Storage_Foundation I

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All rights reserved. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice. 2010, Cognizant Technology Solutions

Storage Foundation I- Part 1


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| 2010, Cognizant Technology Solutions Confidential1

Course Sections:

This course contains the following sections:

1. Introduction to Storage Technology

2. Storage Systems Architecture

3. Networked Storage

4. Storage Systems

5. Business Continuity


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Objectives:

Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:

Describe storage concepts and architecture.

Describe the evolution of storage and storage environments.

Describe logical and physical components of storage systems.

Describe storage technologies and solutions.

Describe how storage systems are structured

Describe options for Business Continuity.


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Introduction to Storage Technology


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Data Creation

Data is being created at an ever increasing rate

Data creation/generation is growing at a rate in excess of 50% year over-year

The need to store the data over longer periods of time with improved

accessibility is also growing

Information Technology (IT) budgets are responding

IT budgets typically have to account for expenditure on Servers,

Networks, Storage, Personnel, etc.

To keep up with data storage needs, IT expenditure on Storage has

increased proportionally

It is estimated that about 40% of the IT expenditure is Data Storage

related

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What data is created by Individuals?

Examples include:

Photos Documents

Spreadsheets

Video

Storage can be in:

Cameras

MP3 players

Laptop hard drives

CDROM/DVDs

USB drives

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What data is created by a business?

Examples of data created by a business include:

Product data: inventory, description, pricing, availability, salesnumbers and projections.

Customer data: orders, shipping details.

Account data: banking, financial services industry.

Medical data: health care providers, insurance industry, hospitals.

Business data can be stored on:

Employee workstations

Servers

Disk arrays

Tapes

CDROM/DVDs

Off-site libraries

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Value of Information to a Business

Identify new business opportunities. For example:

Buying/spending patterns: Internet stores, retail stores, supermarkets.

Customer satisfaction/service: tracking shipments & deliveries.

Identifying patterns that lead to changes in existing business. For

example:

Reduced cost: delivery service optimizing utilization of vehicles.

New products: MP3 player speaker systems.

New services: security alerts for stolen credit card purchases.

Targeted marketing campaigns: communicate to bank customers with

high checking account balances about a special savings plan.

Creating a competitive advantage!

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Storage Technology

Common Data Storage Media

Tape Library: A collection of tape drives and tapes Jukeboxes: A collection of optical disks and drives

Disk Arrays: A collection hard disks

Each solution addresses specific needs for data storage and management.

Tape Library: Backup/Restore; Archival of data

Jukeboxes: Typically to store non-changing content over long periods of

time.Disk Arrays:To store data that has to be immediately accessible and on-line

Tape Storage Systems :

Tape based storage is relatively inexpensive compared to disk arrays.

They served as primary storage solutions in the early days. Tape drives use Read/Write heads to record bits of data onto magnetic

material on the tape surface.

This technology continues to evolve, providing higher storage capacity,

greater reliability, and improved performance.



Storage Technology

Storing Data on Tape :

Data is recorded sequentially from the beginning to end, one byte after another.

Because data is stored linearly along the length of the tape, random access to specific bitsof data is slow and time consuming. This severely limits tape as a medium for real-time,

rapid access to data.

Tapes cannot be shared among multiple users or applications.

Optical Data Storage :

Popular in small, single-user computing environments.

Frequently used by individuals to store & share data, as backup solution.

Also used as distribution medium for applications, or as a means of transferring small

amounts of data from one self-contained system

to another.

Disk Based Storage :From a historical perspective, we will explore the following disk based storage solutions:

DASD: Direct Access Storage Device

JBOD: Just a Bunch Of Disks

Disk Arrays

Intelligent Disk Arrays



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Storage Environment

Upon completion of this, you will be able to:

Describe Direct Attached Storage (DAS) features.

Describe Storage Area Network (SAN) features.

Describe Network Attached Storage (NAS) features.



Storage Technology

DAS is a type of storage that is connected directly to the server which enables quick

access to the data.

DAS is a basic level of storage in which the host server holds the storage device or there

can be connected to one server one at a time.

There may be more than one server but storage for each server is managed separately

and can not be shared.

DAS configuration can be achieved in two ways,

Disk is integral to the server.

Disk is installed in a separate enclosure (RAID, JBOD) but attached to the server.

DAS :Direct Attached Storage



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Performance:In DAS performance can be impacted by :

Hard disk performance

Virtual memory

Cache on storage controllerRAID Level

Bus type

Advantages:

Minimal cost solution.

Quick deployment in small environments.

Guaranteed bandwidth between host and storage.

Disadvantages:

Storage resources cannot be easily shared or moved to other servers.

Low availability



Storage Technology

NAS (Network Attached Storage)

NAS is a concept of shared storage on a network.

NAS provides the capacity to handle huge data storage and to share data.

NAS server also called appliance orfiler a storage device that consists

of a high performance file server that is attached to LAN.

NAS communicates using NFS on UNIX environments, CIFS for Microsoft

windows environment, FTP, http, and other networking protocols.

