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7/22/2019 STPM SBA Physics Report 2013
1/32
^FB NGNJSMAL,
^\CELNY 5 _JT^DN^ _M_LS 9
^\_LSPD^GS 5 FMIMF NJGAK TGBL TDA
7/22/2019 STPM SBA Physics Report 2013
2/32
Yjlrfmh Ngaiuntdvdty g` Fltmh
ILIDNMYDGA
D wdsj tg lxprlss fy sdanlrl mpprlndmtdga tg prdandpmh g` ^FB Ngnjrmal, Fmimf Jmeemj
Amzd`mj Cdatd Mciuh Hmtd`, fy suplrvdsgr Fmimf Njgak Tgbl Tda `gr tjldr blla mai laihlss
kudimanl, langurmklflat, nrdtdns mai daspdrmtdga uatdh tjl sunnlss mai ngfphltdga g` tjds wgrb.
^plndmh tjmabs tg hmcgrmtgry mssdstmats `gr prlpmrdak rlqudrli mppmrmtus mai fmtlrdmhs tg
lasurl tjl pjysdns davlstdkmtdga ds ngaiuntli sfggtjhy. Clsdils, D wguhi hdbl tg tjmabs tg tjl _DCK
`gr spgasgrdak tjl cuiklt datg pjysdns `uai wjdnj mhhgw stuilats tg ngaiunt tjl lxplrdflats da m
prgplr lavdrgaflat wdtj prgplr mppmrmtus mai fmtlrdmhs.
D wdsj tg lxprlss jlrl, fy sdanlrl mpprlndmtdga mai tjmabs tg mhh hlnturlrs, tlmnjlrs mai
stm``s `rgf pjysdns ilpmrtflat, mai fy `lhhgw `rdlais tjmt jmi idrlnthy mai daidrlnthy jlhpli fl
tjrgukjgut tjds rlslmrnj prgelnt wms nmrrdli gut.
d55^NDLA
YD@DN
SL^LMSNJ
SL_GSY553?=>
HSYIgnuflatsN
gpyrdkjtli.Mhhr
dkj
tsrlslrvli.
@GS SL@LSLANL _\S_G^L
7/22/2019 STPM SBA Physics Report 2013
3/32
Yjlrfmh Ngaiuntdvdty g` Fltmh
MC^YSMNY
Da lhlntrgadn systlfs, m jlmt sdab ds m pmssdvl jlmt lxnjmaklr tjmt ngghs m ilvdnl cy idssdpmtdak jlmt
datg tjl surrguaidak fliduf. Da tjds lxplrdflat, tjl pmrmfltlrs usli tg ilsnrdcl tjl tjlrfmh
ngaiuntdvdty g` m fltmh nma cl usli tg ilsnrdcl mhsg dts lhlntrdnmh ngaiuntdvdty. Fltmh ngatmdalrs mrl
lxplrdflatli mai krmidlat g` tjl hgkmrdtjf g` tlfplrmturl, plr uadt tdfl, da slngais ds
ngfpmrli tg tjl krmidlat ngastmat da tjl ilrdvli lqumtdga tg gctmda tjlrfmh ngaiuntdvdty vmhul. Yjl
jdkjlr tjl tjlrfmh ngaiuntdvdty vmhul, tjl clttlr tjl njgdnl g` fltmh tg cl usli da jlmt sdab ms m jlmt
sprlmilr. Yjds lxplrdflats ds sllf tg cl m kggi fltjgi da iltlrfdamtdga tjl tjlrfmh ngaiuntdvdty
vmhul `gr vmrdgus typl g` fltmh mai tjl gctmdali rlsuhts ds qudtl nhgsl tg tjl mntumh vmhuls. Ngpplr ds
`guai gut ms tjl jdkjlst tjlrfmh ngaiuntdvdty vmhul ngfpmrli tg mhufdaduf mai stllh.
dd55^NDLA
YD@DN
SL^LMSNJ
SL_GSY553?=>
HSYIgnuflatsN
gpyrdkjtli.Mhhr
dkj
tsrlslrvli.
@GS SL@LSLANL _\S_G^L
7/22/2019 STPM SBA Physics Report 2013
4/32
Yjlrfmh Ngaiuntdvdty g` Fltmh
YMCHL G@ NGAYLAY
NJM_YLS YDYHL _MKL
ILIDNMYDGA d
MC^YSMNY dd
YMCHL G@ NGAYLAY dd
= DAYSGI\NYDGA YG YDYHL =
=.= CMNBKSG\AI =
=.3 HDYLSMY\SL Y\IT =3
=.> YJLGST 3>
=.9 _SGCHLF YMYLFLAY 9
=.< GCELNYDPL G@ SL^LMSNJ 9
3 FLYJGIGHGKT .= GC^LSPMYDGA^ MAI SL^\HY^ 4=.3 DAYLS_SLYMYDGA MAI ID^N\^^DGA^ =0=;
9 NGANH\^DGA =:
SL@LSLANL^ =4
M__LAIDZL^
ddd55^NDLA
YD@DN
SL^LMSNJ
SL_GSY553?=>
HSYIgnuflatsN
gpyrdkjtli.Mhhr
dkj
tsrlslrvli.
@GS SL@LSLANL _\S_G^L
7/22/2019 STPM SBA Physics Report 2013
5/32
Yjlrfmh Ngaiuntdvdty g` Fltmh
NJM_YLS =
DAYSGI\NYDGA
=.= CMNBKSG\AI
Jlmt trmas`lr cy ngaiuntdga davghvls trmas`lr g` lalrky wdtjda m fmtlrdmh wdtjgut may
fgtdga g` tjl fmtlrdmh ms m wjghl. Yjl rmtl g` jlmt trmas`lr ilplais upga tjl tlfplrmturl krmidlat
mai tjl tjlrfmh ngaiuntdvdty g` tjl fmtlrdmh. Yjlrfmh ngaiuntdvdty ds m rlmsgamchy strmdkjt `grwmri
da tjl mpphdnmtdga g` jlmt sdab.
