Strategic Disaster Risk Management in Asia

Huong Ha • R. Lalitha S. FernandoAmir MahmoodEditors

Strategic Disaster RiskManagement in Asia

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EditorsHuong HaUON Singapore, Singapore

University of Newcastle, Australia

Amir MahmoodUON Singapore, Singapore

University of Newcastle, Australia

R. Lalitha S. FernandoDepartment of Public AdministrationFaculty of Management

Studies and CommerceUniversity of Sri JayewardenepuraNugegoda, Sri Lanka

ISBN 978-81-322-2372-6 ISBN 978-81-322-2373-3 (eBook)DOI 10.1007/978-81-322-2373-3

Library of Congress Control Number: 2015939725

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Foreword

Governments and their bureaucracies are notoriously slow, methodical and lumber-ing. Natural and human-induced disasters often occur suddenly and unpredictably,with rapid devastation. Hence, there is a serious mismatch between governments’abilities and their responsibilities to prevent and mitigate disasters. Moreover, thisgap between ability and responsibility will continue to grow unless governmentsgreatly improve disaster management. This is because the number of disasters isgrowing, partly to patterns of contemporary human civilisation, and the probabilityof their occurrence and reoccurrence is increasing. By one calculation as chapter 9notes, some 3,870 disasters took place worldwide from 2000 to 2009 – more thanone per day on average. Ironically, although we have better technology, such asremote sensing, satellites, equipment, transportation and emergency medical care todeal with disasters, technology itself is a contributor to weather-related devastation,the human and environmental tolls of violent conflicts, the spread of epidemicsand even earthquakes as in the case of hydraulic fracturing (‘fracking’) used in theextraction of natural gas and oil. To many observers, long-term strategies to reducedisasters appear utopian, involving changes in our human nature and economic andsocial organisation and preventing further climate change and perhaps almost totalglobal reorganisation. In the shorter term, as Strategic Disaster Management in Asiademonstrates with great clarity, acumen and common sense, much more can be donethrough improved planning and implementation of disaster prevention and reliefefforts.

As the title indicates, strategic planning for disaster management is essential toany effort to reduce the gap between governmental ability and responsibility to dealefficiently and effectively with the challenges posed by the wide variety of potentialdisasters. Amongst the possibilities are multiyear disaster management plans;assessing the potential for shortages of energy and other necessities of contemporarylife; taking into account the differential impact of disasters on population groups,including men, women, children, the elderly and disabled persons; developingcollaborative relationships with nongovernmental organisations; arranging for inter-national cooperation; delineating the role, if any, of the armed forces; improvingpublic awareness, education and training with respect to risk reduction, safety and

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recovery; as well as establishing relief centres in disaster-prone areas. Sadly, Chap.13 (Disaster Management and Corruption) points to the necessity of making certainthat infrastructure projects emphasise safety and avoid creating environmental andother hazards and those relief efforts fully reach victims and reconstruction projects.Finally, Strategic Disaster Management in Asia reminds us that natural disasters,and I would add human-spawned disasters as well, are an inescapable part of thehuman life cycle. They will occur, but with wise strategic thinking and management,we can reduce their devastating tolls and the human suffering they cause. This bookis an excellent contributor to national and international efforts to make the world asafer, more habitable and hospitable place for humanity.

American University Prof. David H. RosenbloomWashington, DC, USA

Prologue

Development is a matter of trade-off between the economy and environment. Manyof the natural disasters take place when this trade-off becomes disbalanced. Theworld population now stands at about seven billion and is expected to reach ninebillion by the year 2030. With the expanding population, there is obviously a needfor space and resources. The choice then is between mere economic developmentand sustainable development. Education forms the basic pillar for transition in anysociety. Environmental education is not just about planting trees or being kind ortolerant towards other living beings; it also implies the need to understand theimportance of protecting our rivers and water bodies, recycling of garbage andsolid waste, understanding biodiversity and allowing it to flourish and ensuring foodsecurity without causing damages.

Disasters do not respect borders and education for sustainable developmentshould include:

(a) Education for all;(b) Vocational skilling as part of High School education; and(c) Address issues from a holistic perspective.

It is only when education covers the above three factors that it brings along withit a sense of responsibility towards protecting the environment, strong civic senseand commitment towards a safer world.

The effect of deteriorating environment is more acute on the poorer societiesas poverty is one of the biggest polluters. Hence, to ensure that awareness ondisasters, prevention and reduction is adequately placed, a two-pronged approachis unavoidable. It is with this in mind that the need to skill and train students at thesame time has been mooted. It is necessary for each one to abandon apathy and bemoved into action.

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A disaster does not respect boundaries. Nor does it show any considerationtowards the haves. The best way is to be well prepared and adopt practices thatmake us more resilient towards disasters.

