Stickley the CRAFTSMAN Magazine

7/31/2019 Stickley the CRAFTSMAN Magazine

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OUE OE

TE CRAFSMAN -


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&10

THE RAFTSAN

Cotnts ume e

FROM OCTBER 11 TO MARCH 1

umr e

Wim Moris: Some thoughts upn h fe, and lence

Wiim Moris: His Sociisti Cee -

The Fm of Moris Cpny, De -e Oper of "Ptece d "e AeetMovement

is nd Be-J ones -Th arles by Iree Saret

Edt Nes:A Agument fo Simplicty n Hue-

hold Fushings - - ro itle nd Its Requisites

ur T

hn Rskin: A word regdig h life nd pulic servce

The ise d ecence f the Cftsmn: AHisoic oe Bck o he Soi : A ReviwQotios fro Rskn e's hes the esinies of Rsk's or The Ln n ecy ReviewThe Seve Ls

he ariles y In Sarent

io's oeshose fro he words of ohn RsinUity ici Behsis

'

PGE

15

2533

39

IV

V

1

1 3212733374046

IV

V

V


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Numer ree

Gids of the Middle Ages: Their Paraesand ngue

A N sh ndutryOu utation Wrd Gild: t Defitin nd moog -The d MehntLate ecntie Compne - - he Quaifcatin f a Mdiae Gdmn

Th artcles by Ire Saret.

' te:Coneg ice n n pise f b nd beStges th deepmen f huhd

a

Numer Fur

h Daff, f heocu f ra-cue

Elsh ers by Iree Saret.

13440

45

45

4647

V

N gaheed f y f xte 3by Iree Sret.

ea f ngih andicft: .h em ndutie 25

by Ma checR Wlma

f itr f Designan and Hnd

by Iree St.

e Fieide Indutie of Kenuckfrm otes by rs Hette Wrt Graham

d' ote:he nfun f Mtei Tngnermi - -

3341

45

V


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Nmer Fve

Robert Owen and Facory efm 1b Ir Sart.

T rces of he Frncisans Caifoia - 29b Edwi Markham.

A Wor onerning Some Grat Reigous Orers 38b Ir Sart.

A Visi he Shp f iam Morris 42b d Pmr, . M.

he Paning of a Home 48

Nmer x

The Goc eviva 1b Ir Sart.

e Economic Fnation f Art 33

b . M. Sims.Te Moern rafsman: e Qestion of His

Live - - 42b l Alb.

44 he Ar of Buing a ome," by Parker anUnwin: A evie 47

by Ir Sart


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L octber. MDCI

he

sman

-

WILAM o

H fup .

flS K u

Pblishe on the fIrt day mn by UNT C " K

i 2 e PCopyrigh, 1901 by Gustave Sclly


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CRFMOCTBER MDCCI

ONENS

Wim Morr Som ougts un i ad -unc

Wliam Morris carer as e irm o Morris a Cmpany Dcorators.T Opra o Painc an eic MovmnTo ns Morris an Buos

rt wrtte by Ire Saet

PULSHES ANNOUCEME

SBSRIOS Subscrpton prc $2.00 y avanc tpai to ay ars ni Stats or, an t begin i any ir mbr

REMINS: ances may ma b osic moy or bn cqus xpress orr o nsage stamps

HNGE OF RESS: Wn ange o s sre bo t o an te n aress ou beivn an oic o th can so rach t oco atr than t ifn o mn to ac t

uccig pbis cano b resnsibo ops os troug ire o oiy tm o cgs

The Unitd Crft ublishers, atwd.w York.


9/70

FOWOD.

WI he il umer o The Crafma/' a t-wo, N. eer upo a wk for hich he ho h yph ad e rao of wde pubc. Th e ato o ane ke ml and hr work, whch ha e ofo he pruco f hoehold furnshins. he Gul ha pral i mn ms, nd i oun he m orgnzd Loo J by th dortor nd i Wm Mtogehe w tdusd red BurnJo Rt a Ford Mao B aU ofPrRpe me.

The ed Craf envor to promot he pricip sbishd by Morr, boh he ric and he c sI the iers of hy sk to sbue he lur of aste or the r ocos; to tch ht beuy do not imply eoro r omen; to ploony the form ad mia hich ke r mplci, iiduli dig o effc

the inr of the worma he ap wtquifa the propoio formue b he alt

"I i rh ad cry th aU h hve

wo to do whch sh be orh dong d be plet to do; and wch hulbe one nder uh odito a would ake h overweaoe, oroverious.

The rea esuls copsh y the Mor gre ou of h decoran of snge ho: e f f wel Mr e en, te wok xded wth dp, rtove fuenctnformn he ourd ad dortive o lf ador the Egh homwh the pesurs o rt; unil n he opon o wellnw rii, t

hng e l of hlf the houss i Ldo a ubi aut

ulisal over the kngdom.IWh eape eo The a

wllaor to pruce n ther wokshop o hoe arcl h hU jfh ow creo; wc l rve om tua a mpont e hehhod ihe b addng o he onvenence o fe o ye brter te uy mpora obj providin eeabe, rtl ad vorng efct of fom and coor, upo hch he eye ha hbitul fa, probem of dy exsce prset themev for ouio. Thus, t ho tperte wih tho mny d r d who ar en t eat aonor rhe a uvrl t adjuted the e o the tuy: tht

adeveoped by e peop o he peope,a a epal joy o he at

a te ayAher obec whch The ie Cra

rae nd posle o aaet is the uon one person of h der

ad e workmn. hs pncpl, which ws poy put pracc byMorr, ex oghout h workshop; the Mstr cu whh wn

ha ht s brin hd concve, an he pprence folowig h examp

oe a

far

hpwe per. T v b t a


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RWD

pratie w evywhre srenuouly opp, ith he drc im of creang an

recing rtarsan. In aeptng the Morri princp the Uid Carogze l tha it impe: Fist asn of the generl integence o twran, by the inrea oh leiure nd he muliplcato of hi mea ofcuture d pere d: knowlge of dwng basis o a mnual ad one of th entias of prmay ducaion whh sh bwothy of

Wth his geneal inelgen a wrng cpthe Unted Cra do o t rom their membs innat maua dexeriy,but sriy in ccorance with the Mor riniple, they empoy h nr

aab d to acmpsh he wor at hand ths way ner and pl-uable exciement are waken in the workman, nd the thng creaed by hsbrain and nds becom he hd o h loe whh he k to dvlop andbeauy o the exent o hs own rsuces.

Agin, as the tendency towad cperaton an co-strutive Sialsm is one o he most maked sns of he m the Unied Crsppo to exten heir inuene by formin gp of aoia at numeroavorable pont thoughu the onry; hee as bing ill iveworkes nd hndcasen; or yt agin, buine or prvae ivduaswho deire to bud up a nanal art ba upon sound ahic and onocprncp A he smpt means at hir dispol o mag known the ten and obje the Uied Cas hae onded the monhly rial ohh the pent numberi the ir iue. The pon no akn by he ubcaon will b mainined, and eah ucive nube wi deal wth th reltioof to lao

A is most ig, he niia monogrph i a citcndtudy upon the e nd wok of Wiim Mors, whoe tat tme, engi and orune wee deed pracl atemp towad aeul voluon eotio in ppar at nd n the cno of the worma. Thearicl bd upon the o recognzed authorties, Maka and Ayer Vaance a sipe stament o a, acompnid by nereces and uos whchare natural and obiou

The second numbr of The Craftmn" l folowh a mlar moraph upn John Run, whoe nuene w an iatorin the arc and thical deepent o Wiam Mor, a eby the let wi drin the ar's sunt day a Oord The pha ofRskn to be code i hs i oad he grea buingr of the Milee, h grw ot of n nn ic and cpratve spir wh pulsaowee e unil the non o the Renane pe oreve silled n hm. The nw bjt be noher pea or ar deeod by the leo t peop nd whch he crama and the czen shal inimely

In a subuent s he ' o e Gd Sys nEpe t, wi b derd wih a mainnane o the m nt o vew, fromhih a l regd ot ething ap fom coo nd every bt rher he vey m o reii l.


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Suqgestos or a Dg Rom


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ard oom o Ers W,Svus, . Y


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c orner om he 'lar oom of Ernes ie


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LLAM


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WILLIAM MOI

LTHOUGH e nme of Wa orrihs ong snce come a houehod wordroughout Americ, yet the ronay ofhe n, as we as his great prt n two work is deiniey knon but tothe e His s a versae genius, ach

pha of wh al to a mr or es exened pubicTo suens of ierure he i

an innovor in hi art; one w inrouced a eweeent ino the Vicorin age; a et h, beginnngi creer a an AngNorman meievais, next drenspiration rom he Geek an Lan csics, and lym wiene reang, knolege n rve, asorbe, irst had, uence rm he Scnnvin whpeoped Icend I ierure, ilim Morri is te

enhuii tudent of Ccer; he i he creaor ofTh Erhly ardise;" he moern kl ho, lee legend n hisory, tod oo tory of e No, h owopiio, hould be for all our race wht the ta of royw to th Greeks"

For other, Wiam orri

repret ost imrtant facor the progre ofmode rt He was a member of tat group of b,ret young Englismen who, at the mie o theNneteenth Century, revoluionize e ntionl chl ofpining, and genere a current aesheicsm hosevbraio are il fet not only in he paentcounry, butas we in Arca an n Frnce Fom reionwith he rRaphee Brheh an m hs o

pratica Morris evove a sysem householrt, largely wep ay te ugly an tecoopc rm the Engh miec home eso came a in t e himse s plesed to the leser o e. He s nratsn,

'

