stoics in the city: resisting the system

8/4/2019 stoics in the city: resisting the system

1/50

abba hgradn At tfi rnnt no urham&gst' eicihratgnm am` pastnrac cabimt

ensbnpncgtam gs tfi miw gm`gdimnus# am` tfi eacc tn bnurmgmd gs tfi ergbi no oratrgegì# wfgef bytf ticcs us gs tfi nrgdgm no tfi egty am` pncgtge- Ufucbam

- Pfi enmstruetgnms no snvirigdmty accnw us tn bali bnri simsi no tfi wgcc "tn"saergogei as gt sfgots ornb pirsnmac cgidi cnyacty tn a oiuàc cnr`tn am ahstraet# kurg`geac# gbadgmi` tgi tfat mivirtficiss eaccs onrtf saergogei gm gts.fgs &tfi snvirigdm$s' mabi-

Zadi

gbadgmi tfiris mn enumtry-

stnges gm tfi egtytfi ensbnpncgtam am` saergogei gm tfi egty-nm orii`nb am` amarefy< risgstgmd tfi systib no saergogei;

no lgmds am` lgmd"prgists# stnges# mnba`s am` barnnms;no pncgtges# egvge cgoi am` tfi egty# tfi systib no saergogei#

snvirigdmty# nwmirsfgp am` `gspnssissgnm-

abba hgradnensbnpncgtam gs tfi miw gm`gdimnus#

am` tfi eacc tn bnurmgmd-

as ahnvi sn gt gs hicnw

cgli lgmdsfgp# tfi egty was (cnwiri`

`nwm ornb fiavim am` eut tn a fiavimcy pattirm(

Pfi efgc` cnnli` hiwgcìri`# hut drgmmi` as usuac-

(@n ynu lmnw wfn baì ynu>(

(Mnhn`y# as G lmnws nm#( sag` tfi efgc`# wgtf a sfnrt caudf-

Pfi gìa appiari` tn abusi fir enmsgìrahcy< onr fir iyis twgmlci`#

am` sfi a`ì`# (G spiet G drnw$`- @nm$t tfgml mnhn`y mivir baì bi-(

Cgoi abnmd tfi cnwcy# Farrgit Hiiefir Utnwi-


2/50




Zadi

(Pfi wnrc` gs as gt wiri tfi enbbnm fnbi

no tfi dn`s am` fubams# tfi egty tfat hicnmds tn hntf-(

Tfat gs nrgdgmaccy Driil gs

tfi enmeipt no pncgtgeac orii`nb-

Orii`nb gs mivir ahnut purgty " itfmge nr ntfirwgsi "

hut ahnut enmtaets# enmtabgmatgnms# am` hnrìr ernssgmds-

Pfi fgstnry no orii`nb gs wfat Amtfnmy Lwabi Appgaf eaccs tfi easi onr enmtabgmatgnm- Orii`nb gs mivir

ahnut purgtyitfmge nr ntfirwgsihut ahnut enmtaets# enmtabgmatgnms# am` hnrìr ernssgmds- Am` sn gs wfat G

wnuc` eacc oasegmatgmd umorii`nb# wfgef talis `gooirimt sfapis hut sfaris am irns no pnwir am` paramngeamtgbnìrm nr pnst"pnstbnìrm gìncndy-

Ciwgs Bubonr`-

Ytnpga# Pfi Egty am` Pfi BaefgmiGm tfi egty# tfi dnn` cgoi was aefgivi` nmcy hy bystgeac partgegpatgnm gm tfi dn`$s cgoi am` tfat no fgs oiccnw ìgtgis#

am` hy vgeargnus aefgivibimt tfrnudf tfi pirsnm no tfi lgmd- Pfiri cay tfi nrgdgmac enbpimsatgnm onr dgvgmd up tfi

pitty ìbneratge ways no tfi vgccadi- Pn gmfahgt tfi sabi egty as a dn` was tn hi a bibhir no a supir"enbbumgty; aenbbumgty gm wfgef iviry suhkiet fa` a pcaei# a oumetgnm# a ùty# a dnac# as part no a fgirarefge strueturi

riprisimtgmd tfi ensbns gtsico-

Pfi egty# tfim# as gt ibirdi` ornb bnri prgbgtgvi urham onrbs# was mnt kust a cardir fiap no hugc`gmds am` puhcge

ways# no barlits am` wnrlsfnps; gt was prgbargcy a sybhncge riprisimtatgnm no tfi umgvirsi gtsico-

Gm riturm# iviry bibhir no tfi enbbumgty was nhcgdi` tn pironrb saergogeis am` tn ìvnti at ciast part no tfi

yiar tn cahnrgmd onr tfi egty$s dn`- Hy suhstgtutgmd enmsergptgnm am` enbbumgsb onr tfi catir gmstgtutgnms no tfi

barlit# wadi cahnr# prgvati prnpirty# am` bnmiy#

Ciwgs Bubonr`- Ytnpga# Pfi Egty am` Pfi Baefgmi

Utatis am` dnvirmbimts wiri prgbargcy gmstgtuti` wgtf a vgiw tn tfi prisirvatgnm no prgvati prnpirty- Onr actfnudf gt

was umìr Maturis dugàmei tfat fubam higmds ecustiri` tnditfir# tfiy snudft tfi prntietgnm no egtgis wgtf tfi fnpi

no prisirvgmd tfigr prnpirty- Pfi enmtimt no tfgs passadi gs Egeirns pnstucati tfat tfi ogrst ùty no dnvirmbimt gs tnsii tfat iaef gm`gvgùac sfacc favi wfat hicnmds tn fgb am` suooir mn cnss no prnpirty at tfi fam` no tfi stati-

Egeirns tfnudft firi enrrispnm`s strglgmdcy wgtf Cneli# wfn wrgtis; Pfi driat am` efgio im` no Bims umgtgmd gmtnEnbbnmwiactfs# am` puttgmd tfibsicvis umìr Dnvirmbimt# gs tfi Zrisirvatgnm no tfigr Zrnpirty- &Pfgs

enrrispnmìmei gs far`cy engmegìmtac# hieausi Cneli bust favi hiim oabgcgar wgtf Puccys Noogeis-' Egeirns

cgmladi no dnn` dnvirmbimt tn prntietgnm no pinpcis prnpirty gs a enmstamt tfibi gm tfgs wnrl# as gt gs icsiwfiri gmfgs Trgtgmds- Hut wfat fas gt tn `n wgtf Utngegsb>

Utnge pfgcnsnpfirs nm pirsnms# prnpirty"nwmirsfgp am` enbbumgty

A- A- Cnmd Argstntci am` aotir

Pfi fubam maturi noorii`nb am` gìmtgty-@nudcas T- LbgieDnvirmbimt gs# gmìi`# fgdfcy mieissary - - - tn a oaccim stati- Fa` bam enmtgmui` gmmneimt# snegity# wgtfnut tfi ag`s

no dnvirmbimt# wnuc` favi sfi` gts himgdm gmocuimei ivim nvir tfi hnwirs no Zara`gsi-

Pfi Onumìrs hicgivi` bam fa` mnt enmtgmui` gmmneimt am` sn sfapi` Abirgeam dnvirmbimt tn biit fgssfnrtenbgmds-


3/50




Zadi

Gmtrnùegmd @angsb- Ensbns# Dn`s# am` Dnvirmamei- Cgvga LnfmEriatgmd nrìr gm tfi umgvirsi aeenr`gmdcy biamt batefgmd tfi ensbge pfasis am` paegoygmd tfi vargnus dn`s am`

ìbnms# acgdmgmd sico am` snegity gm a cardir enmtixt tfat gmecuì` ivirytfgmd ornb tfi stars tfrnudf tfi dn`s tn tfi

cnwcy eriaturis no Iartf- Pfi vgsgnm no uctgbati farbnmy# tfim# was ìserghi` gm tirbs no Driat Ziaei# a stati no

enbpciti npimmiss am` pirvasgnm no acc-

as ahnvi sn gt gs hicnw

Cgli lgmdsfgp# tfi egty was (cnwiri`

`nwm ornb fiavim am` eut tn a fiavimcy pattirm(

Pfi efgc` cnnli` hiwgcìri`# hut drgmmi` as usuac-






Qugcnbhns- Tfiri Ucavis Xuci`

Hut as gm cam`cissmiss acnmi risgìs tfi fgdfist trutf# sfnriciss#gmìogmgti as Dn` " sn hittir gs gt tn pirgsf gm tfat fnwcgmd gmogmgti#

tfam hi gmdcnrgnuscy àsfi` upnm tfi cii# ivim go tfat wiri saoity!

Bnhy @gel hy Firbam Bicvgcci

Iseapi` scavis gm Hrazgc eriati` tfnusam`s no fg`ìm snegitgis#

nr qugcnbhns# gm tfi fiart no tfi enumtry-

Efarcis E- Bamm am` Uusamma Fieft

Gbadgmi ocygmd# gbpnssghcy# nvir tfi Iartf gm tfi 14tf eimtury urgmd tfi tgbi ìserghi` gm Abirgeam fgstnry

hnnls as tfi encnmgac pirgn`# wfim Iurnpiams swarbi` gmtn tfi Miw Tnrc` tn `nbgmati am acbnst ibpty

wgcìrmiss- Gmstia`# ynu wnuc` sii tims no bgccgnms no matgvi pinpci acria`y cgvgmd gm tfi Abirgeas# kngmi` hy am

ixtranr`gmary ocnw mnt no Iurnpiam encnmgsts hut no Aorgeam scavis- Yp umtgc tfi iarcy 17tf eimtury# acbnst onur

tgbis as bamy Aorgeams as Iurnpiams eabi tn tfi Abirgeas- Cnnlgmd `nwm ornb ahnvi# ynu wnuc`mt lmnw tfat tfitgmy mubhirs no Iurnpiams wiri suppnsi` tn hi tfi stars no tfi stnry- Xatfir# ynur attimtgnm wnuc` oneus nm tfi twn

baknrgty pnpucatgnms; Aorgeams am` Gm`gams-

Wnu` favi a cnt tn watef- Hy tfi tims no tfnusam`s# Aorgeam scavis iseapi` tfi farsf enm`gtgnms no tfi Iurnpiam

pcamtatgnms am` bgmgmd npiratgnms am` fiaì` onr tfi gmtirgnr# gmtn cam`s enmtrncci` hy Gm`gams- Yp am` `nwm tfiAbirgeas# ix"scavis am` gm`gdimnus pinpcis oasfgnmi` fyhrg` sittcibimts lmnwm as barnnm enbbumgtgis# aotir tfi

Upamgsf egbarrm# nr rumaway-

Cardicy enmùeti` nut no sgdft no Iurnpiams# tfi enbpcix gmtirpcay hitwiim hcael am` ri` gs a fg`ìm `raba tfat

fgstnrgams am` arefaincndgsts favi nmcy rieimtcy hidum tn umravic- Mnwfiri gs tfi prisimei no tfgs cnst efaptir bnri

gm ivgìmei tfam gm Hrazgc# wfiri tfnusam`s no barnnm enbbumgtgis ari ibirdgmd ornb tfi sfa`nws# riaoogrbgmd

tfigr bgxi` eucturi am` prissgmd onr cidac tgtci tn tfi cam` tfiy favi neeupgi` sgmei tfi ira no scaviry- Pfi stalis ari

fgdf; Miw caws ari dgvgmd Hrazgcs barnnm enbbumgtgis# eacci` qugcnbhns &tfi wnr` onr sittcibimt gm tfi

Amdncam camduadi no Lgbhumù'# a liy rnci gm ìtirbgmgmd tfi outuri no tfi driat Abaznm onrist-

Pfi onumìr no tfgs barnnm matgnm was sag` tn hi Aquactumi# am Amdncam prgmeiss am` dimirac imscavi` gm a

Enmdncisi war gm ahnut 1?:9- Unnm aotir arrgvgmd gm Hrazgc# tfi pridmamt Aquactumi iseapi` wgtf snbi no fir

snc`girs am` oci` tn tfi Uirra à Harrgda# a sirgis no ahrupt hasactge ixtrusgnms tfat `nbgmati tfi enastac pcagm cgli a

cgmi no wateftnwirs- Nm nmi fgdf erist was a pnnc no watir sfictiri` hy triis# wgtf am gm`gdimnus enbbumgty cgvgmd

arnum` gt- Firi# aeenr`gmd tn cidim`# Aquactumi hugct Zacbaris-

stnges gm tfi egty


11/50




Zadi

tfi ensbnpncgtam am` saergogei gm tfi egty-nm orii`nb am` amarefy< risgstgmd tfi systib no saergogei;

ensbnpncgtams# risgstgmd tfi systib- tfi miw amarefgsts-

Gm tfi egty# tfi dnn` cgoi was aefgivi` nmcy hy bystgeac partgegpatgnm gm tfi dn`$s cgoi am` tfat no fgs oiccnw ìgtgis#

am` hy vgeargnus aefgivibimt tfrnudf tfi pirsnm no tfi lgmd- Pfiri cay tfi nrgdgmac enbpimsatgnm onr dgvgmd up tfi

pitty ìbneratge ways no tfi vgccadi- Pn gmfahgt tfi sabi egty as a dn` was tn hi a bibhir no a supir"enbbumgty; aenbbumgty gm wfgef iviry suhkiet fa` a pcaei# a oumetgnm# a ùty# a dnac# as part no a fgirarefge strueturi