Addl. Chief Secretary Dr. Nivedita P. Haran, IASHome and VigilancePersonnel and Admin. Reforms Dept.Government of KeralaIndia

List of Reviewers

Prof. Dr. Namrata Agrawal (National Institute of Financial Management, Ministryof Finance, Government of India, India)

Prof. Dr. Nasim Banu (Islamic University, Kushtia, Bangladesh)Prof. Rabindranath Bhattacharyya (University of Burdwan, West Bengal, India)Dr. Charlita Andales-Escano (Mindanao Development Authority, Philippines)Prof. Dr. R. Lalitha S. Fernando (University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Gangodawila,

Nugegoda, Sri Lanka)Prof. Dr. Kalpana Kharade (K.J. Somaiya College of Education Training and

Research, India)Mr. Ramanand N. Garge (RISE – Research in Integrated Security and Environment,

India)Dr. Huong Ha (UON Singapore, Singapore & University of Newcastle, Australia)Mr. Shafiq Islam (Centre for Rehabilitation for the Paralysed [CRP], Bangladesh)Dr. Jak Jabes (University of Ottawa, Canada)Prof. Dr. Neena Joseph (Institute of Management in Government, Regional Centre,

Kochi, India)Prof. Dr. Sarfraz Khawaja (Civil Services Academy, Lahore, Pakistan)Prof. Dr. Sanjeev Kumar Mahajan (Himachal Pradesh University, India)A/Prof. Dr. Ahmad Martadha Mohamed (Universiti Utara Malaysia, Malaysia)Dr. Pushpa Pathak (School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi, India)Dr. Vidhyandika D. Perkasa (Centre for Strategic and International Studies,

Indonesia)Mr. Bigmal Raj Remi (Flinder University, Australia)Prof. Dr. David Rosenbloom (American University, Washington D.C., USA)Dr. Rer. Nat. Claus-Peter Rückemann (Leibniz Universität Hannover and the

Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Germany)A/Prof. Dr. Isaias S. Sealza (Xavier University, Philippines)A/Prof. Dr. Vinay Sharma (Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Uttarakhand,

India)Dr. Stanley Bruce Thomson (MacEwan University and University of Alberta in

Edmonton, Alberta, Canada)

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Acknowledgements

The editors take pride in acknowledging the role of the Network of Asia PacificSchools and Institutes of Public Administration and Governance popularly knownby the acronym NAPSIPAG in making the present book possible. NAPSIPAGis the largest governance research network in the Asia-Pacific region which hasbeen regularly organising an international meeting of administrators, academiaand non-state bodies every year in December where regional scholars criticallydeliberate with international governance experts. This is the process through whichmany young and upcoming scholars are also trained and academic brilliance isgenerated. NAPSIPAG has also helped the international policy organisations tohave a better understanding about the region through a local lens of Asiaticanthropology, ethnography and culture of administration. The book is an outcomeof the academic and practitioners’ discourses generated within the 10th NAPSIPAGheld in December 2013 at the New Delhi’s Jawaharlal Nehru University.

It was impossible for this book to be completed without the support of members,the reviewers, the authors, family members and friends. The editors wish to thank (1)the advisors, especially Prof. Amita Singh and NAPSIPAG members, and reviewersfor their professional and constructive feedback which is valuable to the authors;(2) the contributing authors for their cooperation during the revision stages; and(3) Dr. Stanley Bruce Thomson for his exceptional and tireless support during thereview and proofreading processes. Finally, the authors are very grateful for theadvice and assistance from the senior editor and the assistant editor of Springer,India.

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Contents

1 Strategic Disaster Risk Management in Asia: An Introduction . . . . . . . 1Huong Ha, R. Lalitha S. Fernando, and Amir Mahmood

2 Disaster Management in the Five-Year Plansof Bangladesh: An Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15Nasim Banu

3 Politico-Administrative Response to the Impactof Hydropower on Nature and People: A Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29Sanjeev Kumar Mahajan and Anupama Mahajan

4 Where Is Disability in Disaster Management in India? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39Vanmala Hiranandani

5 Disaster Risk Management and the Role of the ArmedForces: Critical Analysis of Reactive DisasterManagement in India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49Ramanand N. Garge, Huong Ha, and Susie Khoo

6 An Analysis of the Effectiveness of Implementing PublicAwareness, Education and Training Programmes asa Risk Reduction Strategy in Disaster Management in Sri Lanka . . . . 69R. Lalitha S. Fernando, M.W.M. Abeykoon,and K.M. Premathilaka

7 Effectiveness of Administrative Preparedness: A CaseStudy on Flooding Conditions in Ambagamuwa KoraleDivision of Nuwara Eliya District in Sri Lanka . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87R. Lalitha S. Fernando and Aruna Muthulingam

8 Mitigating Disasters Through Community Involvementand Righteous Practices in Himalayan Regionof Uttarakhand, India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99Vinay Sharma, Kapil Kumar Joshi, and Rajat Agrawal

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9 Administrative Planning and Political Responseto a Post-disaster Reconstruction: A Study of Aila(Cyclone)-Devastated Gosaba Block in West Bengal (India) . . . . . . . . . . 115Rabindranath Bhattacharyya

10 Missing Link Between State and Community:Post-tsunami Reconstruction and Rehabilitationof Alappad Panchayat, Kerala, India. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129Neena Joseph

11 Ridge to Reef to Peace and Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151Charlita Andales-Escano

12 Humanitarian Logistics in Asia: A Missing Linkin Disaster Management and Practice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179Janki Andharia

13 Disaster Management and Corruption: Issues,Interventions and Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193Vikas Saharan

14 Disaster Management in Border Sensitive Area: CaseStudy of Amritsar District . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207Vinita Yadav and Hemant Sharma

15 Disaster Management in Asia: Lessons Learnedand Policy Implications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221Huong Ha, R. Lalitha S. Fernando, and Amir Mahmood