90


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IIM RRIS

an arisan se-taught ad hghly skilled the tehnicl

presses f a hf dozen trades. He isined noarentceship hwever humble, n lr hwever prracted, arduous an disfirin, rder ht e mightbecme the practca maser f his wk The attmets f is geius, f crefl and inteliet studremain as lastn witnesses to he imtus ad drectiogve by to the arts and crats f s tme

Aan, many h, throughinornce r prejudice, refuse to reconize the functionf terature and ar in the eonmy f lie, still regardWilm Mrris as a lst der, fied and brother sch as thee, he is the man who, by the liht f istryad f s wn cnsciene, dtinctly sw he evis f

as t is at present costtuted; wh ent ener

gies,frtun and his fme t he f

t ppressed mases, and t prepae advent heren f ntral lw. I Wilim Mrris all sciastshonr he npreudiced mn f wealth, culture and sin, h pinly formuated the prsitin that:

It is rg and jut that allmen shud have work to d which sha be rth doingand be f tself pleant to o; and which shld be doe

under sch cnitios a woul make t neiher overwrisme nr ve-aniou"

Fiy, abve and beyd chad al f these clms of oris to thea uture oeto of te wol, thee themeory of hi gt het wi o aate al etepes into wh he ee tt at s dth, a c

worker wote oh : wa a sei leader, at et, at a tl gter m, a,o uh a e to lve"

e e o or aong theVton ets e eutive treted by crt eviewer t l tht, at the eth oeso, the o te Lute woud have ee


17/70

WIIM MRRIS

fo im a victor i ccompsment in thevriou art ad r to wch he uccessive devotedhimse, hv e hoiced ndcricised from time otme ad i vaiou outrie and guge But it isno eerl appecited tht his rt ad Sociismwer associted itegr wth ech othe o the,th he were ut w asct of the me thg However, hi fct ecome evidet to n one who wl foowhi ie which i it itelectual aspects, athough t wappret ubjec o abrupt chges ws i reit loia xpaio of itedet ie

I i a artitsociist thatw i riefl oid im

Th raditio of fmurouded wt oevatsm w or of

ut pret whoe wth iced duri his child-ho ad outh is fat a Lodo Cit ker, g-in a otroig tt uciv opmies, grewwelth yod ow xcatio, ad w thu abeto ord hildre he most deie ductionl dl dvtages a so to ecure them, at hs owdth a ver coiderb fotu

Wiiam Mo, h ede offive o, wa detied fo th Chur, ad for tht resow enere, at the of fourtee a Marboro Coegehee to be ude leicl master. Even inhes er ds, the hrctrstic f he future arsnd thier were most mrked d igur The bows her he m Th x discipie, the weeof the schl rgniztio acted i o ufvorbe wu the scho whose mor ad phicl stregh gvehim a uniue pce ao he tude . Rtherthese conion ored h optuit for cutivtg

h iii tes a for deveopin hi pecui powers. he choo brr a Mrboro was rich in

wos un d clessic architecturead throuh hese, male wr of smi


18/70

IIA I

aton, he raned at w He there aquired th acu

ate knowede, whih, urther eveod by miueexamination o al extn monuments stituted gret athorit un Enlish Gothi, d, he setime a protetor the edaeva cathedals chuheaant he vandim aed 44 ertis" Ashelow at Marlro desribes a e

t solitude d onologues, ws csidere 4

mad " by the the ys: dreae h inveedad ue ort edless stories o 44kg d airies"in wh ne dveture rose u anther; the lelowing rom ay day, hrughut whe eAther peuliaity he noteabe in wa he elessess o his ingrs The natura undeve sma souht an outet or his maual ctvity i elesneting Whle studyig i the arge schlrm ewrked or hors with e ed e etsteed desk nd iners mvig uttiyltgether he ipression ade by rris u isssiates o those ys was hat y eble fhis hysia ore and his intense ve atue, buse shoarship was que rdry barrig is ii-e quaitae it gsh histy rceue

Lving Mr, sed uder the urship o Chu f ieiment and harater, o symthies nd ultivated astes, which exended to the fne rt. Resive o the new iluenes, the y dvelod t mret ar lassal shoar and reeved th isratio fthe strongy ndvdl lerary and arstic wrk f

futur yrs. But the e moment f his lfe urrei June, 1852, hen on pasn his matru atio e-intion fo Exetr Coge, ord, he cui eknext to that Edward B-Jons, who was este e his and o na rend. Gig toresidence h hH cad h mos butful ohe ancent cs o glnd, h asphee f Od


19/70

WII RRIS 5

came fo h a fo that qulity ofediaev cultue i matueyrs hi onali and vivfied eve pieceo ork, intectua and manual, fom honceg the uence of the univetton, he rote le :

Thee ae many place in

England hee a young man may get a gd klg a in od; t not one wee he cn eceivthe education which the lovene of the grey ct ued togve us."

The mpule toward mediaeval-ism a futhe tengthened in Mors, durig h undegraduate day y a tudy tou though the cathedralton f Fanc,notaly Rouen and Amensa ellas y a ce of eading hich ganed h an intateacuantance ith Foiat and ith the thuranlegends: two ell of thought f hos inexhaustbedepths he dew an endle chan of artstc motifs.

The deveopment o hs socland litcal id oe and late than hs advancement n lteatur and at. Dug hs esece at

Oord, he a no obection to the morchca prcpe;but yet, i the aandonment of hs purpose to tke HoyOrdrs, may ee the g of hs revot agastcnstituted authoi. h ecurzaton hs md thedeng f h interest convinced h that art and rature ere not mere handmaidens o regon, but ratherterest to pursued fo the o ske; that hey ere

o les than the man of reazg l. r a shortrd ndeed, he had cherhed the iea aBrothehd whose patrn as t be r

o Arthuran legend, and hse rues shudbth cbac and conventua le. ut the ea a cmmn eort toad a hghr e hch had been

by Moris and hs group o asscatesueJones, Faukne and othergraduaUy chnged rom the


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IAM MRRI

f f mastic t that f scial brtherhd With

the passge years, this scialistic ide expaded i the

mi W Mrris, util the felig which he hadirs etertaied tward small circle f rsa frieds ex-teded s as t embrce the rld, its rk d ittersts The, h declared himself evlt gaistexistig uthrities; demdig cditi f siety iwhich there shuld 44 eithe i r, eiter

master r master's ma, either idl verwrked, iwhich U e shld live qulit f cditi, dwuld maage their ir uwsteully, ith h fulcsciuess that ha t wud m ha t :h lizati t s f h g f th wd:COONT"

c evut f thgh irect esult f i' tudy f the t d citihip f the Middle jus videtl first def elgiu pede fm det studyf the str f the f th R ble hefer fact he ug the cuse f debte Sclism, wc ce t Cmbe J884 ttemet f

4' I m hughly t

erst he m f r e hich he fe Midd w tht t he l mef wrk c u pul r; y isceht it imssible t wk h me t fitridi sciety S ie I m rive wrevluti s the ly h, d I rwi clee clere th sed dv f it ve bv f"

he ccesv tp f tud h cific ccmplishmet wc v cim he ecgiti ad gratitude f m t dcitis f me are trestig igifict. Hdvdulity d fearlesses ssete themseve firs chic f a pressin; r ecved is baccaurt dg, h srely fmy by bd


21/70

IA ORRI

ng im in apprnticip to an Oord architect. of this action cn not now b arcited exct

rrnc to th sprit o te tms Th weaupr mi cass rgrd t mn foown artistcpuruts as Bohmians: the paintr ing west in theia cae, ad the sitin of arctects en ingqutiond.

At the presnt dstance f time,

and in daut f dumentary evidnce, we nt detemine whther it was the archeologica, r the artisticfaculty in Mrris tht d h t the hoice f arofssinBut it would se to have n the nstinct he dcortor, wh undrstands the reative aus f nstruction an ent, and wh nws hat mut ftbuild and aerward beau t woud sem as hat

s choosing, Morris aguey felt that by force f his ominteectua, mora and rona inuence, he wasto redeem and to eat the then detionae

Englih decrativ ats. The apprenticeshp of Mris

as an arctect asted ny nne months, but time, with the rt f concentration chterdh, h

anowedge f th princp d

detai which woud have equired a on aris caton from ordinay ted rson. is aentas a builr wre never put t xteive pract se, anvn on plaing first home, 5 he 44 ReHou/' at Upton, County Kent, he poye he seiceof i friend nd fow-student n archtecture, PpW; althgh the atter did ie ee t ut

Morr's dirctions, ecia y n th dsi f the nterirand its fuhings he d ou proved t anchg builing t is rmarkable asing the firxample of te revivd artitic use of rd brickdomesarchitctur 44 The Stuio" has eed to it as thtwonru red buiing which became the protot of althe charming hou o the scad 4 Quen e '


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IIA P,I

vival; although it ma be said in psing, ha i is

aos enre Gothic, with French iuencaaren." Fina, is known he ouseodecoaive ars for whch England became s famous inte later par of h nineeenh rew u f eesire of Moris o provide suiabe or s veride, and avowed eor ake a e oifl dwllinpce i he

e xrc f iniy ra n cin enin idry desin nd n her isic es e credpraci eience s ecoror esebgs rew he work whic ne h e frwad ntil is d Te seqenu e plannn and sefollwe n md f idleness req s's

uh; b wih he min f e ew eres hedencies f earlier ears isapare Th ees ohe maker he joy 0 cafsmanship see h, eer x heir old. An he rs f sic Brer-hod hich ha e he nsan ccmpe Oord das, evoved in he efii d f yof rtiss pledge prodce il hs

Sc ws he f fo orris & Company ic side i woevd o its succss hs eaordar ales, s ima his forun, inudd amn is rs er en ogenius and g attaen: Madox Brwn, hose ghplace in Engh pn sands cknowledgedDante Gabie Rotti, who nied n nco

ruous quai o th idis he artis nd he sutnanir; uJon, wh di mos o prtae nnnob he Engh Paphaeie radtion pWb, th bud, as know, f he 44 Red Hou,"mat o porion d oen, wheher s appid th lage ma o hitctur, o y mal bcto into dcatn and finall Falker lss gifted


