Stimulating STEM related skills development and … · Stimulating STEM related skills development and women’s entrepreneurship through ICT: Experience from SE Asia ... Singapore

STEMGenderEqualityCongressFriday9June2017

StimulatingSTEMrelatedskillsdevelopmentand

women’sentrepreneurshipthroughICT:

ExperiencefromSEAsia

Dr LilyYuInternationalProjectPlanningandDevelopmentDivisionGFF

GFF

ICTSkillsdevelopmentforWomenandGirlsinSoutheastAsia

ThegendergapintheSEAsianworkforceis23%points

82%

Men

59%

23%

WomenSource:SPF-Dalberg2017

79

Myanmar

86

77%

81

52

28

81 79

66

Philippines

54

82

70

Singapore Cambodia Laos

53

Vietnam

78

8682

7875

Thailand

86 88

Indonesia

52

81

Malaysia

50%

Timor-Leste

57

BruneiDarussalam

MaleLabourForceParticipationRate

FemaleLabourForceParticipationRate

Globalaverageforfemalelabourforce

participation

Globalaverageformalelabourforceparticipation

Source:SPF-Dalberg2017

FemaleandmalelabourforceparticipationratesinSEAsia(%)

ThemajorityoffuturejobsinSEAsiawillrequireICTskills

By2030,itisexpectedthatupto80%jobsinSEAsiawillrequirebasicdigitalliteracyandappliedICTskills

80%


TheincreasingrequirementforbasicandappliedICTskillsinSoutheastAsianjobsoverthenextdecade


200

250

450

150

50

100

300

350

400

02020 2025 2030

JobsthatneedadvancedICTskillsJobsthatneedbasicandappliedICTskillsTotaljobs

TotaljobsinSoutheastAsiaareexpectedtoincreaseslowlyoverthecomingyears

ThemajorityofjobswillrequireICTliteracyacrossavarietyofprofessionalfields(e.g.jobgrowthsectors,suchaslogisticsandsales)

AminorityofjobswillrequireadvancedICTskillsininformationtechnologyfields(e.g.ITandmathematicsjobsmaydeclineinthenearfuture)

FewjobsinthefuturewillnotrequireanyICTskills(e.g.manufacturingjobsareexpectedtodecline,andtheremainingjobswillincreasinglybe“greycollar”jobsthatrequiretechnologyskills)

Num

bero

fjob

s(millions)

Year

EmploymentandICToutlookinASEANcountriesbyjobgroup



MobilephoneownershipandInternetusage

20%

39%

24%

38%

73%

43%

Indonesia Thailand

Women'sInternetUsageWomen'sMobilePhoneOwnership

20%

39%

77%

24%

40%

81%38%

73%

85%

43%

89%

Women'sInternetUsage Men'sInternetUsageWomen'sMobilePhoneOwnership Men'sMobilePhoneOwnership

20%

39%

77%

24%

40%

81%38%

73%

85%

43%

89%

Indonesia Thailand Singapore Source:SPF-Dalberg2017

Indonesia 52%

100%

15%

17%

Thailand 39%

33%

Philippines

43%

70% 10% 20%

Malaysia

34%

18%

49%Vietnam

72% 20% 8%

Singapore 86%

89% 11%BruneiDarussalam

14% IndustryAgriculture

ServicesModerate

High

Low

LevelofICTUseSector

SectordivisionofthecurrentfemalelabourforceinSEAsia


JobsestimatedatriskduetoautomationacrossSEAsia(%)

35%

Women’sJobsatRisk

100%

21%

TotalJobs Men’sJobsatRiskJobsLikelytoRemainStable

JobsatRisk

44%

56%

EvenjobslikelytoremainstablewillrequiremoreICTskills

Atriskjobswillmostlybereplacedbyjobsthat

requirestrongerICTskills


BarrierstodevelopinginterestinICT BarrierstoacquiringICTskills Barrierstoenteringtheworkforce

• Genderbiasesstereotypetechnologyasamaledomaino Parentsandteachersencouragegirls

lessthanboysinpursuingICTskillseducation

o Secondaryschoolgirlstendtoexhibitlowerinterestandself-esteeminSTEMsubjectscomparedtoothersubjects

o Fewfemalerolemodelsintechnologyexisttodrivegirls’aspirations

o GirlsandwomenhaveloweraccesstoICTtoolsandconnectivitythanboysandmen

• GirlsandwomenhavelimitedtimetopursueICTskilladoptionbecausetheyareresponsibleforover70%ofdomesticandcarework