Contributors

Dr. Nasim Banu is a professor of public administration in the Department ofPolitics and Public Administration at Islamic University, Kushtia, Bangladesh.She has earlier held the position of chairperson of the department. She receivedB.S.S. honours and master’s in public administration from the University of Dhakaand additional master’s in urban and regional planning from the BangladeshUniversity of Engineering and Technology (BUET). She earned her Ph.D. inmonitoring and evaluation of the public sector development project. She has over24 years’ experience in teaching. Her teaching responsibilities are comparativepublic administration, development studies, development administration and projectmanagement. She has served as a member of Journal Committee, member ofDevelopment Studies Programme and founder administrator of Female Hall ofIslamic University. Presently she is an academic council and faculty member ofIslamic University. Her research interest includes monitoring and evaluation ofpublic sector development project, public policy, labour management and disastermanagement. She has published over 25 articles in the reputed journals of home andabroad and participated in several international seminars as paper presenter. She isan active member of Bangladesh Institute of Planners, Bangladesh Political ScienceAssociation, Bangladesh Public Administration Association and Dhaka UniversityAlumni Association. Currently she is designing a research framework on disasterfinancing issues in Bangladesh for climate change adaptation.

Dr. Sanjeev Kumar Mahajan, Ph.D., is professor and chairman, Department ofPublic Administration, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla (Himachal Pradesh),India, and has had a brilliant academic career. He was awarded the University Medalfor standing first in master’s of arts by Punjab University, Chandigarh (India). Healso visited Hungary under Indo-Hungary Exchange Programme in 2010. His areasof specialisation include public enterprises, road transport management and disaster-related issues. He has contributed articles in national and international journals.

The contributors’ names are arranged according to the order of the chapters.

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He has authored and coedited books on public undertakings, Public Administrationin New Millennium: Challenges and Prospects (2003, Anamika Publishers, NewDelhi), Challenges in Good Governance and Financial Administration in India(2014, PHI Learning, New Delhi).

Dr. Anupama Puri Mahajan, Ph.D. is a researcher and a freelance writer whoserved as a postdoctoral research fellow in the Department of Public Administration,Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla (Himachal Pradesh), India. She regularly con-tributes articles to reputed journals of public administration, newspapers and books.She has authored books on women empowerment and financial administration inIndia.

Dr. Vanmala Hiranandani, Ph.D., is Assistant Professor at Global Nutritionand Health Program, Metropolitan University College, Denmark, and has beeninvolved in community-based research, policy advocacy and teaching in master’sand bachelor’s degree programs in Canada, India and USA. Her interests includedisability and development, humanitarian emergencies, health equity, food security,and poverty in the context of neoliberalism.

Mr. Ramanand N. Garge is a research scholar in the field of security studiescomprising of policies on terrorism worldwide, nuclear energy studies [powergeneration], European Union and SAARC, maritime security and other relatedsubjects in international studies. He has proficiently studied the maritime security,energy security and antiterrorism policies, focusing the antiterrorism financingpolicies in India as well as in international domain. He is an alumnus of University ofPune, Department of Defence and Strategic Studies. He is also pursuing his doctoralresearch in the field of security studies. He has presented papers at national andinternational levels during various seminars and conferences and also has publishedresearch papers in the field of security studies encompassing a wide spectrum ofissues such as energy security, maritime security, the effect of climate change, etc.He has served as a faculty of International Relations at Kingston University, London,and had an opportunity to research in the institutions affiliated to London School ofEconomics. He has shared his expertise as faculty-in-charge for subjects such asinternational relations, policy and economics, at MIT School of Government, Pune,India, and UNESCO chair for peace and human rights. He is the president of a thinktank named RISE – Research in Integrated Security and Environment – in India.

Dr. Susie Khoo has spent more than two decades in the education industry, bothpublic and private education, and holds a broad view of education, which comesnot only from teaching at the undergraduate and graduate levels but also from abackground in managing several private higher education institutions as the chiefacademic and operating leader. Dr. Khoo is currently the dean and chief executiveofficer of Ngee Ann Adelaide Education Centre (NAA) with responsibility fordeveloping and expanding the institution’s interest academically and financially, aswell as building the University of Adelaide’s contribution to Singapore and in theAsian education market.

Contributors xvii

She holds a degree of doctor of business administration from the Universityof Newcastle, a master’s degree of social sciences (applied economics) and abachelor’s of arts (economics and English language) from the National University ofSingapore and a master’s degree of business administration from the University ofWestern Sydney. She gained her Graduate Diploma in Education from the NationalInstitute of Education, Singapore.

Ms. Mahesha Abeykoon served as a lecturer in the Department of Public Admin-istration at the University of Sri Jayewardenepura from March 2012 to June2014. She currently serves as an assistant director of education in the Sri LankaEducation Administrative Service. Ms. Abeykoon obtained a B.Sc. public manage-ment (special) degree from the Faculty of Management Studies and Commerce atUniversity of Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka, and was awarded a gold medal forthe subject public finance at the Annual General Convocation of the University ofSri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka, in 2012.