23/70

IIAM MORRI

sy he others, bu who was frthrightr vauae assiae a an exrt accountant,ad ose ay and nging fr frens had drawnh fr matemati tutors t Oord to take uthe ests fe f London

It s ertan t no oer uf ever orged; ince was mse ofrd rautes of distinctin, nd arists of arutain; ince as, t mercia oje wassrinae o the neests of at. The emmentof the Company was t first eccesasica deain, s

he caed esthei eviva was then n rgres amnghe Lnn hurches. Ths mement, h wasetaied by the vigru su f hisr mae by theHigh-huch ary, rea ean fr mura ecratin,

sained gass, ies, arvg, mea wrk a atareriers, aU of which, b reasn the cuiar taetsad tenencie of Bue nes, Mrrs, Brwn nFauker, oud mos neigen suppie. hecae } 860-1870, the Morri fi eecue windws forSaisur Cathedra, and fr ceran o the ege chrchesat Ord nd Carge; wch works are tay

jects of igrige fr thse nerest the moerviv o one of the mst beauu of the arts of theMie Age At the ame tie, very uccessfu exri

mens n tastr-wvng and ane-makng wre nprgress, as may ea frm the rert of the jur ofawars the Inetiona Eiin of 1862. Trt, ing to the ojecs of huseh r hwn bthe rri fi, ecars hat "the genera frms of thefture, he arragement o the astr, a thearacter of the eas ae satsfactr t the

fro the acess f the imitatin at the ame tmethe general eect i eceen. _

t is neeess t ace theeveoen of the F at engh; since the resus of wrk msure by any ne who has the m


24/70

1 IIA RRI

to compare the housold art of Eglnd an America, a

it a ay, wh te uglies and bare of heur a iddle cas ho of ose coutries, foryr ago. But it mu be rmmbd ta to he Fcaptal, iveto a cotro ere uppd pacticaIy byMorr alone H architctura istit, te quaity which ay hi unique trgth, but up the mariafortu of the Company from the mrst fiaia othig,

a te ame ime hat i assure the compe aeticsuccss of the tpise by carrying te art of ei toteir highe form.

the dsire fo tifsrrouig spr from ecliastica into ec ife,the for incrse a dvrsfi proctio mahvy emads Mors's tim, trgh a faciarourcs. u h ergis an his prit of f-acrificvr fail or fagg. H wa away eritt,sagaciou and dustrious. I orer to revive he artsa cra whih o autifi th othrwise treo of te Midde Ags, he made te mos practica costlyxprmn i avig a priti. I thxrcise of te first tse rafts, he uppet aUtat could be d from k a frm cheic te

i his ow vats a horough appreticeship amo hdyrs of: d the esut of arjustif the mas wih he so ungdgigly empoy;r h uccdd i raising to a uxpte gree ofaut, the at wic, sne itrodution of he s aut te mdde of ntnh cntuy, ha fanto plrbl din s a crist, Morr take rak

ng t gat msrs od t s tratio Ontal at; ug but w mns and obtaig ts by skuy vrd jutsiion an cotrast. Hs of colr s bn st msudrst by buyr and ms; aokblu, olvns and usy rds dn t setting 44 Pn" and otr ss un Craz,


25/70

AM MO

were simpl rovisional colors used drn the earl rsof he Fi, and set aide b the estblshment o thMorrs de-hose, whre fu rk hues o do blu, dder red and eld elo ere rected, ad ploed e producti o the beaul Hersmth crpesad to tstries ad chtzes

n texle fabrics the proresd by Moris as o ess sure and rapid tha hea ad craft which e ve u considered saeciatio of ecsities and ho to accompsh themas lik aleds of practica work Hs amensi h ving of str are especill emarkae andcaacteristic He criicised the obels Facors asvig egade fi art" ino a mere upholterer's

o," an heor set himse to reviv th crat I

ut of exist instance where the actua eavnpess observed, Morris ghered detals, ass might, from a old Fech oicia hadpblished prio o th Rvouio He caused handloomto be se up ow dr a Kemscott oe Harsmit, and, i orde tht h ew terest shouldo teer th . ordiar cupations, he as

acusted to practis eavg i th erl mohrs e so bem a expert workman, ad ve techica imovents un the Frenchhistorica sst Ideed, he m said to avetored the spendid ad almos xtnct art of the eenhad sixteenh ceurs This stateet is jstied bh eaut works i aras: 44 The Star of Behehem,"

a th seres ilustatig Th Ques of the San Graa"desied fo th grt digr of Sore Hal eararow

Ahd art,that of pritito he pactice of wc Morris devoted uch te durih ate e of le woud se at irs to bereoved from the sphere of the re decorator But wed the secret of this devotion in the words o the a


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IIA I

himsef: 4 The ony work of

which surpasses compete mediaeva book a cmpete mediaeva buidig." Ad hnce we raz that hre aga thearchitectura intinct providd ipuse and AsMorris had raized ry in e the imsibiity raiingbuidins worhy to compare wih mdaeva structurand had found the caue of such imsibiity to e theadverse circumtances under which the mode workman

is copeed to abor, deprved of peasure in the work oh hands, so the grat-heared reformer and ait setmsH to remedy the wrong and to reore the osteasure to the worker is architctura udies ed himo Sociaism and when hi hos of eecig greatprovements i the econoic condiions of h countrypsed away, he was trown back unh own resources

to impress hi convictions un th word. o theestabishmen of hi rintpres at Kemcott anorcoicides with withdrawa from active ociam.

gain his wer of quickabsorptio and assimation made him ast masr ofthe craft, whic h was aso aidd b hi previoushandluminaion of favorite and his studie inwngravg. Th Kemscott Press created prtingas fine art i Enand and America, puarized gd

bkovr, and a eries of bautiuthe fnet of the reat oo ediion o

Chaucer, was a tribute of Morris to the ierary guide andmaster of his youth.

I th fu activit of his ras printer and pubisher, deah overk hm; but not

before he had drawn the rtrait of the idea handicratsma, in whom we recogniz his o ikene

.he te workma" he sas

44 mut put s own ndiidu inteienc and enthuiasino te wih he faion e mut have anatua aiue work so sron tat no educatinn orce a s ia bnt. e ut be


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WLM MS

allowed to thk of what he i doin and o vary hiwork a the circutce of it vary and own mds.He must be forever g to make he piece t which eis a work er e las. He must reuse atanydy' bidding o tu out,- won't ay bad-buteven an derent piece of wok whever the pubc wan, or hink it wans. He must have voice and avoice worh liseng to, he wole aai

he prucion of thi ehandicrafsman wa, Moris' beie an ieal nobeyond rizion i ysem wa tat o seing enearest rson to do wever work neeed o e doneHe preerred general inteigence o innae manuldeey. He inveighed aganst that excssive divisionof laor which cramp and erilizes te moe arice

He demandd knowlege of drawing a e asis of almanual r nd a an essnial element of geneeducaon wch shld woh of he name. I ord he ought to unie the arist and e wokm inone son, nd u o pevent the mag of deignwhich the deigner not produce wih i on hads

Alhgh te aisic pnciple

f Morri hav en qutioned, it i acknowed hatrsoly he de them succesu. I his own cae heid not divorce pracice nd thor ince o his immenseroucion of digns,which texie fc a


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WLM MS

nd aterwad he taught. s e have fore aid, hrt and Sociasm were one and iseparble; or hnred un his iica rse lanky oconomics and i the effot to make or thworkman 4 a le to whh the rcepon and caio ofau-h enjoyment o r leasure that ssha et to be s ncesr as ay rd" Lie Kar he see to ieve that he eations o

mto man

have omd a ascendng evoutonary series eveldthe sucessie organ riod o hstory

tat ae now a as rsis, a whose enthese reaons havin bee o aster and slave ithe anient reublics, rd n er he Mddle icaialt d are he neteenth entury, sutimy nde the Sil, comehose o rother d


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WIIAM MIS :

S SCLSTC CEE.

OR'S NOTEI th effort t f an ara tkch fW Mrs, th ts-s, dcrm, ad man f n w thuht no o coce th chtscs whch ptd hm sdy frm h me of h cld codt h oc d v ehemef ture d hm to xrm whch ar cocl t h clm-dedd consrvt

But hs oet d sdde rvsio fm h cv to h onmpavf w may th ort of a ly prccl n o hs m t oto hmpul f h prh wthn wh lkd frwrd o a dsn g wh s wrgs shl b rgtd d th ro m man shod of ohr t rot

W pnt t pray of Wlm Ms wth neh pr re; u smy wih th tht w a hm fr a n ll,w shlot son se h

SOISM word ofen vagey and ndisely used; in s definion es gy in therios grops of hos who proess s pinipeerefore rder to ndersnd he methods of thoghd cio ndivid clssng hmself mong hoeeekn e-djument f he presen reaions eeenm nd mn, ecssry to dicover th germideaso h divida, nd to consie te envionment hihforced hes de no developmen nd producieness

th cse of im Moris,the evoluion most nteresng, tht i prsents sow, tral, no process, divided ino the hreephases observed in ngs: eak infancy; vgoos riy; nd passiv decine

From domenary vience,

we ean n you Morris d no objecion to hecip of monrc Indd undergrdute uttrcs in e Oord nd Cmbridg (wcas onded y msl nd Eeer rind)hve tr r r, we :