Ytnpga# tfi Egtyam` tfi BaefgmiC Bubonr`

tfi arefitypi no saergogei am` tfi sub no fubam ixpirgimei ribagm gm

tfi enccietgvi umenmsegnus tn ibirdi adagm at amy tgbi- Pfi efaccimdi onr gm`gvgùac egtgzims

gm a dcnhac snegity gs tn fnc` tfi sivirac virsgnms no saergogei tfat bay hi npiratgmd sgbuctaminuscy

wgtfgm eurrimt ivimts nr as eucturis ecasf-

Bartfa Hcali- Zsyefntfirapgst am` Kumdgam Amacyst-Pfgs ivnlis a enmeiptgnm no snvirigdmty mnt biricy as a

stati no ixeiptgnm tn tfi mnrbac nrìr# hut acsn as a eriatgvi# onumàtgnmac onrei# a enmstgtuimt pnwir-5( Uaergogei gm

ricatgnms wgtf pncgtgeac autfnrgtgis bgdft hi siim as nm a enmtgmuub wgtf ntfir onrbs no nooirgmd cgli ogrst orugts#

taxis# am` trghuti- 51 Pfisi ari acc dgvim (up( tn tfi pncgtgeac autfnrgtgis am` mnm"fubam pnwirs- Pfgs `gbimsgnm nosaergogei suddists a cgml tn tra`gtgnms no dnvirmbimtac snvirigdmty"gm wfgef tfi stati gs am acgim imtgty# mnt ìrgvatgvi

no (tfi Zinpci-( Hut gt acsn riaoogrbs tfat saergogei enbpnsis part no tfi snvirigdm$s ìpimìmei nm tfi cneac pinpci-

Nutsnuregmd Uaergogei; Pfi Cahnr no Zrgvati Bgcgtary Enmtraetnrs

B Paussgd"Xuhhn

Nm Uaergogei# Xnhirt LastimhaubFubam saergogei was enmsgìri` sn eruegac a biasuri tfat gt pirsgsti` onr snbi tgbi ivim gm snegitgis tfat fa`

hienbi bnri enbpcix am` snpfgstgeati`- Onr ixabpci# tfi praetgei no saergogegmd tfi icìst snm was a sacgimt oiaturi

no Bi`gtirramiam eucts 9#::: yiars adn am` stgcc a pnwirouc tfibi gm Kuàgsb am` iarcy Efrgstgamgty- Uaergogei wnuc`

hi tabi` scnwcy as snegitgis ìvicnpi` bnri iooietgvi ways tn bamadi tfigr mii`s am` enpi wgtf tfigr

imvgrnmbimts-

Tfat tfim gs a dn`> Dn`s fa` supirfubam strimdtf am` supirmaturac pnwirs#

`gmi` nm mietar am` abhrnsga# wiri gbbnrtac# fa` gefnr gm tfigr vigms

(Gt siibs tn bi tfat go tfi wnrc` gs tn efamdi onr tfi hittir gt bust start wgtf a efamdi gm fubam enmsegnusmiss# gm

tfi viry fubammiss no bnìrm bam-( Gìmtgogeatgnm wgtf a matgnmac (gbadgmi` enbbumgty( gs a enbpcix# bamy"

sgì` enmstruetgnm- Gt taps partgeucargsb am` umgvirsacgsb- Gmìi`# nmi bgdft ardui gt riqugris suef# higmd enbpnsi`

no mnrbatgvicy vgtac aspiets no hntf itfmgegty am` umgvirsac vacuis# nrdamge gmtidratgnm am` vncumtargsb- Fubam

higmds riqugri enmeriti rioirimei drnups gm nrìr tn attagm gm`gvgùacgty am` gìmtgty hut tnn enbpciti gbbirsgnm gm

suef drnups cgbgts tfi hnumàrgis no gìmtgty am` no gìmtgogeatgnm tn ogxi` oabgcgac# trghac# nr tirrgtnrgac cgmis-

Unvirigdmty# Gìmtgty# Uaergogei

Kiam Hitfli Icsftagm

Pfi Ernss am` tfi Hiddgmd Hnwc; @ienmstruetgmd tfi Ensbncndy no _gncimei

Kabis C- OriìrgelsDgrar` cnnls nm bytfs as grribi`gahcy gìncndgeac- Unegitgis usi tfigr saeri` marratgvis tn cidgtgbati tfi status qun-

Pfi bytfs assnegati` wgtf saergogegac rgtuacs sirvi mnt nmcy tn kustgoy vgncimei adagmst tfi seapidnat# hut acsn as

bystgogeatgnms tfat nhseuri tfi onumàtgnms no snegac fgirarefgis gm vgncimei- Pfus# hy istahcgsfgmd am` bagmtagmgmd

snegac nrìr gm tfi ri`grietgmd no vgncimei# bytfncndgis acsn enmstruet wfat bgdft hi eacci` a (ensbncndy no

vgncimei( &tfi pfrasi gs mnt Dgrar`$s' gm wfgef saeri` marratgvi# snegac strueturi# am` saergogegac systibs ari

gmtgbaticy ricati` tn tfi pfimnbimnm no seapidnatgmd-

Bnìrm ensbnpncgtamgsb# wgtf gts haeldrnum` no batirgaccy"hasi` fubam orii`nb#

bust accnw onr fubams tn hi wfativir tfiy wgsf tn hi# am` tfim ìac wgtf tfi oaet tfat batirgac

egreubstameis eurtagc tfat orii`nb# pnssghcy ricidatgmd snbi tn a status no higmd

ciss"tfam"fubam# hieausi no a cael no orii`nb-

Ensbnpncgtamgsb# stngegsb# am` cghiracgsb@nud Ac"Bagmg

Earc Civy- Amarefgsb am` ensbnpncgtamgsb


14/50




Zadi

Ensbnpncgtamgsb eam hi orii` ornb tfi ùhgnus knys no gbpirgac sfnel am` awi am`

riturmi` rgdftouccy tn utnpga# ivim orii` ornb bnìrm"ày ensbnpncgtgeac Orii Pfgmlirs#

ornb gts enmtibpnrary efabpgnms# wfn favi turmi` gmtn a ratfir ucc gmstgtutgnmac hcuiprgmt


tfi ensbnpncgtamgsb no @gndimis no Ugmnpg# tfi amarefgsb am` ensbnpncgtamgsb fnbiciss am` egty"ciss

pfgcnsnpfir &am apt ixibpcar# gm nur bnìrm ira# no tfi cgbgmac# hnrìr"ernssir' wfn tnc` tfi vgsgtgmd Acixamìr tn

bnvi# as fi was hcnelgmd tfi sum nr gm [imns Xipuhcge# a triatgsi wrgttim hy a bitge# am nuteast# a Eyprgnti no

Zfnimgegam nr Uibgtge haeldrnum`# wfnsi egty gm tfi sly imvicnpi` tfi imtgri wnrc`# mnt tfi hnumì` pncgs# am``g` away wgtf caws am` enbpucsgnm# wgtf tibpcis# enurt fnusis am` dybmasga# am` wfgef fas onum` a miw gtiratgnm

gm tfi `gsenursis am` praetgeis no pnst"amarefgst ensbnpncgtamgsb gm tfi iarcy 81st eimtury-47 Ensbnpncgtamgsb eam

hi orii` ornb tfi ùhgnus knys no gbpirgac sfnel am` awi am` riturmi` rgdftouccy tn utnpga# ivim orii` ornb bnìrm"

ày ensbnpncgtgeac Orii Pfgmlirs# ornb gts enmtibpnrary efabpgnms# wfn favi turmi` gmtn a ratfir ùcc

gmstgtutgnmac hcuiprgmt-6: Am` gm [imns gmkumetgnm tn bali ynur nwm egty# wgtf ynur nwm orgim`s# mnw# wfirivir

ynu fappim tn cgvi#61 wi sii am iarcy amtgegpatgnm no Camàuirs ixgstimtgac enbbumgtargam amarefgsb-


Earncym Barvgm- @avg` Gmdci- Tfgef Dn` gs gt>Nur dn` " nur matgnm " bust hi gmixprissghci# umsayahci# umlmnwahci# hiynm` camduadi-

Hut tfgs dn` bay mnt hi riousi` wfim gt eaccs onr saergogei- Tfim tfi dn` enbbam`s gt# wi bust

pironrb tfi rgtuac saergogei " war " tfat sustagms tfi drnup-

Fubam saergogei at Pimneftgtcam- Knfm B- cmdfabPfi enbbumgty am` tfi ensbns gtsico ìpimì` upnm tfi assgbgcatgnm no tfi wial hy tfi strnmd-

Dn`s am` mnhcis acgli enmsubi` tfi cahnr# prnùetgnm# am` ivim tfi hn`gis no tfi enbbnm pinpci- Uaergogei tn tfi

dn`s was a bitapfnr onr trghuti tn tfi stati# am` tfi amtfrnpnpfadge biac sybhncgzi` tfi tgis hitwiim dn`s am`

mnhcis# tfi icgti enri no tfi enbbumgty- Pfi saergogei no scavis am` war eaptgvis imsuri`

tfi snegac prnùetgnm am` riprnùetgnm no gmtirmac am` ixtirmac ricatgnms no `nbgmatgnm-

Gm tfisi rispiets# Aztie snegity am` eucturi wiri mnt actnditfir umgqui- Ecassge amtfrnpncndgeac bnmndrapfs nm

saergogei sfnw tfat trghuti tn am` enbbumgnm wgtf tfi dn`s am` tfi rgtuac scaygmd no a pirsnm nr amgbac assnegati`

wgtf tfi enrm spgrgt ari rieurrimt tfibis gm tfi ricgdgnms no iarcy egvgcgzatgnms-

Itfmndrapfge ixabpcis bgdft ivim hi a`ùei` tn suddist tfat fubam saergogei am` eammghacgsb wiri praetgei` gm

efgio`nbs am` iarcy statis wgtf snbi riducargty- Mnmitficiss# tfi seaci no Aztie saergogei was eirtagmcy umusuac-

G favi suddisti` tfat a enbhgmatgnm no urham drnwtf am` `gbgmgsfgmd ienmnbge riturms tn gbpirgac ixpamsgnm was a

prgbary gbpitus onr tfgs pfimnbimnm-

Fubam saergogei at Pimneftgtcam- Knfm B- cmdfab

Fnw eruic ari tfi pcamits

tfat stay tfiri am` enmspgri ivgc gm tfigr radi

- - - tfi pcamits enmspgri gm radi adagmst us-

A Bamàiam tixt-

Uaergogei am` Uaerabamt- I N KabisUaergogei gmvncvis tfi ìstruetgnm no a vgetgb onr tfi purpnsi no bagmtagmgmd nr ristnrgmd a rgdft ricatgnmsfgp no bam

tn tfi saeri` nrìr- Efarcis Pgccy &1749'# Bgefaic Fnwar` &1771'# am` ntfir fgstnrgams enmeur gm tfi npgmgnm tfat


15/50




Zadi

war am` tfi bgcgtary baefgmi ari prgmegpac ìtirbgmamts gm tfi sfapgmd no matgnm statis- - Gm Pfi Matgnm"Utati am`

_gncimei# Amtfnmy Dg`ìms ìogmis matgnmacgsb as (tfi eucturac simsghgcgty no snvirigdmty( &mnti tfi ousgnm no

eucturi am` pncgtges' tfat umciasfis a`bgmgstratgvi pnwir wgtfgm a eciarcy ìbareati` tirrgtnry# (tfi hnumì` matgnm"

stati( &1769# 817'- Actfnudf gt gs accidi`cy hienbgmd nhsnciti umìr tfi prissuri no dcnhacgzatgnm &onr quacgogeatgnms#

sii Uassim &1776'# tfi matgnm"stati gs enmsgìri` hy (cidac bnìrmgsts( &Hirbam 1779' as tfi prgbi snurei no

vgncimei adagmst egtgzims am` imtgri pinpcis-

Earncym Barvgm- @avg` Gmdci- Tfgef Dn` gs gt>Nur dn` " nur matgnm " bust hi gmixprissghci# umsayahci# umlmnwahci# hiynm` camduadi-

Hut tfgs dn` bay mnt hi riousi` wfim gt eaccs onr saergogei- Tfim tfi dn` enbbam`s gt# wi bust

pironrb tfi rgtuac saergogei " war " tfat sustagms tfi drnup-

Xnhirt Lastimhaub- Nm saergogei-

Uaergogegac enbpamgnms tn tfi mixt cgoi-

Uaergogegac enbpamgnms tn tfi mixt cgoi- Bamy snegitgis favi enmsgìri` tfigr ciaìrs as riprisimtatgvi no tfigr

pinpci hntf gm tfgs cgoi am` tfi mixt- Gt was gbpnrtamt# tfim# tn bali suri tfat tfi rucir no tfi cam` &hi gt a lgmd nr

ntfirwgsi' was aeenbpamgi` tn tfi aotircgoi wgtf a ritgmui no cnyac attimàmts- Xucirs notim fa` tfigr enmeuhgmis am`sirvamts &as wicc as fnusifnc` amgbacs' imtnbhi` wgtf tfib- Ivim `gstgmdugsfi` bgmgstirs bgdft hi abnmd tfi

enbpamgnms wfn wiri igtfir imtnbhi` nr gbbncati` gm nrìr tn sirvi tfigr rucir aotir ìatf- Ixabpcis gmecuì

baknr arefaincndgeac ogm`s gm Idypt am` Efgma wfiri tfi hn`gis no mubirnus attimàmts wiri `gsenviri` gm

efabhirs a`kngmgmd tfi rnyac enoogm- Pfiri gs ivgìmei tfat icahnrati eiribnmgis wiri enmùeti` tn fnmnr tfi

efnsim enbpamgnms prgnr tn tfigr ìatfs- Gt appiars tfat tfi saergogegac vgetgbs notim wiri dgvim cghatgnms tfat

prnvgì` a `rud"gmùei` gmsimsgtgvgty prgnr tn tfigr ìatfs-

Pfi praetgei no hurygmd tfi cgvgmd wgtf tfi ìa` imenumtiri` gmeriasgmd ergtgegsb tfrnudf tfi eimturgis- Ivimtuaccy

bamy snegitgis sfgoti` tn sybhncge saergogeis< onr ixabpci# tfi catir Idyptgam praetgei no pcaegmd ogdurgmis &Ufahtg '

gm tfi rnyac tnbhs- Efgma# Kapam# tfi Driil statis# am` ntfir amegimt egvgcgzatgnms acsn bnvi` tnwar` sybhncge ratfir

tfam aetuac saergogei no enbpamgnms upnm tfi ìatf no tfigr rucirs- Ourtfirbnri# wgtf tfi ìvicnpbimt no Efrgstgamgty

am` Gscab# a cgoi aotir ìatf appiari` bnri cglicy tn hi wgtfgm riaef no gm`gvgùacs ntfir tfam rnyacty# tfirionri

balgmd vncumtary saergogei a ciss attraetgvi prnpnsgtgnm-

Pfi wgsi pfgcnsnpfir hienbis a egtgzim gm a ensbge egty nr wnrc`"stati

ruci` hy tfi dn`s< fi tfirihy tramseim`s gm am gbpnrtamt biasuri tfi taw`ry ìbg"bnmì

no tfi bamy parnefgac Utnges

Uneratge Ensbnpncgtamgsb;