Ms. K.M. Premathilaka has been serving as a lecturer for 2.5 years in theDepartment of Public Administration at the Faculty of Management Studies andCommerce in the University of Sri Jayewardenepura in Sri Lanka. Presently, sheserves as a staff officer at the National Savings Bank, Head Office, attached to theRisk Management Division in Sri Lanka. She has worked as an accounts traineeat KPMG Sri Lanka for 1.5 year. She has completed B.Sc. public managementdegree with a second class upper division in the same university. She is aprofessionally qualified member of certified business accountant (CBA), Facultyof the Institute of Charted Accountants of Sri Lanka. Her research interests are inthe field of development administration, entrepreneurship, disaster management ande-governance.

Ms. Aruna Muthulingam presently serves as a lecturer in the Department of PublicAdministration of University of Sri Jayewardenepura and conducts lectures onpublic administration, political science, managing rural development and managinglocal government. Previously she worked as assistant director of administration andhuman resources in the Land Use Policy Planning Department of the Ministry ofLand and Land Development. Ms. Aruna obtained a bachelor of science in publicmanagement (special) degree in 2010 offered by University of Sri Jayewardenepurain Sri Lanka. Further, she obtained two gold medals for obtaining the highest marksfor the degree with a first class. She possesses Higher Diploma in InternationalRelations. Her research interests are public sector organisational studies, publicservice delivery systems, disaster management and ethics in management.

Prof. Dr. Vinay Sharma has around 20 years of experience in the areas ofmarketing, rural marketing, international marketing, business opportunity develop-ment, market development, brand development, IT-enabled services and spiritualorientation for market prosperity development. He has been teaching these subjectsfor the past 12 years and is currently working as an associate professor with theDepartment of Management Studies at Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee.Vinay Sharma teaches marketing and the allied subjects at various institutions

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including Indian Institute of Management Lucknow. His association with severalinternational bodies gives him a regular exposure to the international businessscenario and emergence of the world as an integrated market. His areas of interestsalso include poverty alleviation and rural market development through businessdevelopment, market development and technology wherein he has designed andproposed a specialised model recognised by the name Affordability for the Poor andProfitability for the Provider which has been acknowledged at various platformsand published as a book by VDM Publishing House, Germany. Further, he hascontributed an appendix on rural marketing in the 13th edition of Philip Kotler’sPrinciples of Marketing. He is an associate and a member of the founding groupof the Network of Asia Pacific Schools and Institutes of Public Administrationand Governance constituted by Asian Development Bank in December 2004 anda member of the Editorial Board of the Journal of NAPSIPAG called Journal ofAdministration and Governance. He has been a founding HOD of the Departmentof Management Studies of an Institution at Lucknow and also has been theassociate dean of College of Management and Economic Studies of the Universityof Petroleum and Energy Studies at Dehradun where he was also a member of theprestigious Academic Council of the University. He has worked with the Institute ofManagement Technology Ghaziabad as associate professor and as dean academicswith IILM, Lucknow. He has published and presented around 110 papers andchaired sessions at national and international platforms especially in his areas ofinterest, which includes a paper presentation at a conference organised by UnitedNations University-WIDER, Helsinki, Finland. He has developed and published16 case studies based on primary research and has conducted more than 100workshops, seminars, FDPs and MDPs. He has edited an internationally circulatedjournal and is a member of the Editorial Board of Gurukul Business Review andChinese Public Administration Review and is also a member of academic andadvisory councils and Board of Governors of prestigious institutions. Presently,his engagements include his contribution as executive committee member of theIntellectual Property Rights Chair at IIT Roorkee and working group member of theGanga River Basin Management Plan, a pan IIT project.

Kapil Kumar Joshi is a postgraduate in mechanical engineering from IIT Roorkee,India. After serving few years in engineering organisations of India, he got selectedas an Indian Forest Service officer in the year 1992. Since 1992 till 2013, he hasworked in various capacities as divisional forest officer, deputy conservator of forest(World Bank Forestry Projects), regional manager (Forest Corporation), deputydirector/director of Corbett Tiger Reserve and conservator of forests in the stateof Uttarakhand, India.

During the last 20 years, he has been actively associated with management offorest and wildlife in the state of Uttarakhand, India. During this period he himselfimplemented various participatory programmes like Joint Forest Management, EcoDevelopment and Forest Development Agency activities in the various divisionsof Uttarakhand Forest Department. In the year 2003–2004, 2004–2005 and 2005–2006, he was awarded with various state level forestry awards for his outstanding

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services in the state. He has been actively involved in water conservation, pineneedle briquetting, social entrepreneurship and leadership aspects in conservationof natural resources during the course of his service in the Forest Department.

In 2002, he was been awarded with diploma in ‘Training of Trainer’ course fromthe Institute of Management and Development, University of Manchester, UK. Hehas visited various countries like China, Finland, UK, USSR and Thailand in orderto get a deep insight of various commercial and conservation aspects of forestry.

Since January 2013, he is pursuing research work in climate change financing andforest bio residue resource utilisation from the Department of Management Studies,Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, India. During the course of his researchwork, he has actively participated in four international conferences and so far hissix works have been published in various journals and international documents likeSAARC Forestry journal, Indian Forester, EM International, IMA and IJRSMS.He is also involved in innovation strategies for young engineers and managementstudents. One of his resent designs of a multi-option biomass briquetting machinehas been cleared by the institute’s board for development and testing.

Dr. Rajat Agrawal did his graduation in mechanical engineering from DayalbaghEducational Institute, Agra, in 1995 and master’s in business management in 1999and doctorate in 2002.