P v , aeader of m er U: e ur


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IIA RI

ght, ony ws e would no cse citic

mb." Te passae quoted was wt 1856 wen Mos w as ye e counyred oy,e eas iv ad aistra. Bu e uence f etaiof ce asoias was ke sed e emnate md Hs finds Pce and Faue, ou oOor actua nowede f e nu condtions ofuman ie e rea dusa aeas of gan pactica entusis fo Facoy Acs, fo santaton, fo a a mped e een f e coniton fte wokin casses auay epced e nd fMos wa we ay c sna Medaeva ;a s : endeny o excess ewsp, and eds o soe msef fo omon e of ewol He came ey sow econe a e

casses o stata of ocie e nedenden mo one means a o al a ue feedo, e yand v dend u ysc nd wen of e asse

s' e of deenat e ouea of e Russ W c edt a csi n is fe escd

nd a fa and as t ye e o evouion as e wa en anlyvib s momen as en caed y one of sm smpattic e ain of Wa" I s e of s conveson o adite an dtic sam. e ion c brl dcb

I autum 876

Engand tir by t rts of uk masaces ri, ad pblic opiion aid o e usian andCrti s but, dng te couse o a f week,e lunc of e oy mnistry so canged omnt stimet ta e country seemd au ak up arm i e cae of urke. n was at


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WLM MS

W orris herto o oy as an ars ad

ar ma addressed s ow famous eer " hndon Day News uder the aption : " e Turs. Ae scang he autors f heasre n art n gnd wc fr tcaad er sns was rdy codoe Morri r e Tories ase ey prciatehe n n he Tur u fnd oy

me e b n e wone n e rs rgae'y r are n er run.F e sri seH npany G F sn n e en 44 enient.n

ed n n rAti b riend anae. F a n aed n e ner org Jny 7Morr sed a sonn su bj e eeng and gnn e rds : 44 We Lnd Lds. Coaratnwt e - Buens he artis a icke a vne entited 44 I nerestin e unusua souveare exant ; n ree n vu f dumsang un Eas Qun.

rrs ad n n mid eshonhe ke eiv e prbem f modecan. Trg dee sud edieva at and

ctensip e ad e Saist he ese rgndst d dstte agt btrater e erded is feow-igs i some degreeas cns and who csed ot o ate ityw nd dess. I dg he asm ofrs a weown American cc hs said : " gr ot f his ve wic ed h t


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1 WM MS

al men ithin ts domin" And so t old aar

since acordn o ow tsmony, and hat of fiend and oaphers h ntered un scarer norn o economcs ; to hich stuy he aftrarddvoted muh , and, a ies, t mus on-fssd, lldrectd lth since frts.

rom h conditons of ts and r dveopm, h of W Morrswas alay arely r ro doc and tws innate his bg, ough his ompleteing of the pcipls fom hich free and pu r aon spng As fomutd his mid, t as syst which wou aish, ently, or rt , hinividua efor and comtiin on which mod and subiute for t ctve action ;oud nuc a moe c nd equ istbution of

the poucs of lar, and ould mae lad and aptl,as the nsents and mns of puction, h joinsseon of he mrs of te counity.

Wih suc beifs as hse,Mois s mslf o deounce th n and voe thmode ndustial an conc system. From h pat-f of te Hal of University Coll, Oord, he cd

ut to th underaduates for hi : 4 I s my esse tnigh an vhe o foster your discntnt"d as prctca stp ward e order o siety, hcuneed h yon men t nah hr staon, oder o dow h aers tween lass clas

rotts aros aans he defc

n of he ma o ston, wealth and educatio from thes into hch e ws Ctain of acquaint an on h ven those who kne hm wed Sialism as a suen unebxicbe action To such s th aws n e g he dp bdg t togh whic i


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WM MS 9

pased dug carr as a iaist Accustomed tfind his oughts and actions miconsted by thse who, i lile ins, igh have unders th h red lonelins with ching pathos:

I hv had f f sults,"h onc said

g, rivat ettr, hrot on Ne Y Day 1 :

I hav of ate e somwhacholy. Whe n so much sdued, one p o or from g fe's own or orthy atters ; and my mind vry ful f h gr hage, hich I is slolyming ov h ord or wi you itronious or susous, try to join thoughts wih

yo ty i riting wod of ho for th ne yr ;hat it my do g u of work tord the abasementf the rich and th raisng up of the r, whih is of

most o b ongd fr ; ll c, t ast, rbout th ir dices alogther dreaful ors RC and POR."

Four yrs ater, sse of

despair s o hav stol over h, after on of visits to th East End of Lndo. H writes:O Sunday, I went -prch

ing Stepny ay. My visi intensely dpressed e, ashee Eastard visits away o ; he mer etch ofhouses, the vast mass of utter shabbs and unevenuness, sits u on k ghr ou would rhapshav smied a my congrgatio ; som t ople a lil rm. t is a grt drawbck that c to them roughy and unaectedly. I don' s hve ot at th yetyou see this GRAT CLASSGUF lies tween us."

n the eo to mk plai enten,lnel and loft rsonalt of W o, are, perps, losng sight of evolution as a alist


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IAM MRR

e have sn tht th ase Question, n t pse of

187-88, as the acv us o onrsion o heaith i hch h died. Wn he eterd un novi, by on onfion ad no so much as A Sit' ,Wl Nns," w frEngen th i f . N d heen hard of ido or l M H fro the w of t o

absorption d imo w h tmaster suessely b doze nd rfts, ida eort oledg of lii nd lprinplwhich he dopted underd byh, Sialsm os of rigasse wh d bgid mo qur-etury preiously ollap of moen owna Chartis : i dnded reoo goe-nt o he itizep d u igh f workg

A pli proo of fit waae by Morri h 1d oi DriFeeraon, wch rs 88 ou of of theRaical, r Lira lub f London : s oga

zaton he obje wa o avat onrl aln m it mr habiuayubservt to thir onstituents. The rise of th er-tin arked the fs paran n England o me,or scienti as, ad h frst stp of th new dyas t sie se f eeing r he iscusion of Pracca Res fr e; th ubjet

incg th n

Hour aw," FreMeas r Sch hrn," tion Raa" I the r dcussion M priipted,an hs ahesin to the b, use of g ractera ration, wa td notbl icto frthe Ineed, so irtant was i rgaded tha e ced ut


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ILLAM MORRI 21

at a g "4

It doubed our srenh.

The prore of th Demcatc Fedon to w Morris subsrid ws viulya che of Ste Siis ; tht i : h joint ownership aU rs of h Se of te nd, d of the nsum nd ns o oduion th disribuion ong

th rs of the produe, by bi , rfoeddig to ues id down by e Ste ; the netioof neship of he members o the Se of ththat d not the usig

o these thries, distn foth apsent, wer joined msurs foth ttm of the ondiion of worin , andoe xnon f omiion

ad th vi of th mde yt Mo s s btt Hci th as o tda 44 wokg oiousyfo vh nd bd o a abston of w-kt t t tg h wa pssin d

W ese

tomta e dde Ag 44 W k d o hr

, t at th o mdd g t"

44 N tn pk nde t c at e whs

esnd b a ad' bsoe hosto tht mt I th dd Ages, they workedhe i of e cotive b mens

of de h d e in its impiiy,ssumd ome w de for mn ; whreou mod sysem sed on th mpion h mnmde for omere ; tht h no n neient bn ;but me, or r of mhe t yies but o


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22 LIM M

esut: th degadation of th xtea soundig

e, r, smpy and py: UNAPPINESS"Th wok Morr in th

ntrts of th edeaton (ad it wa rduu nd onontinued vey wel indicated by th tte f furecures which h devrd i th rg to thed Kngdom: Usf Wok vrss ses i;"14 At nd La;" 44 Misey nd th Wa Out f I ;

4 Hw we Lve and How we Might iv/'h oya f h mao the deation and it nterst was imtss but thSociasm f th dy rapid ssumd dti ndectarian oloring. ward h d f 4, ruptuccrd in th nd M a th mostimrtat n figu mn h ecdes

inc th brod-mindd patriot nd utari revoltdginst the sserti tha a Scis, wrthy f m,oud ot iv nd rk utsd h Fdaton.

A ne ub, or d, ThSciaisti gu," o wich Mor wa th teasurer,w now fod, wth th f prmoting Rvolutinar Inttona Scialsm. A ica jo fth Lg as immediaty foundd, nd it fst iss,under th na of Th Commonw" ned th aninrductory comn written and signd by Mois,whichwas in advanc of any ocialsc setmnts pevously xpsed byh. In th cos f th artice hobseved:

I is r dty to atackth miseabe system wch wd make a

nd in a sie of ch and r f ves andavewnes"

And agan: asme a a mr f

ose tat goveent of veged ons, heditaand coeca n no a od th commty The on fod aangent


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WLLM MS

fo he distbution of he pluner of the workers, ertggles fo e naona share of he potation ofbarbarous ples are nog to us, excep so fa s eay give us an puni fo insting Si into "

he dved heplee deson of tg conditions ; oinas a subsiue a Stae whch an, capta, ne,factores, orkshops, ms of trans, nes,nd a mn of ucing a istributing wtbe ecre e on prorty of

During me in hegue of ys (18818), ori was uniei hs eorts as wrie and ak, and geneusto the in of viness private ontibuio o

he nses of e dy Two hunred fty ssue of'4 he Common ssed throuh hs tueswere deliveed by al r of he Kgdom,irresctiv of e nd rsol ofor ; i uolection of rly k wa acriced o ecause an, follog othe sues, h a hon ito he balne