Egeirn$s Ergtgqui am` Pramsonrbatgnm no tfi Utnge GìacPfnbas Zamdci-

Egeirns efaraetir nm Eatn-Xnbam Ensbnpncgtamgsb- Pfi Utnges am` Egeirn- Pfnbas C- Zamdci-

Pfi Utnges wfnb fi onccnws# Egeirn$s efaraetir Eatn says#

(fnc` tfat tfi wnrc` gs ruci` hy tfi spgrgt no tfi dn`s# am` tfat gt gs# as gt wiri# a enbbnm egty

am` stati no fubam higmds am` dn`s# am` tfat iaef no us gs a part no tfgs wnrc`<


16/50




Zadi



Ensbnpncgtamgsb# stngegsb# am` cghiracgsb

Gt gs tibptgmd tn assirt tfat tfgs `gooirimei hitwiim tfi twn ensbnpncgtamgsbs gm`geatis tfat tfi bnìrms favi cgttci

tn ciarm ornb tfi Utnges# sn cnmd as tfi adimà ribagms tfi lgm` no ibamegpatgnm bimtgnmi` gm tfi npimgmd

paradrapfs no tfgs issay-5? Bnìrm ensbnpncgtamgsb# wgtf gts haeldrnum` no batirgaccy"hasi` fubam orii`nb# bust

accnw onr fubams tn hi wfativir tfiy wgsf tn hi# am` tfim ìac wgtf tfi oaet tfat batirgac egreubstameis eurtagc tfat

orii`nb# pnssghcy ricidatgmd snbi tn a status no higmd ciss"tfam"fubam# hieausi no a cael no orii`nb-

Ensbnpncgtamgsb# stngegsb# am` cghiracgsb

@nud Ac"Bagmg

Gm tfi egty# tfi dnn` cgoi was aefgivi` nmcy hy bystgeac partgegpatgnm gm tfi dn`$s cgoi am` tfat no fgs oiccnw ìgtgis#

am` hy vgeargnus aefgivibimt tfrnudf tfi pirsnm no tfi lgmd- Pfiri cay tfi nrgdgmac enbpimsatgnm onr dgvgmd up tfipitty ìbneratge ways no tfi vgccadi- Pn gmfahgt tfi sabi egty as a dn` was tn hi a bibhir no a supir"enbbumgty; a

enbbumgty gm wfgef iviry suhkiet fa` a pcaei# a oumetgnm# a ùty# a dnac# as part no a fgirarefge strueturi


Ytnpga# tfi Egtyam` tfi BaefgmiC Bubonr`

--- ornb tfi hn`gis no drnup bibhirs-

Hcnn` saergogei# gs tfi fncgist rgtuac no tfi matgnm"stati- Taroari gs tfi gmstgtutgnm tfat imaets tfgs fncy

rgtuac- Tfat enmstgtutis tfi matgnm at amy bnbimt gs tfi bibnry no tfi cast sueeissouc

hcnn` saergogei tfat enumts onr cgvgmd drnup bibhirs-

A matgnm gs a snuc# a spgrgtuac prgmegpci- -- A matgnm gs tfirionri a cardi"seaci sncgàrgty#

enmstgtuti` hy tfi oiicgmd no tfi saergogeis tfat nmi fas baì gm tfi past am` no tfnsi

tfat nmi gs pripari` tn bali gm tfi outuri-

Tfat gs a Matgnm>

Qu$ist"ei qu$umi matgnm> Irmist Ximam

Unbi Ueam`gmavgam Uaergogeis

Kaequicgmi UgbpsnmPn turm mnw tn Imdcgsf onclcnri " gs tfiri amytfgmd gm nur

eustnbs tfat bgdft hi ìrgvi` ornb sgbgcar nc` bnìs no saergogei# am` sn bgdft kustgoy us gm ecagbgmd

tfat tfiy wiri lmnwm gm Imdcam` tnn> Pfiri fas cnmd hiim ardubimt wfitfir pcaeimabis suef asUwgmifia`# Datisfia`# Fgm`fia` am` tfi cgli enuc` rioir tn Amdcn"Uaxnm euct"eimtris

wfiri amgbac fia`s wiri nooiri` gm saergogei-

Nm Xicgdgnus Uaergogei-

A eiribnmgnus aet cgmlgmd bnrtacs tn tfigr dn`s- Pfi hcnn` gs a riqugri` $onn`$ onr tfi dn`s-


17/50




Zadi

tfi gbpnrtamei no hcnn` gm saergogei- Gt siibs tfi purpnsi no a ricgdgnus saergogei gs tn sametgoy tfi talgmd no a cgoi#

usuaccy barli` hy tfi spgccgmd no tfi vgetgb$s hcnn`# as gs tfi easi wgtf amgbacs am` fubams- Gt gs a eiribnmgnus aet

cgmlgmd bnrtacs tn tfigr dn`s- Pfi hcnn` gs a riqugri` $onn`$ onr tfi dn`s- Higmd mnt no fubam ocisf# tfiy riqugri tfi

viry cgoi"onrei no fubams tn mnurgsf am` appiasi tfib- Uaergogegac hcnn` fas `gvgmi pnwirs wfgef eam sametgoy

bnrtacs am` mnurgsf ìgtgis- Hut asgì ornb tfi batirgac nm saergogei wgtfgm istahcgsfi` ricgdgnms# ntfir hcnn`"

saergogeis mii` tn hi enmsgìri` as wicc- Onr gmstamei# fum`ri`s no tfnusam`s no snc`girs favi `gi` nm tfi hattciogic`

gm tfi mabi no matgnmacgsb- Gs tfgs saergogei> Go nmi enmsgìrs tfi ricgdgnus gbpcgeatgnms no matgnmacgsb am` waroari# gt

gs- fttp;..ecassprnkiets-limynm-iù.wbms

Engmegìmt wgtf tramsonrbatgnm ornb mnba`ge tn sittci` cgoi was tfi passadi

ornb tfi trghi tn tfi bnri stahci am` enbpaet matgnmac nrdamgzatgnm wgtf tfi lgmd

at tfi fia` no tfi stati- Gm tfgs sgtuatgnm tfi dn` tnnl nm fgbsico tfi efaraetir no supribi autfnrgty# am` tfi

wnrsfgpir hieabi fgs suhkiet# paygmd tfat trghuti wfgef fgs cnr` ìbamì`# `ngmd fnbadi

tn fgs fiavimcy rucir as tfi enm`gtgnm no stam`gmd wicc wgtf fgb-

Pfi Hghcgeac Tnrc` " _ncubi 14

Tgccgab Xagmiy Farpir# Irmist @iTgtt Hurtnm# Ufagcir Batfiws " 17:1

Fawtfnrmi# Uaergogei# Unvirigdmty

Pgb @igmis- Nmi wnuc` wamt tn priss Mamey nm tfgs pngmt# wfy ixaetcy `nis tfi enmousgnm surrnum`gmd tfi nrgdgms no(iarcy( saergogei (ogmgsf( tfi fgstnry no Tistirm saergogei> Bgdft wi mnt tfgml tfi (enbpcitgnm( no Tistirm nmtn"

tfincndy# gmstia`# ornb a bnri batirgacgst pngmt no vgiw> @n wi riendmgzi# onr ixabpci# tfat tfi vgncimei no

gbpirgacgsb eam mivir satgati gts mii` onr &Tistirm' saergogei# eam mivir ecnsi gts nwm ogduri hy min"cghirac am`

ìbneratge biams> Mamey gs pirfaps suddistgmd tfat tfi ogetgtgnusmiss no nrgdgms# nm tfi nmi fam`# enbhgmi` wgtf

tfi fgstnrgeac enccapsi no saergogei &gm tfi mabi no Tistirm (prndriss( am` tfi im`\gmdR no tfi pncgtgeac'# nm tfi ntfir

fam`# sgdmac tfi &ri' ibirdimei no tfi gmapprnprgahci ogduri no ogmgtuì-

Pgb @igmis nm Fawtfnrmi# Uaergogei# Unvirigdmty

Uaergogei riùeis vgncimei- Gt bay siib pieucgar tn suddist tfat saergogei riùeis vgncimei# hut snbi amtfrnpncndgsts

am` fgstnrgams favi `rawm tfgs gmoirimei- Addrissgvi timsgnms wgtfgm a snegity eam cia` tnwar` vgncimei adagmst

oiccnw bibhirs- Xgtuac saergogeis prnvgì a ricatgvicy saoi orabiwnrl tn liip vgncimei wgtfgm hnum`s wfgci attfi sabi tgbi nooirgmd ibntgnmac riciasi tfrnudf lgccgmd suhstgtuti vgetgbs- Pfgs tfinry suddists tfat# at ciast gm

snbi egreubstameis# rgtuac lgccgmd no a ìsgdmati` vgetgb eam ristragm tfi cardir drnup ornb tiargmd gtsico apart-

Pfi nutenbi no wars# ernp farvists# am` tfi wiatfir wiri acc ìtirbgmi`

hy tfi wfgbs no tfi dn`s# wfgbs wfgef riqugri` appiasibimt nm tfi part no

bnrtac fubams- Uaergogei was gmenrpnrati` as a way no $oii`gmd$ tfisi

ivir"fumdry dn`s-

Uaergogei liips tfi wnrc` dngmd- Pfi bnst swiipgmd tfinry gs hasi` nm am gmtirpritatgnm no fgstnry tfat pgeturis tfi

fubam enm`gtgnm as oiarouc am` pirgcnus# hisit wgtf tfriats tn survgvac ornb starvatgnm# attael# am` ivimts suef as

iartfqualis# vnceamge iruptgnms# am` ocnn`s tfat wiri talim tn hi tfi wnrl no amdry dn`s- Znssissgmd cgbgti`

lmnwci`di am` tiefmncndy# snegitgis trgi` tn ogm` a way no midntgatgmd wgtf rgvac# ìbam`gmd# am` oriquimtcy

umpri`getahci dn`s go tfi wnrc` am` tfigr nwm cgvis wiri tn enmtgmui- Uaergogei snnm hieabi a sgdmgogeamt onrb no

ixefamdi wgtf tfi dn`s# a snrt no eurrimey gm am adi hionri tfi istahcgsfbimt no a bnmitary systib- Gm bnìrm

parcamei# saergogei was a way no `ngmd husgmiss-


18/50




Zadi

Xnhirt Lastimhaub- Nm saergogei- Uaergogei gs a onrb no enbbumgeatgnm wgtf a ìgty onr sgbgcar purpnsis- Pfi wnr` gtsico biams (tn bali fncy-(

-# saergogegac nooirgmds gmecuì nhkiets no vacui am` sybhncge sgdmgogeamei tfat ari dgvim tn tfi dn`s tn iarm tfigroavnr- Pfi dgots eam tali bamy onrbs# hienbgmd saeri` tfibsicvis tfrnudf rgtuac enmsieratgnm- Pfi dn`s bgdft hi

nooiri` tfi bnst ìsgrahci onn`s nr prnvgì` wgtf tfi ogmist vissics# earvgmds# tnncs# am` wiapnms- Fgstnrgams#

fnwivir# favi notim ridarì` hcnn` saergogei as tfi bnst pnwirouc way tn appiasi tfi dn`s- Gt was mnt umusuac onr

snegitgis tn imdadi gm hntf amgbac am` fubam saergogei# actfnudf tfi fgstnrgeac trim` fas hiim tnwar` a sfarp

riùetgnm gm tfi cattir-

Zartgegpamts gm hcnn` saergogei rgtuacs ixpirgimei a simsi no awi# àmdir# nr ixactatgnm hieausi tfiy ari àrgmd tn

apprnaef tfi dn`s wfn eriati# sustagm# am` ìstrny cgoi- Pfi hugcùp no timsgnm prgnr tn tfi hcnn` saergogei dgvis way

tn a oistgvi simsi no trgubpf am` ricgio- Bnraci gs strimdtfimi` hy tfi rgtuac lgccgmd hieausi tfi drnup fas gtsico

pironrbi` tfi dn`cgli aet no ìstruetgnm am` gs mnw eapahci no rimiwgmd gts nwm ixgstimei- Pfi umìrcygmd

pfgcnsnpfgeac assubptgnm gs tfat cgoi bust pass tfrnudf ìatf-

stati onrbatgnm am` tfi gbpcgeatgnm onr saergogei nm pastnrac pinpcis#

eattci firìrs / tfi sfipfir` lgmds-

Xgtuacs no Uaergogei am` tfi rnci no vgncimei

gm nrdamgzgmd am` bagmtagmgmd imùrgmd drnups-

Pfi purpnsi no rgtuac gs tn sustagm tfi drnup hy ripiatgmd &at vargnus civics no gmtimsgty' tfi aet no drnup eriatgnm- A

sueeissouc rgtuac stnps tgbi at tfi piroiet eriatgnm bnbimt- Gt ripiats am` oriizis tfi ritrnspietgvicy dncìm bnbimt

wfim tfi drnup was eriati` nut no saergogei- Gm tfgs bnbimt tfi ìht tn tfi hcnn`tfgrsty dn` was pag`- Pfi drnup

was prgstgmi- Pfgs was tfi bnbimt wfim saergogei was trucy imnudf# wfim wi wiri ìcgviri` ornb tgbi am` ìatf-