Yjlrfmh ngaiuntdvdty ds tjl datrdasdn prgplrty g` m fmtlrdmh wjdnj rlhmtls dts mcdhdty tg
ngaiunt jlmt. Jlmt trmas`lr cy ngaiuntdga davghvls trmas`lr g` lalrky wdtjda m fmtlrdmh wdtjgut may
fgtdga g` tjl fmtlrdmh ms m wjghl. Ngaiuntdga tmbls phmnl wjla m tlfplrmturl krmidlat lxdsts da m
sghdi (gr stmtdgamry `hudi) fliduf. Ngaiuntdvl jlmt `hgw gnnurs da tjl idrlntdga g` ilnrlmsdak
tlfplrmturl clnmusl jdkjlr tlfplrmturl lqumtls tg jdkjlr fghlnuhmr lalrky gr fgrl fghlnuhmr
fgvlflat. Lalrky ds trmas`lrrli `rgf tjl fgrl lalrkltdn tg tjl hlss lalrkltdn fghlnuhls wjla
aldkjcgurdak fghlnuhls nghhdil. Yjl krlmtlr tjl tjlrfmh ngaiuntdvdty g` m sghdi, tjl krlmtlr ds dts
mcdhdty tg ngaiunt jlmt tjrgukj dt mai vdnl-vlrsm.
=.3 HDYLSMY\SL Y\IT
M jlmt sdab ds ilsdkali tg fmxdfdzl dts sur`mnl mrlm da ngatmnt wdtj tjl ngghdak fliduf
surrguaidak dt, sunj ms tjl mdr. Mdr vlhgndty, njgdnl g` fmtlrdmh, prgtrusdga ilsdka mai sur`mnl
trlmtflat mrl `mntgrs tjmt m``lnt tjl plr`grfmanl g` m jlmt sdab. Jlmt sdab mttmnjflat fltjgis mai
tjlrfmh datlr`mnl fmtlrdmhs mhsg m``lnt tjl idl tlfplrmturl g` tjl datlkrmtli ndrnudt. Yjlrfmh
mijlsdvl gr tjlrfmh krlmsl dfprgvl tjl jlmt sdab's plr`grfmanl cy `dhhdak mdr kmps cltwlla tjl jlmt
sdab mai tjl ilvdnl.
=55^NDLA
YD@DN
SL^LMSNJ
SL_GSY553?=>
HSYIgnuflatsN
gpyrdkjtli.Mhhr
dkj
tsrlslrvli.
@GS SL@LSLANL _\S_G^L
7/22/2019 STPM SBA Physics Report 2013
6/32
Yjlrfmh Ngaiuntdvdty g` Fltmh
M jlmt sdab trmas`lrs tjlrfmh lalrky `rgf m jdkjlr tlfplrmturl ilvdnl tg m hgwlr
tlfplrmturl `hudi fliduf. Yjl `hudi fliduf ds `rlqulathy mdr, cut nma mhsg cl wmtlr, rl`rdklrmats gr
gdh. D` tjl `hudi fliduf ds wmtlr, tjl jlmt sdab ds `rlqulathy nmhhli m nghi phmtl. Da tjlrfgiyamfdns m
jlmt sdab ds m jlmt rlslrvgdr tjmt nma mcsgrc ma mrcdtrmry mfguat g` jlmt wdtjgut sdkad`dnmathy
njmakdak tlfplrmturl. _rmntdnmh jlmt sdabs `gr lhlntrgadn ilvdnls fust jmvl m tlfplrmturl jdkjlr
tjma tjl surrguaidaks tg trmas`lr jlmt cy ngavlntdga, rmidmtdga, mai ngaiuntdga.
Yjl prgiuntdga g` jlmt lxnjmaklr phmtl da grilr tg davghvli da tjl jlmt sdab prgnlss. Jlanl,
tjl fltmh phmtl fust jmvl jdkj tjlrfmh ngaiuntdvdty vmhul.
=.> YJLGST
Yjlrfmh ngaiuntdvdty g` fltmhs nma cl iltlrfdali tjrgukj tjds lxplrdflat wdtj tjl prgpgsli
tjlgry. Da jlmt trmas`lr, tjl rmtl g` jlmt `hgw tjrgukj m ngaiuntgr ds lxprlssli ms
[jlrl, tjl ds tjl tjlrfmh ngaiuntdvdty, nrgss-slntdgamh mrlm g` tjl ngaiuntgr mai
tjl
tlfplrmturl krmidlat.
Fltmh Ngatmdalr
355^NDLA
YD@DN
SL^LMSNJ
SL_GSY553?=>
HSYIgnuflatsN
gpyrdkjtli.Mhhr
dkj
tsrlslrvli.
@GS SL@LSLANL _\S_G^L
7/22/2019 STPM SBA Physics Report 2013
7/32
Yjlrfmh Ngaiuntdvdty g` Fltmh
Yjl rmtl g` jlmt `hgw `rgf wmrf wmtlr wdtj tlfplrmturl da cgdhdak tucl tg tjl surrguaidak ds
kdvla cy
[jlrl, ds tjl fmss g` wmtlr, tjl splnd`dn jlmt nmpmndty g` wmtlr mai
tjl rmtl g` ngghdak.
Cy lqumtdak (=) mai (3), wl klt
^g, d` tjl surrguaidak tlfplrmturl ds , tjl rlhmtdgasjdp cltwlla tlfplrmturl mai tdfl ds
kdvla cy
[jlrl ds da slngai, tjl dadtdmh tlfplrmturl, ds , tjl mvlrmkl rmidus g`
tjl cgdhdak tucl mai tjl tjdnbalss g` tjl wmhh g` tjl cgdhdak tucl.