1887 at he ulmion ofhe aue ge of Sociam, Moris k in egateing odered o assemble in he Trafal Squre,ad o be ome of eleates from the Raical Cubsof Loon, the h Nationa ague, the Democratieeaion an te ialisti gue A sctto asthus gaphical escred he demostation, as h g

concrse of ople gan o r out of he Square ownParliamet treet" On they cme, with a sor of

iistil forceand rht n froto the ref ags, th al mht, ws im Mose ha of a Crusaer, a he machd as heCrusaers ust hve rche

s i the e of the t


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AM M

gaton narro an angrous enncs dvldth th Socac wc drt oward Com-unstAnarc ths comon wrrtv o a athorty Morrs athough vng acom aty o conton or a rsons, nss hatthr mus a ubc socal conscnc, o rranth srs an ass o nua wou wAuthor hr could no So

onc aga orr fdH dach rom hos hom h had hosn scnon n al rrs, and n J890 n s arwll artcl n 44 Th Commonl" h aoldgd ath als for whc h had so ervntl r, dch ms ad smd o so nr of rtonwr dsn and mabl H rrd o wr

os mrn n matur ork un h t mo-, wch h gav o h world ndr o44 Sm, s Gro and Oucom

For th r y of l was sv n aus H r tt utd wrong of turs c n ght m ; a ouon o h s t o


39/70

HE R

7

RR CPANY, DC

HS f, y r of its cuia nsuiostand ique in he histy of ns turesory

eas snce, had i sheme boeed to act

men rs, would have b rejected h rsan dicu E w to te udent-mided simrteris would se t ackg in the elmets whicaue uccs Two fures of i gaizat crsa commt. Fly : It was s of suds and erary men whse asrats and cu drew t away om the meth of t hp n

h counting- Scondl was founde f theoduci of ojecs dedg te ghet oly ofconceion and the mos aomphed euonun capita which was mry nomi

The id of t F ost equy two mlses on e part of iems : h ere for n ntmate asaionwhic sh td o t conce o e ;aso to fush nd decorate sie h which as to the ant om of m Mo

.I udgraduae days at

f, Mois and BeJones had dve a reibthd in whh t h hd to ve, teread a cb. Bt as th tght was gradualsulazd b s d b L , the

me t z t he dd of t fowok d t mao. S th d f mad a r wh ad th bhs of rgus d evlvd to handicafsmn.

h b fr d ad flw-udet reur,P Wba ld wk b w 1859

t g wt has b l b a 44 Th


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2 LLM MS

flat ugles of th currt article," te ower d

op of atst-freds set thev to the desii ofthe hose fushi ad utesils ; fm the tabes,cbs ad l do to the firedos, d estickad abelass

Te succs attedt uthse eo was recoed at i praccal ad ssibvalue ; d the ide. of te firm, s it wuld ow ap,cured simuaeously to a umr of the psctivembrs ; th two oldest ad est-kw atist of e

Roseti ad Ford Madx Brw, hav theshare i esalhi the etrprie ; whie must

b hat th ece of the work difluec was loe o the aece ery, ethusiad oity of W Mrri

The fns to exs

ce i Ap 181d a assessmet was made of oeud r hare ; oe hare hed cmembr s um ad uscured ofoe hudred uds from rs Morris, ther of test, fuhed the fo t rst yr

iia tep of the ewssoiao was to ke its xtece ow to te

public, by m of circur eter wih, by reaso ofis syl ad cotes, wakeed much c,aaom ad eve idiue

At this ri, te pracice ofthe decorate arts was uders o a suicilaomiset suited to auet you ades ; ad thecuet pio f he tradesma was suc that rso

of cule ad sii wold lihly suject hisef th repah of hav sld bihiht Ied, thepjie eied by he cicuar ca scacely e apecid at the peset ime Nr di he ier opoiioe fm oe qrr aloe he aesm themselveseseed th isi io their aas of od of mewhos i hd ot e erci, d wose


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LLM MS 7

uence, h oresaw, woud desrucive o hersyst

he eec of t pressur frwitut was o conslidate te memrship o the irmo kinde the commn etuism, and to estabish aheau freeom o criii betwee e epoyers te empoyed Te stuaton was a nve ne ad ahe work was carried faher and arer afed e is

rose o heights which were a the beginig, unsuctedby te des mbr o the riendy cre

Te original intentons o theFir r st understd by refren to te cruretter, and as t is ome a historia due,quoations from it are of real signiance to thointeresed in the deveopmen o h decorative art

The csitio o te ettr ears races o wat had 44 he imrious acent " o Rossetti ; u, aswe ater eves more justiied he initiacims made by the artts

first tit o the F :The lttr headed b he

4 Morr, Marsha, FauIer

&pany, Fin

Workmen in

CarvingFuture and te etas ; and the ames of mebersfoo aphabei order.

. Th dcumen the prees :

4' Th groh deorative in this untry has nwreaed a in at wih it seems deirabe that ariss frepation shod devote their tie to i Atgh ubt rticur instaces o sues may cite s it

mus generay et tha attempts o this kid hiertohave en crue and ragmentary Up o ths te tewat that artisic survision whh can ae brabou rmony tween the various pars f a suesfuwork has e inrsed by e necessri exeivetay consequen upn taking on individua arist fr pictoril lars


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WLIA RRIS

Ater ergig u he av

tge of o a cCtio, d hvig uate he ce o objet to b oduced by the F, leter e wh he ubjoied cocie gph, etiet o whih i wthy to ee a tet or thowho ph th go o ouehold art :

" It i only requiite to stateuer t work o the boe ce e etimte

r, d euted i a bie-e er ; a it lieed tt deoio ioig rther he te t luxu cotl l oue exe th geey ued"

Ti t temet tl prove the apet o e MoFi, or rther y thoe o or hime who ght let reouio i the t ee d ca,d woe iluee g utiied te Eglihmiddle-cl home, gdu ivoled e New Wo he ovet towd t ehetii.

H we olo the istory of heF, we id t, t bng o the yr J 6e ozio ul wokg ode. A urtherl w tt te de ete terq

(e e e) ig heidi pt to oe whih er id te dlut i 74 A huded d o uhr cptl w uppie by, wi e, o ee uped to r iteet te r te l coig o Mor hi, h ote Wk de o he i b y

er w edied to i out t ed e id le e dt we , geera ger,ed e uded u.

te te er o l ti, e F ped tu my rie d ld el t Bh ete Pui y l it te eult o et


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WLLM M

nd venture. Sales were uncetan, since he r ofproduction was doubled by the ak of rg an inigen public. And, haes of a, thre wsno reserve un wch to draw The exteion he biness, though fnay runerate, at msunbanced the finance, ad Morrs, ite by ile, cathis entire ortn it the rapy develong chem.But ow to idtry, sagacity d otacy, heFi survived, ad pi gan o orm tef from heccmulated proit hee were, in sit w, dccording o h frs ontract, equay dvibe monhe ers who, i is needes sa, re very equashares in th a of designing and xecutng ; noeide ors nd FauIe devog heir xuve timeo the airs o h ony. Hce, ough te ial

faut of th enterprie, rose unpln ompioswhch mpaired and even deoed riendip, dnerly ed diaster, h ime f e dsoution andecntun of h Fir n J74.

As th Comny tended itsctvie, Wch were t ir argel oined t heoducon of household fuure and stined la,

orris as subjected e sarcm of Roseti ' ophas taken to worsted wor " wrot t Chef of thPre-Rapaetes using he nam afplied torrs by s ntmae, hoened fo 0 Top,nd as nditng hick mop of he wortedwrk," or rath embroidery i crewe, was apped todark ser of Yorkhire maactur, d deined o

mura decoraio.I

aftr yars, this maeria h iied oen, wa urded by the chiz adwhich became he stape pruct o he

F were deelod the beutifu carnd tapetrs n which Mors lavhed he t orof hs study and manua sk as we as weal ofm n hysic srength.

dwa e sis,


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30 WLLM MS

tunes of the Fi mpove wit th p ituasm; owing t whic vnt osio urch dcrain were eive i rt numbe ne, Madx rn nd Morris fuhn arns oaine gas, nd Mois n the es f ars and ties.

he wo of th F hapid ncesin, an he origial worsp n Re

in W C. prov inuicient, th question fbcame imrative I ws fist pose eaddii t the e Huse t Uponso th ueJnes as 'e as rrs mgh ve eead to lctthe new wrkshps i th vicini of th utiu es denc. Butt pan was ejece cuse f te stancef te pace frm Lnn te ficut f nt

rae in strm an winry weather Then rsfound hse orce t chse etween in p ehome whch he ha h to ae the s stihoue in Engand, and the leie of etrng o theCOpan ino hh he had put s uc of shought and wr. He hse te late use, n furhe vince to feeligs b a house Queen Square, Bmsbu, arge o serve sth pace an wrksps Fr Re Househe in the autumn of 185 ; eavng hspendid arreaures which were b ispacemen, ese b thei ve natue eovbe.Suc were the mura paings in ter eecte byue-Jnes ; the sidead esigne by Php Webb a the t gra cuard, he ne paine it 4 The

arriae Kg ene ; " the her wih the sto of tNieungenied he e Hse ois v wagain, nce, as he ackndgd, the exince woulave en painul r he new ome in enSqre was nt ageher wihu ity, as it wsaed i h aabe uburb f the Londn f Qee and re dtnc mks o i l- spend.


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WILIA OIS 31

For the nx five yars Morisivd and abored n London ; deotig th time sved bycombig his workshop nd residnce o tchniximnts ad nw terar sudis. Di td th bsines of Morri & Company werctd by a M Tayor a an of artistc taste andiancia aii undr hom he Fcam oganizd

prospu. Thes ea we ao markd b theeeip of th firs rl commison n nonccesiastica decoative he mu decoraion ofe Green Rm a the South Knsingtonuseum hich t r act and ichhough of hvy fs cost s no rgadd b theusum uthoitis as he mos conomica ouay vede un the buidigs. he ok fom is singar

ei poved o f aue in makin knwn hee of he and cfic haact of t poduc A usua succes engendrd success and hesness extnded so rad a even to caus aen the mrs o he omrn s we e seh ta nven and contro ere suppid practc ris ho ness under the oigina -

n of e pareship cd no caim ter riht - he gmn of he asts of he F ny of ie associates. On the other d, he ehse octi wi he F was sight ght at 'an momnt find hemsevs ivovd in theiaitis of e inss hich estabishe te passae of he Limitd ompany Act he

aftr the fs ar or o ad fo svra rasons bn dividd. Bu ths ga cis no rntd sms hich voed iicat caatins

and hih if setd od dra he ocs of 'thebsiss ha to a : pivate forne of WiamMris.

