Steve Jobs 1

Steve Jobs

Steve Jobs

Jobs holding a white iPhone 4 at Worldwide Developers Conference 2010Born Steven Paul Jobs

February 24, 1955[1][2]

San Francisco, California, U.S.[1][2]

Died October 5, 2011 (aged 56)[2]

Palo Alto, California, U.S.

Cause of death Pancreatic cancer

Nationality American

Ethnicity Syrian, German[3]

Alma mater Reed College (dropped out)

Occupation Co-founder, Chairman and CEO,Apple Inc.Co-founder and CEO,PixarFounder and CEO,NeXT Inc.

Years active 1974–2011

Influenced by Edwin H. Land

Board member of The Walt Disney Company[4]

Apple Inc.

Religion Zen Buddhism (previously Lutheran)[5]

Spouse Laurene Powell(1991–2011, his death)

Children Lisa Brennan-JobsReed JobsErin JobsEve Jobs

Relatives Mona Simpson (sister)

Signature

Steven Paul "Steve" Jobs (/ˈdʒɒbz/; February 24, 1955 – October 5, 2011)[6][7] was an American entrepreneur.[8]

He is best known as the co-founder, chairman, and chief executive officer of Apple Inc. Through Apple, he was

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widely recognized as a charismatic pioneer of the personal computer revolution[9][10] and for his influential career inthe computer and consumer electronics fields. Jobs also co-founded and served as chief executive of PixarAnimation Studios; he became a member of the board of directors of The Walt Disney Company in 2006, whenDisney acquired Pixar.In the late 1970s, Apple co-founder Steve Wozniak engineered one of the first commercially successful lines ofpersonal computers, the Apple II series. Jobs was among the first to see the commercial potential of Xerox PARC'smouse-driven graphical user interface, which led to the creation of the Apple Lisa and, one year later, the Macintosh.By introducing the LaserWriter he enabled a revolution called desktop publishing.[11]

After losing a power struggle with the board of directors in 1985, Jobs left Apple and founded NeXT, a computerplatform development company specializing in the higher-education and business markets. In 1986, he acquired thecomputer graphics division of Lucasfilm, which was spun off as Pixar.[12] He was credited in Toy Story (1995) as anexecutive producer. He served as CEO and 50.1% majority shareholder until Disney bought Pixar in 2006.[13] Jobsreceived 7% of Disney shares, and joined the Board of Directors as the largest individual shareholder.[14][15] By1996, Apple had failed to deliver a new operating system, Copland. Gil Amelio turned to NeXT Computer, and theNeXTSTEP platform became the foundation for the Mac OS X.[16] Jobs returned to Apple as an advisor, and tookcontrol of the company as an interim CEO. Jobs brought Apple from near bankruptcy to profitability by 1998.[17][18]

As the new CEO of the company, Jobs oversaw the development of the iMac, iTunes, iPod, iPhone, and iPad, and onthe services side, the company's Apple Retail Stores, iTunes Store and the App Store.[19] The success of theseproducts and services, provided several years of stable financial returns, and propelled Apple to become the world'smost valuable publicly traded company in 2011.[20] The reinvigoration of the company is regarded by manycommentators as one of the greatest turnarounds in business history.[21][22][23]

In 2003, Jobs was diagnosed with a pancreas neuroendocrine tumor. Though it was initially treated, he reported ahormone imbalance, underwent a liver transplant in 2009, and appeared progressively thinner as his healthdeclined.[24] On medical leave for most of 2011, Jobs resigned in August that year, and was elected Chairman of theBoard. He died of respiratory arrest related to his metastatic tumor on October 5, 2011.Jobs has received a number of honors and public recognition for his influence in the technology and musicindustries. He has widely been referred to as "legendary", a "futurist" or simply "visionary",[25][26][27][28] and hasbeen described as the "Father of the Digital Revolution",[29] a "master of innovation",[30][31] and a "designperfectionist".[32][33]

Early life and educationSteven Paul Jobs was born in San Francisco on February 24, 1955 to two university students, Joanne Carole Schiebleand Syrian-born Abdulfattah "John" Jandali (Arabic: عبدالفتاح جندلي), who were both unmarried at the time.[34]

Jandali, who was teaching in Wisconsin when Steve was born, said he had no choice but to put the baby up foradoption because his girlfriend's family objected to their relationship.[35]

The baby was adopted at birth by Paul Reinhold Jobs (1922–1993) and Clara Jobs (1924–1986), an ArmenianAmerican[3] whose maiden name was Hagopian.[36] According to Steve Jobs's commencement address at Stanford,Schieble wanted Jobs to be adopted only by a college-graduate couple. Schieble learned that Clara Jobs didn'tgraduate from college and Paul Jobs only attended high school, but signed final adoption papers after they promisedher that the child would definitely be encouraged and supported to attend college. Later, when asked about his"adoptive parents," Jobs replied emphatically that Paul and Clara Jobs "were my parents."[37] He stated in hisauthorized biography that they "were my parents 1,000%."[38] Unknown to him, his biological parents wouldsubsequently marry (December 1955), have a second child, novelist Mona Simpson, in 1957, and divorce in1962.[38]

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The Jobs family moved from San Francisco to Mountain View, California when Steve was five years old.[1][2] Theparents later adopted a daughter, Patti. Paul was a machinist for a company that made lasers, and taught his sonrudimentary electronics and how to work with his hands.[1] The father showed Steve how to work on electronics inthe family garage, demonstrating to his son how to take apart and rebuild electronics such as radios and televisions.As a result, Steve became interested in and developed a hobby of technical tinkering.[39]

Clara was an accountant[37] who taught him to read before he went to school.[1] Clara Jobs had been a payroll clerkfor Varian Associates, one of the first high-tech firms in what became known as Silicon Valley.[40]

Jobs's youth was riddled with frustrations over formal schooling. At Monta Loma Elementary school in MountainView, he was a prankster whose fourth-grade teacher needed to bribe him to study. Jobs tested so well, however, thatadministrators wanted to skip him ahead to high school—a proposal his parents declined.[41]