Xgtuacs bay hi enmtrgvi` nr nppnrtumgstge- Pfi bnst pnwirouc rgtuacs no matgnm"drnup sncgàrgty ari nppnrtumgstge

rispnmsis# suef as war# tn drnup tfriat- Hut nppnrtumgstge rgtuacs ari umpri`getahci gm tfigr neeurrimei am` ixpimsgvi

gm tfigr prnsieutgnm- Pfigr badge gs driat priegsicy hieausi tfiy ari rgsly am` enstcy- Enmtrgvi` nr pri"pcammi`

siasnmac rgtuacs ogcc gm tfi gmtirvacs hitwiim nppnrtumgstge drnup"onrdgmd rgtuacs hy rifiarsgmd tfi `raba no saergogei

am` ridimiratgnm-

5- Xgtuacs favi twn baknr `ymabges- Pfiy eriati tfi wnrc` hy tramsonrbgmd efans gmtn ensbns# tn usi Bgreia

Icgaì$s tirbs# nr tfiy ribnìc am` rieacc tfi tramsonrbatgnm no efans gmtn ensbns- Acc rgtuacs bnìc am` tramsonrb

tn nmi ìdrii nr amntfir# hut rgtuacs bay hi ecassgogi` hy wfitfir tfiy ari prgbargcy tramsonrbgmd enbbibnratgvi-

Dinrdi U- Dnn`spii`

Atnmibimt gm Mnm"Efrgstgam Xicgdgnms- Pfi Atnmibimt no Oiar

Zrnoissnr T- Xnhirtsnm Ubgtf- Uuhstameis gm Uibgtge saergogeis-\PfiyR (ari `rawm ornb i`ghci suhstameis# am` gmìi` ornb suef suhstameis as onrb tfi nr`gmary stapci no fubam

onn`-( 1: Fi a``s; (Acc saergogeis wiri talim hy tfi amegimts as higmd cgtiraccy tfi onn` no tfi dn`s-((# Pfisi dgotsbgdft tfirionri hi igtfir viditahci nr amgbac# dragm nr ocisf- Pfi cattir wiri bnst enbbnm# hieausi ocisf# ridarì`

as tfi bnst ìsgrahci fubam onn`# wnuc` maturaccy hi bnst adriiahci tn tfi fgdfir pnwirs- Gmìi`# Zrnoissnr Ugbnm

dnis sn oar as tn ìrgvi tfi eustnb no amgbac saergogei ornb tfgs rnnt wfim fi says; (Pfi prgbary neeasgnm no amgbac

saergogeis# am` ntfirs rnnti` gm tfib# was prnhahcy tfi ìsgri tn dratgoy tfi dn`s wgtf tfi hist tfat bam fgbsico

imknys-$( Dinrdi U- Dnn`spii` nm Zrnoissnr T- Xnhirtsnm Ubgtf- Uuhstameis gm Uibgtge saergogeis-


19/50




Zadi

Kustgoygmd tfi Yctgbati Uaergogei- Egvgc am` Bgcgtary Xicgdgnm gm Ornmtcgmi Hcnds

Bnrtim Hrmìr-Pfi eimtrac pngmt no Dgrar`s Ca vgncimei it ci saer gs tfat vgncimei gs tfi saeri` &Dgrar` 1747; 17'- _gncimei gs tfi

enmtgmdimt onrei wfgef at nmi tgbi gs a pnwir no pntimtgac ìstruetgnm am` a snurei ornb wfgef snegac cgoi gtsico gs

sfapi`- Bam gs oumàbimtaccy vgncimt- Mnt hieausi fi gs ruci` hy a Oriu`gam ìatf `rgvi nr Pfamatns &dimiraccy#

Dgrar` pays cgttci fii` tn ecassgeac mntgnms no ìsgri# ouicci` hy wamt'- Mn# bam gs vgncimt hieausi vgncimei gs a

oumàbimtac enm`gtgnm gm acc snegac ricatgnms &ghg`; 140"149'- Imdadgmd gm tfi snegac gs imdadgmd gm a struddci onr

`nbgmamei# wfgef bay mnt hi artgeucati` pfysgeaccy# hut mivirtficiss efaraetirgsis as a prnonum`cy vgncimt ricatgnm-

Am`# go vgncimei gs accnwi` tn privagc gm`gsergbgmaticy# snegity wgcc pirgsf &ghg`; 100"109'- Pfirionri# acc castgmd

snegac ricatgnms ari hasi` nm tfi `gsergbgmatgnm no vgncimei; Unegity gs onumì` nm tfi `gstgmetgnm hitwiim

gccidgtgbati am` cidgtgbati vgncimei- Gccidgtgbati vgncimei gs ram`nb vgncimei- Cidgtgbati vgncimei gs vgncimei tfat

talis pcaei wgtfgm eirtagm hnumàrgis &ghg`; 19'- Pfus# onr snegity tn ixgst# tfi oumàbimtac vgncimei no snegacgty bust

hi eamacgsi`-

Pfi ricgdgnus saergogei gs umìrtalim wgtf tfi purpnsi no eamacgsgmd vgncimei# no accnwgmd vgncimei tn tali pcaei nm

cidac tirbs- _gncimei gs acc"ìvnurgmd- Yctgbaticy gt wgcc enmsubi snegity- Pfirionri# gt gs mieissary tn eamacgsi

vgncimei hy saergogegmd a vgetgb gm cgiu no snegity- Fnwivir# tfat eamacgsatgnm eam nmcy tali pcaei go wi pritim` tfat

tfi `gstgmetgnm hitwiim cidgtgbati am` gccidgtgbati vgncimei gs mnt arhgtrary; Go wi enmsgìr tfi vgetgb as tfi

cidgtgbati nhkiet no tfi vgncimei tfat gs histnwi` nm gt- Pfgs gs tfi riasnm wfy Dgrar` ibpfasgsis tgbi am` adagm tfat

tfi vgetgb gs mnt a suhstgtuti onr snegity# hut a surrndati-

Nm Uaergogei# Xnhirt LastimhaubFubam saergogei gs snbitgbis ridarì` as a hgzarri praetgei earrgi` nut hy a oiw seattiri` snegitgis wfn igtfir wiri

umegvgcgzi` nr ixeiptgnmaccy eruic am` vgncimt- Fnwivir# tfiri gs pirsuasgvi ivgìmei tfat tfi saergogegac gbpucsi fas

hiim enbbnm tfrnudfnut fgstnry am` fas pcayi` am gbpnrtamt rnci gm snegity-

Pfi nrgdgms no hcnn` saergogei ari cnst gm tfi bgst no prifgstnry- Mivirtficiss# gmoirimeis eam hi `rawm ornb

arefaincndgeac risiaref am` ornb tfi praetgeis am` hicgios no pinpci wfnsi rgtuacs enmtgmui` gmtn tfi fgstnrgeac

pirgn`- Pfi sabi snegitgis usuaccy pironrbi` ntfir typis no saergogeis as wicc# hut tfisi ixabpcis ìbnmstrati tfi

wgìspria` usi no rgtuac burìr as am apprnvi` enbpnmimt no snegac pncgey-

Fubam saergogei was enmsgìri` sn eruegac a biasuri tfat gt pirsgsti` onr snbi tgbi ivim gm snegitgis tfat fa`


no Bi`gtirramiam eucts 9#::: yiars adn am` stgcc a pnwirouc tfibi gm Kuàgsb am` iarcy Efrgstgamgty- Uaergogei wnuc`

hi tabi` scnwcy as snegitgis ìvicnpi` bnri iooietgvi ways tn bamadi tfigr mii`s am` enpi wgtf tfigr

imvgrnmbimts-

Upgccgmd hcnn` enmtgmuis tfi enmtaet wgtf ameistnrs wfn prntiet

tfi ecam adagmst gmvgsghci onreis- Uico saergogei onr enbbumgty as am aet no war-

Gm iarcgir pirgn`s no amtgqugty# enbbumac oiastgmd nm saergogegac biat fa` prnecagbi` am` rigmonrei` tfi

enbbumgty$s sncgàrgty- Pn rikiet saergogegac biat was tn rikiet oucc partgegpatgnm gm tfi enbbumgty-0? Gm tfiricgdgnuscy (bgxi`( enbbumgtgis no tfi onurtf eimtury# enbbumac oiastgmd nm saergogegac biat enuc` far`cy rigmonrei

sncgàrgty# gt enuc` nmcy eriati `gvgsgnm- Pfi hnm`s no oabgcy# ecass# am` eucturi battiri` bnri tn suef pinpci tfam

ricgdgnus enmtrnvirsy- Bnrinvir# tfi usi no saergogei as am gmstrubimt no `gsergbgmatgnm# go mnt pirsieutgnm# enuc`

gmvgti riprgsacs go tfi ridgbi `g` mnt cast- Enmsiquimtcy# pruìmt pinpci appiar tn favi a`npti` a (wagt"am`"sii(

attgtuì# a pncgey wfnsi wgs`nb was enmogrbi` wfim tfi miws no Kucgam$s su`ìm ìatf arrgvi` ornb tfi Iastirm

ornmt- Ntfir ìvicnpbimts gm egvge cgoi acsn baì gt `googeuct tn rivgvi cardi"seaci saergogeis# onr tfi ìecgmi gm

saergogei gm tfi onurtf eimtury was mnt ùi sncicy tn Efrgstgam fnstgcgty nr padam ìsgri tn avng` ricgdgnuscy


20/50




Zadi

`gvgsgvi eustnbs- Gt risucti` gm part ornb a sfgot gm pattirms no iuirditgsb am` a ìecgmi gm tfi ahgcgty am` wgccgmdmiss

no egvge mntahcis tn oum` tfi tra`gtgnmac oistgvacs as tfiy fa` `nmi gm iarcgir pirgn`s-

Gt was tfi ricgdgnm tfat ixaeti` a hcnn`y saergogei tfat baì tfi Xnbams

no padam tgbis strnmd am` tfat gmvisti` tfib wgtf tfigr efaraetir no enmquirnrs am` rucirs-(Tfim G bi`gtati` nm tfi riasnm wfy pinpci wiri bnri gm cnvi wgtf orii`nb gm tfnsi amegimt tgbis tfam tfiy ari

mnw# G saw gt was hieausi tfiy favi drnwm wialir mnw tfam onrbircy# wfgef gs a risuct no tfi `gooirimei gm

iùeatgnm# tfgs adagm higmd hasi` nm tfi `gooirimei no tfigr ricgdgnm ornb nurs--- Pfgs bay hi siim ornb bamy no tfigr

gmstgtutgnms# enumtgmd ogrst abnmd tfib tfi badmgogeimei no tfigr saergogeis as enbpari` wgtf nurs- Pfiri gs bnri

ìcgeaey tfam spcim`nur gm nur `gspcay# am` mn oirnegnus nr kuhgcamt aetgnm wfatsnivir- Pfiri was mn cael no `gspcay

tfim# mnr cael no badmgogeimei gm tfigr eiribnmgis# hut a`ì` tn gt was tfi aetgnm no tfi saergogei oucc no hcnn` am`

oirnegty# wfiri a buctgtuì no amgbacs wiri scaudftiri`< wfgef sgdft# higmd sn tirrghci# baì bam hifavi cgliwgsi-($

MgeencBaefgaviccg

Hcnn` Uaergogei am` tfi Matgnm; Xivgiw Issay no Barvgm am` GmdciPfi enmtgmui` ixgstimei no amy snegitac drnup# aeenr`gmd tn tfi autfnrs# ìpim`s at ciast partcy nm tfi wgccgmdmiss no

gts bibhirs tn saergogei tfibsicvis onr gt- Wit# tfi eriatgnm no matgnmac simtgbimt riqugris tfat bibhirs ribagm

umawari no tfi biefamgsb tfat bagmtagms tfi drnup- Pfi lmnwci`di tfat tfi umìrcygmd enst no snegity gs tfi

vgncimt ìatf no snbi pnrtgnm no gts bibhirs bust ribagm sierit-

Gm nrìr tn imùri as a saeri` nhkiet# tfi matgnm riqugris tfat pinpci lgcc am` `gi gm gts mabi-Fnwivir# onr tfi rgtuac no war tn ribagm iooietgvi# snegitgis bust ribagm umenmsegnus no tfi ricatgnmsfgp hitwiim tfi

gmstgtutgnm no waroari am` tfi bagmtimamei no tfi gìa no tfi matgnm- Nur ìipist sierit# tfi autfnrs ecagbtfi

enccietgvi drnup tahnngs tfi lmnwci di tfat snegity ipim`s onr gts ixgstimei nm vgncimt# saergogegac iatf at

tfi fam`s no tfi drnup gtsico-

Gm nrìr tn avng` lmnwgmd tfat lgccgmdsaergogegac ìatfcgis at tfi enri no tfi gìncndy no matgnmacgsb# wi triat

vgncimei as go prgbgtgvi am` bnraccy suspiet; a oagcuri no snegac strueturi ratfir tfam am icibimtac enbpnmimt-Tfim vgncimei neeurs gt gs prisimti` as a cast risnrt# a efaccimdi tn egvgcgzi` bnìrmgty- Ti prioir mnt tn say

tfat vgncimei gs gmfirimt gm tfi maturi no tfi matgnm"stati-

Pfi prnonum` pngmt no Barvgm am` Gmdcis wnrl gs tfat wfat liips tfi drnup tnditfir am` balis us oiic umgogi` gs

mnt tfi ìatf no tfi imiby# hut tfi saergogei no nur nwm- Go tfi rgtuac purpnsi no war wiri biricy tn lgcc tfi imiby#tfi ìatfs no snbi 0:#:::, Graqgs ùrgmd tfi ogrst Zirsgam Duco Tar &177:"1771' wnuc` favi baì a castgmd

enmtrghutgnm tn Abirgeam umgty-

--- ornb tfi hn`gis no drnup bibhirs-

Hcnn` saergogei# gs tfi fncgist rgtuac no tfi matgnm"stati- Taroari gs tfi gmstgtutgnm tfat imaets tfgs fncy

rgtuac- Tfat enmstgtutis tfi matgnm at amy bnbimt gs tfi bibnry no tfi cast sueeissouc

hcnn` saergogei tfat enumts onr cgvgmd drnup bibhirs-

Barvgm am` Gmdci stati tfat tfigramacysgs gs mnt a hrgio gm oavnr no vgncimei nr adagmst gt- Xatfir# tfiy siil tngccubgmati tfi strueturac rnci no vgncimei gm nrdamgzgmd am` bagmtagmgmd imùrgmd drnups- Gm sfnrtwgtfgm tfi

orabiwnrl no tfi ricgdgnm no matgnmacgsbgts mnt a quistgnm no ogdftgmd tfgs nr tfat war nr no ìoiatgmd tfgs nr tfat

imiby- Xatfir# vgncimt aets pironrbi` hy snegity ari gmfirimt tn tfi maturi no tfi matgnm"stati-

