BY ERIC & BEN

Stimulants

D.5.1

List the physiological effects of stimulants.

Physiological Effects

Raise levels of psychological or nervous activity in the body or alertness

‘Stimulate’ the mental or physical functionality

Physiological Effects of Stimulants Increased blood pressure or heart rate Constriction of arteries Sweating Dilation of pupils Reduced appetite

D.5.2

Compare amphetamines and epinephrine (adrenaline).

Amphetamines & Epinephrine (Adrenaline)

sympathomimetic drug

‘flight or fight’ reflex

sympathetic system which deals with the subconscious reflexes that otherwise would be provided by adrenaline.

Both structures contain a Benzene Ring and an amine functional group. This due to both compounds being derivations of the Phenethylamine

They differ in the type of amine they contain. As Amphetamine contains a primary amine group and Epinephrine contains a secondary amine group. The Epinephrine also contains 3 secondary alcohol groups.

Phenethylamine

D.5.3

Discuss the short- and long-term effects of nicotine consumption.

Nicotene

(S)-3-[1-Methylpyrrolidin-2-yl]pyridineMain ingredient in TobaccoMood altering

Stimulant Relaxing…?!?

Short &Long-term Effects of Nicotine Consumption

Long Term• Increased Risk of heart

disease• Increased Risk of coronary

thrombosis (blood clots)• Increased Risk of peptic

ulcers (excess acidity in stomach)

• Increased Risk of bronchitis and emphysema

• Cancer of the larynx and mouth

• Blood vessel disease

Short Term• Increased Heart-Rate• Increased Blood

Pressure• Reduced Urine output• Increased Alertness• Constricts blood

vessels

Activates sympathetic nervous system

Summary of Side Effects

Effects of Caffeine

D.5.4

Describe the effects of caffeine and compare its structure with that of nicotine.

Comparison of Nicotine & Caffeine

Similarities DifferencesContain Tertiary Amine Groups Six- and five-membered rings are

fused in CaffeineContain 6-membered ring (Pyridine) (Carbon & Nitrogen)

Caffeine contains 2 carbonyl groups (C=O

Contain 5-membered ring (Carbon & Nitrogen)

Caffeine contains 3 tertiary amines as opposed to 1 tertiary in Nicotine