Jobs then attended Cupertino Junior High and Homestead High School in Cupertino, California.[2] At Homestead,Jobs became friends with Bill Fernandez, a neighbor who shared the same interests in electronics. Fernandezintroduced Jobs to another, older computer whiz kid, Steve Wozniak (also known as "Woz"). In 1969 Woz startedbuilding a little computer board with Fernandez that they named "The Cream Soda Computer", which they showedto Jobs; he seemed really interested.[42] Jobs frequented after-school lectures at the Hewlett-Packard Company inPalo Alto, California, and was later hired there, working with Wozniak as a summer employee.[43]

Following high school graduation in 1972, Jobs enrolled at Reed College in Portland, Oregon. Reed was anexpensive college which Paul and Clara could ill afford. They were spending much of their life savings on their son'shigher education.[42] Jobs dropped out of college after six months and spent the next 18 months dropping in oncreative classes, including a course on calligraphy.[44] He continued auditing classes at Reed while sleeping on thefloor in friends' dorm rooms, returning Coke bottles for food money, and getting weekly free meals at the local HareKrishna temple.[45] Jobs later said, "If I had never dropped in on that single calligraphy course in college, the Macwould have never had multiple typefaces or proportionally spaced fonts."[45]

Early career

Homebrew Computer ClubNewsletter, September 1976

In 1974, Jobs took a job as a technician at Atari, Inc. in Los Gatos, California.[46]

He traveled to India in mid-1974[47] to visit Neem Karoli Baba[48] at his KainchiAshram with a Reed College friend (and, later, an early Apple employee), DanielKottke, in search of spiritual enlightenment. When they got to the Neem Karoliashram, it was almost deserted as Neem Karoli Baba had died in September1973.[46] Then they made a long trek up a dry riverbed to an ashram ofHariakhan Baba. In India, they spent a lot of time on bus rides from Delhi toUttar Pradesh and back, then up to Himachal Pradesh and back.[46]

After staying for seven months, Jobs left India[49] and returned to the US aheadof Daniel Kottke.[46] Jobs had changed his appearance; his head was shaved andhe wore traditional Indian clothing.[50][51] During this time, Jobs experimentedwith psychedelics, later calling his LSD experiences "one of the two or threemost important things [he had] done in [his] life".[52][53] He also became aserious practitioner of Zen Buddhism, engaged in lengthy meditation retreats atthe Tassajara Zen Mountain Center, the oldest Sōtō Zen monastery in the US.[54] He considered taking up monasticresidence at Eihei-ji in Japan, and maintained a lifelong appreciation for Zen.[55] Jobs would later say that peoplearound him who did not share his countercultural roots could not fully relate to his thinking.[52]

Jobs then returned to Atari, and was assigned to create a circuit board for the arcade video game Breakout. According to Atari co-founder Nolan Bushnell, Atari offered $100 for each chip that was eliminated in the machine. Jobs had little specialized knowledge of circuit board design and made a deal with Wozniak to split the fee evenly

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between them if Wozniak could minimize the number of chips. Much to the amazement of Atari engineers, Wozniakreduced the number of chips by 50, a design so tight that it was impossible to reproduce on an assembly line.According to Wozniak, Jobs told him that Atari gave them only $700 (instead of the offered $5,000), and thatWozniak's share was thus $350.[56] Wozniak did not learn about the actual bonus until ten years later, but said that ifJobs had told him about it and had said he needed the money, Wozniak would have given it to him.[57]

In the early 1970s, Jobs and Wozniak were drawn to technology like a magnet. Wozniak had designed a low-costdigital "blue box" to generate the necessary tones to manipulate the telephone network, allowing free long-distancecalls. Jobs decided that they could make money selling it. The clandestine sales of the illegal "blue boxes" went well,and perhaps planted the seed in Jobs's mind that electronics could be fun and profitable.[58]

Jobs began attending meetings of the Homebrew Computer Club with Wozniak in 1975.[2] He greatly admiredEdwin H. Land, the inventor of instant photography and founder of Polaroid Corporation, and would explicitlymodel his own career after that of Land's.[59][60]

In 1976, Jobs and Wozniak formed their own business, which they named "Apple Computer Company" inremembrance of a happy summer Jobs had spent picking apples. At first they started off selling circuit boards, buteventually they produced a complete computer prototype.[61]

Career

Apple Computer

Home of Paul and Clara Jobs, on Crist Drive inLos Altos, California. Steve Jobs formed AppleComputer in its garage with Steve Wozniak and

Ronald Wayne in 1976. Wayne stayed only ashort time, leaving Jobs and Wozniak as the

primary co-founders of the company.

Jobs and Steve Wozniak met in 1971, when their mutual friend, BillFernandez, introduced 21-year-old Wozniak to 16-year-old Jobs. In1976, Wozniak invented the Apple I computer. Jobs, Wozniak, andRonald Wayne founded Apple computer in the garage of Jobs's parentsin order to sell it.[62] They received funding from a then-semi-retiredIntel product-marketing manager and engineer Mike Markkula.[63]

In 1978, Apple recruited Mike Scott from National Semiconductor toserve as CEO for what turned out to be several turbulent years. In1983, Jobs lured John Sculley away from Pepsi-Cola to serve asApple's CEO, asking, "Do you want to sell sugar water for the rest ofyour life, or do you want to come with me and change the world?"[64]

In the early 1980s, Jobs was among the first to see the commercialpotential of Xerox PARC's mouse-driven graphical user interface,which led to the creation of the Apple Lisa. One year later, Apple employee Jef Raskin invented theMacintosh.[65][66]

The following year, Apple aired a Super Bowl television commercial titled "1984". At Apple's annual shareholdersmeeting on January 24, 1984, an emotional Jobs introduced the Macintosh to a wildly enthusiastic audience; AndyHertzfeld described the scene as "pandemonium".[67]

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Apple logo in 1977, createdby Rob Janoff with the

rainbow color theme useduntil 1998.

