Upload
others
View
4
Download
1
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Acoustics lesson 1
Steve VanlanduitDepartement of Mechanical EngineeringB ildi Z ZW113Building Z, room ZW113E-mail: [email protected]
1-10-2012 1Herhaling titel van presentatie
Consult • For any remark/question/complaint/etc.
Concerning the Bruface program ‘Electromechanical Engineering’
• During the ‘Acoustics and vibrations’ lectures
• By e-mail: [email protected]• After appointment (room ZW113)
Acoustics and vibrations Course overview
• Acoustics • Acoustics, S. Vanlanduit, 4 lectures,
• Tuesday 10-12AM weeks 1-4
• Vibrations part 1, A. Preumont, ,9 lectures
• Thursday 2-4PM, weeks 1-8
• Vibrations part 2 • Vibrations part 2, P. Guillaume, 5 lectures,
• Tuesday 10-12AM week 5-7 and Friday 8-10h weeks 8+9
• Labs• Excercices
Acoustics course content
Overview:– Physics of soundy– Hearing– Measurement of soundMeasurement of sound– Acoustics in enclosed spaces– Transmission of sound– Transmission of sound– European legislation
Environmental noise
Noise on the workfloorci
tate
dof
inca
pac
erso
nsN
umbe
ro peN
Source: Belgian Fund for Professionaldeseases (FBZ)deseases (FBZ)
Vibrations Noise Asbetos OtherSilicosis
Introduction
Sound sources Sound sources
Acoustics course content
Overview:– Physics of soundy– Hearing– Measurement of soundMeasurement of sound– Acoustics in enclosed spaces– Transmission of sound– Transmission of sound– European legislation
Basic physics of sound
Definition of sound: • Longitudinal waves in a medium (air, water)• Pressure variations (sound pressure in Pa,Bar,atm)• Frequencies: 20Hz-20kHz
Basic physics of sound
The ‘dB’ scaleS d l l (SPL)Sound pressure level (SPL):
Basic physics of sound
Pressure – dB conversion factors:
Basic physics of sound
Basic physics of sound
Basic physics of sound
Logaritmic frequency division• Octave bands• Octave bands• Tertz bands
Basic physics of sound
Propagation of soundp g
Simplified sound sources:• Plane source plane sound wave• Line source cylindrical sound wave• Line source cylindrical sound wave• Point source spherical wave
Basic physics of sound
The plane wave equation:
Solution:
Basic physics of sound
The speed of sound:• Gasses
MEDIUM TEMPRATURE (C) SOUND SPEED (m/s)
• SolidsMEDIUM TEMPRATURE (C) SOUND SPEED (m/s)helium 0 972air 0 331air 20 340air 20 340water 0 1402water 20 1482sea water 20 1522iron 0 5130brass 0 4700copper 0 3560gold 0 3240
Basic physics of sound
Wave equation solutions for simplified sources:
Plane wave:
Spherical wave:
Cylindrical wave:Cylindrical wave:
Basic physics of sound
Basic physics of sound
Types of sound signals:
• Periodic
• Stochastic• Stochastic
• Impulse
Basic physics of sound
Spectral analysis:
Basic physics of sound
Spectral analysis:
Basic physics of sound
The acoustic impedance:
Acoustic impedance
MKS unity:
For plane waves:For plane waves:
I i 400R lIn air: z=400Rayl
Definities geluid: impedantieBasic physics of sound
Use of impedance:
– Acoustic absorption:2
14zza 2
– Resonators
See lesson 2
Basic physics of sound
RMS value:
Equivalent sound level:
Ldn:
Basic physics of sound
Adding two dB values:
Basic physics of sound
Correlated – uncorrelated sources:
1 C h t 1. Coherent source: RMS2(totaal sound) ≠ RMS2(source1) + RMS2(source2)
2. Incoherent sources: RMS2(totaal sound) = RMS2(source1) + RMS2(source2)
Basic physics of sound
Sound Power in Watt : • = ‘energy flux through a closed surface’gy g• Sound power level LW in dB:
Lw = 10log(W / W0) with W0 = 10-12 Watt
Sound Intensity I in Watt/m2: Sound Intensity I in Watt/m2: • ‘energy flux through 1m2 surface’• Sound intensity level LI in dB:
LI 10l (I / I0) i h I0 10 12 W / 2
S
IdSW
LI = 10log(I / I0) with I0 = 10-12 Watt/m2
Basic physics of sound
Sound intensity:
F l For plane waves:
I is a vector quantity!
