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7/25/2019 Storage Tank Maintenance
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Who and What is STI/SPFA?
Association of 186 fabricating and affiliate companiesof steel construction productsshop-fab tanks, fielderect tanks, pipe, pressure vessels and other specialfabricated products
STI members build a significant majority of shop-fabricated underground and aboveground fuelstorage tanks
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What
does Steel Tank Institute
do?
UST and AST tanktechnologies
Industry standards, RPs
Quality control of tankfabricators who buildtanks to STI specifications
Information resource TankTalk, Tank Mishaps
Certification
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Over 350,000 STI Labeled USTs
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STI AST Technologies
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Fuel Cleanliness Important
Newer Engines
Changing Fuels
Govt Regulations
Industry Practices
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Fuels
Industry
Practice
RegsRevisedStandards
New
Engines
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IncreasedNeed forStorage TankMaintenance
Result
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Fuels
IndustryPractice
RegsRevisedStandards
NewEngines
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Air Quality
To produce cleaner burning fuel oxygenateswere added to gasoline
To produce cleaner burning fuel, sulfur wasremoved from diesel
Note changes were for Air Quality, not fuel
quality
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Gas Mileage
Automobilemanufacturersrequired to increaseoverall mileage
Regulation resultedin engine changes
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State Regulations
Some states, likeMO, regulatewater bottoms intanks
1 inch maximumwater allowed
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Fuels
Industry
Practice
RegsRevisedStandards
New
Engines
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Clean Air & Newer Engines
Engine exhaust must be cleaner to meetEPA Clean Air regulations
Now achieve > 95% reduction in overallexhaust emission levels
Significant design modifications Fuel injection systems instead of carburetors
Reduced clearances injection system Greater timing precision required
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Clean Air & Newer Engines
Particulates can clog injectors
On-board filtration systems now include
water separators and filters to 2 microns Clear and bright just starting point
Total water of 200 mg/kg
Total particulate count 18/16/13 Filters should have Beta ratio
2 means filter removes 50% particles
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Fuels
Industry
Practice
RegsRevised
Standards
New
Engines
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Fuel Production & Distribution
US terminal capacity reduced, while fuelconsumption increased.
Therefore, more fuel moves distributed at
faster rate = less time to settle outbefore final delivery.
Industry moving to shared delivery
infrastructure, so individual companieshave less control over product.
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Biodiesel
Ethanol
ULSD
Additives
FutureFuels
New Fuels
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Changing Fuels
Changing to ULSD (Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel)significantly changed fuel:
Had a significant impact on solids formation
Peroxide formation is more of a problem
Wax precursors and solids propagators more
pronounced
What does all this mean? Generally, there maybe more particulate and sediment in ULSD
compared to LSD
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About changing fuels:ethanol blended gasoline
Nearly all gas today isblended with ethanol
EPA approved E15 in
cars 2007 and newer About 1% of todays
cars run on E85 (85%ethanol/15% gasoline)
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Fuel AdditivesAre They Necessary?
Gasoline and diesel fuel contain many additives
essential for good fuel quality and necessary for
good fuel stability and performance:
Stability additives -- prolongs fuel life, limits
oxidation/degradation and metal interactionreactions;
Corrosion inhibitors -- protects metal in fuel
systems;
Conductivity improverslessens static
electricity, prevents fires/explosions;
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Fuel AdditivesAre They Necessary?
Lubricity improversprovides needed
lubrication in diesel injection systems;
Biocidespreventive use minimizes bugs
which may lead to corrosion;
Anti-foulant additivescounteract fueldegradation & contaminant interactions that
lead to filter/injector plugging
Additives generally added at terminals May get used up along the way
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Fuel Degradation
Water is fuels
enemy and must
be managed
Stability additivesslow degradation
Biocides kill bugs
Corrosion
inhibitors
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Fuels
IndustryPractice
RegsRevisedStandards
NewEngines
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ASTM International - AmericanSociety for Testing and Materials
ASTM is the primaryorganization in the
US for developingfuel standards
Other internationalorganizations exist inCanada, Europe (ISO,BSI, etc.)