While Jobs was a persuasive and charismatic director for Apple, some of his employeesfrom that time described him as an erratic and temperamental manager. Disappointingsales caused a deterioration in Jobs's working relationship with Sculley and it eventuallybecame a power struggle between Jobs and Sculley.[68] Jobs kept meetings running pastmidnight, sent out lengthy faxes, then called new meetings at 7:00 am.[69]

Sculley learned that Jobs—who believed Sculley to be "bad for Apple" and the wrongperson to lead the company—had been attempting to organize a boardroom coup, and onMay 24, 1985, called a board meeting to resolve the matter.[68] Apple's board of directorssided with Sculley and removed Jobs from his managerial duties as head of theMacintosh division.[70][71] Jobs resigned from Apple five months later[68] and foundedNeXT Inc. the same year.[69][72]

In a speech Jobs gave at Stanford University in 2005, he said being fired from Apple was the best thing that couldhave happened to him; "The heaviness of being successful was replaced by the lightness of being a beginner again,less sure about everything. It freed me to enter one of the most creative periods of my life." And he added, "I'mpretty sure none of this would have happened if I hadn't been fired from Apple. It was awful-tasting medicine, but Iguess the patient needed it."[45][73][74]

NeXT Computer

A NeXTstation with the original keyboard,mouse and the NeXT MegaPixel monitor

After leaving Apple, Jobs founded NeXT Computer in 1985, with$7 million. A year later, Jobs was running out of money, and with noproduct on the horizon, he appealed for venture capital. Eventually, heattracted the attention of billionaire Ross Perot who invested heavily inthe company.[75] NeXT workstations were first released in 1990, pricedat $9,999. Like the Apple Lisa, the NeXT workstation wastechnologically advanced, but was largely dismissed ascost-prohibitive by the educational sector for which it was designed.[76]

The NeXT workstation was known for its technical strengths, chiefamong them its object-oriented software development system. Jobsmarketed NeXT products to the financial, scientific, and academiccommunity, highlighting its innovative, experimental newtechnologies, such as the Mach kernel, the digital signal processorchip, and the built-in Ethernet port. Tim Berners-Lee invented theWorld Wide Web on a NeXT computer at CERN.[77]

The revised, second-generation NeXTcube was released in 1990, also. Jobs touted it as the first "interpersonal"computer that would replace the personal computer. With its innovative NeXTMail multimedia email system,NeXTcube could share voice, image, graphics, and video in email for the first time. "Interpersonal computing isgoing to revolutionize human communications and groupwork", Jobs told reporters.[78] Jobs ran NeXT with anobsession for aesthetic perfection, as evidenced by the development of and attention to NeXTcube's magnesiumcase.[79] This put considerable strain on NeXT's hardware division, and in 1993, after having sold only 50,000machines, NeXT transitioned fully to software development with the release of NeXTSTEP/Intel.[80] The companyreported its first profit of $1.03 million in 1994.[75] In 1996, NeXT Software, Inc. released WebObjects, a frameworkfor Web application development. After NeXT was acquired by Apple Inc. in 1997, WebObjects was used to buildand run the Apple Store,[80] MobileMe services, and the iTunes Store.

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Pixar and DisneyIn 1986, Jobs bought The Graphics Group (later renamed Pixar) from Lucasfilm's computer graphics division for theprice of $10 million, $5 million of which was given to the company as capital.[81]

The first film produced by the partnership, Toy Story, with Jobs credited as executive producer,[82] brought fame andcritical acclaim to the studio when it was released in 1995. Over the next 15 years, under Pixar's creative chief JohnLasseter, the company produced box-office hits A Bug's Life (1998); Toy Story 2 (1999); Monsters, Inc. (2001);Finding Nemo (2003); The Incredibles (2004); Cars (2006); Ratatouille (2007); WALL-E (2008); Up (2009); and ToyStory 3 (2010). Finding Nemo, The Incredibles, Ratatouille, WALL-E, Up and Toy Story 3 each received theAcademy Award for Best Animated Feature, an award introduced in 2001.[83]

In the years 2003 and 2004, as Pixar's contract with Disney was running out, Jobs and Disney chief executiveMichael Eisner tried but failed to negotiate a new partnership,[84] and in early 2004, Jobs announced that Pixarwould seek a new partner to distribute its films after its contract with Disney expired.In October 2005, Bob Iger replaced Eisner at Disney, and Iger quickly worked to patch up relations with Jobs andPixar. On January 24, 2006, Jobs and Iger announced that Disney had agreed to purchase Pixar in an all-stocktransaction worth $7.4 billion. When the deal closed, Jobs became The Walt Disney Company's largest singleshareholder with approximately seven percent of the company's stock.[14] Jobs's holdings in Disney far exceededthose of Eisner, who holds 1.7 percent, and of Disney family member Roy E. Disney, who until his 2009 death heldabout one percent of the company's stock and whose criticisms of Eisner — especially that he soured Disney'srelationship with Pixar — accelerated Eisner's ousting. Jobs joined the company's board of directors uponcompletion of the merger and also helped oversee Disney and Pixar's combined animation businesses from a seat ona special six-person steering committee.[85] Upon Jobs's death his shares in Disney were transferred to the Steven P.Jobs Trust led by Laurene Jobs.[86]

Return to Apple

Logo for the Think Different campaign designedby TBWA\Chiat\Day and initiated by Jobs after

his return to Apple Computer in 1997.

In 1996, Apple announced that it would buy NeXT for $427 million.The deal was finalized in late 1996,[87] bringing Jobs back to thecompany he co-founded. Jobs became de facto chief after then-CEOGil Amelio was ousted in July 1997. He was formally named interimchief executive in September.[88] In March 1998, to concentrateApple's efforts on returning to profitability, Jobs terminated a numberof projects, such as Newton, Cyberdog, and OpenDoc. In the comingmonths, many employees developed a fear of encountering Jobs whileriding in the elevator, "afraid that they might not have a job when thedoors opened. The reality was that Jobs's summary executions wererare, but a handful of victims was enough to terrorize a whole

company."[89] Jobs also changed the licensing program for Macintosh clones, making it too costly for themanufacturers to continue making machines.