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NAS topology

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Storage Technology

NAS Implementations:

Integrated NAS

Gateway NAS

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Storage Technology

Integrated NAS:

Combines storage with other physical elements.

The storage devices are dedicated for use by NAS head.

Gateway NAS :

The storage devices are separated from NAS head.

The NAS head is connected to SAN storage environment through FC switch.

The NAS head serves as gateway to SAN environment, hence the name gateway NAS.

Benefits of NAS storage solutions:

Global information access

Efficiency

Centralized storage

Simplified management

Scalability

High availability

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Storage Technology

SAN (Storage Area Network)

SAN is a dedicated network connecting servers and storage devices.

Servers and storages are the nodes of SAN which allows any-to-any connection.

Connects multiple servers to a pool of storage over a private network.

Interface used is fibre channel.

Distance up to 10km between devices.

Data transfer rate is up to 8Gbps.

Highly reliable.

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Storage Technology

SAN Layout :

Storage Technolog


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Storage Technology

Protocols used:

Fibre Channel Protocol

SCSI protocol

Internet SCSI (iSCSI) protocol

FC Topologies:

Point-to-point

Arbitrated Loop

Switched Fabric

Advantages of SAN:

Flexibility- Storage can be easily allocated between multiple servers.

Improved storage utilization - Unallocated resources can be made available to

other resources

Economics of scale - Storage may be purchased and managed in large increments.

High availability

Extensive storage options - Wide variety of storage capacities and performance options.

Limitations of SAN:

High cost

Difficult to manage

Scalability is concern in complex deployments

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Storage Technology

SAN NAS

Uses block level I/O protocols NAS I/O operations uses file level I/O protocols.

File system managed by NAS head unit File system managed by servers

Data communication between server and

storage takes place in blocks of data using the

scsi protocols.

Data communication between server and clients

takes place in files of data using the IP protocols.

SAN plays a strong role in consolidating storage. NAS is traditionally used for server consolidation

SAN uses FC, SCSI and iSCSI protocols NAS uses NFS and CIFS, TCP/IP protocols

Backups and mirrors require a block by blockcopy operation.

Backups and mirrors are generated on files

SAN servers uses normal WIN/UNIX/LINUX OS NAS server (filers) uses optimized OS

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Storage Technology

The Core Elements :

Applications - Specialized and dedicated software to manipulate data typically stored

in Databases.

Databases - more commonly, Database Management Systems (DBMS), provide a

structured way of storing data in logically organized tables with an interrelation between

them. They optimize the storage and retrieval of data.

Servers/Operating Systems - provide the computing platform required to run the

applications and databases.

Networks - provide the data communication paths between clients and servers or between

servers and storage.

Storage Arrays - this is where data and information lives

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Key Requirements of Storage Systems

Availability ensure that data is accessible at all times when needed. As seen earlier, loss of

access to data can have significant financial impact on businesses.

Security prevent unauthorized access to data. Mechanisms to allow servers to access only their

allocated resources on Storage Arrays.

Capacity ability to add storage capacity on-demand, without interruption to the business. If a

Database runs out of space on physical storage, it comes to a halt, thus impacting the business.

Scalability The Storage solution should be able to grow with the business. As the business grows,

more Servers will be deployed, new applications/databases will be developed.

Performance Service all the I/O requests at high speed. With the Centralized model, several

Servers connect to one Storage Array. The intelligence of the Array, the Processors and

architecture should enable optimal performance.

Data Integrity throughout the I/O chain checks have to be in place to ensure that data is not

corrupted along the way. The Storage system has to guarantee that the data that was sent to itwas indeed the data that was written to disk and is available for retrieval when requested.

Manageability the operations and activities required to meet all of these requirements should

be performed seamlessly and or with minimal disruption to business activity.

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Storage Technology

Some Constraints to Meeting the Requirements

Cost Businesses are constrained by budgets and the ability to spend to solve problems.

They must prioritize expenditures to obtain the best return. One of the key measurements in the

technology space is the Total Cost of Ownership or TCO. This value tries to capture all of the

costs for a specific solution such as the installation, maintenance, personnel resources, etc.

needed for any piece of equipment.

Physical Environment The site infrastructure may limit the number and location of systems

needed to address the constraints.

Maintenance and Support Systems need humans for maintenance and support. Addingresources may not be practical or possible.

Compliance / regulatory and legal businesses need to address many laws and

administrative regulations.This impacts the available resources and helps define the amount of

resources and equipment capable of being applied to the requirements.

Hardware and software infrastructure - The limitations of the hardware or software mayinhibit totally achieving the requirements.

Interoperability and compatibility equipment interoperability may prevent efficient

use of different solutions. Systems that dont talk to each other may required duplication and

interfere with availability or performance.

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Storage Technology

Management Activities :

Data Center management activities include:

Provisioning/Capacity/Resource Planning Monitoring

Reporting

Monitoring :

Performance

Security

Data Protection Utilization

Reporting:

Utilization

Performance

Internal Chargeback system for cost recovery

Provisioning ;

Capacity

Security

Performance


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Thank you