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senior capstone project
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stitching the past to the future: patching the fabric of historic downtown louisvillelillian abbot agel . senior capstone project . doug pardue . spring 2011
art
architecture
historyagriculture
the future
plan
the past
family
people
the place
table of contents
past: the history of the place ... background ........................... 4... location map ......................... 4
present: a hometown... adjacent land use map .......... 6... photo inventory .................... 7... vegetation analysis ............... 10... brownfi eld analysis ............... 11... vacant buildings analysis ...... 12... vacant spaces analysis .......... 13... composite void analysis ........ 14
future: designing a legacy... social concept ....................... 16... environmental concept ......... 17... economic concept ................ 18... masterplan ........................... 19... the broad street median ....... 20... the four way stop .................. 21... the courthouse lawn ............. 21... context connections ............. 22... the green .............................. 24... pine street ............................ 25... bibliography and thanks ....... 32
Time yields landscapes with depth. The eff ect of time makes old cities captivating. The lack of the eff ect of time renders uninspiring subdivisions.
Time transformed Louisville into a place. Today, Louisville is visibly rooted in the past and shows a promising future.
past : present : future
augusta
louisville
savannah
athens
atlanta
ogeechee river
interstate 20
macon
highway 1
highway 1to maine
highway 1to miami
History is uniquely attached to the location of Louisville. As early settlers moved inland from Savannah along the swampy Ogeechee River, they chose an ideal location on a high spot above the river and named it Louisville, after France’s King Louis XVI. Louisville became Georgia’s fi rst permanent capital.
The Ogeechee River still draws people to Louisville, albeit now its user groups are “explorers” with recreational pursuits. The Ogeechee is 245 miles long and completely undammed. Boaters regularly paddle the cypress-fi lled, alligator-infested blackwater from Louisville to Savannah.
US Highway 1 boosted Louisville’s hospitality industry well into the 20th century, bringing tired travelers into the downtown business district. Before the interstate era, US 1 was the premier north-south freeway, connecting Maine to Miami.
Louisville is conveniently located an hour south of Augusta, and about two hours from Atlanta, Athens, Macon, and Savannah. Today, It’s not uncommon for Louisville residents to have jobs in these surrounding cities.
past: the history of the place
4
Louisville isn’t just a site. Louisville isn’t just a town. Louisville is a home. In Louisville, a neighbor is likely family. Kids play in the streets, just like their grandparents did sixty years ago. In Louisville, a sidewalk will take you everywhere. Grand live oak trees shade out the violent August heat. Sitting is a revered activity. Supper can be bought with an iou. Churches anchor every corner. White houses tell decadent stories of other eras. Civic buildings remind of us of our inherited values. Landscapes last forever, and history lives on.
present: a hometown
5
1/4 mi1/2 mi3/4 mi1 mi
highway 1 northto jchs
to wrensto augusta
highway 1 southto wadleyto swainsboroto 1-16
highway 24 eastto waynesboro
highway 24 westto sandersville
to grangeto fall line freeway
to midville
to keysville
markethouse
ogeechee river
rocky comfort creek
historic downtown district
rec department elds
hospital
elementary school
private school
middle school
courthouse
revolutionary war cemetery
city owned parcel-possible future park
fairgroundslyons club
armory
tra c light
major development on hwy 1 bypass
city park & playground
airport
industrial park
louisville city limitsOne tra c light and 3000 people: Louisville is truly a tiny town. But Louisville is not without services or style, as this surrounding land use map aims to describe.
The Highway 1 Bypass around the western half of town attracts industries, fast food restaurants and big box development, conveniently protecting downtown’s historic scale and character.
Most residents live in neighborhoods between downtown and the bypass, within one mile of downtown Louisville.