With the purchase of NeXT, much of the company's technology found its way into Apple products, most notablyNeXTSTEP, which evolved into Mac OS X. Under Jobs's guidance, the company increased sales significantly withthe introduction of the iMac and other new products; since then, appealing designs and powerful branding haveworked well for Apple. At the 2000 Macworld Expo, Jobs officially dropped the "interim" modifier from his title atApple and became permanent CEO.[90] Jobs quipped at the time that he would be using the title "iCEO".[91]

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Jobs on stage at MacworldConference & Expo, San Francisco,

January 11, 2005

The company subsequently branched out, introducing and improving upon otherdigital appliances. With the introduction of the iPod portable music player,iTunes digital music software, and the iTunes Store, the company made foraysinto consumer electronics and music distribution. On June 29, 2007, Appleentered the cellular phone business with the introduction of the iPhone, amulti-touch display cell phone, which also included the features of an iPod and,with its own mobile browser, revolutionized the mobile browsing scene. Whilestimulating innovation, Jobs also reminded his employees that "real artistsship".[92]

Jobs was both admired and criticized for his consummate skill at persuasion andsalesmanship, which has been dubbed the "reality distortion field" and wasparticularly evident during his keynote speeches (colloquially known as"Stevenotes") at Macworld Expos and at Apple Worldwide DevelopersConferences. In 2005, Jobs responded to criticism of Apple's poor recyclingprograms for e-waste in the US by lashing out at environmental and otheradvocates at Apple's Annual Meeting in Cupertino in April. A few weeks later,Apple announced it would take back iPods for free at its retail stores. TheComputer TakeBack Campaign responded by flying a banner from a plane over the Stanford University graduationat which Jobs was the commencement speaker.[45] The banner read "Steve, don't be a mini-player—recycle alle-waste".

In 2006, he further expanded Apple's recycling programs to any US customer who buys a new Mac. This programincludes shipping and "environmentally friendly disposal" of their old systems.[93]

ResignationIn August 2011, Jobs resigned as CEO of Apple, but remained with the company as chairman of the company'sboard.[94][95] Hours after the announcement, Apple Inc. (AAPL) shares dropped five percent in after-hourstrading.[96] This relatively small drop, when considering the importance of Jobs to Apple, was associated with thefact that his health had been in the news for several years, and he had been on medical leave since January 2011.[97]

It was believed, according to Forbes, that the impact would be felt in a negative way beyond Apple, including at TheWalt Disney Company where Jobs served as director.[98] In after-hours trading on the day of the announcement,Walt Disney Co. (DIS) shares dropped 1.5 percent.[99]

Business life

WealthAlthough Jobs earned only $1 a year as CEO of Apple,[100] Jobs held 5.426 million Apple shares worth $2.1 billion,as well as 138 million shares in Disney (which he received in exchange for Disney's acquisition of Pixar) worth $4.4billion.[101][102] Jobs quipped that the $1 per annum he was paid by Apple was based on attending one meeting for50 cents while the other 50 cents was based on his performance.[103] Forbes estimated his net wealth at $8.3 billionin 2010, making him the 42nd-wealthiest American.[104]

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Stock options backdating issue

Steve Jobs and Bill Gates at the fifth D: AllThings Digital conference (D5) in 2007

In 2001, Jobs was granted stock options in the amount of 7.5 millionshares of Apple with an exercise price of $18.30. It was alleged that theoptions had been backdated, and that the exercise price should havebeen $21.10. It was further alleged that Jobs had thereby incurredtaxable income of $20,000,000 that he did not report, and that Appleoverstated its earnings by that same amount. As a result, Jobspotentially faced a number of criminal charges and civil penalties. Thecase was the subject of active criminal and civil governmentinvestigations,[105] though an independent internal Apple investigationcompleted on December 29, 2006, found that Jobs was unaware ofthese issues and that the options granted to him were returned withoutbeing exercised in 2003.[106]

On July 1, 2008, a $7-billion class action suit was filed against several members of the Apple Board of Directors forrevenue lost due to the alleged securities fraud.[107][108]

Management styleJobs was a demanding perfectionist[109][110] who always aspired to position his businesses and their products at theforefront of the information technology industry by foreseeing and setting trends, at least in innovation and style. Hesummed up that self-concept at the end of his keynote speech at the Macworld Conference and Expo in January2007, by quoting ice hockey player Wayne Gretzky

There's an old Wayne Gretzky quote that I love. 'I skate to where the puck is going to be, not where ithas been.' And we've always tried to do that at Apple. Since the very very beginning. And we alwayswill.[111]

Steve Jobs announcing the transition toIntel processors in 2005.

Much was made of Jobs's aggressive and demanding personality. Fortunewrote that he was "considered one of Silicon Valley's leadingegomaniacs".[112] Commentaries on his temperamental style can be found inMichael Moritz's The Little Kingdom, The Second Coming of Steve Jobs, byAlan Deutschman; and iCon: Steve Jobs, by Jeffrey S. Young & William L.Simon. In 1993, Jobs made Fortune's list of America's Toughest Bosses inregard to his leadership of NeXT.

NeXT Cofounder Dan'l Lewin was quoted in Fortune as saying of that period,"The highs were unbelievable ... But the lows were unimaginable", to whichJobs's office replied that his personality had changed since then.[113]

In 2005, Jobs banned all books published by John Wiley & Sons from AppleStores in response to their publishing an unauthorized biography, iCon: SteveJobs.[114] In its 2010 annual earnings report, Wiley said it had "closed adeal ... to make its titles available for the iPad."[115] Jef Raskin, a formercolleague, once said that Jobs "would have made an excellent king of France", alluding to Jobs's compelling andlarger-than-life persona.[116] Floyd Norman said that at Pixar, Jobs was a "mature, mellow individual" and neverinterfered with the creative process of the filmmakers.[117]

Jobs had a public war of words with Dell Computer CEO Michael Dell, starting in 1987 when Jobs first criticized Dell for making "un-innovative beige boxes".[118] On October 6, 1997, in a Gartner Symposium, when Michael Dell was asked what he would do if he ran then-troubled Apple Computer, he said "I'd shut it down and give the money

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back to the shareholders."[119] In 2006, Jobs sent an email to all employees when Apple's market capitalization roseabove Dell's. The email read:

Team, it turned out that Michael Dell wasn't perfect at predicting the future. Based on today's stockmarket close, Apple is worth more than Dell. Stocks go up and down, and things may be differenttomorrow, but I thought it was worth a moment of reflection today. Steve.[120]

Jobs was also a board member at Gap Inc. from 1999 to 2002.[121]

Reality distortion field

Apple's Bud Tribble coined the term "reality distortion field" in 1981, to describe Jobs's charisma and its effects onthe developers working on the Macintosh project.[122] Tribble claimed that the term came from Star Trek.[122] Sincethen the term has also been used to refer to perceptions of Jobs's keynote speeches.[123]

The RDF was said by Andy Hertzfeld to be Steve Jobs's ability to convince himself and others to believe almostanything, using a mix of charm, charisma, bravado, hyperbole, marketing, appeasement, and persistence. Althoughthe subject of criticism, Jobs's so-called reality distortion field was also recognized as creating a sense that theimpossible was possible. Once the term became widely known, it was often used in the technology press to describeJobs's sway over the public, particularly regarding new product announcements.[124][125]

Inventions and designsJobs's design aesthetic was influenced by the modernist architectural style of Joseph Eichler, and the industrialdesigns of Braun's Dieter Rams.[38] His design sense was also greatly influenced by the Buddhism which heexperienced in India while on a seven-month spiritual journey.[126] His sense of intuition was also influenced by thespiritual people with whom he studied.[126]

According to Apple cofounder, Steve Wozniak, "Steve didn't ever code. He wasn't an engineer and he didn't do anyoriginal design..."[127][128] Daniel Kottke, one of Apple's earliest employees and a college friend of Jobs', stated that"Between Woz and Jobs, Woz was the innovator, the inventor. Steve Jobs was the marketing person."[129]

He is listed as either primary inventor or co-inventor in 342 United States patents or patent applications related to arange of technologies from actual computer and portable devices to user interfaces (including touch-based), speakers,keyboards, power adapters, staircases, clasps, sleeves, lanyards and packages. Most of these are design patents(specific product designs) as opposed to utility patents (inventions).[130][131] He has 43 issued US patents oninventions.[132] The patent on the Mac OS X Dock user interface with "magnification" feature was issued the daybefore he died.[133] However, Jobs had little involvement in the engineering and technical side of the original Applecomputers.[128]

Applying his Triple F Model to Apple under Steve Jobs, Anand Kurian opines that Job's contribution in the area ofpure 'Function' are less significant, but that his contribution in the areas of 'Functionality' and 'Form' are major andsubstantial.[134][135]

Apple II Computer

During 1976, Steve Wozniak began work on the Apple II, and left HP to join Apple computer. In March 1977, AppleComputer moved from Jobs's garage to an office in Cupertino. Apple Computer delivered its first Apple II system,for US$1295 in April 1977.[136] Steve Jobs once said the Apple II could be described as an "appliance" computer.The Apple II was the first computer to be enclosed in plastic.[137] Jobs helped design the Apple II's case. He insistedthat molded plastic was essential to the computer as a consumer item. The Apple II was "elegantly styled" and itbecame compared to an "overgrown pocket calculator".[138]

Ten months after its introduction, Apple Computer began work on an enhanced Apple II with custom chips, code-named Annie, in 1978. At the same year, they began work on a supercomputer named Lisa; it featured a bit-sliced architecture. After two and a half years, 50,000 Apple II units had been sold until 1979. Nearly one-third of

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Canadians credited the Apple II as the first personal computer which had the most impact on society.[139]

The Macintosh Computer

The Macintosh was introduced in January 1984. The computer had no "Mac" name on the front, but rather just theApple logo.[140] The Macintosh had a friendly appearance since it was meant to be easy to use. The disk drive isbelow the display, the Macintosh was taller, narrower, more symmetrical, and far more suggestive of a face. TheMacintosh was identified as a computer that ordinary people could understand.[141]

The NeXT Computer

After Jobs was forced out of Apple in 1985, he started a company that built workstation computers. The NeXTComputer was introduced in 1989. Sir Tim Berners-Lee created the world's first web browser on the NeXTComputer. The NeXT Computer was the basis for today's Macintosh OS X and iPhone operating system (iOS).[142]

iMac

Apple iMac was introduced in 1998 and its innovative design was directly the result of Jobs's return to Apple. Appleboasted "the back of our computer looks better than the front of anyone else's".[143] Described as "cartoonlike" thefirst iMac, clad in Bondi Blue plastic, was unlike any personal computer that came before. In 1999, Apple introducedGraphite gray Apple iMac and since has switched to all-white. Design ideas were intended to create a connectionwith the user such as the handle and a breathing light effect when the computer went to sleep.[144] The Apple iMacsold for $1,299 at that time. There were some technical revolutions for iMac too. The USB ports being the onlydevice inputs on the iMac. So the iMac's success helped popularize the interface among third party peripheralmakers, which is evidenced by the fact that many early USB peripherals were made of translucent plastic to matchthe iMac design.[145]

iPod

The first generation of iPod was released October 23, 2001. The major innovation of the iPod was its small sizeachieved by using a 1.8" hard drive compared to the 2.5" drives common to players at that time. The capacity of thefirst generation iPod ranged from 5G to 10 Gigabytes.[146] The iPod sold for US$399 and more than 100,000 iPodswere sold before the end of 2001. The introduction of the iPod resulted in Apple becoming a major player in themusic industry.[147] Also, the iPod's success prepared the way for the iTunes music store and the iPhone.[148] Afterthe 1st generation of iPod, Apple released the hard drive-based iPod classic, the touchscreen iPod Touch,video-capable iPod Nano, screenless iPod Shuffle in the following years.[147]

iPhone

Jobs began work on the first iPhone in 2005 and the first iPhone was released on June 29, 2007. The iPhone createdsuch a sensation that a survey indicated six out of ten Americans were aware of its release. Time magazine declaredit "Invention of the Year" for 2007.[149] The Apple iPhone is a small device with multimedia capabilities andfunctions as a quad-band touch screen smartphone.[150] A year later, the iPhone 3G was released in July 2008 withthe key feature was support for GPS, 3G data and quad-band UMTS/HSDPA. In June 2009, the iPhone 3GS, addedvoice control, a better camera, and a faster processor was introduced by Phil Schiller.[151] iPhone 4 was thinner thanprevious models, had a five megapixel camera which can record videos in 720p HD, and added a secondary frontfacing camera for video calls.[152] A major feature of the iPhone 4S, introduced in October 2011, was Siri, which is avirtual assistant that is capable of voice recognition.[149]