Pfi autfnrs enmecuì tfat enfisgnm gm imùrgmd drnups riqugris vgncimei as a strueturac ratfir tfam enmtgmdimt

snegac onrei- Enmtagmi` wgtfgm iaef matgnm gs a saeri` gìa nr gìac- Pfi trutf no tfgs saeri` gìac gs istahcgsfi`wfim bibhirs no snegity `gi &nr ari bagbi`' onr gt- Taroari enmstgtutis a riprisimtatgnm no snegity tn gtsico-

Uaeri` trutf enbis gmtn higmd tfrnudf a hcnn` saergogei rgtuac pironrbi` nm tfi hn`gis no suppcgeamts-


21/50




Zadi

Ufnuc` wi ixpiet wialcy hnum` pcuracgstge matgnms# cgli tfi Ymgti` Utatis# tn ricy nm miarcy enmstamt imdadibimt gm

waroari tn hgm` tfi pnpucatgnm tfat gs ntfirwgsi oradbimti` am`# at tgbis# ìipcy am` vgncimtcy at n``s wgtf gtsico>

Tnuc` ynu suspiet tfat tfgs riasnmgmd gs bnst ficpouc onr ixpcagmgmd wfy bgcgtary sirvgei gs usi` as a qugel patf tn

egtgzimsfgp onr onrigdm matgnmacs>

Hcnn` saergogei am` tfi matgnm# A rivgiw no Barvgm / Gmdci

Xgefar` Lnimgdshird



Cnnl at bi# G ab wgtfnut a fnbi# wgtfnut a egty# wgtfnut prnpirty# wgtfnut a scavi

Ab G mnt orii ornb pagm am` oiar# ab G mnt orii>

Tfim saergogegac ìstruetgnm gs siim as tfi ixprissgnm no a partgeucar pncgtges# gm wfgef wfnci drnups arieatidnrgzi` as ixpimàhci wfgci ntfirs ari ìsgdmati` as himiogegargis# tfi bnri dimirnus aspiets no tfi rgti hidgm tn

`gsappiar- Mn battir fnw ouccy eabnuocadi` gt gs hy a huriaueratgzi` rnci gm a bnìrm systib no ixefamdi#

ridar`ciss no tfi enmtixt gm wfgef gt appiars# saergogegac tfgmlgmd gmvargahcy riùeis at snbi pngmts tn gts oumàbimtac

gìmtgogeatgnm wgtf rgtuac vgncimei-

Pfi Uegimei no Uaergogei; Abirgeam Cgtiraturi am` Bnìrm Unegac Pfinry

Uusam C- Bgzruefg

(Favi ynu ivir fiar` amytfgmd ahnut Dn`# Pnpsy>(Pfi efgc` cnnli` hiwgcìri`# hut drgmmi` as usuac-






Knfam vam ìr Tact nm Unvirigdmty am` saergogei-

Xiocietgnms nm snvirigdmty am` saergogei gm tfi tfnudft no @irrgà# Mamey am` Adabhim-

Aeenr`gmd tn Adabhim# fnbn saeir gs tfi nmi wfn eam hi lgcci`# hut fi eammnt hi

saergogei`- Am` onr fgb snvirigdmty ricatis tn nr gs enmstgtuti` hy tfgs mnm"saergogegac lgccgmd-

Unvirigdmty enmeirms tfi pnwir tn ìtirbgmi nr sgbpcy bamadi# bamadi biricy tiefmgeaccy wfat gs tn hi `nmi wgtf

cgoi tfat fas mn nr mn cnmdir fas biamgmd gm ixeiss no biri cgoi- Unvirigdmty wnuc` hi bamadgmd biricy tiefmgeaccy

tfi uctgbaticy umgmtiristgmd bamadirgac ìegsgnm# nr mnm"ìegsgnm ratfir# tn enmtgmui nr `gsenmtgmui am gmstamei no

hari cgoi- Adabhim ricatis tfi tiefmgeac rigdm no snvirigdmty tn tfi eabp# tfi ìatf eabps am` tfi gmeriasgmdcyuhgqugtnus riacb no tfi ixeiptgnmac bamadirgac ernssgmd hitwiim hari cgoi am` ìatf gm enmtibpnrary bi`geac

praetgeis-


22/50




Zadi

Fimei tfi driatir pcausghgcgty no Kiam Cue Mameys assirtgnm tfat snvirigdmtygs acways a battir no saergogei- Mamey wrgtis; Uaergogei eam iasgcy hi umìrstnn` tn hi a buef

hrnaìr pfimnbimnm tfam kust gbbncatgnm-

A ricgdgnus enmstruetgnm no gìmtgty am` ntfirmiss eam turm tfi `gooirimt gmtn a seapidnat# wfnsi `gsappiaramei nr

ammgfgcatgnm gs enmsgìri` tfi sncutgnm tn tfi prnhcib- Gm strnmdcy gìmtgtargam ricgdgnms# suef as tfi egvge nr matgnmac

nmis# wi ogm` gmstgtutgnmacgzi` rgtis no ixpucsgnm tfat enmsncgàti &hy biams no rimìrgmd (ntfir( am` ì"gìmtgoygmd a

bibhir# fubam nr amgbac' a snegac enmsimsus tfrnudf tfi usi no enccietgvi vgncimei-

Pfinritgeac Xiocietgnms nm _gncimei am` Xicgdgnm; Gìmtgty# Znwir# Zrgvgcidi am` @gooirimei

Oramegsen @giz ì _icasen

Uaergogei# Uergpturi# am` Uuhstgtutgnm- Amm T- Asticc amÙam`nr Dnn`fartGs gt pnssghci tfat tfi fubam spiegis ibirdi`# tfat gt siparati` gtsico ornb tfi cardir amgbac enbbumgty# mnt nm tfi

hasgs no gts prnpimsgty onr vgncimei &wfgef gs# wgtf oiw ixeiptgnms# sfari` tfrnudfnut tfi fgdfir prgbatis' hut nm tfi

hasgs no gts ennr`gmatgnm no tfat vgncimei adagmst nmi bibhir no tfi enbbumgty umgquicy>

tfi arefitypi no saergogei am` tfi sub no fubam ixpirgimei ribagm gm

tfi enccietgvi umenmsegnus tn ibirdi adagm at amy tgbi- Pfi efaccimdi onr gm`gvgùac egtgzims

gm a dcnhac snegity gs tn fnc` tfi sivirac virsgnms no saergogei tfat bay hi npiratgmd sgbuctaminuscywgtfgm eurrimt ivimts nr as eucturis ecasf-

Bartfa Hcali- Zsyefntfirapgst am` Kumdgam Amacyst-

Pfgs ivnlis a enmeiptgnm no snvirigdmty mnt biricy as a stati no ixeiptgnm tn tfi mnrbac nrìr# hut acsn as a eriatgvi#

onumàtgnmac onrei# a enmstgtuimt pnwir-5( Uaergogei gm ricatgnms wgtf pncgtgeac autfnrgtgis bgdft hi siim as nm a

enmtgmuub wgtf ntfir onrbs no nooirgmd cgli ogrst orugts# taxis# am` trghuti- 51 Pfisi ari acc dgvim (up( tn tfi pncgtgeac

autfnrgtgis am` mnm"fubam pnwirs- Pfgs `gbimsgnm no saergogei suddists a cgml tn tra`gtgnms no dnvirmbimtac

snvirigdmty"gm wfgef tfi stati gs am acgim imtgty# mnt ìrgvatgvi no (tfi Zinpci-( Hut gt acsn riaoogrbs tfat saergogei

enbpnsis part no tfi snvirigdm$s ìpimìmei nm tfi cneac pinpci-

Nutsnuregmd Uaergogei; Pfi Cahnr no Zrgvati Bgcgtary Enmtraetnrs

B Paussgd"Xuhhn

Nm Uaergogei# Xnhirt LastimhaubFubam saergogei gs snbitgbis ridarì` as a hgzarri praetgei earrgi` nut hy a oiw seattiri` snegitgis wfn igtfir wiri

umegvgcgzi` nr ixeiptgnmaccy eruic am` vgncimt- Fnwivir# tfiri gs pirsuasgvi ivgìmei tfat tfi saergogegac gbpucsi fas

hiim enbbnm tfrnudfnut fgstnry am` fas pcayi` am gbpnrtamt rnci gm snegity-

Pfi nrgdgms no hcnn` saergogei ari cnst gm tfi bgst no prifgstnry- Mivirtficiss# gmoirimeis eam hi `rawm ornb

arefaincndgeac risiaref am` ornb tfi praetgeis am` hicgios no pinpci wfnsi rgtuacs enmtgmui` gmtn tfi fgstnrgeac

pirgn`- Pfi sabi snegitgis usuaccy pironrbi` ntfir typis no saergogeis as wicc# hut tfisi ixabpcis ìbnmstrati tfi

wgìspria` usi no rgtuac burìr as am apprnvi` enbpnmimt no snegac pncgey-

Fubam saergogei was enmsgìri` sn eruegac a biasuri tfat gt pirsgsti` onr snbi tgbi ivim gm snegitgis tfat fa`


no Bi`gtirramiam eucts 9#::: yiars adn am` stgcc a pnwirouc tfibi gm Kuàgsb am` iarcy Efrgstgamgty- Uaergogei wnuc`hi tabi` scnwcy as snegitgis ìvicnpi` bnri iooietgvi ways tn bamadi tfigr mii`s am` enpi wgtf tfigr

imvgrnmbimts-


23/50




Zadi

Pfi Bytf no Eagm;

Oratrgegì# Egty Hugc`gmd# am` Zncgtges- Dinrdi Ufucbam-Actfnudf suddistgmd at tfi ciast tfi gmsuoogegimey no umiqugvneac urham eicihratgnm# suef enmeirms acsn bay hitray

wfat G favi eacci` icsiwfiri a timìmey tn pastnracgsb# am gmecgmatgnm tn purgoy sico am` enbbumgty no aspiets no cgoi

tfat ari mieissary nr vacuahci# am gbpucsi tfat bay prisimt# gm turm# gts nwm tfriat tn autnmnby am` pncgtges-$

Pfi Bytf no Eagm; Oratrgegì# Egty Hugc`gmd# am` Zncgtges- Dinrdi Ufucbam-

Uaergogei# Uergpturi# am` Uuhstgtutgnm-

Amm T- Asticc amÙam`nr Dnn`fartGs gt pnssghci tfat tfi fubam spiegis ibirdi`# tfat gt siparati` gtsico ornb tfi cardir amgbac enbbumgty# mnt nm tfi

hasgs no gts prnpimsgty onr vgncimei &wfgef gs# wgtf oiw ixeiptgnms# sfari` tfrnudfnut tfi fgdfir prgbatis' hut nm tfi

hasgs no gts ennr`gmatgnm no tfat vgncimei adagmst nmi bibhir no tfi enbbumgty umgquicy> Gs gt pnssghci tfat wfat gs

`gstgmetgvi ahnut tfi fubam gs gts efammicgmd no tfat vgncimei upnm a vgetgb arhgtrargcy efnsim# nmi wfn# gm tfat

ricatgvi gm`gooirimei tn tfi bntgvatgmd trgddir no fgs nr fir gsncatgnm am` ribnvac# risncvi` enmocget as a

enmsiquimei> Enuc` fnbgmgzatgnm gtsico hi tfi prnùet no ennr`gmati`# umg`grietgnmac sfipfir`gmd no ntfirwgsi

`gsruptgvi enbbumac imirdy adagmst a suhstgtuti nr surrndati vgetgb# a nmi tfat bay stam` acnmi onr bamy>

Uaergogei# Uergpturi# am` Uuhstgtutgnm- Amm T- Asticc amÙam`nr Dnn`fart

Znwir am` _gncimeiPfi gmtirìpimìmei no ricgdgnm am` pnwir gs amntfir no tfi aspiets tfat eam prnvgì snbi ecuis tn tfi

enbprifimsgnm no tfi suhkiet at fam`- Znwir gm stratgogi` snegitgis &tfnsi tfat argsi wgtf tfi ienmnbge# snegac am`

gìncndgeac enbpcixgtgis prnùei` tnditfir wgtf tfi ìvicnpbimt no adrgeucturi' riqugris vgncimei onr gts

suhsgstimeia m` biefamgsbs tn kustgoy gt usi- Xicgdgnm fas hiim a liy gm tfi cidgtgbgzatgnm no pnwir; gm tfi

aeeiptamei no gmiquacgtgis# gm fnw ciaìrsfgp was istahcgsfi` am` imùri`# am` gm bagmtagmgmd a snegac enmsimsus gm

spgti no tfi umiquac `gstrghutgnm no prgvgcidis-

saergogei# tfi nrgdgm no tfi egty am` pncgtges

At tfi rnnt no urham&gst' eicihratgnm am` pastnrac cabimtgs tfi ergbi no oratrgegì# wfgef bytf ticcs us gs tfi nrgdgm no tfi egty am` pncgtges-

Unbi Ueam`gmavgam Uaergogeis

Kaequicgmi UgbpsnmPn turm mnw tn Imdcgsf onclcnri " gs tfiri amytfgmd gm nur

eustnbs tfat bgdft hi ìrgvi` ornb sgbgcar nc` bnìs no saergogei# am` sn bgdft kustgoy us gm ecagbgmd

tfat tfiy wiri lmnwm gm Imdcam` tnn> Pfiri fas cnmd hiim ardubimt wfitfir pcaeimabis suef as

Uwgmifia`# Datisfia`# Fgm`fia` am` tfi cgli enuc` rioir tn Amdcn"Uaxnm euct"eimtris

wfiri amgbac fia`s wiri nooiri` gm saergogei-

Baebgccam Imeyecnpi`ga no @iatf am` `ygmdXnhirt LastimhaubOnumàtgnm am` passadi saergogeis- Pfiri gs ahumàmt arefaincndgeac ivgìmei tfat bamy snegitgis praetgei` hntf

amgbac am` fubam saergogei tn pirsuaì tfi dn`s tn prntiet tfigr hugc`gmds am` imsuri saoi passadi tfrnudf

