITUTE SWEDISH ICTINTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION UNIONKTH ROYAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGYLUND UNIVERSITYNCCNETPORT SCIENCE PARK KARLSHAMNSCANIASIEMENSSKÅNE REGIONAL COUNCILSP SWEDISH TECHNICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTESWECOSWEDISH NATIONAL GRIDSWEDISH TRANSPORT ADMINISTRATIONTHE SWEDISH UNION OF TENANTSTELIASONERAVASAKRONAN

This agenda is not a static document. It will be updated at suitable intervals, both to adapt to a changing world and to adjust to the accomplishment of activities and the fulfilment of objectives. As proposed in suggestion IM1, the SSC Forum will accept ownership of this agenda and responsibility of its realisation. Any organisation willing to partake in the suggested SSC Forum, please find con-tact details at www.smartsustainablecities.se

Support for the SSC Agenda

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EDITORSOlga Kordas, David Lazarevic KTH ROYAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGYGunnar Linn LINNKONSULT

WORKING GROUPMichael Erman CITY OF STOCKHOLMCraig Donovan ERICSSONMattias Höjer KTH ROYAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGYTina Karlberg SIEMENSAllan Larsson HS2020 — ELECTRICITYLena Neij LUND UNIVERSITYJohan Nordén SPLars Nordström KTH ROYAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGYPia Stoll ABB

KTH ROYAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY COLLABORATION GROUP Oscar Alvarez, Yifang Ban, Cristian Bogdan, Nils Brandt, Vladimir Cvetkovic, Amirhossein Ghanbari, Anders Gullberg, Karl Henrik Johansson, Pontus Johnson, Cecilia Katzeff, Emma Källblad, Robert Lagerström, Hatef Madani Larijani, Jan I Markendahl, Lars-Göran Mattsson, Marco Molinari, Ulla Mörtberg, Mikael Nybacka, Björn Palm, Alessandra Parisio, Oleksii Pasichnyi, Amy Rader Olsson, Hossein Shahrokni, Josefin Wangel KTH ROYAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

REFERENCE GROUPJonas Clareus, Susanne Timsjö ABBBo Norrman, Karl-Gunnar Olsson, Mats Rydehell CHALMERSMathilda Edlund, Katrina Folland CITY OF GOTHENBURGJonas Kamleh, Per-Arne Nilsson CITY OF MALMÖThomas Bergendorff, Anna-Karin Stoltz Ehn CITY OF STOCKHOLMMats Ekblad ELECTROLUXPernilla Bergmark ERICSSONCatarina Naucler FORTUMCarl Mikael Dufberg, Susanna Salwen IBMJohan Falk, Carl-Daniel Norenberg, Tomas Strålman INTELMarkus Bylund, Annelise de Jong, Claus Popp Larsen INTERACTIVE INSTITUTE SWEDISH ICTCristina Bueti INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION UNIONKarin Mex LUND UNIVERSITYJan Byfors, Fredrik Gränne NCCMats Jonsson NETPORT SCIENCE PARK KARLSHAMNUlf Ceder, Tony Sandberg SCANIAMikael Edelstam SKÅNE REGIONAL COUNCILHeiti Ernits, Niklas Grybe, Håkan Perslow SP SWEDISH TECHNICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTEJenny Carlstedt, Katrina Johansson SWECOGöran Ericsson SWEDISH NATIONAL GRIDSusanne Ingo, Tomas Julner, Pernilla Wistrand SWEDISH TRANSPORT ADMINISTRATIONHans Dahlin SWEDISH UNION OF TENANTSBjörn Hallare, Catherine Karagianni, Henrik Weinestedt TELIASONERAAnna Denell VASAKRONAN

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www.smartsustainablecities.seISBN 978-91-7595-567-4

In 2050, Swedish smart sustainable city innovations will have successfully delivered new ICT enabled solutions for integrated urban systems that aid cities to achieve their sustainable urban development goals within the Planetary Boundaries whilst ensuring a good quality of life for their citizens.“

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Strategic Innovation Agenda for Smart Sustainable Cities812341/FULLTEXT01.pdf · er-increasing expectations of city services from citizens and businesses. Smart sustainable cities