Dr. Agrawal is working as assistant professor in the Department of ManagementStudies, IIT Roorkee, since 2008. His involvement in area of innovation andbusiness incubation is an important reason for handling duties of CEO at thenewly started TIEDA (Technology Incubation and Entrepreneurship DevelopmentActivity) Centre at IIT Roorkee. He is a member of a working committee ofIntellectual Property Rights Cell of IIT Roorkee. He is also a member of theBoard of Studies of IIT Roorkee. He has teaching experience of UG and PG ofmore than 13 years, besides 2 years of industry experience. He has participatedin various national and international conferences and published papers in journals.He has published more than 28 papers in different proceedings and journals.His current area of research and writing is social entrepreneurship, sustainablesupply chain management, green marketing and case studies on MSME sector.He has contributed chapters in three different books published by IGNOU, Delhi(Technology and Change Management), and NIOS, Delhi (Science in AncientIndia). He has given more than 15 talks on various subjects of rural developmentand technical management education from All India Radio. He has presented papersand chaired technical sessions in more than 50 national/international conferences.He was an active member in a large project (Rs 49.5 million) on knowledgeeconomy sponsored by the Govt. of India at IIT Roorkee particularly related toskill development for better employability. He is also handling a project on cyclerickshaw to develop it as a tool for social entrepreneurship. He is also a part ofproject to develop Ganga River Basin Environmental Management Plan. The Govt.of India has awarded this project to consortium of seven IITs. He is looking afterthe sociocultural aspects in the river basin. He is also involved in some of theinternational programmes such as ACARA challenge. He is in advisory boards of

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various management institutes. He was on the panel of experts at APES 2009 and2010, Sydney, Australia. He travelled to Germany, Switzerland, France, Pakistanand Turkey to participate in various academic programmes. He is a reviewerof various national/international journals. He is a member of the Academy ofManagement, USA, All India Management Association, New Delhi, and IntegratingSpirituality and Organisational Leadership (ISOL), New Delhi.

Dr. Rabindranath Bhattacharyya is currently a professor of political science,University of Burdwan, West Bengal, India. He obtained M.A. [Calcutta University,1983] and M. Phil. [Calcutta University, 1986] degrees in political science andcompleted Ph.D. [Calcutta University, 2001] on Nation Building in India – Gandhiand Nehru: A Comparative Study. Currently his area of research focuses ondemocratic governance across countries with special focus on poverty alleviationprogrammes and the role of government as well as different groups in that regard.He has been appointed as Australia Awards Ambassador by the Australian HighCommissioner to India on 28 March 2014. He has been awarded Australian Govern-ment Endeavour Post-Doctoral Research Award, 2009, and AIC Australian Studies(Senior) Visiting Fellowship 2007–2008 in Australia. He has co-edited two books:Governance and Poverty Reduction – Beyond the Cage of Best Practices, 2009[Singh, Amita, Kapoor, Kapil and Bhattacharyya, Rabindranath (eds.), New Delhi,Prentice Hall India. ISBN 978-81-203-3698-8] and Essays on International Terror-ism, 2006 [Bhattacharya, Mohit, Ghosh, Sekhar and Bhattacharyya, Rabindranath(eds.), Kolkata, Levant Books, 2006. ISBN 81-87169-71-0]. He has a number ofpapers and book chapters published in both national and international journalsand books. He has presented papers and chaired sessions in various national andinternational conferences/seminars spreading over seven countries other than India.He has successfully supervised four Ph.D. theses (two were under joint supervision)and has been currently supervising five Ph.D. scholars. He is a life member ofvarious professional bodies in various capacities such as NAPSIPAG (member, AsiaPacific Research Committee), WBPSA (member, Executive Committee) and IIPA(member, Executive Committee, Burdwan Local Branch).

Dr. Neena Joseph is a professor at the Institute of Management in Government,Regional Centre, Kochi, Kerala, India, with masters in management and doctoratein economics. Her academic interests are in the areas of management, governanceand gender. She is the author of a book Gender Related Problems of Women,Women and Empowerment, Panchayati Raj (Himalaya Publishing House, 2001).She has presented papers at international seminars and has written articles ongovernance, gender and management. Currently she is on the research team ofHuman Rights Law Network, Kochi, to research on the issues and problems ofchildren rehabilitated in care homes . She is in the Govt. of India project of CustomerSatisfaction Survey of Social Justice Department of Kerala. She had drafted NGOgovernment partnership policy with special reference to institutions of the SocialJustice Department. She is also a member of the state level working group for thepreparation of Gender Planning, Gender Budgeting and Gender Auditing Manual

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for Govt. of Kerala. She is a member of the State Resource Group of Panchayat RajInstitutions- Community-based organisations convergence project.

She has conceptualised and directed many training programmes in the areas ofher interest and engaged classes on creativity, time management, gender, womenand violence, domestic violence, etc.

She is the facilitator of State Training Policy Programmes of Social JusticeDepartment and Collegiate Education Department, Govt. of Kerala. She is thecore committee convener of the Welfare Departments at the Institute. She is in theNational level Executive Body of Women Power Connect, Delhi. She is the trusteeof Sakhi, Women Resource Centre, Trivandrum and a member of Governing Bodyof Cultural Academy for Peace. She is also a member of the Governing Body ofFederal Institute of Science and Technology.