• Girlsandwomenhavelimitedmobility,whichrestrictstheiraccesstoinpersonICTtraining

• Familiesspendmoreoneducationforboysandmenthanoneducationforgirlsandwomen(includingICTtraining)

• Girlsandwomenfaceonlineharassment,whichlimitstheironlineactivitytopracticeICTskills

• Trainingsprovidelimitedgendersensitivecontentanddelivery,whichhindersICTskilladoption

• WomenperceiveexistingICTjobsasunattractivebecause:o Womenreceivelowerwagesthan

meno Womengainfewerpromotions

thanmen• Womenhaveweakernetworksto

leverageintheirjobsearch

• Womenfacegenderdiscriminationinhiringpractices

1 2 3

BarriersfacedbygirlsandwomenthataffectICTandSTEMskilladoptionandemployment


Teachersinteractwithboystwiceasmuchasgirlsformathandscience

80%


39%ofteacherinteractionsare

withgirls

SCIENCEMATH

35%ofteacherinteractionsare

withgirls

61%ofteacherinteractionsarewithboys

65%ofteacherinteractionsarewithboys DataforVietnam

Math Science

NosurveyedprogrammescurrentlyhavetheprimarypurposeofeliminatinggenderbiasesandfosteringaninterestinICTforgirlsandwomenindependentofICTskilladoption

Girls

Women

ReducebarrierstodevelopinginterestinICT ReducebarrierstoacquiringICTskills Reducebarrierstoenteringtheworkforce1 2 3

ThepurposeofselectprogrammesthatfosterICTskilladoptionforgirlsandwomeninSoutheastAsia



Highlightfemalerolemodelstoincrease

theconfidenceofgirlsandwomen

• Connectingwomenwithrolemodelsintechnology-relatedjobstoshareexperiencesbreaksgenderstereotypesandallowswomentobetterenvisionfuturecareersinICTandSTEMfields

1 • ProfilingsuccessfulwomeninSTEMfieldsasrolemodelsresonateswithgirlsaged17-19yearsoldandisaneffectivemeansofencouragingthemtoconsiderSTEMcareers1

• Researchfoundthatgirlsandwomenperformbetterwhentheyknowsuccessfulfemalerolemodels2

DesignPrinciple Description SupportingEvidence

DesignprinciplesforprovidingICTskillstogirlsandwomen



LeveragecontentthatportraysICTasafemaledomain

• Usingcustomised,genderresponsivecontentthatappealstogirlsandwomenimprovesICTandSTEMlearningoutcomesforthem• Examplesincludeinvolvingmoregirlsindiagramsinmathandcomputerscienceclasses

2 • Thecontentofteachingandlearningmaterials,particularlytextbooks,perpetuatestraditionalgenderrolesanddiscouragesgirlsfrompursuingSTEMfields(e.g.inIndonesia,aGrade7textbookincludesagraphicofonlymenlearningscience)3




• Providingprofessionaldevelopmenttoteachersongendersensitivestrategiestoinvolveandcatertogirlsandwomenneedsensuresgreaterparticipationandeffectivenessofgendersensitivecontent• ExamplesincludeteachersexplicitlyinteractingwithandcallingongirlsduringICTandSTEMclassesorschedulingeveningclassesforworkingwomen

Reinforcegendersensitivedeliverytoincreasefemale

participationandskilladoption

3 • MathandscienceteachersinteractwithboystwiceasmuchaswithgirlsinsomeSoutheastAsianclassrooms,resultinginlowerparticipation,learningoutcomesandinterestfromgirlsintheseclasses4





• Womenfaceagendergapofupto5percentagepointsinaccesstotheInternetandmobilephoneownership5,6

• InterviewssuggestthatevenwhenwomenownICTdevices,menandchildrenmayusethemmorethanwomenthemselves7

• GirlsandwomenfacedifficultyinaccessingthetoolsandconnectivityneededtobenefitfromICT-orientedprogrammes(e.g.computers,mobilephones,theInternet)• Affordabilityofdevicesandnetwork/dataconnectionsisamajordeterrentforwomen

Leveltheplayingfieldforwomenaround

accesstoICT

4

ReducebarrierstodevelopinginterestinICT

ReducebarrierstoacquiringICTskills

Reducebarrierstoenteringtheworkforce

• ReviewschoolcurriculatoensuregendersensitivityandsustainedintegrationofICT

• MandateICTeducationinexistinggovernmentskillsprogrammes,withanemphasisongirlsandwomen