àmdirnus arias wfiri tfigr nwm dn`s bgdft cael kurgs`getgnm- Hurgacs suddistgvi no saergogei favi hiim onum` gm tfi

sgtis no amegimt hrg`dis am` hugc`gmds tfrnudfnut Asga# Iurnpi# am` Mnrtf Aorgea- Gt was wgìcy hicgivi` tfat

tirrgtnrgis wiri umìr tfi enmtrnc no cneac dn`s wfn bgdft hi amdiri` hy gmtrusgnms- Hcnn` saergogei at hnrìr

ernssgmds &notim barli` hy rgvirs' am` wgtfgm hugc`gmds wiri tfnudft tn hi pruìmt nooirgmds- Uaergogegac vgetgbs

wiri acsn gmtirri` himiatf egty datis-


24/50




Zadi

Efgc`rim wiri notim sicieti` as tfi saergogegac nooirgmds- Ixeavatgnm no tfi Hrg`di Dati gm Hribim# Dirbamy# am`

sivirac amegimt onrtrissis gm Tacis ari abnmd tfi bamy ixabpcis no tfgs praetgei- Aeenr`gmd tn tfi Hnnl no Lgmds#

wfim Knsfua ìstrnyi` Kirgefn fi prnpfisgzi` tfat tfi bam wfn rihugc`s Kirgefn (sfacc cay tfi onumàtgnm stnmis

tfirino upnm tfi hn`y no fgs ogrst hnrm am` gm fgs ynumdist snm sfacc fi sit up tfi datis tfirino-( Gm rihugc`gmd tfi

egty# Fgic catir saergogei` fgs ncìst am` ynumdist snms gm priegsicy tfgs bammir- Pfi fgstnrgam Mgdic @avgis nhsirvis

tfat hghcgeac aeenumts no onumàtgnm saergogeis favi hiim suppnrti` hy arefaincndgeac gmvistgdatgnms; Gm tfi sametuary

gm Dizir wiri onum` twn hurmt slicitnms no sgx"yiar"nc` efgc`rim am` tfi sluccs no twn a`nciseimts tfat fa` hiim

sawm gm twn- At Biddg`n a dgrc no ogotiim fa` hiim lgcci` am` hurgi` gm tfi onumàtgnms no a cardi strueturi-

Ixeavatgnms sfnw tfat tfi praetgei no gmtirrgmd efgc`rim umìr miw hugc`gmds was wgìspria` am` snbi wiri

ivgìmtcy hurgi` acgvi- &@avgis 1761# p- ?1'

Onumàtgnm saergogeis ì`geati` tn oirtgcgty &as# onr ixabpci# gm stnradi hugc`gmds' notim gmvncvi` gmoamt am` efgc`

vgetgbs- Eaptgvis# scavis# am` ergbgmacs favi acsn hiim sicieti` as saergogegac vgetgbs nm bamy neeasgnms- Pfat

onumàtgnm saergogeis hicnmd nmcy tn tfi ribnti past enuc` hi am irrnminus assubptgnm- Gm iarcy twimtgitf"eimtury

Hnrmin am iyiwgtmiss tistgogi` tfat a ergbgmac was hurgi` acgvi gm iviry pnstfnci onr a miw hugc`gmd sn tfat fi bgdft

hienbi a duar`gam spgrgt-

Mn nmi attibpt tn ixpcagm hcnn` saergogei siibs aìquati onr tfi vargity no onrbs

am` purpnsis assnegati` wgtf tfgs praetgei gm bamy snegitgis nvir bamy yiars- Mivirtficiss#

gt gs usiouc tn enmsgìr tfi onccnwgmd aeenumts as gmonrbi` attibpts tn ixpcagmtfi ricatgnmsfgp hitwiim hcnn` saergogei am` snegity-

Nm Uaergogei# Xnhirt Lastimhaub

tfi hcnn` spgcci` ornb a vgetgb$s hn`y was trucy a fncy suhstamei# Pn imsuri tfi dn`s rieigvi` tfigr ratgnm# tfi hcnn` was snbitgbis sbiari` nm

stnmi gbadis no dn`s# enccieti` nm harl papir strgps am` hurmt sn tfi sbnli enuc`

aseim` gmtn tfi fiavims# nr enmsubi` hy tfi rucir#

tfi riprisimtatgvi no tfi ìgtgis-

fttp;..ecassprnkiets-limynm-iù.wbms

Uentt Hra`hury

Kucgam$s Zadam Xivgvac am` tfi @iecgmi no Hcnn` Uaergogei-

GGG- Pfi oum`gmd no puhcge eucts; Iuirditgsb am`

padam prgistfnn`sIviry tnwm am` egty was tn favi a prgist# nvir wfnb tfiri stnn` a prnvgmegac fgdf"prgist tn hi sicieti` ornb tfnsi

wfn wiri (bnst `gstgmdugsfi` gm puhcge cgoi am` enmspgeunus gm pironrbgmd iviry lgm` no puhcge sirvgei( &Iusih-

FI 6-10-7'- Cgli am gbpirgac dnvirmnr# tfi fgdf"prgist was dramti` a hn`yduar` no snc`girs- Caetamtgus enrrnhnratis

Iusihgus$ aeenumt# wfgci prnvg`gmd us wgtf ourtfir ìtagcs; \BaxgbgmR wimt nm tn a`npt tfi mnvic praetgei &mnvn

bnri' no appngmtgmd fgdfprgists &saeir`ntis baxgbns'# nmi onr iaef egty ornb abnmd gts cia`gmd egtgzims-

As Xabsay BaeBuccim fas wrgttim no pfgcntgbga; (Mn wnr`# umìrstnn` tn gts ìptf# dnis oartfir tn ixpcagm tfi

Drien"Xnbam aefgivibimt-(04 Pfi dn`s wiri abnmd tfi bnst enmspgeunus himiogegargis no pfgcntgbga# partgeucarcy

no tfi fiavy spim`gmd no tfi prgists tfibsicvis- Pra`gtgnmaccy# oistgvacs no tfi dn`s gm Driil egtgis fa` hiim oumìòrnb tfrii `gooirimt snureis; saeri` oum`s# egvge oum`s# am` prnvg`gmd no oistgvacs &gmecu`gmd tfi saergogeis' am` tfi

paybimt no tfi tibpci pirsnmmic- Egvge badgstratis wiri efardi` wgtf nvirsiigmd tfi prnpir usi no tfi dn`s$

rivimuis- Ximts ornb tibpci cam`s am` rivimui ornb tfi autfnrgzi` saci no tibpci prnpirty wiri gmsuoogegimt#

fnwivir# tn envir upliip no tfi sametuary am` tfi oum`gmd no oistgvacs- Pfus# gt was enmvimtgnmac onr egtgis tn

accneati part no tfigr nwm egvge oum`s tn ìoray part no tfi enst no oistgvacs &gmecu`gmd tfi saergogeis' am` tn pay

tibpci pirsnmmic-


25/50




Zadi

A- F- B- Knmis ku`di` tfat tfi baknrgty no saergogeis at tfi oistgvacs wiri pag` onr nut no puhcge oum`s- Pfgs

enbhgmatgnm no egvge am` saeri` oum`s# fnwivir# stgcc oicc sfnrt no tfi subs mieissary tn stadi tfi icahnrati oistgvacs

notim enmmieti` wgtf tfi bnst prnbgmimt sfrgmis am` egtgis-

Pfi ricgdgnus cgoi no tfi egtgis ricgi` fiavgcy nm prgvati himioaetgnm# partgeucarcy nm tfi iuirditgsb no tfi prgists

tfibsicvis- Hy tfi Ficcimgstge am` Xnbam pirgn`s# prgistfnn`s gm Driil egtgis# as at Xnbi# fa` hienbi assgbgcati`

tn egvge badgstraegis- Unegac pristgdi am` am ahgcgty tn sfnucìr tfi enmsgìrahci ogmamegac hurìms wiri tfi bnst

gbpnrtamt ergtirga gm tfi sicietgnm no padam prgists# wfn usuaccy sirvi` onr a yiar# snbitgbis onr a ogxi` mubhir no

yiars- Zrgistfnn`s (onr cgoi( wiri mnt umenbbnm# am` a oiw wiri firi`gtary# igtfir hy amegimt eustnb nr hieausi tfi

sabi oabgcy fic` tfi prgistfnn` tfrnudf sueeissgvi dimiratgnms- As wi mnti` ahnvi# abnmd tfi snureis no egvge

rivimui# saeri` oum`s wiri umusuac onr tfigr stahgcgty am` ricgahgcgty- Gm tfinry tfisi oum`s wiri tfi prnpirty no tfi

dn`# hut egtgis oriquimtcy onum` eriatgvi ways tn tap tfib- Mn praetgei riviacs bnri eciarcy tfi ienmnbge aspiets no

prgistcy appngmtbimts tfam tfi nutrgdft saci no prgistfnn`s# attisti` gm Asga Bgmnr &partgeucarcy Gnmga' ornb tfi

onurtf eimtury H-E- tn tfi sienm` eimtury A-@- Hy siccgmd a prgistfnn` am` tfim awar`gmd tfi prgist$s sacary ornb a

enbhgmatgnm no egvge am` saeri` oum`s# egtgis bgdft iooietgvicy tap saeri` oum`s onr sieucar purpnsis-

Ipgdrapfgeac ivgìmei ornb tfi Ficcimgstge pirgn` tfrnudf tfi tfgr` eimturyA-@- rienr`s tfi wgì vargity am` stupim`nus seaci no himioaetgnm gm wfgef prgists bgdft imdadi; tfi enmstruetgnm nr

ripagr no puhcge am` saeri` bnmubimts< tfi oum`gmd no oistgvacs# gmecu`gmd dramts tn tfi egtgzims no bnmiy# ngc# wgmi#

dragm# piroubis# am` umduimts< tfi oum`gmd no saergogeis hy ribgttgmd tn tfi egty nr prgvati wnrsfgppirs tfi fgìs#

amgbac parts# taxis# am` oiis rgdftouccy nwi` tn tfi prgist< tfi oiastgmd no tfi badgstratis nr# gm snbi easis# tfi wfnci

egtgzimry< tfi prnvgsgnm no imtirtagmbimt# suef as sgmdirs# aetnrs# fnrsi raeis# am` dca`gatnrgac enbhats- Zrgists am`prgistissis ìrgvi` enmspgeunus himiogt ornb tfi pnssissgnm no prgistfnn`s# sgmei cavgsf ixpim`gturi nm tfi dn`s was

tra`gtgnmac# gt hugct up tfi ricgdgnus am` snegac cgoi no tfi enbbumgty# am`# as Zitir Hrnwm fas pngmti` nut# gt was wicc

sugti` tn ìociet tfi imvy no nmi$s piirs-

Bnrinvir# tfi prgist as saergogeir fa` a enmspgeunus rnci gm tfi ricgdgnus cgoi no tfi iarcy ibpgri- Mubirnus ricgios no

tfi pirgn` ìpget tfi Xnbam ibpirnr imdadi` gm a enmvimtgnmac saergogegac rgtuac- As Xgefar` Dnr`nm fas ardui`# tfi

oneus no tfi ricgios gs mnt tfi aet no saergogegac lgccgmd# hut tfi ibpirnr fgbsico `rissi` as a prgist am` imdadi` gm tfi

eiribnmy no saergogei- Pfi oneus gs tfus nm tfi ibpirnr gm a eiribnmgac rnci as saergogeir am` himioaetnr- Pfi

saergogeis ìpgeti` nm tfisi ricgios# arduis Dnr`nm# hienbi (para`gdbs nr ixibpcars no puhcge saergogei tfrnudfnut

tfi ibpgri ---- 9? Gm tfgs gìncndy no himioaetgnm# tfi ibpirnr$s aet no saergogei gs tfi aet no himioaetgnm par

ixeiccimei# gm gbgtatgnm no wfgef prnvgmegac icgtis bali tfigr nwm saergogeis am` himioaetgnms-

Go snegac pristgdi fa` hiim tfi nmcy himiogt tn aeerui tn egvge mntahcis# prgistfnn`s bgdft mnmitficiss favi hiim ciss

attraetgvi sgmei tfiy enuc` gmvncvi fudi ixpim`gturis- Aeenr`gmdcy# egtgis baì enmsgìrahci ioonrts tn bali tfisipnsts ìsgrahci hy prnvg`gmd tfib wgtf am gmenbi tn ficp ìoray ensts- Zrgists wiri notim awarì` stgpim`s ornb

egvge oum`s am`.nr saeri` oum`s- Pfiy rieigvi` ixibptgnm ornb a vargity no ntfir cgturdgis am` wiri awarì` oiis

am` taxis ornb saergogeis nr bystiry gmgtgatgnms-

Pfi systib no oum`gmd puhcge oistgvacs tfrnudf a enbhgmatgnm no saeri` oum`s# egvge oum`s# am` prgvati himioaetgnm

casti` wicc gmtn tfi tfgr` eimtury# ìspgti tfi rgsi no sirgnus enbpitgtnrs onr tfi cardissi no egvge himioaetnrs#

partgeucarcy tfi oistgvacs no tfi gbpirgac euct am` adnmgstge oistgvacs- Pfi gbpirgac euct qugelcy hieabi nmi no tfi

bnst `ymabge eucts gm Asga Bgmnr &am` icsiwfiri'# go wi biasuri `ymabgsb hy a eapaegty tn attraet enbpitgtgvi

ziac am` ogmamegac risnureis-?: Pfi sgbgcargtgis abnmd tfisi oistgvacs gbpirgac# adnmgstge# am` `gvgmi"wiri driatir

tfam tfigr `gooirimeis; tfiy acc ibpcnyi` tfi prneissgnms# saergogeis# hamquits# `gstrghutgnms# am` enmtists tfat fa`

enbi tn hi a eimtrac oiaturi no Driil eucturi am` sustagmi` a efaraetirgstgeaccy Driil styci no egvge cgoi- Pfisi

vargnus oistgvacs wnuc` enmtgmui sn cnmd as egvge ogmameis pirbgtti` am`# gm partgeucar# sn cnmd as tfi (sfiir

wgccgmdmiss( &BaeBuccim$s pfrasi' no tfi mntahcis tn oum` tfib fic` ogrb-

Zadam prgistfnn`s ìecgmi` mnt nmcy hieausi egvge mntahcis wiri ciss wgccgmd am` ahci tn spim`# hut acsn hieausi

egvge am` saeri` oum`s wiri mn cnmdir avagcahci tn ficp ìoray tfi enst no prgvati himioaetgnm- Enmstamtgmi

enmogseati` tibpci oum`s tn ficp ogmamei fgs nwm hugc`gmd prnkiets# partgeucarcy gm Enmstamtgmnpci# am` tn nhtagm

huccgnm onr bgmtgmd a stahci eurrimey- Fi was prgbargcy gmtiristi` gm fnar`s no dnc` am` sgcvir# hut fi acsn

enmogseati` tibpci cam`fnc`gmds- Fi am` fgs sueeissnrs enmogseati` tfi wiactf# hntf cam`fnc`gmds am` bnvahci

dnn`s# no bumgegpacgtgis as wicc# wfgef enmsiquimtcy suooiri` efrnmge ogmamegac prnhcibs gm tfi onurtf eimtury-?6