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Consensus Organizations
Members work together to produce FuelSpecifications such as ASTM D975 for diesel fuel
and ASTM D4814 for gasoline.
Standard Test Methods (STMs) are needed sotesting for properties is done consistently
D7548 STM for Determination of Accelerated
Iron Corrosion in Petroleum Product Majority vote required, and all concerns and
negative votes are thoroughly discussed.
Consensus process can be lengthy!3
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ASTM requirements
ASTM requirements intended to be metat terminals
Some discussion on developing a
standards for fuel that is fit for use New proposals emphasize industry
practice:
A good industry practice is to drain any freewater from a storage tank before the fuel is
transferred further
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Water and Sediment limits
D975 Diesel fuel shall be visually free of undissolved
water, sediment, and suspended matter.
Max 0.05% dissolved water & sediment
4806 Ethanol
Visibly free of suspended or precipitated
contaminants (clear & bright)
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Factors Affecting Water & Sediment
Temperature Water drops out at higher temperatures
Sediment can also form at different temps
Humidity Biofuels absorb water from air
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Factors Affecting Water & Sediment
As fuels age,degradationoccurs and
sediment forms
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Cleanliness Emphasized
One ASTM proposal to updateinformational language on water andsediment states,
Water is virtually everywhere andexists in multiple forms from solid, toliquid, to vapor
it is critically important that fuel be as
free from water (and particulates) aspossible prior to its introduction intothe engines fuel system.
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ASTM D975 Appendix
Available fuel additives can improve thesuitability of marginal fuels for long-termstorage and thermal stability,
Most additives should be added at therefinery or during the early weeks ofstorage to obtain maximum benefits.
Contamination levels in fuel can be
reduced by storage in tanks kept free ofwater,
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Water monitoring
Operations and maintenance proceduresfor water monitoring and removal havebeen a recommended practice for over
thirty years.
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Fuels
Industry
Practice
RegsRevised
Standards
New
Engines
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INDUSTRY RPS Coordinated Research Council
Diesel Fuel Storage & Handling Guide, #667www.crcao.org
Clean Diesel Fuel Alliance Guidance for Underground Storage Tank Management
at ULSD Dispensing Facilities www.clean-diesel.org
Petroleum Equipment Institute RP900: UST Inspection and Maintenance www.pei.org
US EPAhttp://www.epa.gov/oust/pubs/ommanual.htm
http://www.crcao.org./reports/recentstudies2014/CRC%20667/CRC%20667.pdfhttp://clean-diesel.org/pdf/GuidanceforUndergroundStorageTankManagement_FINAL.pdfhttp://clean-diesel.org/pdf/GuidanceforUndergroundStorageTankManagement_FINAL.pdfhttp://clean-diesel.org/pdf/GuidanceforUndergroundStorageTankManagement_FINAL.pdfhttp://clean-diesel.org/pdf/GuidanceforUndergroundStorageTankManagement_FINAL.pdfhttp://clean-diesel.org/pdf/GuidanceforUndergroundStorageTankManagement_FINAL.pdfhttp://pei.org/LinkClick.aspx?link=107&tabid=65&mid=954http://pei.org/LinkClick.aspx?link=107&tabid=65&mid=954http://www.epa.gov/oust/pubs/ommanual.htmhttp://www.epa.gov/oust/pubs/ommanual.htmhttp://pei.org/LinkClick.aspx?link=107&tabid=65&mid=954http://clean-diesel.org/pdf/GuidanceforUndergroundStorageTankManagement_FINAL.pdfhttp://www.crcao.org./reports/recentstudies2014/CRC%20667/CRC%20667.pdf7/25/2019 Storage Tank Maintenance
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Industry standards: biodiesel
NREL, Biodiesel Handling and Use Guide Higher concentrations = reduced stability
Check for compatibility (steel is compatible)
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http://www.nrel.gov/vehiclesandfuels/pdfs/43672.pdfhttp://www.nrel.gov/vehiclesandfuels/pdfs/43672.pdf7/25/2019 Storage Tank Maintenance
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STI R111, Storage Tank Maintenance
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Recordkeeping Changing Fuels
How to Monitor Tanks
How to Remove Water andContaminants
Change of Service
Verify Monitoring Eqpt Operational
Checklist
STI R111, Storage Tank Maintenance
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Todays factors affecting tank
maintenance Common installation and maintenance
procedures contribute to wateraccumulation:
Open vents Low fill areas
Sloped tank installations
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What works Best?