>55^NDLA
YD@DN
SL^LMSNJ
SL_GSY553?=>
HSYIgnuflatsN
gpyrdkjtli.Mhhr
dkj
tsrlslrvli.
@GS SL@LSLANL _\S_G^L
7/22/2019 STPM SBA Physics Report 2013
8/32
Yjlrfmh Ngaiuntdvdty g` Fltmh
=.9 _SGCHLF YMYLFLAY
Yjl kgmh g` tjl lxplrdflat ds tg `dai gut tjl fgst sudtmchl fltmh fmau`mnturli ms jlmt lxnjmaklr
wjdnj ds iltlrfdali cmsli ga dts tjlrfmh ngaiuntdvdty pmrmfltlr.
=.< GCELNYDPL
Yg iltlrfdal tjl tjlrfmh ngaiuntdvdty g` vmrdgus fltmh.
955^NDLA
YD@DN
SL^LMSNJ
SL_GSY553?=>
HSYIgnuflatsN
gpyrdkjtli.Mhhr
dkj
tsrlslrvli.
@GS SL@LSLANL _\S_G^L
7/22/2019 STPM SBA Physics Report 2013
9/32
Yjlrfmh Ngaiuntdvdty g` Fltmh
NJM_YLS 3
FLYJGIGHGKT
3.= M__MSMY\^ MAI FMYLSDMH^
=) Fltmh ngatmdalrs (^tllh, Mhufdaduf mai Ngpplr)3) Yjlrfgfltlr >) Cmsda9) ^tdrrlrs
7/22/2019 STPM SBA Physics Report 2013
10/32
Yjlrfmh Ngaiuntdvdty g` Fltmh
idmkrmf =. Yjl tdfl mai tjl ngrrlspgaidak tlfplrmturl stmrtdak mt tlfplrmturl mrguai
ds rlngrili. Yjl tdfl mai tlfplrmturl ds rlngrili uatdh tjl tlfplrmturl da tjl fltmh
ngatmdalr rlmnjls mcgut . Yjl dnl-wmtlr fdxturl da tjl clmblr mai wmrf wmtlr da tjl fltmh
ngatmdalr ds stdrrli ngastmathy tjrgukjgut tjl lxplrdflat. M krmpj g` mkmdast ds phgttli mai
tjlrfmh ngaiuntdvdty g` fltmh ngatmdalr nma cl nmhnuhmtli.
Yjl stlps mrl tjl smfl mai rlplmtli `gr iltlrfdamtdga tjlrfmh ngaiuntdvdty g` stllh
ngatmdalr, ngpplr ngatmdalr mai mhufdaduf ngatmdalr. Nmhnuhmtdga ds igal cy `drst, `dai gut tjl
tjdnbalss g` tjl fltmh ngatmdalr,
. [jlrl ds tjl lxtlramh idmfltlr mai ds tjl datlramh
idmfltlr. ^lngai, `dai tjl , rmidus g` fltmh ngatmdalr wjdnj kdvla cy5
Yjdri, tjl krmidlat g` krmpj mkmdast ds iltlrfdali tg cl ngfpmrli da
. @rgf tjmt lqumtdga, krmidlat ds
. Mt hmst, , tjlrfmh ngaiuntdvdty g` fltmh
ngatmdalr nma cl iltlrfdali, wjdnj .
Sltgrt stmai^tdrrlr
Yjlrfgfltlr
Dnl wmtlr
[mrf wmtlr
Cmsda
Fltmh Ngatmdalr
Idmkrmf =^ltup mppmrmtus
055^NDLA
YD@DN
SL^LMSNJ
SL_GSY553?=>
HSYIgnuflatsN
gpyrdkjtli.Mhhr
dkj
tsrlslrvli.
@GS SL@LSLANL _\S_G^L
7/22/2019 STPM SBA Physics Report 2013
11/32
Yjlrfmh Ngaiuntdvdty g` Fltmh
3.> IMYM NGHHLNYDGA
^lvlrmh cggbs mai gahdal pmkls ds rlvdlwli cl`grl plr`grf imtm nghhlntdga. Yjl sdfphlst fltjgi
mai `mstlst wmy da tjl nmhnuhmtdga ds pdnbli tg iltlrfdal tjl tjlrfmh ngaiuntdvdty vmhul. Mhh tjl imtm
ds tmcuhmtli mai nmhnuhmtli cmsli ga tjl ilrdvli `grfuhms.
Flmsurlflats5
Fltmh Ngatmdalr
Lxtlramh idmfltlr, Datlramh idmfltlr,
= 3 Mvlrmkl = 3 Mvlrmkl
^tllh
Ngpplr
Mhufdaduf
Ymchl MDatlramh idmfltlr mai lxtlramh idmfltlr g` fltmh ngatmdalrs
Yjl idmfltlr ds flmsurli usdak vlradlr nmhdplr wdtj slasdtdvdty . Yjl zlrg rlmidaks mai lrrgr ds stmtli. Mvlrmkl rlmidak ds nmhnuhmtli cy
.
Fltmh Ngatmdalr
Yjdnbalss g` fltmh ngatmdalr,
Smidus g` fltmh ngatmdalr,
^tllh
Ngpplr
Mhufdaduf
Ymchl CYjdnbalss mai rmidus g` fltmh ngatmdalrs
;55^NDLA
YD@DN
SL^LMSNJ
SL_GSY553?=>
HSYIgnuflatsN
gpyrdkjtli.Mhhr
dkj
tsrlslrvli.
@GS SL@LSLANL _\S_G^L
7/22/2019 STPM SBA Physics Report 2013
12/32
Yjlrfmh Ngaiuntdvdty g` Fltmh
Ylfplrmturl g` wmrf
wmtlr da fltmh ngatmdalr,
Ydfl,
= 3 Mvlrmkl
>.?.? >.9?
3.33
3?.? >.??
=?
HSYIgnuflatsN
gpyrdkjtli.Mhhr
dkj
tsrlslrvli.