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PhilanthropyArik Hesseldahl of BusinessWeek magazine stated that "Jobs isn't widely known for his association withphilanthropic causes", compared to Bill Gates's efforts.[153] In contrast to Gates, Jobs did not sign the Giving Pledgeof Warren Buffett which challenged the world's richest billionaires to give at least half their wealth to charity.[154] Inan interview with Playboy in 1985, Jobs said in respect to money that "the challenges are to figure out how to livewith it and to reinvest it back into the world which means either giving it away or using it to express your concernsor values."[155] Jobs also added that when he has some time we would start a public foundation but for now he doescharitable acts privately.[156]

After resuming control of Apple in 1997, Jobs eliminated all corporate philanthropy programs initially.[157] Jobs'sfriends told The New York Times that he felt that expanding Apple would have done more good than giving money tocharity.[158] Later, under Jobs, Apple signed to participate in Product Red program, producing red versions ofdevices to give profits from sales to charity. Apple has gone on to become the largest contributor to the charity sinceits initial involvement with it. The chief of the Product Red project, singer Bono cited Jobs saying there was "nothingbetter than the chance to save lives," when he initially approached Apple with the invitation to participate in theprogram.[159] Through its sales, Apple has been the largest contributor to Product [RED]'s gift to the Global Fund,which fights AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria, according to Bono.[160][161]

Personal lifeJobs's birth parents met at the University of Wisconsin. Abdulfattah "John" Jandali, from Syria,[162] taught there.Joanne Carole Schieble was his student; they were the same age because Jandali had "gotten his PhD really young."[163][164][165] Schieble had a career as a speech language pathologist. Jandali taught political science at theUniversity of Nevada in the 1960s, and then made his career in the food and beverage industry, and since 2006, hasbeen a vice president at a casino in Reno, Nevada.[166][167] In December 1955, ten months after giving up their babyboy, Schieble and Jandali married. In 1957 they had a daughter, Mona. They divorced in 1962, and Jandali lost touchwith his daughter.[168] Her mother remarried and had Mona take the surname of her stepfather, so she became knownas Mona Simpson.[164]

In the 1980s, Jobs found his birth mother, Joanne Schieble Simpson, who told him he had a biological sister, MonaSimpson. They met for the first time in 1985[168] and became close friends. The siblings kept their relationship secretuntil 1986, when Mona introduced him at a party for her first book.[37]

After deciding to search for their father, Simpson found Jandali managing a coffee shop. Without knowing who hisson had become, Jandali told Mona that he had previously managed a popular restaurant in the Silicon Valley where"Even Steve Jobs used to eat there. Yeah, he was a great tipper." In a taped interview with his biographer WalterIsaacson, aired on 60 Minutes,[169] Jobs said: "When I was looking for my biological mother, obviously, you know, Iwas looking for my biological father at the same time, and I learned a little bit about him and I didn't like what Ilearned. I asked her to not tell him that we ever met...not tell him anything about me."[170] Jobs was in occasionaltouch with his mother Joanne Simpson,[157][171] who lives in a nursing home in Los Angeles.[164] When speakingabout his biological parents, Jobs stated: "They were my sperm and egg bank. That's not harsh, it's just the way itwas, a sperm bank thing, nothing more."[38] Jandali stated in an interview with the The Sun in August 2011, that hisefforts to contact Jobs were unsuccessful. Jandali mailed in his medical history after Jobs's pancreatic disorder wasmade public that year.[172][173][174]

In her eulogy to Jobs at his memorial service, Mona Simpson stated:I grew up as an only child, with a single mother. Because we were poor and because I knew my father had emigrated from Syria, I imagined he looked like Omar Sharif. I hoped he would be rich and kind and would come into our lives (and our not yet furnished apartment) and help us. Later, after I'd met my father, I tried to believe he'd changed his number and left no forwarding address because he was an idealistic revolutionary,

Steve Jobs 12

plotting a new world for the Arab people. Even as a feminist, my whole life I'd been waiting for a man to love,who could love me. For decades, I'd thought that man would be my father. When I was 25, I met that man andhe was my brother.[168]

Jobs's first child, Lisa Brennan-Jobs, was born in 1978, the daughter of his longtime partner Chris Ann Brennan, aBay Area painter.[157] For two years, she raised their daughter on welfare while Jobs denied paternity by claiming hewas sterile; he later acknowledged Lisa as his daughter.[157] Jobs later married Laurene Powell on March 18, 1991,in a ceremony at the Ahwahnee Hotel in Yosemite National Park. Presiding over the wedding was Kobun ChinoOtogawa, a Zen Buddhist monk. Their son, Reed, was born September 1991, followed by daughters Erin in August1995, and Eve in 1998.[175] The family lives in Palo Alto, California.[176]

Jobs demonstrating the iPhone 4 to RussianPresident Dmitry Medvedev on June 23, 2010

In the unauthorized biography, The Second Coming of Steve Jobs,author Alan Deutschman reports that Jobs once dated Joan Baez.Deutschman quotes Elizabeth Holmes, a friend of Jobs from his time atReed College, as saying she "believed that Steve became the lover ofJoan Baez in large measure because Baez had been the lover of BobDylan" (Dylan was the Apple icon's favorite musician). In anotherunauthorized biography, iCon: Steve Jobs by Jeffrey S. Young &William L. Simon, the authors suggest that Jobs might have marriedBaez, but her age at the time (41) meant it was unlikely the couplecould have children.