Th qstin of dissoutionvin n discussd h of the ars : Bue


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WLM MS

Jes, F auIer d Web, refusd to ccpt y cosd

eraio rec to tir c s rers ; wh thoterte sod for t stict lettr of hr lgl rghts.Te ii of th lter p s xpld th orsof a oey :

44 ht s th cpo ofte Fm m vstd moey, o gve y to la, ht b pd t rd rt, th sto

of te seeral mbrs ough to csdr s qul ret to the cms o th of th Fnre, te g wi ought to tk t hr ys'prhae ad ought 0 ued th s ssts."

h xtr o ch s es ; sc th sste, othe Mrris, ad yod he irst sseset, hd cotrtd

othg oward the caiL hey hd so, s thyvr pad o evr asio h th hdv asace, or uhed deg o oth wrk t Coy ; y h arragt Morrs, jce, wa resed fr obgaio tor t Bu s otet ee law ad equiy d o ompcaed goiatio were mae e sde ate o. FeShps wre bre, d mog th, o Rosse wih rris was ever gai rewdy, the disu was eeced, but whout ssfo to te oeta, ad a ew ncme t xst arh 1875, ag h e o Morrs & Cy,a der he se maaget ad propritorshp ofW Morris ; ue-oes ad Webb retig theterts, ut otiug to id ih desg for sed

ls future. At ast, th ords verted t njuries iced by friens un the uprghtm nd the grt ar. Mrri s honred nlnd, Frce ad America as uqueih eeeth ceur, a as oe who praced h mosesential arts d crafs oly to trnsgue th


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P OF P ATIN

" H ASTHTI MVEMN1

AQUARTER-CENURY nce he Gt-SuIvnOperas we at the of terfame. ut it was mssble to decde un

ent vlue Now, t the present ditne of timeese lvey sares un lca abses art movntand socl ssess distinct vaue s hstorcadocuments generaion hich has rs since they were comsed gains gh more rad ndva undersanding of the tes which they rze it ere to do thrugh th diu o histores nd

alone Fo to thse, y on thrdamac fo, the sand in he relton of pe tooks. From t nt of view, the ms b ofhem a is " Pce the overchrge ctue heaesthec movem of 171 I t s always the exaggaton of the ctue ye powe o tg ictur Buth dArchbald are idiculou nd grotesque only use

the rverson of quaities culture grcemght bt for he bas of the dividual hve

very rel and very forcefu The " sthec aide woe ryc movents nd uttences are ollowed

such snaneous aughter fom he udory my wth lerary parodes nd travestes whch re

uccesfu in te de ree that hey offer sharp contrast

h he beaut of e orgl orkhe ey-note of the eseticmovent ws sinceri. The foble eld up to rdcule 44 aence affecaon :

44 y meaevm no realonfesses n a br o onene e pretder whomomenaly s ee om h evoee.


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WLAM MS

, I ove ou wth a fouree

centuy Foentine fen " is anothe ecaio whealiteive thiness conce a eemg suspe y te mn ho ppu it. With a " o " pp hee and the Patience " vitizs hehistoy o te evotion eected the exte ofnih milecss ie by Rukn, Pephaeitism ad tht this em impis

The aeshetic moven a om ing surii ; no w it eve conied t asine bn o inteest It ose fom t hidedeep Engish and ie. I perasWlter Sot ho, omaces, s ispyed ar ediaevam, hn e the e o aete cssic at to assert an glo he majstic uof Gothic ahitetue. Next cme he Anglo-tholimovement t Ood hih athough cutng 85 ih the secession o Joh Nen to the RomaChh, cntined ong ateard o be a poigiousoe ; stoing to nh chrches and chh sevicese of t originl u and ymlism adthene cying ino secu e a ove o he Fine hih ee i the Mie Ages s the hn

maiens o Anothe ource of the aesthetcmovent is on the igs Ruskin hchbecame o the PeRaplites a ew nd a fxedcee y he diect cause of a movemnmut be eoize n the efu nd se-enteredprsonlity o Gbrie Rostti ho dw ateh ad,o a time mol s he ie the o ounger men

Mois an Beones the nd eete wokes nhe Pephit o estheti movent hesehee iens tothe ith Ho Hnt oh EveretMis n Mox Bn id the fountion fo hepest eminece o nli t pio an ecotive.

I 82 , Joh Constbe pict ithin ys the o tion d


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IIA OI 35

have csed t exis Laer, in h fri, Rurcrded t the Acadmy Exhiiins rpaagai and ga : same ih fac n sirhe same brw ws in dihs, he same h sai insqua nd e sme sices f lmns in saucrs." Ard becme fshin, se had dgnrad in mannerism, nd eism d fallen in ness.

The Prapalis rel

aanst cassicism s freign emen inrucd inEngland by Sir Jsh Renlds and his cnmpraris,fr hm he ar Ialian schls rren al ha is eauifu nd dsirabe i rt Thy ud fr aid aninsirain medievsm, s the an mmninheiace f the mde ains. rcd hfaciy faa t ds, the tisic subefuges n cnn

ins h fwers 4 e rand se ;" seeing heirnd mde s wh ived i time whenteed, hgh i srgged wih an

imrfec ;-smems even ht chidishness the d alias and dls the fund thei masers, whm the did ervie imte, bt whm hey wre ced as tthe fndrs f ti nd a r.

he mdiaevism f sseti,W Mrrs nd Bees re It ws d nara imus, fstered by jdcis sdy, andreveled in sincere and if s, whether thrughe medium icria, decraive, r ic r, andwhether derived frm n, French, r ceandc surces.I cn wih he men f he theeth nd fueenh

cents, he nglish PreRahaee s d wee resess, assinte nd imgine. ike hm,t, hey egan thir wrk imerfecy raind nchnique u a a was genuus and ardnab he cric, in he eary masrs, bcam, in h mde

n rrach acan, dncn gnracy gain, h sucs and is


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6 IIA I

os by te refoers nd were ne to

e gish a ere he fos nd coors by whichthey expressed teves n pnting nd decorton,ne to te Engi ey These cts therefore bcme lvel cuse for ridicue, wh s furthered b gned fr hemong ee of reneent nd itte rignty,to om tht ws singur the n movementppele but ho were by ntur, bnd nd def s tits tue n S, s it cevery t nhe o of II : " My notre must hve ben the hert- not the ionfessionof y p of te eghteen seventies nd eightiesAt tht time there were doubess numeros repics fButhoe, the cruse esthete, nd f rchd,wh fter ong wnderngs n f d

esy, oy retued to mikid ove.A secnd drain ve

quoted f " tiece, cs for sci coent : Ive you with fouteenth ctury rentine frenz.And s before intimted t no fortuitous itetivecbinion of wods It wit f the ubtest ndkeenst It trys rct peition of e

thg it sie musing the er of the stener,jut s th pk o te sentnce muss eye y meless oh o ov ntensity For the toeion of te phs n s to g ce tcei of e pn subects of theos ' Sp' herein the gret dortive atisso by t nish Pe-Rpheits hs

toee in movin nng goup te uber youh d stnth typil o th tln vivl o Ltts.I Ptine" ossi W

im Mois n Bneons eeive sh olvey gont plesty osstti owi as te founder and mstr of th " Fleshly ofPy " the evive o obsolete om o te


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WAM MS 37

deviser o rer whih ound ovewer ense, otht, a Bunthoe mde to y o o vers: They men nog"

The prody u WlMoris pls to the eye rther thn to the Bunthoe nd the miden are lothd wht my led the tnsitionl olor o e Morr fim oeortors The ple olive g o the ethete, he

pek ue and megrnte tone ee i he roso the horus, were oered y Morri a he first rotto rt agins the aniine de o ommr, whih hednouned 44 hides, rude, livid and hp" so,the sulower, wh eted y Bunthoe and whgrow rer to h in rorton as he is 44 rushed,"unti in the lst tbeu he uses it a a sole ad

seldthi too is a dde reognition o the tinueneo Morris He, a a deortor, ritised he doubleunower a 44 a orse nd du pnt," while he isedthe snge lm o the me sies s 44 th interestingnd beuul, with it shrp hseled yeow orerelieved by the quinty peed dcoore entreoggd with e nd butteries he reeence o

the rtist, nd hi deotve use o a despisd trised the singe uower to suh hih vor tht itspred om e British ses to the tortc grdens oeri, where it s bms s a urviv o the Aestheti Crze " o the ry eihteen eihties

But pun nd mithprovokg as re the srcsms in Ptiene " ginst Rossettind Mois th ie in nt o subt o thosereted towr eoes very frequenter o ctueshops n recgze th ogin o the 44 stined gsttitus " o the un s, s thy twit themseito most imssibe contotons to gze 4 souuy" ttheir ies No e the estues o the hos lessiir, s the og, sener evitized" s eextende in hepess oton, or he nuou es


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38 IIA RRI

ave an wthe n an extas f ve an t : he

ae ech an a t fun n he Bue-nes ok stues, an ecu agan an agan n such astepecess the Venus," Laus Venes," Le d u," an Lv g the Runs."

Atgethe, n vew f theneest a nte an because f an subtetesnuche un n the present sght ctcsm, the a

44 Paence " shud peseve as a 44 e cassc"cn the ap ran skech f tee stn fues n he a f h nneteenth


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MRRIS AND BURNE-JON.