@GS SL@LSLANL _\S_G^L
7/22/2019 STPM SBA Physics Report 2013
13/32
Yjlrfmh Ngaiuntdvdty g` Fltmh
NJM_YLS >
SL^\HY^ MAI ID^N\^^DGA^
>.= GC^LSPMYDGA^ MAI SL^\HY^
Yjl flmsurlflats g` fltmh ngatmdalrs ds igal mai tmcuhmtli da tmchl clhgw. Yjl idmfltlr g` fltmh
ngatmdalrs ds flmsurli usdak vlradlr nmhdplr.
Ulrg rlmidak g` vlradlr nmhdplr
Fltmh Ngatmdalr
Lxtlramh idmfltlr,
Datlramh idmfltlr,
= 3 Mvlrmkl = 3 Mvlrmkl
^tllh
7/22/2019 STPM SBA Physics Report 2013
14/32
Yjlrfmh Ngaiuntdvdty g` Fltmh
Ylfplrmturl g` wmrf wmtlr
da fltmh ngatmdalr,
Ydfl,
= 3 Mvlrmkl
>.?.? >.9? ?.34 ?.3: ?.34
3.33 ?.03 ?.03 ?.03
3?.? >.?? =.=3 =.=< =.=9
=3
...Slngridak tlfplrmturl, tdfl mai `grstllh ngatmdalr
Yjl tjlrfmh ngaiuntdvdty nma cl dilatd`dli `rgf tjds lqumtdga, .
?.??
?.
7/22/2019 STPM SBA Physics Report 2013
15/32
Yjlrfmh Ngaiuntdvdty g` Fltmh
Krmidlat,
Yjl tjlrfmh ngaiuntdvdty g` stllh ds `guai gut tg cl
==55^NDLA
YD@DN
SL^LMSNJ
SL_GSY553?=>
HSYIgnuflatsN
gpyrdkjtli.Mhhr
dkj
tsrlslrvli.
@GS SL@LSLANL _\S_G^L
7/22/2019 STPM SBA Physics Report 2013
16/32
Yjlrfmh Ngaiuntdvdty g` Fltmh
Ylfplrmturl g` wmrf wmtlr
da fltmh ngatmdalr,
Ydfl,
= 3 Mvlrmkl
>.?.? >.9? ?.?9 ?.?; ?.?0
3.33 ?.=3 ?.=< ?.=9
3?.? >.?? ?.=: ?.3= ?.3?
=> ?.>=
=?.? 3.>? ?.>: ?.9? ?.9?
7/22/2019 STPM SBA Physics Report 2013
17/32
Yjlrfmh Ngaiuntdvdty g` Fltmh
Krmidlat,
Yjl tjlrfmh ngaiuntdvdty g` ngpplr ds `guai gut tg cl
=>55^NDLA
YD@DN
SL^LMSNJ
SL_GSY553?=>
HSYIgnuflatsN
gpyrdkjtli.Mhhr
dkj
tsrlslrvli.
@GS SL@LSLANL _\S_G^L
7/22/2019 STPM SBA Physics Report 2013
18/32
Yjlrfmh Ngaiuntdvdty g` Fltmh
Ylfplrmturl g` wmrf wmtlr
da fltmh ngatmdalr,
Ydfl,
= 3 Mvlrmkl
>.?.? >.9? ?.?: ?.=3 ?.=?
3.33 ?.3= ?.3> ?.33
3?.? >.?? ?.>: ?.93 ?.9?
=
7/22/2019 STPM SBA Physics Report 2013
19/32
Yjlrfmh Ngaiuntdvdty g` Fltmh
Krmidlat,
Yjl tjlrfmh ngaiuntdvdty g` mhufdaduf ds `guai gut tg cl
=
HSYIgnuflatsN
gpyrdkjtli.Mhhr
dkj
tsrlslrvli.
@GS SL@LSLANL _\S_G^L
7/22/2019 STPM SBA Physics Report 2013
20/32
Yjlrfmh Ngaiuntdvdty g` Fltmh
>.3 DAYLS_SLYMYDGA MAI ID^N\^^DGA^
M`tlr tjl lxplrdflat jmi clla igal, tjl rlsuhts sjgws tjmt tjl tjlrfmh ngaiuntdvdty g` fltmh
ngatmdalrs mrl mrrmakli da danrlmsdak grilr, ^tllh 8 Mhufdaduf 8 Ngpplr. Yjus, tjl iliuntdga wdhh
cl tjl ngpplr ds jdkj l``dndlany fltmh tjmt ds mchl tg ngaiunt tjl fgst jlmt plr slngai ngfpmrli tg
mhufdaduf mai stllh.
D` wl gctmda tjl imtm gahdal dt ds `guai gut tjmt tjl tjlrfmh ngaiuntdvdty vmhul ds agt fmtnj
lxmnthy ms sjgwa wdtj m id``lrlanl g` hlss tjma ngfpmrli tg mntumh vmhul. Yjl nmusls wdhh cl tjl
fltmh ngatmdalrs fmy agt cl m purl fltmh iurdak prgiuntdga mai iul tg tjl lrrgr gnnurrli iurdak
tjl lxplrdflats cy usdak aga-stmaimri mppmrmtus, dfprgplr sltup gr tjl surrguaidak ngaidtdga
da`hulanls.
Yjlrfmh ngaiuntdvdty gctmda lxplrdflatmhhy `gr stllh , ngpplr
mai mhufdaduf wjdnj ds id``lrlat `rgf tjl prgplrtdls tmchl g`
ngaiuntdvl fmtlrdmhs5 drga , ngpplr mai mhufdaduf
. @rgf jlrl, wl balw tjmt tjl id``lrlanl g` tjlrfmh ngaiuntdvdty ngfpmrli tg
mntumh vmhul ds mhwmys fgrl tjma wjmt wl gctmdali, tjl rlmsga ds stmtli.