Jobs was also a fan of The Beatles. He referred to them on multiple occasions at Keynotes and also was interviewedon a showing of a Paul McCartney concert. When asked about his business model on 60 Minutes, he replied:

My model for business is The Beatles: They were four guys that kept each other's negative tendencies incheck; they balanced each other. And the total was greater than the sum of the parts. Great things inbusiness are never done by one person, they are done by a team of people.[177]

In 1982, Jobs bought an apartment in The San Remo, an apartment building in New York City with a politicallyprogressive reputation, where Demi Moore, Steven Spielberg, Steve Martin, and Princess Yasmin Aga Khan,daughter of Rita Hayworth, also had apartments. With the help of I.M. Pei, Jobs spent years renovating his apartmentin the top two floors of the building's north tower, only to sell it almost two decades later to U2 singer Bono. Jobsnever moved in.[178][179]

In 1984, Jobs purchased the Jackling House, a 17000-square-foot (unknown operator: u'strong' m2), 14-bedroomSpanish Colonial mansion designed by George Washington Smith in Woodside, California. Although it reportedlyremained in an almost unfurnished state, Jobs lived in the mansion for almost ten years. According to reports, hekept a 1966 BMW R60/2 motorcycle in the living room, and let Bill Clinton use it in 1998. From the early 1990s,Jobs lived in a house in the Old Palo Alto neighborhood of Palo Alto. President Clinton dined with Jobs and 14Silicon Valley CEOs there on August 7, 1996, at a meal catered by Greens Restaurant.[180][181] Clinton returned thefavor and Jobs, who was a Democratic donor, slept in the Lincoln bedroom of the White House.[182]

Jobs allowed Jackling House to fall into a state of disrepair, planning to demolish the house and build a smaller homeon the property; but he met with complaints from local preservationists over his plans. In June 2004, the WoodsideTown Council gave Jobs approval to demolish the mansion, on the condition that he advertise the property for a yearto see if someone would move it to another location and restore it. A number of people expressed interest, includingseveral with experience in restoring old property, but no agreements to that effect were reached. Later that sameyear, a local preservationist group began seeking legal action to prevent demolition. In January 2007, Jobs wasdenied the right to demolish the property, by a court decision.[183] The court decision was overturned on appeal inMarch 2010, and the mansion was demolished beginning in February 2011.[184]

Steve Jobs 13

Jobs usually wore a black long-sleeved mock turtleneck made by Issey Miyake (that was sometimes reported to bemade by St. Croix), Levi's 501 blue jeans, and New Balance 991 sneakers.[185][186] Jobs told Walter Isaacson "...hecame to like the idea of having a uniform for himself, both because of its daily convenience (the rationale heclaimed) and its ability to convey a signature style." [187] He was a pescetarian.[188]

Jobs's car was a silver Mercedes-Benz SL 55 AMG, which did not display its license plates, as he took advantage ofa California law which gives a maximum of six months for new vehicles to receive plates; Jobs leased a new SLevery six months.[189]

In a 2011 interview with biographer Walter Isaacson, Jobs revealed at one point he met with U.S. President BarackObama, complained of the nation's shortage of software engineers, and told Mr. Obama that he was "headed for aone-term presidency." Jobs proposed that any foreign student who got an engineering degree at a U.S. universityshould automatically be offered a green card. After the meeting, Jobs commented, "The president is very smart, buthe kept explaining to us reasons why things can't get done.... It infuriates me." [190]

Jobs contributed to a number of political candidates and causes during his life, giving $209,000 to Democrats,$45,700 to associated special interests and $1,000 to a Republican.[191]

Health issues

Jobs addressing concerns about his health in2008.

In October 2003, Jobs was diagnosed with cancer,[192] and inmid-2004, he announced to his employees that he had a canceroustumor in his pancreas.[193] The prognosis for pancreatic cancer isusually very poor;[194] Jobs stated that he had a rare, far less aggressivetype known as islet cell neuroendocrine tumor.[193] Despite hisdiagnosis, Jobs resisted his doctors' recommendations for mainstreammedical intervention for nine months,[157] instead consuming a specialalternative medicine diet in an attempt to thwart the disease. Accordingto Harvard researcher Dr. Ramzi Amir, his choice of alternativetreatment "led to an unnecessarily early death."[192] According toJobs's biographer, Walter Isaacson, "for nine months he refused toundergo surgery for his pancreatic cancer – a decision he later regretted as his health declined."[195] "Instead, he trieda vegan diet, acupuncture, herbal remedies and other treatments he found online, and even consulted a psychic. Healso was influenced by a doctor who ran a clinic that advised juice fasts, bowel cleansings and other unprovenapproaches, before finally having surgery in July 2004."[196] He eventually underwent a pancreaticoduodenectomy(or "Whipple procedure") in July 2004, that appeared to successfully remove the tumor.[197][198][199] Jobs apparentlydid not receive chemotherapy or radiation therapy.[193][200] During Jobs's absence, Tim Cook, head of worldwidesales and operations at Apple, ran the company.[193]

In early August 2006, Jobs delivered the keynote for Apple's annual Worldwide Developers Conference. His "thin,almost gaunt" appearance and unusually "listless" delivery,[201][202] together with his choice to delegate significantportions of his keynote to other presenters, inspired a flurry of media and Internet speculation about his health.[203]

In contrast, according to an Ars Technica journal report, Worldwide Developers Conference (WWDC) attendees whosaw Jobs in person said he "looked fine".[204] Following the keynote, an Apple spokesperson said that "Steve's healthis robust."[205]

Two years later, similar concerns followed Jobs's 2008 WWDC keynote address.[206] Apple officials stated Jobs was victim to a "common bug" and was taking antibiotics,[207] while others surmised his cachectic appearance was due to the Whipple procedure.[200] During a July conference call discussing Apple earnings, participants responded to repeated questions about Jobs's health by insisting that it was a "private matter". Others, however, voiced the opinion that shareholders had a right to know more, given Jobs's hands-on approach to running his company.[208][209] The

Steve Jobs 14

New York Times published an article based on an off-the-record phone conversation with Jobs, noting that "While hishealth problems amounted to a good deal more than 'a common bug', they weren't life-threatening and he doesn'thave a recurrence of cancer."[210]