A record o the e o Wi Morrs wud ndeed ncomplete, uness t contained a more npasng reerence to h aithu rend and sympahetccdjutr, Edard BueJones. The tw ere jonedtgethr by wha ould apar he strongest do human companinship : comunty o ases coued

diversy o emperamen T tunon orrsuhed the cuine and Bueones the eeen he one as pasonateoten to he degree volence, active, se-reian, evn aggressve heothe was contemplatve, endowed wth a Grseldaepatence, magnatve, dlstc By bd th wreCts tron n aca characerstcs I nd

were edaevass, w he dcn orriswas atacted by AngNo rctecture and teratUre ; whle he deas nd xresson Burne-Jones werecoored wth ronounced Italansm For tderencete rs studes ach rs were y ressbe :the oege bra arr d he aton hecge tse rovidg rr w ne nd abuntmatera or archogica resrc ; we BueJone knn o have receved he mse ward an rtsccareer rm drawng Rsett' wch e nto ihnds during resha year Oord I thmen s the ong course o years dd bu u he nalmuse : orrs ce crtor nd nventor, dexermenta, nd e he bulers o hertenth centu, whom e asmaers,

mde nd gudes ; Bue-Jones, he contrary, unque genus and rsnay, ared rtstc soude,g tte or e word's apause, and remanng att ry ds wt tuy ee constancy. Thejn accompishments o the wo m produced u he o their ime uence that quite mmsurabe to depth, breadth d ating fec Together, he


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IIA I

y edeemed h Egh derv rs fr

dde, dezed se, bu hey rred hem p whh ommded kdgeme pvkeo from Fre, Iy Grm. ve he sere, pers s Mr geus, Bue-Jes p e,hey sme upeme,be d sup he They eved empresss, h m h h pdy d

de r f s pshp h wer fee d see hey e eeu d sp py ey derguses

Une Ms, sode h r h h fvesuudgs H ne fules wer dy e, eve whe wkee, wer re yvbe e pee he yerse f hs fred, e ws gh 1833,wh s y he e f hs gr fy-ow ugr " Brumgem, d fo h eryoempbe d spurus H ws he s f smshpkeeper d he up usee, home,pr from he uee f wm, s

ser, s lder b few yes hd dd her f, hs mher hs brh Imgve erur wsforbdde hm hrugh he regus prejudes of s fher,d h hus fred srvo whose pgs hbu h rzd sufered o se d soude seh mde bu fe ques d d hs her oe Mhe hs eduo s geed, s h

ws eered he ge f eev Kg Edwrd'sSh b hs fher who o me hm ergm f he Ag Durg he yers ofepro for his desed profsso h qued knowedge and ove of te classcs and of hstry, whicoe he hd me h hs fred Morrs beme bsof exeded redgs of wde geer


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WAM MS 41

At twen, Bue-Jones pssednt eter Cege, Oo, metin Mois o the fiay f tem, win a eek ecomn s sepblefie, a aftwar of :

" the fist I w howiet he wa fm aU the men I ha ever met. Hetled wih vehece, an someims with vilence. Iever ew h ai r tie.

This fist appeciatio cotiueto e the same i in a eee. Fo wheve BueJones wote e of his fien, it wa ih haH 'e aiao fo the assive, pathma qualitie whic he mseH wasacin he ivie itiacy of he tw uneauae ote ouhu thei esiece at Oo

ach ivi a ai shae i a that mae fontlectua avacen, th wien of inteess andthe in f e visa f hoht a life Bueoes, fie th ethsiasm for the Celtic a Scaiav mytholies, ave he imlse whic e hetest ita achievemet f Moi. is compaiship, too, i much t rais art o a pce by the sie f

ieatu the ail ife f his fie, since his chaaceic aings, now a Joess Devls, a aeysuht afte by hi fellosuets, aoue he ateua xteiy of Mois, who sholy bea o covehe mags of his s a ette with acitcralotifs and fIoiate ment.

Th coe n etwe hewo youn men ee unti i inclue four o veohes fille ih the same apiions tow uyan he same iefiie esies o o somehin foumniy ; ach wis to c accoin o hs wnil n wy. hus thee yes pe, uin hichois evelope ino te mot oiinl youn et fEngln At the en of ths peiod, ueones, sste a scepible, yiee o the viie sai o


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LA RR

Rossett, and ank ompletly undr infuenc.

Thog the avice of te Pre-aphaeite aer, thnovic usist gan at once to pit, wiotcemic tg or te craftsansp ton aist Rosst mantaned tha te ocdof cpying fom te antique would bunt, t did otsoy, te decat nation of i youngr fiend : anopinion ten not tt rson, but wic trictly

caed out s t wa, ght hv d to disaste had testenuou ar forts of BueJe no atoned for tedeciencie of s firs ork. nded, a e onc rarkedof , th tecqu of at, at twenty-five ea bu fte, and fore e could adquat xprte d of is feeng d te buy of conceptons,he a forced o u msef to te orda of ptintoil. wo yr of tudy udr t iection of sstconsituted i e art-ucation, we excep te frtleproducton, the costan obsvaon and xrment whcfiay rnderd te gts mae pater ofmode tis. At fty, d bcome a su, xqustdraug, a conte mtr of coor, an artis oso a rsonality as o reognzed

ketc co from and Hi faults,

ggetions e tos of l o hom oermany ins of rbce, ed to prd not fromignoanc, or ack of bu ratr from fixdpincips nerent n as a rat decoratpin I soe sceme t im alone ,ithot o te epanation of i cu tnof uman te sd, te rt higt d

snss, te weigt tow un on ft, te nwardarc of th sne eg te contrs curv tn suig a te suped sid, and he oter intnote wihou paion by th Frenc crtic, M. d Sizne, who sems not to reca at prcsy the nt pvied amog te aer scuptor of Grc : act wch, in vw o te inte stuiousns of Bu


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WLLAM MRRS

Jones, ndcates that the arit fwed a defnite sytnst of eating technica errr un hs ene wereo rvred that he saw beauty wher ony ugineexed. Anohe ndicaton of an underyig syem he work of Bue-ones s fund in his sldivssHs ok of " studes o premnry drangs shows

how hs frst tentons were modifed aga andga n that they ght ft togehe and becoeintegra parts of an tant pct s as ceranya competeness arous ue aae anpresve n, bt t was not through econom draughtmanhp a at wt artst Due okosa tent anese orFoan e enc sketcssntanos n sae ou ct t

a n acConsuen n sctenss : s absob ssateBJos o t ok sstonso eae tst a cose bt n svestded. owe o f sp n 'hest t eto of te rt apt n pat

on of t. st k prfeenc as of ouefo ttc o sa an f con.T tuht uc t andn of osao coo Ss t o teEs pantes of otne/ as t e prsed o suffe tom of Po econdLonao on one o he secet of aungcuves ut t s sp justc to assert that stenenedand fo b hs ontac ith I n Ge atBueones never se hs distnctv sonaty. ecoe o whereve he found t aste tan en dspa t thout far of queston o crtcs.

hese nvarying ethaopt fe and purued thughout an ataeof foty eas the gradua gatheng f ateras he so


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IIA I

evlutin of a turewhih sometimes exted ug

dde or ore,offer extreme cotrasts t aysof orri, the coely aied brotheri-ar f BuoFor the firt med a few moths r wks suicd or

the theory ad ractce f y subc t chmse H ared it 4fu ory

of Miheageo rucd uai d rapid rate His det bsolute h im ig, w

give sucessivey t um of tert widely dfering amog theseves ed ccepted h whicth ig oed had o stow, ad assed wouests. He was al gs h cmee adoite f his fried, wh lied a frm me ad toces, coistered i devty atat u Reeati f auy

Ad us t f WMorris the uece f BueJoes might ver haveremaied cofined to aritratic irce ; sine the seso of geat exames of pitoria art the othe few ad weathy. Oig o he ars of thartia ad ae of demoracy, the barrier of niviuaownrsip were cat w, n h wrk f his richlynw fed was cattr rcst theople thrugh the medium of dcorative dei. han ad that 44 it wu be ius uneg msure the flo f uty ured by the two laborerinto the word." ut n idea f the grnss of theiaccomplishmnt may be omed fom te teent f atustwhy critic, wh dcares simpy n withut heemphsis t fs cnraictin, that 44 hey refoed the

e of Engld." The chuches, th coeges, thmunicipa useums n t hes f ther wn countar winess th gs wc, rcis s if senfoh fo a ingle bain goid nd ansigue everyg tat t tuched ; hat the as nd crafts f thMiddl rse ga, ad th wokshop was rsord th pce wch it cupi in th tmes whe


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IIA ORRI 45

Florence and Nuremberg and the cahedral cities of Fracmed with sple, surdy whos frst care wso preerve, through common and organization, theradion of thr skil, and whose ves wee consecrated the religion o beaut

Consequent un the decorativereorm in England, the rs have rien from therdecadene in France and become il etablhe

in the Unied States among pople mos read of al torecive the lesons o a true asthecim. An thus thechane meeng o two youths, a hentury since, one benhes of an Oord College, led to the openng of avia o te pat, where w see the aneors o temodern ntio buding nd crving an spnn, throg ino heir work ther her oe

nd ver souls. And he lesson to be leed from tevsion s th a real ar, creaed by he pople for tepeople, is ale not ony to bautify, but also to smple, to uny the interess o a sorts and condition om, an inal to re e g o te wrd[.