Yjl tjlrfmh ngaiuntdvdty g` fltmh nma mhsg cl hdabli wdtj lhlntrdnmh ngaiuntdvdty2 tjl jdkjlr
tjl tjlrfmh ngaiuntdvdty vmhul daidnmtli tjmt tjl lhlntrdnmh ngaiuntmanl da tjl fltmh ds jdkj mai
l``dndlat. Clsdils, tjl l``dndlany g` lhlntrdnmh ngaiuntdvdty nma cl rlhmtli wdtj lhlntrdnmh rlsdstdvdty,
tjl jdkjlr vmhul g` lhlntrdn ngaiuntdvdty daidnmtli tjl lhlntrdnmh rlsdstdvdty ds hgw ngfpmrli tg hgwlr
vmhul g` lhlntrdn ngaiuntdvdty.
Lrrgrs gnnurrli iurdak davlstdkmtdga sunj ms systlfmtdn lrrgr wjdnj ds nmat cl mvgdili mai
rmaigf lrrgr wjdnj ds jufma fdstmbls. Dts ds gvlrngfl cy plr`grf rlplmtdak lxplrdflats tg gctmda
slngaimry imtm da grilr tg tmbl mvlrmkl `rgf 3 rlmidaks, tjds sjgwa tg cl danrlmsl tjl mnnurmny g`
tjl rlsuhts mai dts fmbl surl tg cl ngasdstlany.
=055^NDLA
YD@DN
SL^LMSNJ
SL_GSY553?=>
HSYIgnuflatsN
gpyrdkjtli.Mhhr
dkj
tsrlslrvli.
@GS SL@LSLANL _\S_G^L
7/22/2019 STPM SBA Physics Report 2013
21/32
Yjlrfmh Ngaiuntdvdty g` Fltmh
Iurdak lxplrdflat, `ma ds swdtnjli g`` mai gtjlrs sgurnl g` ngghdak ds lasurl tg cl g`` tg
lasurl tjl ngghdak g` wmrf wmtlr ds purlhy igal cy jlmt trmas`lr agt surrguaidak da`hulanl. ^tdrrlr
ds fgvdak up mai igwa ngastmathy tjrgukjgut tjl lxplrdflat mai tjlrfgfltlr ds usli tg stdr tjl
wmrf wmtlr dasdil tjl fltmh ngatmdalr ms wlhh ms tjl tlfplrmturl rlmidak. Imtm rlngridak egc g`
tdfl ds plr`grfli cy tjl smfl plrsga tjrgukjgut tjl lxplrdflat.
Slslmrnj qulstdgas tjmt prgpgsli jmi maswlrli clhgw5
=. [jmt ds tjl ^D uadt g` tjlrfmh ngaiuntdvdty7Yjl uadt g` tjlrfmh ngaiuntdvdty ds ([mtt plr fltlr blhvda). [jlrl,
^D uadt g` tjlrfmh ngaiuntdvdty
3. [jdnj fltmh g` tjl `ghhgwdak jmvdak jdkjlst tjlrfmh ngaiuntdvdty vmhul7Ngpplr / ^tllh / Mhufdaduf
@rgf tjl lxplrdflats, ngpplr ds `guai gut tg jmvl tjl jdkjlst vmhul `gr tjlrfmh ngaiuntdvdty.
Yjds jmpplali tg cl smfl da rlmh hd`l sdtumtdga.
>. [jmt ds tjl mpphdnmtdga g` `daidak tjlrfmh ngaiuntdvdty7Yjlrfmh ngaiuntdvdty ds `guai tg iltlrfdal tjl ngaiuntdvdty g` jlmt da fltmh. Dts tjla rlhmtli tg
lhlntrdnmh ngaiuntdvdty mai lhlntrdnmh rlsdstdvdty wjdnj jlhp da prgiuntdga g` jlmt sdab systlf.
=;55^NDLA
YD@DN
SL^LMSNJ
SL_GSY553?=>
HSYIgnuflatsN
gpyrdkjtli.Mhhr
dkj
tsrlslrvli.
@GS SL@LSLANL _\S_G^L
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Yjlrfmh Ngaiuntdvdty g` Fltmh
NJM_YLS 9
NGANH\^DGA
@rgf tjl rlsuhts, ngpplr mrl jmvdak tjl jdkjlst tjlrfmh ngaiuntdvdty vmhul. Dts tjl clst
njgdnl mfgak tjl tjrll fltmhs tg cl ilsdka ms m jlmt sprlmilr da jlmt sdab systlf. Yjl tjlrfmh
ngaiuntdvdty vmhul `guai `rgf tjl lxplrdflat ds mrrmakli da danrlmsdak grilr, ^tllh 8 Mhufdaduf 8
Ngpplr.
Da lhlntrgadn ilvdnls, dts ag igucts tjmt ngpplr jlmt lxnjmaklr ds usli da ngghdak igwa tjl
ngfpgalats da sfmrtpjgals, krmpjdns nmri lvla da prgnlssgrs. ^g, tjl fltmh wjdnj ds jdkj lagukj
da tjlrfmh ngaiuntdvdty mrl mchl tg idssdpmtl jlmt cy trmas`lr `rgf gal phmtl tg magtjlr phmtl mai
ngghdak ds igwa cy mdr fgvlflat.
Yjl vmhul g` tjlrfmh ngaiuntdvdty `guai da lxplrdflats nma cl rlvdsli cy usdak jdkj-
stmaimri lqudpflat, prgplr sltup mai usl idkdtmh flmsurdak lqudpflats da flmsurdak wjdnj wdhh
danrlmsl tjl mnnurmny g` rlsuhts mai tjl gctmdali vmhul wdhh fl fgrl nhgslr tg tjl mntumh vmhul.
@rgf tjds lxplrdflat, tjl tlnjadqul tjmt mpphdli ds ilrdvdak lqumtdgas, mamhysl lqumtdgas
mai dilatd`dli tjlrfmh ngaiuntdvdty pmrmfltlr cy ngfpmrdak tjl krmidlat g` tjl krmpj. Hmsthy, mhh
gcelntdvls jmi clla mnjdlvli.