Primary

TypeofRole

Supporting

• Explorearights-basedapproachtoenableaccesstoICTtoolsandconnectivityforwomen

• Supportpolicytoimproveworkplacegenderequalityandfairhiringpractices

• Engagetheprivatesectortoassessnationalskillneeds

Policymakers

Philanthropies

Privatesectorbusinesses

• Researchanddisseminatefindingsonincreasingwomen’sadoptionofICTskills

• GeneratethoughtleadershipontheimpactandstrategiesofmitigatingandreversingnegativegenderbiasesthatpreventwomenfrompursuingICTskillsandwork

• BuildnetworksbetweenorganisationstolinkwomenfromICTtrainingtoworkforceentry

• TrainexistingemployeesandwomeninsupplychainsonICTskills,particularlybasicandappliedICTskills

• HighlightsuccessfulfemalerolemodelswhouseICT

• PartnerwithICTtrainingprogrammestohiremorewomen

• Provideoptionstoworkvirtually

1 2 3

FosteringICTskilladoptionforgirlsandwomen

GFF

GrowingWomen’sEntrepreneurshipthroughICTinSoutheastAsia

20.79 20.62

12.6814.14 13.73 13.22 12.95

7.79

12.08

8%

12%

Singapore

12%

CambodiaPhilippines

8%

Thailand Laos

13%13%14%

Vietnam

14%

Myanmar

13%

21%

MalaysiaIndonesia

21%

Percentageofwomenwhoareentrepreneurs

Efficiencydriveneconomies Factordriveneconomies

5.1 16.6 1.2 4.4 0.3 2.3 0.6 2.3 0.2Thenumberofinformal,micro-,

small- andmedium-sizedbusinessesownedbywomen(inmillions)

Innovationdriveneconomy

RegionalaverageforEastandSoutheastAsia

Globalaverage

RatesoffemaleentrepreneurshipandproportionofinformalbusinessesacrossSEAsia


Vietnam

27%

18%17%

21%

25%

21%

28%

Indonesia Thailand

15%20%

24%

Singapore

10%9%

MalaysiaPhilippines

28%

43%

FemaleentrepreneursMaleentrepreneurs

Morewomenthanmenstartbusinessesoutofnecessity Nominaldifferencebetweenwomenandmenwhostartbusinessesoutofnecessity

femaleentrepreneurs

Regionalaverage

maleentrepreneurs

Percentageoffemaleandmaleentrepreneurswhostartabusinessduetoalackofalternateemploymentoptions


<13

33

41

5

Men

3

Women

25

<1

26

11

SmallBusinesses (5-49employees)

InformalandOwner-OperatedBusinessesMicrobusinesses (1-4employees)

MediumBusinesses (50-249employees)

Women-ownedandmen-ownedbusinessesdifferinscaleinSoutheastAsia(inmillions)


<1%

88%

5%6%

Malaysia

1

6%

MyanmarPhilippines

89%

4%

94%

6%

22

5

82%

10%

88%

5%

63%

23%

<1%7%

Thailand

8%

Vietnam

17

Indonesia

14%<1%

<1%4

SmallBusinessesMediumBusinesses

InformalandOwner-OperatedBusinessesMicrobusinesses

Women-ownedbusinessesbyfirmsizeacrosssixSEAsianmarketsandtotalnumberofMSMEs


8%

16%

21%

48%

31%

39%

25%

8%

19%

22%

26%

41%

42%

24%

29%

Philippines

Cambodia 3%

100%

Vietnam

Indonesia Unserved

Well-served

Optedoutofformalcredit

Underserved

Femaleentrepreneurs’accesstoformalcredit


Womenhaveloweraccesstofinancethanmen

Womenhaveloweraccesstomarketsthanmen

Womenfacedifficultygainingskillstogrowabusiness

Customised,digitalcreditscoringforwomenbasedonpasttransactionsormobilehistorycanallowwomenbetterloanterms