Dr. Charlita Andales-Escano is a doctor of philosophy in development administra-tion from the University of Southeastern Philippines. Following her baccalaureatedegree in civil engineering, she completed her master’s in business administrationand academic units in public administration from Cor Jesu College in DigosCity, Philippines. She has also undertaken short courses on infrastructure finance,environmental management, project management, knowledge management, humanresource management, policy analysis and advocacy from international universitiesand local service providers commissioned by international donor agencies. Shegained experiences from her early employment as a civil engineer at the Departmentof Public Works and Highways and Department of Science and Technology inearly 1990s. She later joined the academe as a part-time professor. Currently, sheholds the position of Director III in Mindanao Development Authority (formerlyMindanao Economic Development Council), a primary subnational agency in thePhilippines mandated to promote peace and accelerate development in Mindanao,where she has served for 19 years now. As a peace and development advocate,she has been involved in planning, investment programming, resource mobilisationand implementing various programmes and projects including policy advocacy withfunding from international donor agencies.

She has conducted various researches and studies in infrastructure, trans-portation, budget and social sciences subject matters. She also taught subjectsin engineering, mathematics, geology and sewerage, amongst others, as a civilengineer. She provides advisory and consultancy services to key decision-makersand policymakers in Mindanao. Her expertise includes infrastructure, developmentplanning, project/programme implementation, monitoring and evaluation, policyadvocacy and networking, human resource management and development, financialmanagement and statistical analysis.

Prof. Janki Andharia teaches at the Tata Institute of Social Sciences (TISS),Mumbai, India. She obtained her Ph.D. from School of Environment Sciences,University of East Anglia, UK, in the area of gender, development and environmentand was awarded the Association of Commonwealth Universities Scholarship forthe same. She has participated in projects related to over 20 national disasters and ledthe TISS disaster response work in several instances. This has helped her understand

xxii Contributors

the significance of logistics. She was head of the department of urban and ruralcommunity development before moving on as the chairperson of the newly createdCentre for Disaster Management at TISS in 2006. She was responsible for initiatinga full-time multi-disciplinary master’s programme in disaster management in 2007,the first of its kind in Asia. Within the programme she introduced a specialisationon disaster logistics amongst other things. Professor Andharia has over 30 yearsof experience in the field of community organisation and social development. Herareas of work focus on gender issues, environmental concerns, social planningand participatory development, addressing diverse forms of marginalisation andvulnerability. She has been involved in policy work and has had a long associationwith grass-roots organisations.

More recently she was invited to be a member of the international BellagioGroup which developed ‘Post-2015 Millennium Goals, Targets and Indicators’.She was involved in a series of consultations in various parts of the globe whichculminated in a report that was shared with the UN High-Level Panel on thesubject. Professor Andharia provides policy advice to governments and has alsosuccessfully led several international missions in order to forge collaborationsbetween TISS and other universities and offered special lectures. She has severalresearch projects to her credit, has published extensively and is also involved in anumber of international research collaborations. Professor Andharia serves on theboard of several organisations.

Dr. Vikas Saharan is a social science researcher. He has obtained his Ph.D fromJawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. His research focuses on contemporaryissues of disaster management, development studies, urbanisation, climate change,sustainable development, cultural studies, health, education, discrimination andexclusion, social and regional geography and issues related to tribals, dalits,minorities and gender in India. His expertise is in empirical study with special focuson village-level research. He has participated in numerous seminars, conferencesand workshops and has published numerous articles and chapters in differentjournals and edited books on these issues.

Dr. Vinita has a total work experience of over 15 years in diverse consultancyorganisations and in domains ranging from institutional analysis, urban planning,financial planning, governance, inclusive development, infrastructure developmentand capacity building. She has completed her master’s in planning (with specialisa-tion in urban planning) from School of Planning and Architecture (SPA), New Delhi,and MBA (financial management) from Indira Gandhi National Open University(IGNOU), New Delhi. Later, she obtained Ph.D. from Jawaharlal Nehru University,New Delhi. She started her career as a programme manager in SEEDS India inDelhi where she worked in the area of disaster. During her stint as a consultant withJ.P.S Associates (P) Ltd., she has managed varied projects as project coordinatorin the field of urban and rural development including preparation of Kanpur CityDevelopment Plan. She has also worked as a manager, consultancy and resourcemobilisation in an international non-government organisation, i.e. Praxis- Institutefor Participatory Practices, where her responsibilities included project management

Contributors xxiii

and business development. Since December 2009, she is working as an associateprofessor in the Department of Regional Planning at School of Planning andArchitecture, New Delhi; teaching theory subjects such as poverty and development,institutional analysis and governance; and handling studio assignments in the areasof village, block, district and metropolitan region planning. In 2014, her bookentitled ‘Metropolitan Governance: Cases of Ahmedabad and Hyderabad’ has beenpublished.

Mr. Hemant Sharma pursued his master’s in planning (with specialisation inregional planning) from the School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi.His dissertation is entitled ‘Identification of Future Smart Cities in a Region:A Case Study of State of Karnataka’. He completed his bachelor’s in physicalplanning from School of Planning and Architecture, Vijayawada, in 2013 withthe qualifying research on ‘Mainstreaming Hawking to Stabilise Market: CaseStudy of Laxmi Nagar market of East Delhi’. He was one of the finalists selectedcountrywide in ‘Transform Urban India’ in 2012 organised by Indian Institute ofHuman Settlements, Bangalore, and the winner of ‘Current Practices’ competitionin National Organisation of Students of Planning (NOSPLAN) Credence, 2012,organised in SPA, New Delhi.