Basic physics of sound
Relation between power and pressure:
The hearing system
The hearing system
The hearing system
The hearing system
Measurement of sound
Simple instrument for sound tpressure measurement:
= ‘sonometer’
Microphone SignalAmplifier DisplayMicrophone Signal conditioning
Amplifier Display
Measurement of sound
IEC 651:IEC 651:• Type 1• Type 2• Type 2• Type 3
Measurement of sound
Measurement microphones
Principles:Pi l t i• Piezoelectric
• Inductive
• Condenserl• Electret
Measurement of sound
Measurement of sound
Measurement of sound
Measurement of sound
Measurement of sound
Measurement of sound
Measurement of sound
Measurement of sound
A, B, C en D filters (40, 70, 100, 120 dB respectively)IEC 60651 (1979 01)IEC 60651 (1979-01)
Measurement of sound
Measurement of sound
Octaves and Tertz band analysis25 31,5 40 50 63 80 100 125 160
200 250 315 400 500 630 800 1000 1250
1600 2000 2500 3150 4000 5000 6300 8000 10000
12500 16000 20000
Measurement of sound
Measurement of sound
Sound exposure level: Sound exposure level:
Measurement of sound
Sound intensity measurement:
Measurement of sound
Limitation of the frequency range
Sound power measurement
Different possible techniques:
1 U i SPL t1.Using SPL measurements:
ISO 3740 series ISO 3740 series
2.Using sound intensity measurements
ISO 9614 series
Sound power measurementISO 3741 to 3747Procedure: Procedure: • Choice of a surrounding surface• SPL measurements at discrete points on the surface
• A weighted• In octave or tertz bands
Variants depending on: • Type of surface• Acoustical environment (anechoic room?)• Required accuracy• Size of the source• Size of the source• Background noise• Application area, required informationpp , q
Sound power measurement
ISO 3744• Semi-anechoic, outdoor, large
room• Largest source dimension < 15mLargest source dimension < 15m• All types of sound• In frequency bands• Surrounding surface:
• Parallellepipedum• Hemisphere• Hemisphere• Sphere
1 210logw pSL L K KS
0.1110log 10 piN
LpL
N
0w p S 1
piN
Sound power measurement
Comparison method: ISO 3747• Accuracy σ = 4 to 5dB• Fixed non-mobile machines• In-house and outside• In-house and outside• No limitation on the volume of the source• All stationary soundy• Method:
Power of the
reference source
Avg. SPL referencesource
Avg. SPL of
unknown source
Sound power measurement
Using sound intensity:ISO 9614 ‘D t i ti f d l l f ISO 9614 : ‘Determination of sound power levels of noise sources using sound intensity’
Procedure:Procedure:• Definition of an arbitrary surrounding surface
Meas e aco stic intensit at disc ete points on the • Measure acoustic intensity at discrete points on the surface
• Calculation of the sound power:• Calculation of the sound power:
N Wi ni iW I S
1 0
10logN
iW
i
WLW
1 0i W
Sound power measurement
Advantages:Advantages:• Elimination of background noise• In situ measurement possible• In situ measurement possible• Nearfield measurements• Arbitrary surfaces possible• Arbitrary surfaces possible
Sound power measurement
Disadvantages:Li i d f• Limited frequency range
• Directivity• Cost of the instrumentation
Sound power measurement
ISO 9614-2 :
Sweep methodp
Example exam questions
Major question:j q• Explain the working principle of the human
hearing system.• Discuss the working principle of a sonometer and
an intensity meter.• Explain how one can measure sound power in
practice.
Minor questions:• Calculate dB level (by heart)• Give order of magnitude of acoustical quantities