Louisville surpasses other towns of similar size in the services o ered, speci cally the hospital and the public education system. Under generations of good leadership, Louisville has collected many types of public park spaces.
thermo king
historic downtown study area
market house
commercial/industrial zones
community buildings and churches
designed park space
potential park space
neighborhoods
library
present: city limits
6
present: photo inventory of the place
old white houses, cypress trees in the Ogeechee River, and rural agricultural scenery
7
present: photo inventory of the site
jeff erson county courthouse broad street pine street
8
present: photo inventory of the site
fi rehouse art gallery the broad street median telling details on pine street
the markethouse the old sunday school building the west end of broad street
9
broad streetbroad street
l o u i s v i l l e : v e g e t a t i o n a n a l y s i s
Downtown Louisville’s most unique identi er is its trees. Many historic downtowns have crape myrtles and japanese maple street trees. Louisville has those too, but even better, Louisville has a remarkable live oak enveloped median. Even as a small child, I knew these trees were special--nothing else can protect you from the crushing humidity and sunshine on a hot summer day.
Pedestrian activity seems to be remarkably linked to vegetation. The blocks of Broad Street that face the live oak median have more bustle: more cars, more people, more economic activity, more shade. Georgia isn’t always hot, but it usually is. We gravitate towards the physical relief of ltered sunlight, but also, we relish the visual charac-ter. The area of Broad Street between the Pal Theatre and the 4-way stop is lacking both the real and perceived live oak atmo-sphere.
Broad Street and the impact of a tree canopy
area of concentrated energyless active block of Broad Street
live oak tree
present: vegetation and circulation analysis
10
pine street alley
broad street
seventh street
wal
nut s
tree
t
peac
htre
e st
reet
mul
berr
y st
reet
gree
n st
reet
4 way stoplivery stable
louisville: brown eldsHistory: you can try to forget, but it leaves physical artifacts for the next generation. Sometimes, we protect these tangible pieces of the past: Je erson County’s churches, the Markethouse, Willis Denny’s courthouse, etc.
Brown elds, typically toxic pieces of land used over time for various industrial processes, are classi ed as the artifacts a ecting the health and safety of citizens and the environment. The EPA has special requirements for managing these pieces of history.
Louisville is currently working with the EPA and UGA’s Fanning Institute to envision a Brown eld Redevelopment Plan to remove toxins threatening Louisville’s health, and to prescribe long term goals to rekindle each site’s contribution to the community. The Brown eld Redevelopment Plan addresses sites scattered across city limits; three of these sites fall within the scope of this project.
The 4-Way Stop marks a major threshold crossing into Louisville. In the 20th century it was used as a gas station. Gas tanks are still buried underground, but the structure was dismantled long ago. Now, the site sits empty and without a program, nor a future.
The Livery Stable has serviced many modes of transportation. At some point in history, the building stopped shoeing horses and began
lling gas tanks. More recently, the stable functioned as a hardware store. It will reopen as an auction house soon, but the EPA deems it a necessary rehabilitation site.
present: brownfi elds
11
pine street alley
broad street
seventh street
wal
nut s
tree
t
peac
htre
e st
reet
mul
berr
y st
reet
gree
n st
reet
louisville: vacant buildings
Louisville has quite a few vacant properties. Some of the buildings are funky, historic and in need of a new purpose. Others are sad leftovers from another Louisville era.
Either way, these buildings are not contributing to the life of downtown; they are not creating their own activity and vibrance. They do have promise, and can contribute to a recharged urban landscape.
present: vacant buildings
12
pine street alley
broad street
seventh street
wal
nut s
tree
t
peac
htre
e st
reet
mul
berr
y st
reet
gree
n st
reet
city-owned parcel continues down to the river, currently without purpose or use
the revolutionary war cemetery
louisville: vacant spaces
Additionally, and arguably more importantly, one sees chunky voids in the landscape fabric of downtown Louisville. These are comparatively large sections of land in the downtown area. Currently these lots make little contribution to the overall character and kinetic energy of the downtown scene; because of their prominent location these sites hold tremendous potential energy.
This lump classi cation of vacant spaces includes super uous paved surface lots, a derelict service alley, an unappreciated historic cemetery and an undeveloped, city-owned parcel that connects downtown to Rocky Comfort Creek and the Ogeechee River.