About the Editors

Dr. Huong Ha is a senior lecturer at UON Singapore and University of New-castle, Australia. Her previous positions include Dean, Director of Research andDevelopment, Deputy Course Director, Chief Editor, Executive Director, BusinessDevelopment Manager, etc. She holds a Ph.D. from Monash University (Australia)and a Master’s degree from Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, National Univer-sity of Singapore. She was a recipient of a Ph.D. scholarship (Monash University),Temasek scholarship (National University of Singapore), and a scholarship awardedby the United Nations University/International Leadership Academy, and manyother scholarships, professional and academic awards, and research-related grants.She was a subject of biography in the Who’s Who of the World, 1999–2000; Who’sWho in Asia Pacific, 1999–2000; and Who’s Who in Vietnam, 1998–1999 by BaronsWho’s Who, USA; and she was invited to be included in Who’s Who of Asia Pacific,Vol. IV, 2002, by Rifacimento International, India. She has authored or coeditedthree books: (1) Ha, Huong (2014). Change Management for Sustainability. USA:Business Expert Press; (2) Ha, Huong (2014). Land and Disaster ManagementStrategies in Asia. H. Ha (Ed.), Springer; and (3) Ha, Huong & Dhakal, T. N. (2013).Governance Approaches to Mitigation of and Adaptation to Climate Change inAsia. H. Ha, & T. N. Dhakal (Eds.), Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. She has alsopublished about 75 journal articles, book chapters, conference papers, and articlesin encyclopedias. She has been an invited member of (1) international editorialboards of many international journals/book projects in Romania, the Philippines,Singapore, the USA, and the UK; (2) scientific and/or technical committees ofseveral international conferences in Albania, Australia, Europe, and the USA; and(3) international advisory boards of many associations. She has also been a reviewerof many international journals and international conferences, such as InternationalJournal of Contemporary Hospitality Management (A category), Thunderbird Inter-national Business Review, Journal of Management and Organisation, Academy ofManagement (conferences), International Journal of Environment and SustainableDevelopment, Australian and New Zealand Academy of Management conferences,and International Journal of Consumer Studies (A category), among others.

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xxvi About the Editors

Dr. R. Lalitha S. Fernando serves as a Professor in Public Administration, Facultyof Management Studies and Commerce of the University of Sri Jayewardenepurain Sri Lanka. She was awarded the prestigious Commonwealth Academic (internal)Scholarship to pursue Postgraduate Diploma in Development Studies, leading toMaster’s in Development Administration and Management at the University ofManchester, UK, for the period 1990–1992. She obtained a full-time scholarshipto pursue her Ph.D. from the Graduate School of Public Administration, NationalInstitute of Development Administration (NIDA), Bangkok, Thailand, for the period1999–2003. She has published a number of papers related to public management andgovernance in both national and international journals.

Prof. Dr. Amir Mahmood is the Pro-Vice-Chancellor of the University of New-castle, Australia. He holds an M.A. and a Ph.D. in Economics from the Universityof Manitoba, Canada. Since joining the University of Newcastle in 1992, he hassignificantly contributed to the areas of research, teaching, internationalization,and academic leadership. During this period, Prof. Mahmood was the OceaniaRepresentative and a member of the leadership team (2011–2012) of the PacificAsian Consortium for International Business Education and Research (PACIBER),a US-based consortium comprising of 27 leading Asia Pacific universities. Hehas also played an active and productive role in the Australian Business DeanCouncil (ABDC) International Network. A recipient of the Australian Govern-ment’s Endeavour Malaysia Research Fellowship, Prof. Mahmood has a strongresearch track record in the fields of economics, business, and management. In2012, he was appointed by the university to lead negotiations to develop a jointPh.D. program with five research-intensive universities in Malaysia.

Abbreviations

Chapter 1

DRR Disaster risk reductionFYP Five-year planNAPSIPAG Network of Asia Pacific Schools and Institutes of Public

Administration and GovernanceR&R Reconstruction and rehabilitation

Chapter 2

ADP Annual development programmeBCCSAP Bangladesh Climate Change Strategy and Action PlanCCA Climate change adaptationCDMP Comprehensive Disaster Management ProgrammeCPP Cyclone Preparedness ProgrammeCPPIB Cyclone Preparedness Programme Implementation BoardCRA Community risk assessmentDMA Disaster Management ActDMB Disaster Management BureauDMRD Disaster Management and Relief DivisionDPP Development project proposalDRR Disaster risk reductionECNEC Executive Committee of the National Economic CouncilEPAC Earthquake Preparedness and Awareness CommitteeERM Emergency response managementEWS Emergency Warning SystemFFWC Flood Forecasting and Warning CentreFGD Focus group discussion

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xxviii Abbreviations

FY Fiscal yearFYP Five-year planGFDDR Global facility for disaster risk reductionGoB Government of BangladeshIMDMCC Inter-Ministerial Disaster Management Coordination CommitteeKII Key informant interviewMD Meteorological DepartmentNDPDR National Platform for Disaster Risk ReductionNDRCG National Disaster Response Coordination GroupNPDM National Plan for Disaster ManagementPC Planning CommissionRQS Rapid qualitative surveyRRAP Risk reduction action plansSOD Standing orders on disaster