Pfus# acc tfrii snureis no oum`s onr tfi nrefistratgnm no tra`gtgnmac oistgvacs saeri` oum`s# egvge oum`s# am` prgvati


26/50




Zadi

himioaetgnm"wiri siviricy riùei` gm tfi onurtf eimtury-

Kucgam$s Zadam Xivgvac am` tfi @iecgmi no Hcnn` Uaergogei

Uentt Hra`hury

Tfim saergogegac ìstruetgnm gs siim as tfi ixprissgnm no a partgeucar pncgtges# gm wfgef wfnci drnups arieatidnrgzi` as ixpimàhci wfgci ntfirs ari ìsgdmati` as himiogegargis# tfi bnri dimirnus aspiets no tfi rgti hidgm tn

`gsappiar- Mn battir fnw ouccy eabnuocadi` gt gs hy a huriaueratgzi` rnci gm a bnìrm systib no ixefamdi#

ridar`ciss no tfi enmtixt gm wfgef gt appiars# saergogegac tfgmlgmd gmvargahcy riùeis at snbi pngmts tn gts oumàbimtac

gìmtgogeatgnm wgtf rgtuac vgncimei-

Pfi Uegimei no Uaergogei; Abirgeam Cgtiraturi am` Bnìrm Unegac Pfinry

Uusam C- Bgzruefg

A ricgdgnus enmstruetgnm no gìmtgty am` ntfirmiss eam turm tfi `gooirimt gmtn a seapidnat# wfnsi `gsappiaramei nr

ammgfgcatgnm gs enmsgìri` tfi sncutgnm tn tfi prnhcib- Gm strnmdcy gìmtgtargam ricgdgnms# suef as tfi egvge nr matgnmac

nmis# wi ogm` gmstgtutgnmacgzi` rgtis no ixpucsgnm tfat enmsncgàti &hy biams no rimìrgmd (ntfir( am` ì"gìmtgoygmd abibhir# fubam nr amgbac' a snegac enmsimsus tfrnudf tfi usi no enccietgvi vgncimei-

Pfinritgeac Xiocietgnms nm _gncimei am` Xicgdgnm; Gìmtgty# Znwir# Zrgvgcidi am` @gooirimei

Oramegsen @giz ì _icasen

Ugbgcarcy tfi Utnge Hachus#

gm tfi `gacndui Nm tfi Maturi no tfi Dn`s; (Pfi wnrc` gs as gt wiri tfi enbbnm fnbi

no tfi dn`s am` fubams# tfi egty tfat hicnmds tn hntf-(

Uneratge Ensbnpncgtamgsb; Egeirn$s Ergtgqui am` Pramsonrbatgnm no tfi Utnge Gìac

Pfnbas C- Zamdci

Ciwgs Bubonr`-

Ytnpga# Pfi Egty am` Pfi Baefgmi Gm riturm# iviry bibhir no tfi enbbumgty was nhcgdi` tn pironrb saergogeis

am` tn ìvnti at ciast part no tfi yiar tn cahnrgmd onr tfi egty$s dn`- Hy suhstgtutgmd enmsergptgnm am` enbbumgsb onr

tfi catir gmstgtutgnms no tfi barlit# wadi cahnr# prgvati prnpirty# am ` bnmiy#

Fnmnrary sfaris no saergogegac biat gm attge vasi pagmtgmd-

_gsuac sgdms no `gstgmetgnm am` egvge gìmtgty- Pfi Ugdmgogeamei no Biat gm tfi pncgs

_getnrgaPsnulaca

Biat enmsubptgnm was ecnsicy cgmli` tn amgbac saergogei gm amegimt Driiei- Nm cgmdugstge drnum`s

gt gs tfi sefncarcy npgmgn enbbumgs tfat iviry tgbi am amgbac was scaudftiri` onr onn` gm amegimt Driiei#

tfiri was a rgtuac aelmnwci`dbimt no tfi dn`s-

Nm a sybhncge civic# tfi hutefirgmd no tfi saergogegac amgbac am` tfi `gstrghutgnm no gts biat aoogrbi` tfi ensbge

nrìr# tfi `gvgsgnm hitwiim dn`s am` bim-5: Bibhirs no tfi pncgs no Atfims wiri imtgtci` tn tali part gm enccietgvi

aetgvgtgis# suef as saergogeis# am` tn rieigvi a pnrtgnm no tfi saergogegac biat no tfi pncgs- Zartgegpatgmd gm tfi

saergogeis no tfi pncgs was acsn a pironrbamei no nmis egvge gìmtgty# am aetgvgty tfat strimdtfimi` nmis oiicgmd nohicnmdgmd tn tfi pncgs-51 Nm a praetgeac civic# tfi systib no saergogeis gm tfi Atfimgam pncgs fas enrrietcy hiim


27/50




Zadi

gìmtgogi` as a ri`gstrghutgvi biefamgsb# wfirihy stati risnureis wiri spimt gm nrìr tn sieuri onn` onr tfi

pnpucatgnm-58

Pfi nmcy avagcahci quamtgtatgvi gmonrbatgnm enbis ornb 0tf"eimtury Atfims# wfiri nm tfi hasgs no tfi ipgdrapfge

rienr` gt fas hiim eaceucati` tfat a egtgzim fa` tfi nppnrtumgty tn aequgri biat ornb puhcge saergogeis at ciast nmei

iviry igdft nr mgmi àysrnudfcy 0: tn 09 tgbis a yiar-8:Biat enmsubptgnm was ecnsicy cgmli` tn amgbac saergogei gm amegimt Driiei- Nm cgmdugstge drnum`s gt gs tfi sefncarcy

npgmgn enbbumgs tfat iviry tgbi am amgbac was scaudftiri` onr onn` gm amegimt Driiei# tfiri was a

rgtuac aelmnwci`dbimt no tfi dn`s-81 Tfgci gt gs umcglicy tfat wi eam ivir hi eirtagm wfitfir rgtuac amgbac

scaudftirgmd was systibatgeaccy praetgei` gm prgvati cgoi# gt gs eciar tfat at tfi civic no stati ricgdgnm# amgbacs wiri

rgtuaccy scaudftiri` nm a àgcy hasgs- Pfi enbpcix systib no amgbac saergogeis gm tfi Atfimgam stati ùrgmd tfi 9tf

am` 0tf eimturgis gs `neubimti` gm am ixtimsgvi ipgdrapfge rienr`-88 Biat ornb saergogeis ùrgmd cardi pncgs

oistgvacs nr cneac ìbi oistgvacs was `gstrghuti` tn tfi pnpucatgnm onr enmsubptgnm at tfi sametuary nr icsiwfiri-85

Pfi saergogei` amgbac was hutefiri` aeenr`gmd tn spiegoge rucis am` was `gvgì` abnmd tfi dn`s# tfi prgists am`

ntfir oumetgnmargis# am` tfi wnrsfgppirs-80 Pfi dn`s wiri dgvim tfi saerub am` tagc &' am` tfi oibur# wfgef

wiri hurmi` nm tfi actar# am` pnssghcy ntfir parts tfat wiri ìpnsgti` onr tfi dn`s nm a tahci-89 Pfi vgseira

&' wiri enmsubi` hy tfi enri drnup no partgegpamts wfn spnmsnri` tfi saergogei-8? Pfi prgists rieigvi`snbi no tfi hist parts no tfi amgbac as fnmnrary sfaris# as `g` egty noogegacs am` vgetnrgnus atfcitis- Pfi ribagmgmd

biat was eut gmtn pgieis no bnri nr ciss tfi sabi sgzi am` `gstrghuti` tn tfi pnpucatgnm-Abnmd tfi pirsnmmic assnegati` wgtf tfi lgccgmd am` hutefirgmd notfi amgbac was tfi # tfi eucgmary

spiegacgst ùrgmd tfi Ecassgeac am` Ficcimgstge pirgn`s- Fi was a hutefir# a biat siccir# am` acsn a ennl sirvgmd at

prgvati nr puhcge neeasgnms-84 Cgtirary am` ipgdrapfge snureis riviac tfat ùrgmd tfi Ecassgeac am` Ficcimgstge

pirgn`s# sametuargis ibpcnyi` badigrng tn pironrb saergogeis nr hutefir amgbacs-

Nm a sybhncge civic# tfi hutefirgmd no tfi saergogegac amgbac am` tfi `gstrghutgnm no gts biat aoogrbi` tfi ensbge

nrìr# tfi `gvgsgnm hitwiim dn`s am` bim-5: Bibhirs no tfi pncgs no Atfims wiri imtgtci` tn tali part gm enccietgvi

aetgvgtgis# suef as saergogeis# am` tn rieigvi a pnrtgnm no tfi saergogegac biat no tfi pncgs- Zartgegpatgmd gm tfi

saergogeis no tfi pncgs was acsn a pironrbamei no nmis egvge gìmtgty# am aetgvgty tfat strimdtfimi` nmis oiicgmd no

hicnmdgmd tn tfi pncgs-51 Nm a praetgeac civic# tfi systib no saergogeis gm tfi Atfimgam pncgs fas enrrietcy hiim

gìmtgogi` as a ri`gstrghutgvi biefamgsb# wfirihy stati risnureis wiri spimt gm nrìr tn sieuri onn` onr tfi

pnpucatgnm-58

- Zrgistcy Zrirndatgvis

Fnmnrary Ufaris am` biat `gstrghutgnm at saergogeis gm ecassgeac AtfimsTfat prgmegpcis dnvirmi` tfi `gstrghutgnm no saergogegac biat &' tn tfi bibhirs no tfi pncgs> Attgegmsergptgnms no tfi 9tf am` 0tf eimturgis ari a rgef snurei no gmonrbatgnm nm tfi fnmnrary sfaris no biat `gstrghuti`

tn prgists# vgetnrgnus atfcitis am` busgegams# am` egty noogegacs# as wicc as tfi iquac sfaris `gstrghuti` tn tfi pinpci at

cardi- Gm a``gtgnm# Attge vasi pagmtgmds ìpgetgmd saergogei am` hutefirgmd suddist tfat cid kngmts riprisimti` tfi

pnrtgnms no biat tfat wiri tfi im` prnùet no tfi saergogegac prneiss- Gm tfi onccnwgmd sietgnms G subbargzi tfi

ivgìmei onr tfi sfaris no biat dramti` tn vargnus eatidnrgis no pinpci-55

Atfimgam prgists am` prgistissis rieigvi` as tfigr prirndatgvis nr 50parts no tfi saergogei` amgbac

&usuaccy acnmd wgtf tfi fgì'# as wicc as ntfir enbistghcis suef as hria`# nr gm snbi easis tfiy rieigvi` bnmiy-59

Aeenr`gmd tn tfi gmsergptgnms# prgistcy pnrtgnms ornb saergogegac amgbacs wiri ìtirbgmi` nm tfi hasgs no tfi prgvati

nr puhcge maturi no iaef saergogei# tfi sgdmgogeamei no tfi euct# tfi `gvgmgty am` gts six# tfi lgm` no amgbac saergogei`#am` wfitfir tfi amgbac was slgmmi`-

Pfi cid kngmt was tfi bnst enbbnm prgistcy prirndatgvi ornb tfi i`ghci parts no tfi saergogei` amgbac gm Atfims

ùrgmd tfi 9tf am` 0tf eimturgis-5? Pfi cid gs nhtagmi` hy euttgmd acnmd tfi sfnucìr nr fgp kngmt am` gs a

riendmgzahci hn`y part# umcgli tfi sbacc euts no biat tfat wiri `gstrghuti` tn tfi pnpucatgnm at cardi- Pfi cid kngmt gs

a sgziahci pgiei no fgdf"quacgty biat# am attraetgvi riwar` nhtagmi` iarcy gm tfi prneiss no amgbac hutefirgmd-54

Gmsergptgnms rioir tn gt as tfi nr - Gt gs umeciar ornb tfi ipgdrapfge rienr` fnw tfisi twn tirbs `gooiri`

nr wfitfir tfiy wiri gmtirefamdiahci-56 A rioirimei gm Atfimaius &7-5?6o'# fnwivir# suddists tfat hntf tirbs

sgdmgogi` tfi sabi tfgmd-


28/50




Zadi

Pfi tfibatge assnegatgnm no cid kngmts wgtf tfi saergogegac prneiss gs vgvg`cy gccustrati` nm sivirac Attge vasis tfat

ìpget tfi hutefirgmd no amgbacs-57 A cati"?tf"eimtury eup gm tfi _gcca Dgucga `gspcays a oiw stadis gm tfi saergogegac

rgtuac &Ogd- 1'-0: Nm nmi sgì no tfi eup# twn ynutfs ari sfnwm earrygmd am amgbac tnwar` a hiarì` bam- Pfi bam#

nmcy partcy prisirvi`# gs eca` gm a cnmd sciiviciss tumge wgtf ibhrngìri` ìenratgnm am` fnc`s a lmgoi gm nmi fam`-