The Pine Street Alley needs a plan. Pine Street is under used and over run with messy and reckless vines, creating a perception of an unsafe area. The community needs the alley to function as a service alley for downtown, but the space could be so much more. With increased circulation between downtown and Pine Street, public plazas and outdoor eating spaces can mix into a safe alley.
Pine Street could also weave Louisville’s loose ends into the fabric of town. Originally, “town” was intended to stretch down to the river, but neighborhoods grew in the opposite direction, following atter, higher ground. The City of Louisville already owns the parcel between downtown and the river, as well as the overlooked Revolutionary War Cemetery. This park space would lace our ancestors to future generations, reactivating historic sites (our foundation) and nally attaching our historic landscapes to our downtown.
present: vacant spaces
13
pine street alley
broad street
seventh street
wal
nut s
tree
t
peac
htre
e st
reet
mul
berr
y st
reet
gree
n st
reet
4 way stoplivery stable
city-owned parcel continues down to the river, currently without purpose or use
the revolutionary war cemetery
louisville: composite void analysis
Vacant landscapes do not surround active thresholds and busy buildings. Logic suggests a reciprocal connection. This is the reason to design a fresh, modern landscape.
present: composite void analysis
14
future: designing a legacy connect the people to the place and the place to the context
15
futu
re: c
once
pt o
nesc
ale:
1”=
100’
Many ideas from the social concept carried forward to the masterplan in downtown Louisville. Downtown will never be an industrial/manufacturing area. The social scene downtown determines economic success.
16
futu
re: c
once
pt tw
osc
ale:
1”=
100’
The environmental concept encourages casual and naturalized forms. These forms do not respect the formality of historic downtown Louisville and were not included in the subsequent masterplan. However, the masterplan reaps broad ideas from the environmental concept. This concept encourages the synthesis of built and natural, bringing the themes of agriculture and natural, verdant ecosystems into downtown.
17
futu
re: c
once
pt th
ree
scal
e: 1
”=10
0’
scale: 1”=100’
The economic concept shows the most infi ll development of the three concepts. It could be a good 100 year plan, but this masterplan focuses attention on growth and development in the next 50 years.
18
0’
5’ 80’
180’40’
20’
10’
future: the masterplan
mul
berr
y st
reet
gree
n st
reet
wal
nut s
tree
t
peac
htre
e st
reet
seventh street
broad street
pine street the courthouse
the markethouse
proposed passive park
preserve: identify and protect the crucial pieces of the historic landscape fabricmend: restore the void spaces in the landscape fabric to the original or intended elegance
weave: interlace a new thread or theme into the landscape fabric and plan a direction for growth
The most vibrant landscape fabrics show the element of time: past present future.
This masterplan seeks to preserve the beauty of the inherited landscape wisdom and preserve the beauty. The masterplan aims to mend the worn out or unfi nished swatches to match the historic fabric. The masterplan intends to weave a new pattern into the old fabric, the thread that will carry on to the next generation.
19
mul
berr
y st
reet
broad street
the markethouse
mature oaks form the shady spine of broad street
preserve: the broad street medianPreserve the Broad Street streetscape that makes downtown Louisville unique. Keep the live oak trees and the brick plazas. The median grants Louisville charm and makes Louisville comfortable to pedestrians.
peac
htre
e st
reet
broad street
the fl owering orchard
columns frame the streetscapemend: the four way stopMend the downtown threshold. Restore the brownfi eld. Use the orchard motif to bring the idea of agriculture into town. Install columns in front of the auto shop to frame the sidewalk and mend the downtown street wall.