Virtualmentoringallowswomentoaskquestionsandreinforcelearning

skills

E-commerceallowswomentosellfrom

anywhereandanytime

Onlinecrowdfundingcanprovidefundingsolelyforwomenanddiversifies

women’sfundingsources

Digitalfinanceservicesallowwomentocircumventlocal

institutionsthatmaydiscriminateagainstthem

E-learningallowswomentopursuetraining

anywhereandanytime

E-learningreducesthetimeandcostforwomen

totraveltotraining

Digitalloanapplicationsshortendisbursementtimes

E-commerceallowswomentoaccessaglobalcustomerbaseandbetter

marketinformation

E-commerceallowswomentoreducethetimeandcosttoserve

customersBarriers

IncreaseAnonymityandReduceGender

Biases

ConnectionsandKnowledgeSharing

FlexibilitytoShiftTimeandPlace

TimeandCostEfficiencies


HowICTcanhelpfemaleentrepreneursgrowtheirbusiness

IncreaseAnonymityandReduceGender

Biases

ConnectionsandKnowledgeSharing

FlexibilitytoShiftTimeandPlace

TimeandCostEfficiencies

Womendo70%ofthedomestic/carework

Womenareperceivedaslesscapablebusinessleaders

Womenhavelowermobilitythanmen

E-commercecanmasktheseller’sgender,whichallowswomentoreducediscriminationfrommalesuppliersandcustomers

Socialmediaenablesfemaleentrepreneurstonetworkfromhome

ICT-basedmessagingcanadvocateforshared

domesticresponsibilities

PromotingfemaleentrepreneurrolemodelsthroughICTincreases

women’sconfidenceandmotivationtopursueentrepreneurship

ICTallowsfemaleentrepreneurstheabilitytoworkflexiblehoursand

fromhome

Digitalfulfillmentande-commerceallowswomentoaccessfinanceandmarketsfromhome

Digitalfulfillmentenableswomentoaccessinputsandmarketsmorequicklyandaffordablyfromhome

Socio-Cu

lturalR

ootC

auses


HowICTcanhelpfemaleentrepreneursgrowtheirbusiness

MobileMicrofranchisingBusinessWoman(UsahaWanita)

Sellingtootherwomenhelpeddrivetheprofitabilityofbusinesses sincewomenweremorelikelytobuyfromotherwomen

Country-specific,relevantcontentcoveredpracticalguidancetoaddressreal-worldbusinesschallenges(e.g.sourcesofcapital,customerrelationshipmanagement)

Reach

Entrepreneurship/EmploymentOutcomes

Keylearning

Overview TheGrameenFoundationhelpedfemaleentrepreneurstostartandgrowsmallscaletelecommunicationbusinesses

BusinessWoman(UsahaWanita)isamobileinformationservicethatdeliversrelevantbusinesssetupandmanagementinformationtofemaleentrepreneurs

Over14,000women 12,000women

98%ofmenteegraduatesbuiltbusinessskillsthatcanbeleveragedtogrowabusiness

100%offemaleentrepreneursreportedaprofitfromthebusinessestheystarted

Location Indonesia Indonesia

CaseStudy MentoringWomeninBusiness

UpfrontmenteetraininginICTimprovedlearningoutcomes andensuredmenteeshadthedigitalliteracyskillsneededtobenefitfromvirtualmentoring

TheMentoringWomeninBusinessprogrammevirtuallyconnectedmentorsfromaroundtheworldtobuddingMalaysianfemaleentrepreneurs

200mentor-menteepairs

95%ofmenteeshavegrowntheirnetworksandbusinesscontacts

Malaysia

ProgrammelearningsfromSEAsia



1


DesignprinciplesforICTorientatedprogrammestosupportwomenentrepreneurs

• DatasuggeststhatoneofthemainreasonsSoutheastAsianwomendiscontinuebusinessesisduetobalancingworkandfamilyresponsibilities.Includingfamilymembersinbusinessandtrainingactivitiescanhelpwomencombineordecreasetheirresponsibilitiesandsensitisemena

Family-centricapproach

• Afamilycentricapproach,whichaccountsforandaddresseswomen’sdomesticresponsibilities• Examplesincludeprovidingflexibleonlinetrainingschedulesoracrècheduringentrepreneurshipprogrammes




2 • Womenfaceagendergapofupto5percentagepointsinaccesstotheInternetandmobilephoneownershipb,c

• InterviewssuggestthatevenwhenwomenownICTdevices,menandchildrenmayusethemmorethanwomenthemselvesd

• WomenfacedifficultyinaccessingthehardwareandsoftwareneededtobenefitfromICT-orientedprogrammes(e.g.computers,mobilephones,theInternet)• Affordabilityofdevicesandnetwork/dataconnectionsisstillamajordeterrent

ProvidewomenwithaccesstoICTdevicesandconnectivity


3


• Womenentrepreneurshavelowaccesstobusinessnetworks• Interviewswithprogrammeleadersrevealedthatwomenbenefittedfromtrainingsbutfoundthattheydesiredadditionalsupportaftertheprogrammeendedandopportunitiestonetworkwithotherwomen