Nm tfi hasgs no sgbgcar riprisimtatgnms# fi eam hi gìmtgogi` as tfi noogegamt at tfi saergogei# bnst cglicy tfi prgist-01

Pn sub up# tfi ipgdrapfge rienr` no `gstrghutgnms no saergogegac biat gm Atfims ùrgmd tfi 9tf am` 0tf eimturgis

attists tfat abnmd tfi i`ghci parts no tfi saergogei` amgbac# tfi cid kngmt was tfi prgmegpac prgistcy prirndatgvi-

Cgtirary am` catir ipgdrapfge ivgìmei nutsgì no Atfims suddists tfat cid kngmts wiri acsn `gstrghuti` as awar`s tn

vgetnrgnus atfcitis- Fnmnrary sfaris ornb saergogegac vgetgbs# usuaccy gm tfi onrb no buctgpci pnrtgnms no biat# wiri

acsn awarì` tn egty noogegacs as wicc as tn gm`gvgùacs wfn pcayi` sgdmgogeamt rncis gm tfi saergogegac rgtuac- Pfi

ribagmgmd bibhirs no tfi pncgs nhtagmi` sfaris no biat tfat wiri bnri nr ciss iquac gm wigdft-

Pfus# tfi systib no puhcge saergogeis hrnudft pinpci tnditfir hy eriatgmd a enbbumgty tfat sfari` tfi saergogegac

biat-4: Pfgs enbbumgty was mnt cgbgti` tn tfi egtgzims no tfi stati no Atfims hut gmecuì` wnbim am` neeasgnmaccy

bitges- Biat `gstrghutgnms himiogti` tfi wgìr enbbumgty wfgci bagmtagmgmd snegac# ricgdgnus# am` ntfir fgirarefgis-

Pfi systib no saergogeis gm Atfims fnmnri` tfi dn`s# dcnrgogi` tfi stati# rigmonrei` tfi pncgtgeac am` snegac status no

eirtagm gm`gvgùacs# am` uctgbaticy himiogti` acc tfi bibhirs no tfi enbbumgty-

Fnmnrary sfaris no saergogegac biat gm attge vasi pagmtgmd-_gsuac sgdms no `gstgmetgnm am` egvge gìmtgty- Pfi Ugdmgogeamei no Biat gm tfi pncgs

_getnrgaPsnulaca

Dinrdi U- Dnn`spii`

Atnmibimt gm Mnm"Efrgstgam Xicgdgnms- Pfi Atnmibimt no Oiar( Am ixeiptgnmac ibirdimey ìbamì` a fubam vgetgb#( hieausi suef a nmi was tfi hist bamlgm` enuc` nooir- (Pfi

amegimt Dirbams cag` gt `nwm#( says Hrgmtnm#88 (tfat gm tgbi no oabgmi hiasts sfnuc` ogrst hi scagm am` nooiri` tn tfi

dn`s- @g` tfisi hrgmd mn ricgio# tfim bim bust hi scaudftiri`< am` go stgcc tfiri was mn ag` ornb nm fgdf# tfim tfi

efgiotagm no tfi trghi fgbsico bust bnumt tfi actar< onr tfi mnhcir am` ìarir tfi vgetgb# tfi bnri pciasi` wiri tfi

dn`s! (

Pfi strglgmd ixabpci no tfgs dgvim gm tfi Assyrgam ipge$0 gs oabgcgar- Tfim tfi saergogei

was nooiri` hy Psgtmapgsftgb# wfn fa` iseapi` tfi ìcudi# (tfi dn`s gmfaci` tfi swiit n`nr#

tfi dn`s datfiri` cgli ocgis ahnut tfi saergogeir-(

Pfi Zfnimgegams am` Eartfadgmgams davi up tfigr efgc`rim hieausi tfisi wiri tfigr ìarist triasuris# am` fimei tfi

ìvntgmd no tfib was bnst cglicy tn sieuri `gvgmi oavnr-( Ugbgcar ixpcamatgnms no tfi sabi rgti hy Driil am` Xnbam

wrgtirs bali gt eciar tfat suef was tfi mntgnm fic` gm ecassgeac amtgqugty-

Dinrdi U- Dnn`spii`

Atnmibimt gm Mnm"Efrgstgam Xicgdgnms- Pfi Atnmibimt no Oiar

Zrnoissnr T- Xnhirtsnm Ubgtf- Uuhstameis gm Uibgtge saergogeis-

\PfiyR (ari `rawm ornb i`ghci suhstameis# am` gmìi` ornb suef suhstameis as onrb tfi nr`gmary stapci no fubamonn`-( 1: Fi a``s; (Acc saergogeis wiri talim hy tfi amegimts as higmd cgtiraccy tfi onn` no tfi dn`s-((# Pfisi dgots

bgdft tfirionri hi igtfir viditahci nr amgbac# dragm nr ocisf- Pfi cattir wiri bnst enbbnm# hieausi ocisf# ridarì`

as tfi bnst ìsgrahci fubam onn`# wnuc` maturaccy hi bnst adriiahci tn tfi fgdfir pnwirs- Gmìi`# Zrnoissnr Ugbnm

dnis sn oar as tn ìrgvi tfi eustnb no amgbac saergogei ornb tfgs rnnt wfim fi says; (Pfi prgbary neeasgnm no amgbac

saergogeis# am` ntfirs rnnti` gm tfib# was prnhahcy tfi ìsgri tn dratgoy tfi dn`s wgtf tfi hist tfat bam fgbsico

imknys-$( Dinrdi U- Dnn`spii` nm Zrnoissnr T- Xnhirtsnm Ubgtf- Uuhstameis gm Uibgtge saergogeis-


29/50




Zadi

Gm tfi nmi easi fi bay hi sag` nhkietgvicy tn tali gmtn enmsgìratgnm tfi fgdfir pnwirs nmcy# tfigr attrghutis#

efaraetir# riqugribimts< gm tfi ntfir fi cnnls prgbargcy wgtfgm fgbsico# enmtibpcatis fgs nwm efaraetir# am` aets

upnm fgs simsi no nhcgdatgnm- Tfgci gt gs mnt acways iasy tn siparati tfisi twn bntgvis"tfi `gstgmetgnm gs cardicy nmi

no ibpfasgs"gt gs pnssghci rnudfcy tn arramdi tfi driat bass no dgots umìr tfi nmi nr tfi ntfir no tfib-

Pfi strglgmd ixabpci no tfgs dgvim gm tfi Assyrgam ipge$0 gs oabgcgar- Tfim tfi saergogei

was nooiri` hy Psgtmapgsftgb# wfn fa` iseapi` tfi ìcudi# (tfi dn`s gmfaci` tfi swiit n`nr#

tfi dn`s datfiri` cgli ocgis ahnut tfi saergogeir-(

?- Gm tfi ogrst gmstamei# tfi wnrsfgpir snudft bnst enbbnmcy tn dgvi tfi dn`s wfat tfiy cgli` tn iat- Pfgs

appiars ivgìmt wfim tfi batirgacs no saergogei acc tfi wnrc` nvir ari amacyzi`- Tfat Zrnoissnr T- Xnhirtsnm Ubgtf

says no Uibgtge saergogeis gs trui no bamy ntfirs; \PfiyR (ari `rawm ornb i`ghci suhstameis# am` gmìi` ornb suef

suhstameis as onrb tfi nr`gmary stapci no fubam onn`-( 1: Fi a``s; (Acc saergogeis- wiri talim hy tfi amegimts as

higmd cgtiraccy tfi onn` no tfi dn`s-((# Pfisi dgots bgdft tfirionri hi igtfir viditahci nr amgbac# dragm nr ocisf- Pfi

cattir wiri bnst enbbnm# hieausi ocisf# ridarì` as tfi bnst ìsgrahci fubam onn`# wnuc` maturaccy

hi bnst adriiahci tn tfi fgdfir pnwirs- Gmìi`# Zrnoissnr Ugbnm dnis sn oar as tn ìrgvi tfi eustnb no amgbac

saergogei ornb tfgs rnnt wfim fi says; (Pfi prgbary neeasgnm no amgbac saergogeis# am` ntfirs rnnti` gm tfib# was

prnhahcy tfi ìsgri tn dratgoy tfi dn`s wgtf tfi hist tfat bam fgbsico imknys-$(

Tfiri ntfir onn`s ari bnri fgdfcy ricgsfi`# tfisi ari wgtf tfi cgli bntgvi dgvim tn tfi ìgty-$5 A maturac vargatgnm notfgs enmeiptgnm# am` pnssghcy ìrgvi` ornb gt# was tfi vgiw tfat tfi dn`s miiì` tfgs onn` am` tfat tfi wnrsfgpir was

prnvg`gmd onr tfigr wamts gm fgs nooirgmd- Pfi strglgmd ixabpci no tfgs dgvim gm tfi Assyrgam ipge$0 gs oabgcgar- Tfim

tfi saergogei was nooiri` hy Psgtmapgsftgb# wfn fa` iseapi` tfi ìcudi# (tfi dn`s gmfaci` tfi swiit n`nr# tfi dn`s

datfiri` cgli ocgis ahnut tfi saergogeir-(

Pfi Zfnimgegams am` Eartfadgmgams davi up tfigr efgc`rim hieausi tfisi wiri tfigr ìarist triasuris# am` fimei tfi

ìvntgmd no tfib was bnst cglicy tn sieuri `gvgmi oavnr-( Ugbgcar ixpcamatgnms no tfi sabi rgti hy Driil am` Xnbam

wrgtirs bali gt eciar tfat suef was tfi mntgnm fic` gm ecassgeac amtgqugty-

( Am ixeiptgnmac ibirdimey ìbamì` a fubam vgetgb#( hieausi suef a nmi was tfi hist bamlgm` enuc` nooir- (Pfi

amegimt Dirbams cag` gt `nwm#( says Hrgmtnm#88 (tfat gm tgbi no oabgmi hiasts sfnuc` ogrst hi scagm am` nooiri` tn tfi

dn`s- @g` tfisi hrgmd mn ricgio# tfim bim bust hi scaudftiri`< am` go stgcc tfiri was mn ag` ornb nm fgdf# tfim tfi

efgiotagm no tfi trghi fgbsico bust bnumt tfi actar< onr tfi mnhcir am` ìarir tfi vgetgb# tfi bnri pciasi` wiri tfi

dn`s! ( Am` aeenr`gmdcy wi ari tnc` tfat wfim gm Eartfadi scavi hnys wiri suhstgtuti` onr tfi efgc`rimno tfi mnhcis gm tfi nooirgmds tn tfi dn`s# tfi ìgtgis wiri amdry am` hrnudft driatir wni upnm tfi stati-

1:- Pfi tramsoir no ibpfasgs ornb wfat Dn` wamts tn wfat bam nwis tn Dn`# wfgef fa` gts part gm tfi onstirgmd no

fubam saergogei as tfi oucogcbimt no tfi supribist nhcgdatgnm# was enmmieti` gm bnst easis wgtf ixeiptgnmac

ixpirgimeis no bgsonrtumi# gmìi` was neeasgnmi` hy tfisi- Gm nr`gmary tgbis gt was imnudf tn liip (at nmi( wgtf

ìgty hy satgsoygmd fgs ìsgris-

Uuooirgmd was tfi sgdm tfat snbitfgmd was wrnmd< gt was gmstamtcy dgvim ricgdgnus sgdmgogeamei< gt ìmnti` tfi

`gspciasuri no tfi pnwirs ahnvi wgtf tfi suooirir# am` eacci` upnm fgb tn ixabgmi fgbsico am` tali biasuris tn

ristnri tfi hrnlim farbnmy- Pfi `netrgmi tfat suooirgmd was tfi sgdm no am` pumgsfbimt onr ( sgm(

was a enbbnmpcaei no amegimt ricgdgnm-85

G G- Hut a strglgmd turm was dgvim tn tfgs `netrgmi wfim tfat wfgef was tfi pimacty eabi acsn tn hi ridarì` as tfi

biams no atnmibimt- @igty gs appiasi` hy tfi imùramei nr ixfghgtgnm no suooirgmd nm tfi part no tfi wnrsfgpir nr a

suhstgtuti onr fgb-

Fnw tfgs pngmt no vgiw was arrgvi` at"wfitfir hy ardugmd tfat wfat Dn` gmocgeti` upnm bam fi was pciasi` wgtf< nrhy enmecu`gmd tfat tn dgvi nmisico tn suooir umìr `gvgmi pumgsfbimt was tn dgvi nmi$s hist"bay mnt hi eciar- Hut tfi

pnsgtgnm nmei talim tfat suooirgmd mnt biricy gbpcgis `gvgmi `gspciasuri# hut acsn pnssissis prnpgtgatnry pnwir# a

driat hn`y no atnmgmd praxgs spramd up umìr gts gmocuimei- Ti ari gmtrnùei` hy gt tn tfat hrna` ogic` no tfi

bamgoistatgnms no pagm gm ricgdgnus rgtuac- Dramt atnmgmd ioogeaey tn pagm# am` gt gs hut a stip tn ridar` sico"gmocgeti`

suooirgmd as paraccic gm gts rienmegcgmd onrei tn tfat `gvgmicy gmocgeti`- Pfi fahgt no tfi Orgim`cy Gscamìrs# (wfim

aoocgeti` wgtf amy àmdirnus `gsnrìr# tn eut noo tfigr cgttci ogmdir as am nooirgmd tn tfi ìgty#( 80 tfi dasfis baì

upnm tfigr hn`gis hy tfi prgists no Haac wfim subbnmgmd tfigr dn` tn Bt- Earbic# am` acc tfi ntfir sico"butgcatgnms

am` caeiratgnms gm tfi sirvgei no ricgdgnm# ixabpcis no wfgef ari ourmgsfi` gm acc parts no tfi wnrc`""tistgoy tn tfgs


30/50




Zadi

stramdi am` ribarlahci hicgio- Ugbgcarcy# tfi suhkietgnm no vgetgbs tn tnrturi hionri

18- Amntfir aspiet no tfi sa

Documents

stoics in the city: resisting the system