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46 WM MS

When the change ces, w

ebace he whole f society, nd there n disc-tend cas lf to for he eleents f fesh reolutint is necessay tha he oeen shoud nt gnorant,ut integent. hat I shoud ke t hae now famore than anyting else, oud be a dy f ble, high-minded, coment en, wo sould ac as nstructors.I should lk o those en to peach wha Sciasray sno change fo the sake f change bu chane nng e ey nobles da f hun ife andduty : a life whch eey huan should n n-estcted c fo his bes wes nd

ILLM MISFi1st pubc ue1ance, fe bcoming mbe1 of

ciac eagu.

Education i the pe nec-sy, d i hess atep recnstuc scewhu he exstng ateals

LIM MISLte to Ldy Cu-one, Semb1, 883

I could nee foge hat n speof al dabacks, y wok s te ess than psue oe ; tha unde n conceiable cicustances wud Igie up, een coud O and or gain, I haeasked seH wh shoud nt y lo be the comon ltMy work s sipe work enouh ; uc of t, no hate least psant, any an f decen eence couldd, he cud but to cae au the work and srsuts Indeed, I bn ashaed when I haeouh of te contrast between y happy oking hous

and the upraised, unrarde, onoonus drudgywhich os en ae condnd o. Ntng sh cnince e ha suc labour as tis s gd o necessay ciatn.

WILLIAM MORRS:re: U rt, Wlh and h ; " gin a

8ncheer C l Instiuon, Mrch 6, 883


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AN ARGUMEN FOR SIMPICITY

IN

H O U S H D F U N I S H N G S

IN all conc ouol fung n coao nndnci a a a imlici unknn n a. o of any obj mad o ual a

fank on alm i aldns. T maials mploy achon no long l fo nnsic alu u w a gaonidaion fo hi_ ona au T ualii hu appndd a ac o i ouc n n cafully lo y k of caan

In t igteenth centu te Frenc cabiemaks a cang ojs su o alc an cal oh old noi Ty Jll in cn of mial : n ood

bugh fo cons n olon ffil of ccs n cogilding an o appli onn fanciful aning i xu lica of ag ao m al a nignifcnc

u a of onw oman cc ucaion mo nl fuhs uma cou omfo n og fin

mod of cnu m po mal an cobj y hic a suu En ou s, abl andca} i plann and xcu cong o w an sonda of ou a o us lsn aug by fo, susn an fini. a no long ou by xaa lnh aon fo w a a diinng. W a o dl haliing ns o wi diiguing ocall onamn W ar

n narily confn y subans cous u of hiadinal u hi ari nd iil nding hi ainmn W ar i f al, m y pain ap whih n onldcla bu mpa uo y on maiahic ah fm f, ang and m ohc fama o u, a, ta n inring ad un.W may n h a of ou dingcair, r in h dk bo


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TH CRATMAN

ic a ou onga, unons n

ain of ak, a, lm, o o of ou na , an in ing, ea te of paient, wel-irede an skie lah ;ofat lar hich eucaes ; tat is : leas out an e'elps tehien 'alues an qualies of things oo ofen negledebecuse ta fun n

PRO PATRIA

WHEN In the ecae of1870-1880, Oenal a began to receP

ia anion in anc, an bcam a fao opicof cnaon in faionab alon n conniuw ni i claim o ciain. Tn a a M T, in f nc ublIc, umm u in a ingl y

nnc an f na

juic hic fu cuno ias o an o coca b ong famia. ca: oul no go o aa

anon n n mn. ima juic a abl ilf in

i coun gang u of maogan in fin ic oul fuiin. T fnc fo i oo, founaial upn i bau, c a ng impu fm connin f o an of cain famu cabIn mak i oucolnial i, ic of a a n o oougly a byAican aur, an o ooug ui y ou ac club.nunl, u na ou ha n ngl an i iilii 'lk. Bu I i a a, a an lm pra p aaon a il o of no oh unulain of i ga{n, f, un on wic

y aum ug k{fu plih clay ic e,ir mh uc a uli ic o b acia n ono firly T inllign caman in ou cun iflOW rasin r nrn a lac bi occui long-aired magny.


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nondg Gl ClubSvcus . Y

nr w


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Vew of eaa.


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TYL ND IS RQUISI

THEos exquse ngs In naue an In a ae ose c

an Indefnale qual ca sle. Te ce of lteaue, eteal ok, e eautful oan, te flo anng I t lasaeess gace ale unfuna. F In ode to gan ecogo aecaton In a gly c'z a, dsncton, a Is o say seaa-Ho f one s kn Is necesa. Bu ts stnon us e aaan Ineen : ne ug ae, assue, foce. n e cas oje cae y te as, le us e a pa of te e coceon ;

o oetng conously aded In the canca exeto.Te ases of s, t chefs of e eacoo u In oedence o Ipulse, ecaus ey e foe fIt ; ecaue e tng seen In t enal /son c ou o e o,o ece ateaze. Te nl, e colun, e ac ee o Incooat no he ung a y ae slon, y ctc anea eenalsts. T struual len as seze y te

an fel Ino place enat s peful ga : e esul epesent a e ecognze n as Gek, o Roan, o eae'al. No te o gea aans Rapae an Mclanglo, sre afte s-usng as. Te aonc coostn of e one, te Infneea ae of e ote ee sponaneous, constan fces c neeeot o e fe o fstee y e psessos, of c tey ee a /tal ng t t, an assg aay a e ea of te atese aa o e eeae.

S I therefore he quali an rigul posse-o o ne Inua, o cass of iniduals. Osde of ese limits,i a fale and unjusfiable assumpion. We fel s satemen,to bee'e 'e pause o analyse te impressions tha ofen fake discosuo our sense, as e go uon ur ways o orR r pleasure. For ex-ame, hesieent cenu Frnc castle arciture Is , sui eeri. "t is Incomarable In Is ay. lends Itself to te naure In e ms of

ic it a creae; rising from te lanscae of te rier Loi aymatheic rspnse o e aea of sky, te aer, teil an teorests. Fuer tan tis, it rpresents e tme of Its r. snorf maeal, Is brilan of executin, is agnate, urian, racefue reca he rtisc, lasurelo'ng Franci Firs se


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v T CAFTSMN

cur rm chateau t catau ; ag s e

Pa, et ate ?eat u I t ost asa keps to ct a IN, et a pu o t se

I te a u Amca metp, ee tae taces. e eut I ge ee peasg o t coseu atyg t t mases T ua t sy ceture ut pace I a me c), uma te o o

aw a r. T

"

ra aeu, tem w te e, meme nets a ctc ag a Icgu ettg tes 0[tme jewe f a. e atatc oramt, te gaye a goc er te w a cut te kye a u us asa o ge a a r xtec. a te se my w wc ty wr ce t. e meag serm te ta tate It te ma tca Itest te o a, te ace g uppt.

We ca tu g o seeg examps at aue aways o ag t am ccu. we pass g Pace Veme Par we ae at ce mpee y te , staegaeu te uug arctu. e eag ppe w s es y te gttg r t e a ax ucosus[ye y cnrnng te gra' ung te tc ua; e ttuet gt t magn t pa a mut a ppea u L

Ga: aat y ung cac an g aca, tegt f pmpu gteme g g ae eay [et cae g?.

Aga a te rt cae e, et te e t cp n Ara. Te rut w a ps, e[traatn wantg t an u t ga. A ee ufesan ua w 'r a a 1ut te at c tg

ak pntan a n utatn eng ; wc as s atc t an w rpnt n mnat tugt t pe.S aanng r ntae t tace e ac

te cus t1t any a wy t nae mut tke t et t te pp an ut puc r a aay se t pat umr

W a tu a aw ur examp m a

t, but a te ar cntan n t gratr a t ee seat t tat t ur Scupture a pantg a m,a u ra aun an ay.

w ur maa meex u u a nun tht t t wt w u c


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CFSMN vii

ou succs ar t t zn nd ntrl p f t Cmmn-

alh us h ca th s y wh suun our[ gng u udgnt t a up m fy o up

OO stud and mpnn. W m up n aa ppl t ppl : mpl scr and sual ; an

t dgr and th catmn all n and sam d-u ag n plar ad unad y cmmasm.

s n t p t t Mat and socat f

t U Cafs puc t wrk and aw ults

T at u t Ruh r Rd s gally gd y t cantkr trn nd dura b a la caud s plymnt Bu lnds l tsthtc cl and l scm Md t and l nd tanng a agan, t g a l gamt f gr wth ccnls glnts uang w t w a t rtl ma clrt s h ot cmnd wt th w t fud nd t can car and t rn prdud n t wr f th

d C. T cmnan cannt thr tn rf onu i s uo N dplayd t amn wos

The xamples of cbnt-ming sn tgzine re frOln e wrkh he

Uned C, Ew 8 Y


70/70

I th Mil A, that goln po f h arts adc matr-orm aopt som vi or lgd wch

u vry ojt of hi cration, cam fiay toividuaiy as comptly a i hi fa, or his voi ;

h kow yond th bughr cirl wch passd ad afr dth, a magic foula, by wic ur up s mmory v th yrs ad uipcuris.

mog th o mpoyd h on assumd byva Eyck, th arly paintr, ha rtai its forc ad

dow o our o day Als {h kanne ( I c) aparsacross h canvas of thi furtnth c oe,r, wthou oubt, as an inpiration xcnc wr va a an makr.

of matr rtrai, i ha of df'a a ofrg a ovrt hallng to l

Th Als {h kann of va ck, th Qa

of Sara rt rt that ntn of courag ldsshh apals to all trly viril aturs Tus win hi ary manhoo, viit th Low Coun

and thr grw fir with nthm for th orativ ars Ifoud th lgn an ma it hi ow H usd i rtranslatin, firs i tapstrs esigne for his o dwg

it became dentied wih li; so that the S{ je pui

mory a vivily a o th ign hic s from th hangg of or a, th til of our lrs, or o th ks wh i or tal

Th sa it o lmih fo, s

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