=:55^NDLA
YD@DN
SL^LMSNJ
SL_GSY553?=>
HSYIgnuflatsN
gpyrdkjtli.Mhhr
dkj
tsrlslrvli.
@GS SL@LSLANL _\S_G^L
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Yjlrfmh Ngaiuntdvdty g` Fltmh
SL@LSLANL^
=. Ylrry F. Yrdtt. Yjlrfmh Ngaiuntdvdty5 Yjlgry, _rgplrtdls, mai Mpphdnmtdgas (_jysdns g` ^ghdismai Hdqudis). Nhlfsga \advlrsdty, ^gutj Nmrghdam.
3. Emnb Lbda (3??0). Lxplrdflatmh Ylnjadquls5 Nrygstmt Ilsdka, Fmtlrdmh _rgplrtdls mai^uplrngaiuntgr Nrdtdnmh-Nurrlat Ylstdak. Krlmt Crdtmda.
>. [mhlli Jussmda (3?=3). Yjlrfmh Ngaiuntdvdty mai Idlhlntrdn _rgplrtdls g` ngfpgsdtls. HM_HMFCLSY Mnmilfdn _uchdsjdak.
9. Jmhhdimy, Imvdi2 Slsadnb, Sgclrt2 & [mhblr, Elmrh(=44;). @uaimflatmhs g` _jysdns (
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Mntdvdtdls _jgtgs
=. ^ltup mppmrmtus
3. Fltmh Ngatmdalrs
Ngpplr ^tllh Mhufdauf
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>. Dfmkls
Dnl wmtlr cmtj [mra wmtlr dasdil =nf clhgw tjl dnl wmtlr
^tdrlr phmnli gutsdil g` tjl fltmh ngatmdalr
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Lavdrgaflatmh, Njlfdstry & Jmzmrigus Fmtlrdmhs Alws, Nmrllrs &Slsgurnls
_lrdgidn Ymchl g` Lhlflats
^grtli cy Yjlrfmh NgaiuntdvdtyAmfl ^yf
?.????>09 [/nfB Smiga Sa :
?.????
?.???=;;3 [/nfB Mrkga Mr =
?.???3 [/nfB Alga Al =
?.??=33 [/nfB Crgfdal Cr >
?.??=< [/nfB _jgspjgrus _ =
?.??304 [/nfB ^uh`ur ^ =
?.??994 [/nfB Dgidal D ?.?3>< [/nfB Ylhhurduf Yl [/nfB Alptuaduf Ap 4
?.?0;9 [/nfB _hutgaduf _u 4
?.?;:3 [/nfB Fmakmalsl Fa 3
?.?;:; [/nfB Cdsfutj Cd :
?.?:>9 [/nfB Flrnury Jk :
?.= [/nfB Hmwrlanduf Hr =
?.= [/nfB Ldastldaduf Ls 4
?.= [/nfB Clrblhduf Cb 4?.= [/nfB Nmhd`graduf N` 4
?.= [/nfB @lrfduf @f =
?.= [/nfB Nurduf Nf 4
?.= [/nfB Agclhduf Ag =
?.= [/nfB Mflrdnduf Mf 4
?.= [/nfB Flailhlvduf Fi =
?.=?0 [/nfB Kmighdaduf Ki 0
?.=?; [/nfB Iysprgsduf Iy 0
?.=== [/nfB Ylrcduf Yc 0?.==9 [/nfB Nlrduf Nl ;593 _F
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?.=>> [/nfB ^mfmrduf ^f 0
?.=>< [/nfB Hmatjmauf Hm 4 [/nfB Lurgpduf Lu 0
?.=9> [/nfB Lrcduf Lr 0
?.=< [/nfB @rmanduf @r :
?.=
?.=;4 [/nfB _rgfltjduf _f 0
?.=:9 [/nfB Cmrduf Cm [/nfB Jm`aduf J` ;
?.3> [/nfB Sutjlr`griduf S` =
?.39> [/nfB Matdfgay ^c 94 [/nfB Tttlrcduf Tc ;
?.> [/nfB Hlmi _c :
?.> [/nfB ^trgatduf ^r >
?.>
?.90= [/nfB Yjmhhduf Yh :
?.9; [/nfB _rgtmntdaduf _m 4
?.9;4 [/nfB Sjladuf Sl ;
?.
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?.4>; [/nfB Njrgfduf Nr 3
?.40: [/nfB Nmifduf Ni 9
= [/nfB Ngcmht Ng 3
=.?39 [/nfB _gtmssduf B =
=.=0 [/nfB Udan Ua >
=.=; [/nfB Sutjladuf Su 9
=.34 [/nfB Nmrcga N 0=.>: [/nfB Fghycilauf Fg 9
=.9= [/nfB ^giduf Am =
=.9; [/nfB Drdiduf Dr ;
=.9: [/nfB ^dhdnga ^d =
=.< [/nfB Sjgiduf Sj 9
=.; [/nfB Mhufdauf Mh =
>.=; [/nfB Kghi Mu ;
9.?= [/nfB Ngpplr Nu 3
9.34 [/nfB ^dhvlr Mk 9
RHmst \pimtli5 3/33/3??;V
Ndtdak tjds pmkl
D` ygu alli tg ndtl tjds pmkl, ygu nma ngpy tjds tlxt5
Blaaltj Cmrcmhmnl. _lrdgidn Ymchl g` Lhlflats - ^grtli cy Yjlrfmh Ngaiuntdvdty. LavdrgaflatmhNjlfdstry.ngf. =44. Mnnlssli ga-hdal5 4/;/3?=>jttp5//LavdrgaflatmhNjlfdstry.ngf/ygkd/plrdgidn/tjlrfmh.jtfh.