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Microbial contamination
Reddish, scaly, gritty deposits: corrosionand/or silt in tank
Black or brown deposits: watercontamination has degraded the fuel
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Work with yoursupplier to test
fuel/water anddetermine treatment.
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Microbial Contamination
As microorganisms grow and thrive, theyform a slime
Over time, sludge is formed from the
slime Clogs may not be visible, unlike mold
growth
Sludge breaks off and clogs fuel filters andsmall openings throughout entire system
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Microbial warning signs
Chemically-altered fuel
components attack:
Rubber Fiberglass reinforced
plastic
Tank linings & coatings
Metal
Short filter life or flow slowed to 3-5 gpm Erratic tank gauge readings
Frequent replacement of valves, hoses, etc.
Rotten-egg odor from digestion of fuel by
microorganisms
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Contamination
Contaminants likesalts in water may:
Degrade fuel
chemical structure,yielding substancesdetrimental to systemcomponents
Cause fuel additivesto leave fuel andenter water
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Monitoring tanks: all fuels
Inspect tanks at least monthly Check for water as often as possible
If water is present, remove within 30 days
Best monitoring: automatic tank gauging (ATG)system Some floats may not work with alcohol fuels
Simpler, less expensive: appropriate water paste
on gauge stick Water-sensitive filters and watch for slow
fueling
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Monitoring tanks: ethanol
When ethanols water absorption capacityis reached, excess water separates, causingtwo distinct layers of product:
Top layer: lower octane gasoline, possibly out ofspec
Bottom layer: ethanol/water mix, dispose of
Resulting water bottom: Storage system exposed to ethanol
concentrations greater than 10%
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Monitoring & detection methods
Tank bottom sampling Bacon bombs collect
samples from tank bottom
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Monitoring & detection methods
Fuel filters Use water absorbing filters to detect slowed
fuel dispensing; filters expand when absorbing
water
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Monitoring & detection methods
Fuel samples from nozzle Visual evaluation by examining fuel caught in
clear glass container
Clear & Bright test
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M & d h d
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Monitoring & detection methods:Biofuels
Use recommended inspection andmaintenance schedules
Daily monitoring of tanks with ATGs and
water level sensors If gauge shows water one day but not the
next, may indicate water has been absorbedinto ethanol-blend or biodiesel fuel
If ATG records are inconsistent, test withwater paste or bottom sample
50
H d
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How to remove water andcontaminants from storage tanks
Multipoint water pumping
Fuel filtration/polishing
Non-entry tank cleaning Physical entry tank cleaning
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Leak Detection & Monitoring
NWGLDE, National Work Group onLeak Detection Evaluation
Independent group consisting of 11 state and
federal EPA employees New protocols for leak detection
In future, leak detection equipment will
have to be rated for ethanol use
P i k f h i f l
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Preparing tanks for changes in fueltype
Tank and related dispensing equipmentmust be thoroughly cleaned
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STI R111 hl i i
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STI R111s monthly inspection
checklist Inspect tanks monthly
Checklist on pages 12-
13 of R111 document
Covers all inspectionrecommendations
Your record of tankinspection andmaintenance
54
I ti d M i t f
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Inspection and Maintenance ofTank Systems
STI WebinarFebruary, 2015
www.steeltank.com
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Tank TalkSTI Publication
August 2014, Todays New Engines, R Gault
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Lorri Grainawi
STI/SPFA
944 Donata Court
Lake Zurich, IL 60047
Web: www.steeltank.com
Phone: 847/550-3831
E-Mail: [email protected]
Thank you!