20
preserve mend weave: the courthouse lawn
broad street
gree
n st
reet
remembrance forecourt
the courthouse
Preserve the views of Willis Denny’s architectural masterpiece. Provide space for civic gatherings and honor the memory of those who died defending freedom and democracy. Mend the lawn. Restore the historic circulation and the main axis. Gather the county’s collection of patriotic paraphernalia in a forecourt. Weave a new thread. Plan open spaces in the memorial forecourt to recognize future patriots so that our grandchildren might be honored along with our grandparents.
a sketch of the remembrance forecourt walking towards the front of the
courthouse
21
mend weave: connect the town to the contextMend both the fi gurative and literal connections between the town and the rural landscape. Remove unattractive infi ll buildings to encourage circulation between Broad Street and Pine Street. The natural environment meets the town in axial plazas. Weave a sculptural lighting system along the trail to the river. This sculpture evokes the irrigation systems that delineate rural Georgia landscape. The irrigation system takes water to the crops, but this system guides people to the water. This lighting system metaphorically connects the agriculture systems that support Louisville to the town itself, while serving as a constant physical connection to our precious water resources.
a plaza connects the center of historic downtown louisville to the woods
mul
berr
y st
reet
pine street
dining terrace
alley parking
the markethouse
mulberry plaza
proposed passive park
broad street
the plaza in plan view showing the section line
22
sketches of a proposed lighting system
23
protect mend weave: the green
24
sculpture
proposed buildings open to
a dining patio
proposed building
the historic stable
the green
mul
berr
y st
reet
broad street
+338
+341.5
+339
+340
+338.5
protect mend weave: the green
Protect and respect the livery stable and henderson auto shop. Carefully add infi ll buildings to augment the historic buildings. Mend the broken landscape. Reframe Broad Street with infi ll buildings and a strong civic space. Continue the live oak canopy to the four way stop. Encourage pedestrian traffi c and a lively downtown atmosphere. Weave public art into the landscape. a view of the proposed infi ll from the intersection of
Broad & Mulberry
25
public art sparkles on pine street
+334
+324
+333
rain gardenextra parking is provided on pervious parking lots on pine street a sidewalk along the park
transports pedestrians to the courthouse
+330
a new alley takes
cars and pedestrians
to pine street the river park
+338.5protect mend weave: pine street
Protect the city’s architectural heritage and its natural environment. Use the woods as a complement to town life. Mend Pine Street. Clean up the service road. Use it for parking and deliveries. Weave reclaimed or symbolic materials into the landscape. Express the theme of rural agriculture in the downtown scene.
26
protect mend weave: the courtyard on pine streetProtect the historic buildings. Remove only the storefront that is not part of the historic district. Mend the Pine Street landscape. Design programmed spaces like this courtyard to encourage people to use Pine Street. Weave purposeful ornamentation into the landscape. A gutter brings water to the rain garden in a sculpture reminiscent of fi eld irrigation systems. Reclaimed steel drums and reclaimed wainscoting live another life as planters. A cable trellis supports gelsemium and wisteria vines and accentuates the old brick walls.
27
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(9) MISCANTHUS SINENSIS 'ADAGIO'
(17) MUHLENBERGIA CAPILLARIS
(5) MISCANTHUS SINENSIS 'GRACILMILLUS'
(3) CEPHALANTHUS OCCIDENTALIS
(7) CHASMONANTHUS LATIFOLIUM
(12) MISCANTHUS SINENSIS 'ADAGIO'
(5) MISCANTHUS SINENSIS 'ADAGIO'
(13) WISTERIA FRUTESCENS &(12) GELSEMIUM SEMPERVIRENS,ALTERNATING
(5) CARPINUS CAROLINIANA
(1) ACER RUBRUM
(8) TRACHELOSPERMUM ASIATICUM
(5) FORSYTHIA X INTERMEDIA
(3) MYRICA CERIFERA
PINE BARK MULCH
CONTAINER ACONTAINER B
CONTAINER C
3
1
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SCALE: 1"=10'PLANTING PLAN
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mend weave: the courtyard planting plan scale: 1”=10’
Mend the Pine Street landscape. Shrubs and trees give defi nition and border to the previously aimless Pine Street. Alles of plants to lead people from Broad Street across Pine street into the park. Weave functional plants seamlessly into a southern plant palette. These plants are hardy survivors of Georgia summers without excessive watering. Additionally, a collection of fl owery ornamental grasses fi lter and infi ltrate stormwater falling on the roof of the Pal Theatre.