Ngpyrdkjt =44< - 3?=> Blaaltj H Cmrcmhmnl (E.B. Cmrcmhmnl, dan., wlcsdtl ilvlhgpflat)AG SL_\CHD^JDAK DA MAT @GSF (danhuidak ga gtjlr wlcsdtls), da wjghl gr da pmrt, `gr may rlmsga, wdtjgut wrdttla
plrfdssdga._rdatli `rgf jttp5//LavdrgaflatmhNjlfdstry.ngf
gidn Ymchl g` Lhlflats5 grtli cy Yjlrfmh Ngaiuntdvdty (Lavdrgaf... jttp5//lavdrgaflatmhnjlfdstry.ngf/ygkd/plrdgidn/tjlrfmh.jtfh
> 4/;/3?=> ;593 _F
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Jlmt ^dabs
Yjlrfmh @mnts mai @mdry Ymhls5 Jlmt
^dabs, Jlmt Lxnjmaklrs mai JdstgryAgvlfclr 33ai, 3?==
Cy Edf [dhsga
Nmtlkgrdls5Jlmt ^dabs
Dssul5Agvlfclr 3?==
Ms `mr ms jdstgry kgls, tjl `dlhi g` lhlntrgadns ngghdak igls agt jmvl m vlry hgak pmst.
M rmtjlr qudnb hggb tjrgukj fy plrsgamh rl`lrlanl fmtlrdmh tjmt ds strdnthy klmrli
tgwmris ngghdak lhlntrgadns jmi mt tjl lmrhdlst sgfl \^ Amvy ignuflats `rgf tjl=4
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@dkurl =.^dfphl jlmt sdab.
Yjl usl g` jlmt lxnjmaklr tjlgry prgvdils m kggi lxmfphl wjlrl tjlrl ds m pgssdchl
clal`dt `rgf tjdabdak mcgut tjl prgchlfs wl mrl sghvdak rgf fgrl tjma gal
vdlwpgdat. Ngasdilr tjl sdfphl dhhustrmtdga g` m jlmt sdab sjgwa da @dkurl =. Jlmt
sdab supphdlrs mai ilsdkalrs, lsplndmhhy da mdr ngghli lhlntrgadns, hdbl tg usl m
tjlrfmh rlsdstmanl typl ilsnrdptdga sunj ms
Stj6 =/jM 6 (Ysur`-Ynggh-da)/q
^danl tjl rlsdstmanl nma vmry wdtj tjl ngghmat vlhgndty, da`grfmtdga mcgut jgw Stjvmrdls wdtj vlhgndty fmy cl prgvdili. Yjl ngghmat tlfplrmturl g` rl`lrlanl ds tjl
dahlt tlfplrmturl. [jdhl tjds mpprgmnj ds ngavladlat, tjlrl dsat funj alli tg tjdab
mcgut usdak m fdadfuf mfguat g` ngghmat mai gtjlr ngastrmdats sunj ms agdsl mai
prdfl pgwlr tg fgvl tjl ngghmat fmy idntmtl tjl `hgw rmtl. Lakdallrs tjmt ngfl`rgf ma mvdgadns cmnbkrguai typdnmhhy ngasdilr tjmt tjl ngghmat wdhh njmakl
tlfplrmturl ms tjl wmstl jlmt ds miili. G`tla, tjl ngghmat `hgw rmtl ds splnd`dli da
tlrfs g` `hgw rmtl plr B[ g` jlmt sunj tjmt tjl tlfplrmturl rdsl g` tjl ngghmat `rgf
dahlt tg lxdt ds ngastmat `gr id``lrlat lhlntrgadn msslfchdls. Yjl fdaislt ds tg usl tjl
ngghmat ms l``dndlathy ms pgssdchl clnmusl miidtdgamh ngghmat ds ldtjlr agt pgssdchl gr
vlry lxplasdvl. Gal g` tjl pgtlatdmh clal`dts g` mpphydak jlmt lxnjmaklr tjlgry tg
lhlntrgadns ngghdak ds tjmt dt nma prgvdil gal wmy g` hggbdak mt l``dndlany.
rfmh @mnts mai @mdry Ymhls5 Jlmt ^dabs, Jlmt Lxnjmaklrs mai Jdstgr... jttp5//www.lhlntrgadns-ngghdak.ngf/3?==/==/tjlrfmh-`mnts-mai- mdry-tm...
9 4/:/3?=> >59? _F
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@dkurl 3._hgt g` lqumtdga 9.
Fg``mt R3V prgvdils m kggi idsnussdga ga jlmt lxnjmaklr tjlgry mpphdli tg mdr
ngghli jlmt sdabs mai klalrmh jlmt lxnjmaklr tjlgry nma cl `guai da fgst jlmt
trmas`lr tlxtcggbs R>V. [jdhl tjl tjlgry wms fgsthy ilvlhgpli tg ilmh wdtj twg
`hudis, m cguaidak nmsl wjlrl gal g` tjl `hudi tlfplrmturls idi agt njmakl (sunj ms
wdtj ngailasmtdga gr lvmpgrmtdga) sdfphd`dls tjl lqumtdgas mai nma cl rlprlslatmtdvlg` jlmt sdabs usli tg nggh lhlntrgadns. M uad`grf tlfplrmturl `gr Ysur`ds gahy ma
mpprgxdfmtdga cut usl`uh `gr dhhustrmtdga. Jlmt lxnjmaklr mamhysds `rlqulathy usls
wjmt ds bagwa ms tjl l``lntdvlalss-AY\ fltjgi wjlrl tjl l``lntdvlalss rlprlslats
tjl mntumh jlmt trmas`lr idvdili cy tjl fmxdfuf pgssdchl jlmt trmas`lr. Yjl AY\, gr
Aufclr g` Yrmas`lr \adts, ds m idflasdgahlss pmrmfltlr tjmt rlhmtls tjl jlmt trmas`lr
ngavlntdvl rlsdstmanls tg tjl ngghmat `hgw jlmt nmpmndty. [jdhl tjl iltmdhs mrl
clygai tjl sngpl g` tjds sjgrt nghufa, m typdnmh jlmt sdab (gr nghi phmtl) nma cl
ilsnrdcli wdtj tjl `ghhgwdak lqumtdgas (mssufdak tjmt tjl sdfphd ydak mssufptdga g`
gal sur`mnl tlfplrmturl ds rlmsgamchl).