• Interventionsneedtoprovidesupportforwomenentrepreneursaftertrainingendstoclarifyfollow-upquestions,addressbusinesschallengesanddeveloplastingnetworksoffemaleentrepreneurs

Buildlastingwomen’snetworks



4



• Interviewssuggestthatwomenbenefitfrompracticalstrategiesthatallowthemtoconfrontandchangenormsthatmayrestrictentrepreneurship(e.g.teachingwomenhowtopersuadeandnegotiateintheirsocialsettingtoallowthemgreateraccesstobusinessinputs)

Supportwomeninovercomingsocio-culturalnormsand

biases

• Women’sabilitytostartandgrowtheirbusinessaswellastheiraccesstoandusageofICTishighlydependentonsocio-culturalnormswithinspecificregions,townsandvillages• Programmeleadersareincreasinglyawareoftheneedtoaddresswomen’sownconfidencetobuildbroadersocietalsupportforfemaleentrepreneurshipandICTuse

Enabledigitalmechanismsforwomentoaccessfinanceandcreatemoreflexiblelendingforwomenfromprivatebanks

Womenhaveloweraccesstofinancethanmen

Womenhaveloweraccesstomarketsthanmen

Womenfacedifficultygainingskillstogrowabusiness

Barriers


Keyrolesforpolicymakers,philanthropiesandprivatesectorbusinessestoscalewomen-ownedbusinesses

Curatetrainingcontentforthegovernmentandbusinessesto

distributebasedonadistillationofpastlearningsandbestpractices

Matchfemaleentrepreneurswithvirtualinformationandnetworksto

accessgreatermarkets

Createdigitalfundingplatformsforwomen(e.g.onlinecrowdsourcing)

Enabledigitalmechanismsforwomentoaccessfinanceandcreatemore

flexiblelendingforwomen

Standardiseanddistributeatscaleblendedskillstrainingforwomento

growbusinesses

Simplifye-registrationofinformalbusinessestohelpgovernment

procurefrommorewomen-ownedMSMEs

Prioritisesourcingfromwomenviae-commerceplatforms

Investindigitallytrainingwomen-ownedbusiness

suppliers

Policymakers Philanthropies PrivateSectorBusinessesPrimary

TypeofRole

Supporting

EnableaccesstoICTtoolsandconnectivity

Prerequisite

Womendo70%ofthedomestic/carework

Womenareperceivedaslesscapablebusinessleaders

WomenhavelowermobilitythanmenSo

cio-Cu

lturalR

ootC

auses


ExecuteICTandmedia-basedpublicawarenessandadvocacycampaignsthatchangesocio-culturalnormstofosterfemale

entrepreneurship

Formpartnershipswithmediaproducersandoutletstoprioritisepublicawarenessandadvocacy

campaignsaroundchangingsocio-culturalnormstofosterfemale

entrepreneurship

LeveragepopularbrandsforICTandmedia-basedpublicawareness

andadvocacycampaignsthatchangesocio-culturalnormstofosterfemaleentrepreneurship

Policymakers Philanthropies PrivateSectorBusinessesPrimary

TypeofRole

Supporting

Keyrolesforpolicymakers,philanthropiesandprivatesectorbusinessestoscalewomen-ownedbusinesses

EnableaccesstoICTtoolsandconnectivity

Prerequisite

ResearchreportsonSoutheastAsia

SPFExpertInsightsSeriesWhyWomenAren’tWhereTheyAreNeededintheWorkforce:Puttingthe

PiecesTogether

PatriciaRankin,DonnaCaccamiseUniversityofColoradoBoulder

TheImpactofUnconsciousBiasonWomen’sCareerAdvancement

Amarette Filut,AnnaKatz,MollyCarnesUniversityofWisconsinMadison

SPFWorkshoponGenderAssessmentandEvaluation

SharingofbestpracticesforassessmentandevaluationintheHEsectorfromJapan,UK,&Singapore(Tokyo,May2017)

Acknowledgements

GFF

SPFDirectorMariKogisoMs RemiMasudaMs ShihoMitome

DalbergGauravGuptaNaokoKoyamaJyothi Vynatheya OberoiPetraSondereggerKanika AroraSudhira Reddy

Thankyouforyourattention

Documents

Stimulating STEM related skills development and … · Stimulating STEM related skills development and women’s entrepreneurship through ICT: Experience from SE Asia ... Singapore