Chapter 3

HIMURJA Pradesh Energy Development Agency

Chapter 4

DPOs Disabled People’s OrganisationsIFRC International Federation of Red CrossNDMA National Disaster Management AuthorityRPD Rights of persons with disabilitiesUNCRPD United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities

Chapter 5

CSOs Civil society organisationsDMA Disaster Management AuthorityDMD Disaster Management DepartmentGOI Government of IndiaMHA Ministry of Home AffairsNCB Nuclear, chemical and biologicalNDMA National Disaster Management AuthorityNDRF National Disaster Response ForceNGOs Nongovernment organisationsSDMA State Disaster Management Authority

Abbreviations xxix

SDRF State Disaster Response ForceSOPs Standard operating proceduresTA Territorial Army

Chapter 6

CBDRM Community-based disaster risk managementCRPRA Community-based risk assessment, participatory rural assessment

toolsDDMCs District disaster management coordinatorsDDMCU District Disaster Management Coordinating UnitDMC Disaster Management CentreGIS Geographic information systemICS Incident Command SystemNCDM National Council for Disaster ManagementNIE National Institute of EducationSLAS Sri Lanka Administrative ServicesSLPS Sri Lanka Planning Services OfficersUNDP United Nations Development Programme

Chapter 7

HFA Hyogo Framework for Action 2005–2015

Chapter 8

GHG Greenhouse gasGLOF Glacial lake outburst floodIMD Indian Meteorological DepartmentIPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate ChangeMLA Member of Legislative AssemblyWIHG Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology

Chapter 9

AITMC All India Trinamool CongressCERD Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters

xxx Abbreviations

HDRCC Human Development Research and Coordination Centre (HDRCC)TOI Times of India

Chapter 10

ADB Asian Development BankCHC Community Health CentreFGD Focus group discussionHED Harbour Engineering DepartmentIREL Indian Rare Earths LtdKMML Kerala Minerals and Metals LtdKSEB Kerala State Electricity BoardPWD Public Works DepartmentR&R Reconstruction and rehabilitationTEAP Tsunami Emergency Assistance ProjectTRP Tsunami Rehabilitation Programme

Chapter 11

ARMM Autonomous Region in Muslim MindanaoBFAR Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic ResourcesCAB Comprehensive Agreement on the BangsamoroCERED Center for Empowerment and Resource Development, Inc.CHES Conference on Human Ecological SecurityDA Department of AgricultureDAR Department of Agrarian ReformDENR Department of Environment and Natural ResourcesDILG Department of the Interior and Local GovernmentDND Department of National DefenseDOST Department of Science and TechnologyDPWH Department of Public Works and HighwaysDRRM Disaster risk reduction and managementDSWD Department of Social Welfare and DevelopmentEO Executive orderIMPEDE Interfaith Movement for Peace Empowerment and Development Inc.ITCZ Intertropical Convergence ZoneIUCN International Union for Conservation of NatureKIN Kitanglad Integrated NGOs, Inc.LGUS Local government unitsMB Murcielagos Bay

Abbreviations xxxi

MEDCo Mindanao Economic Development CouncilMinDA Mindanao Development AuthorityMMC McKeough Marine CentreNCDA National Civil Defense AdministrationNCDC National Disaster Coordinating CouncilNDRRMC National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management CouncilNEDA National Economic and Development AuthorityNGOs Nongovernment organisationsNGP National Greening ProgramOCD Office of the Civil DefensePAGASA Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services

AdministrationPCSD Philippine Council for Sustainable DevelopmentPSSD Philippine Strategy for Sustainable DevelopmentR2R Ridge to ReefSRA Social Reform AgendaUNCED United Nations Conference on Environment and Development

Chapter 12

GIS Geographic information systemHFA Hyogo Framework for ActionHRDs Humanitarian Response DepotsIT Information technologyLCAs Logistics Capacity AssessmentsLETs Logistics emergency teamsLRTs Logistics response teamsSCM Supply chain managementsWFP World Food Programme

Chapter 13

FEMA Foreign Exchange Management Act 1999

Chapter 14

FGDs Focus group discussionsLoC Line of control

xxxii Abbreviations

MMI Modified Mercalli IntensityNRI Non-resident IndiansUDPFI Urban and Regional Development Plans Formulation and Implementation

Chapter 15

IDNR International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction

List of Figures

Fig. 5.1 The present disaster management institutional set-up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55Fig. 5.2 The role of the armed forces in disaster risk management .. . . . . . . . . 57

Fig. 7.1 Framework for effective administrative preparedness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96

Fig. 10.1 Conceptual framework of the study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132

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List of Tables

Table 2.1 Comparisons of loss in Gorky, Sidar and Aila cyclones . . . . . . . . . . 24

Table 3.1 Assessed potential. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31Table 3.2 Total identified hydropower potential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32Table 3.3 Relationship between hydropower development and

economic development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Table 6.1 Top ten natural disasters – numbers affected . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73Table 6.2 National-level training programmes conducted for

public officers in 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81Table 6.2 (continued) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

Table 14.1 Probability period/seasonality of disasters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208Table 14.2 Damage caused by floods in the last two decades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213Table 14.3 Vulnerable population across various blocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214

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