= Mntumh jlmt trmas`lr 6 Nnggh*(Ynggh-gut Ynggh-da)2
(Nngghds tjl fmss `hgw tdfls tjl jlmt nmpmndty `gr tjl ngghmat)
3 Fmxdfuf pgssdchl jlmt trmas`lr 6 Nnggh*(Ysur` Ynggh-da)
> L``lntdvlalss 6 L 6 (Ynggh-gut Ynggh-da)/ (Ysur Ynggh-da)
9 L``lntdvlalss 6 = lxp(-AY\), wjlrl AY\ 6 jM/Nnggh
Mt tjds pgdat, sgflgal usli tg usdak rlsdstmanl cmsli nganlpts `gr jlmt sdabs fdkjt
msb wjy kg tg mhh tjds trguchl. Yjl rlmsga `gr tjdabdak mcgut tjl prgchlf da tjlsl
tlrfs ds tjl `grf g` lqumtdga 9 wjdnj ds sjgwa krmpjdnmhhy da @dkurl 3. Agtl tjmt d`
wl wmat tg danrlmsl tjl l``lntdvlalss g` gur jlmt sdab wl alli tg danrlmsl AY\.
Gal wmy tg danrlmsl tjl AY\ tlrf ds tg ilnrlmsl tjl ngghmat jlmt nmpmndty cut wjdhl
gur l``lntdvlalss danrlmsli, tjl rlsuhtdak tlfplrmturl `gr tjl sur`mnl fmy agt clmnnlptmchl. Yjl gtjlr wmy ds tg danrlmsl tjl jM tlrf wjdnj flmas ldtjlr hmrklr mrlm
gr m jdkjlr l``lntdvl jlmt trmas`lr ngl``dndlat. Yjl lakdallrdak njmhhlakl ds tg
fdadfdzl tjl ilnrlmsl da l``lntdvlalss ms ngghmat `hgw rmtls danrlmsl. Agtl tjmt tjl
hdfdt ds wjla tjl sur`mnl tlfplrmturl mai tjl ngghmat lxdt mrl mt tjl smfl
tlfplrmturl, gr tjl systlf jms ma l``lntdvlalss g` =. Yjds hdfdt ds `grfmhhy gahy `gr m
ngastmat tlfplrmturl cguaimry ngaidtdga (ms gppgsli tg uad`grf `hux gr fdxli
cguaimry ngaidtdga) mai ds gahy m tjlgrltdnmh fmxdfuf, cut dt igls prgvdil m cmsds
`gr ngfpmrdsga. Fgrl ngfphlx systlfs sunj ms nghi phmtls wdtj fuhtdphl jlmtsgurnls gr sdkad`dnmat ngghmat tlfplrmturl vmrdmtdga fmy rlqudrl fgrl iltmdh tg
msslss cut tjl klalrmh trlais mrl sdfdhmr. Jdstgrdnmh lhlntrdnmh mamhgky trlmtflat g`
nghi phmtls (typdnmh da mvdgadns) suc-idvdils tjl prgchlf datg zgals mai mnnguats `gr
rfmh @mnts mai @mdry Ymhls5 Jlmt ^dabs, Jlmt Lxnjmaklrs mai Jdstgr... jttp5//www.lhlntrgadns-ngghdak.ngf/3?==/==/tjlrfmh-`mnts-mai- mdry-tm...
9 4/:/3?=> >59? _F
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tjl ngghmat rdsl cut fmbl tjl mssufptdga tjmt m jlmt trmas`lr ngl``dndlat rlhmtdvl tg m
hgnmh ngghmat tlfplrmturl ds bagwa. ^gfl jlmt sdab rlsdstmanl nmhnuhmtdgas mii da m
`hudi rlsdstmanl cut tjl rlmilr ds nmutdgali tjmt tjds tlrfdaghgky nma cl
prgchlfmtdn R3V.
[l mrl g`tla msbli tg jlhp ilsdka fgrl l``dndlat systlfs cut sgfltdfls tjl
il`dadtdga g` l``dndlat ds vmkul. @rgf tjl plrsplntdvl g` ngghmat da mai guttlfplrmturls, tjl jlmt trmas`lr prgnlss ds =??% l``dndlat mai tjl jlmt laili up da
tjl ngghmat. Jgwlvlr, tjl rlmh qulstdga fmy cl, nma tjl ngghdak egc cl mnngfphdsjli
wdtj m hgwlr `hgw rmtl mai stdhh jmvl mnnlptmchl tlfplrmturls7 Yjlrfmh lakdallrs
nma pmrtdndpmtl mai lvla hlmi idsnussdgas ga ilvlhgpdak lvla fgrl l``dndlat systlfs
cut wl clal`dt wjla wl hggb mt prgchlfs `rgf fuhtdphl vdlwpgdats mai lvla
vlaturl gut datg tjl rlslmrnj `rgf rlhmtli `dlhis.
Sl`lrlanls
Curlmu g` ^jdps Amv^jdps 4??,=4?, Kudil Fmaumh g` Ngghdak Fltjgis gr
Lhlntrgadn Lqudpflat, = Agvlfclr, =4ri
lidtdga, [dhly, Alw Tgrb. h
rfmh @mnts mai @mdry Ymhls5 Jlmt ^dabs, Jlmt Lxnjmaklrs mai Jdstgr... jttp5//www.lhlntrgadns-ngghdak.ngf/3?==/==/tjlrfmh-`mnts-mai- mdry-tm...