28
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UNCOMPACTED,PREPAREDTOPSOIL, TYPDRAINAGE STONE3
4"-1" IN DIA., TYP.2'
-0"
1'-3"
RECLAIMED CLEANSTEEL DRUM, 1'3" O,APPROVED BY LAR
RECLAIMED CLEAN STEEL DRUM, 2' O,APPROVED BY LAR
RECLAIMEDWAINSCOATING ORAPPROVEDALTERNATIVE
1'-0
"0'
-1"
3'-0"
DRILL 1" DRAINS 6"O.C., TYP.
3'-0
"
2'-0"
/
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UNCOMPACTED,PREPARED TOPSOIL, TYP
DRAINAGE STONE3
4"-1" IN DIA., TYP.DRILL 1" DRAINS 6"O.C., TYP.
UNCOMPACTED,PREPAREDTOPSOIL, TYPDRAINAGE STONE3
4"-1" IN DIA., TYP.
DRILL 1" DRAINS 6"O.C., TYP.
CONTAINER A CONTAINER CCONTAINER B
1PLANTER DETAILSSCALE: 1 12"=1'
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weave: the courtyard details Weave thoughtful details into a functional landscape. The following details carefully consider the past and the honor future of Louisville. Details aim to warp one’s sense of time in the landscape, seamlessly blending the proposed new landscape with the historic, aged landscape. Plant containers are built with reclaimed materials. A wide gap in a cable trellis frames 100 year old bricks. The new concrete courtyard v and acid-stained so that it might develop an aged patina.
29
0'-6
"1'
-0"
1'-0
"1'
-0"
1'-0
"2'
-0"
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"1'
-0"
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x x
THREAD CABLES THROUGH5
8"HOLES DRILLED ACROSSTHE DIA. OF ARBOR POST
14" THICK BLACK CABLE WIRE
RUNS PERP TO ARBOR POST; TOFINISH, PASS CABLE THROUGHPOST AND WRAP TO FRONT;SECURE THE ENDS WITH 3CLAMPS EVENLY SPACED OVER 8"
3" DIA. BLACK METAL TUBING
VINES SPACED E. 6' O.C. BETWEENARBOR POSTS; TRAIN VINES TOGROW HORIZONTALLY ACROSSARBOR BEFORE GROWINGVERTICALLY
POURED IN PLACE CONCRETEANCHOR BURIED MIN. 2"UNDER TOP SOIL
4" #57 CRUSHER RUN
4'9", TYP.
9'0"
, TY
P.
0'-2
"1'
-6"
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2CABLE ARBOR DETAILSCALE: 3
4"=1'
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4' x 9' NON PAINTED CAST IRON TREE GRATE,V8594 FROM EAST JORDAN IRON WORKS,OR APPROVED EQUAL
CONCRETE ANCHOR
0'-1
1 2"
4" FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE, BROOM FINISHPERP TO SIDEWALK, NO TROWELED EDGE, NOCONTROL JOINTS, EXP. JOINT E. 10' O.C. FROM A.RUBRUM, ACID STAINED FINISH
12" EXPANSION JOINT
4" #57 CRUSHER RUN
RECLAIMEDMODULAR BRICKAPPROVED BY LAR,SET IN 3 8" MORTARSETTING BED INBASKETWEAVEPATTERN,SANDSWEPTJOINTS
UNCOMPACTED PREPARED TOPSOIL
COMPACTED SUBGRADE,95% STD. PROCTOR
4" FIBER REINFORCEDCONCRETE, BROOM FINISHEDPERP TO DIRECTION OF TRAFFIC,NO TROWELED EDGE, CONTROLJOINTS E. 5', EXP. JOINT E. 25,'ACID STAINED FINISH
0'-8" 5'-0" 10'-0" 4'-0"
2SIDEWALK AND COURTYARD SECTIONSCALE:1"=2'
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BibliographyRural by Design by
Randall Arendt
Detail in Contemporary Landscape Architecture
by Virginia McLeod
Wikipedia
Friends of Historic Downtown Louisville
website
Jeff erson County Historical Society
With many thanks to the Jeff erson
County Chamber of Commerce,
and to the town that raised me.