On August 28, 2008, Bloomberg mistakenly published a 2500-word obituary of Jobs in its corporate news service,containing blank spaces for his age and cause of death. (News carriers customarily stockpile up-to-date obituaries tofacilitate news delivery in the event of a well-known figure's death.) Although the error was promptly rectified, manynews carriers and blogs reported on it,[211] intensifying rumors concerning Jobs's health.[212] Jobs responded atApple's September 2008 Let's Rock keynote by quoting Mark Twain: "Reports of my death are greatlyexaggerated."[213] At a subsequent media event, Jobs concluded his presentation with a slide reading "110/70",referring to his blood pressure, stating he would not address further questions about his health.[214]

On December 16, 2008, Apple announced that marketing vice-president Phil Schiller would deliver the company'sfinal keynote address at the Macworld Conference and Expo 2009, again reviving questions about Jobs'shealth.[215][216] In a statement given on January 5, 2009, on Apple.com,[217] Jobs said that he had been sufferingfrom a "hormone imbalance" for several months.[218]

On January 14, 2009, in an internal Apple memo, Jobs wrote that in the previous week he had "learned that myhealth-related issues are more complex than I originally thought", and announced a six-month leave of absence untilthe end of June 2009, to allow him to better focus on his health. Tim Cook, who previously acted as CEO in Jobs's2004 absence, became acting CEO of Apple,[219] with Jobs still involved with "major strategic decisions."[219]

In April 2009, Jobs underwent a liver transplant at Methodist University Hospital Transplant Institute in Memphis,Tennessee.[220][221] Jobs's prognosis was described as "excellent".[220]

On January 17, 2011, a year and a half after Jobs returned from his liver transplant, Apple announced that he hadbeen granted a medical leave of absence. Jobs announced his leave in a letter to employees, stating his decision wasmade "so he could focus on his health". As during his 2009 medical leave, Apple announced that Tim Cook wouldrun day-to-day operations and that Jobs would continue to be involved in major strategic decisions at thecompany.[222][223] Despite the leave, he made appearances at the iPad 2 launch event (March 2), the WWDCkeynote introducing iCloud (June 6), and before the Cupertino city council (June 7).[224]

Jobs announced his resignation as Apple's CEO on August 24, 2011. "Unfortunately, that day has come," wrote Jobs,for he could "no longer meet [his] duties and expectations as Apple's CEO". Jobs became chairman of the board andnamed Tim Cook his successor.[225][226] Jobs had worked for Apple until the day before his death.[227]

Steve Jobs 15

Death

Flags flying at half-staff outside Apple HQ inCupertino, on the evening of Steve Jobs's death.

Memorial candles and iPads to Steve Jobs outsidethe Apple Store in Palo Alto California shortly

after his death

Jobs died at his California home around 3 p.m. on October 5, 2011, dueto complications from a relapse of his previously treated islet-cellneuroendocrine pancreatic cancer,[2][228][229] resulting in respiratoryarrest.[230] He had lost consciousness the day before, and died with hiswife, children and sister at his side.[231]

Both Apple and Microsoft flew their flags at half-staff throughout theirrespective headquarters and campuses.[232][233] Bob Iger ordered allDisney properties, including Walt Disney World and Disneyland, to flytheir flags at half-staff, from October 6 to 12, 2011.[234]

His death was announced by Apple in a statement which read:We are deeply saddened to announce that Steve Jobs passedaway today.Steve's brilliance, passion and energy were the source ofcountless innovations that enrich and improve all of our lives.The world is immeasurably better because of Steve.His greatest love was for his wife, Laurene, and his family. Ourhearts go out to them and to all who were touched by hisextraordinary gifts.[235]

For two weeks following his death, Apple's corporate Web sitedisplayed a simple page, showing Jobs's name and lifespan next to hisgrayscale portrait.[236] Clicking on the image led to an obituary, whichread:

Apple has lost a visionary and creative genius, and the world haslost an amazing human being. Those of us who have beenfortunate enough to know and work with Steve have lost a dearfriend and an inspiring mentor. Steve leaves behind a companythat only he could have built, and his spirit will forever be thefoundation of Apple.[236]

An email address was also posted for the public to share their memories, condolences, and thoughts.[237][238] Over amillion tributes were sent, which are now displayed on the Steve Jobs memorial page.

Also dedicating its homepage to Jobs was Pixar, with a photo of Jobs, John Lasseter and Edwin Catmull, and theeulogy they wrote:[239]

Steve was an extraordinary visionary, our very dear friend, and our guiding light of the Pixar family. He sawthe potential of what Pixar could be before the rest of us, and beyond what anyone ever imagined. Steve took achance on us and believed in our crazy dream of making computer animated films; the one thing he alwayssaid was to 'make it great.' He is why Pixar turned out the way we did and his strength, integrity, and love oflife has made us all better people. He will forever be part of Pixar's DNA. Our hearts go out to his wifeLaurene and their children during this incredibly difficult time.[239]

A small private funeral was held on October 7, 2011, of which details were not revealed out of respect to Jobs's family.[240] Apple announced on the same day that they had no plans for a public service, but were encouraging "well-wishers" to send their remembrance messages to an email address created to receive such messages.[241]

Sunday, October 16, 2011, was declared "Steve Jobs Day" by Governor Jerry Brown of California.[242] On that day, an invitation-only memorial was held at Stanford University. Those in attendance included Apple and other tech

Steve Jobs 16

company executives, members of the media, celebrities, close friends of Jobs, and politicians, along with Jobs'sfamily. Bono, Yo Yo Ma, and Joan Baez performed at the service, which lasted longer than an hour. The service washighly secured, with guards at all of the university's gates, and a helicopter flying overhead from an area newsstation.[243][244]

A private memorial service for Apple employees was held on October 19, 2011, on the Apple Campus in Cupertino.Present were Cook, Bill Campbell, Norah Jones, Al Gore, and Coldplay, and Jobs's widow, Laurene, was inattendance. Some of Apple's retail stores closed briefly so employees could attend the memorial. A video of theservice is available on Apple's website.[245]

Jobs is buried in an unmarked grave at Alta Mesa Memorial Park, the only non-denominational cemetery in PaloAlto.[246][247] He is survived by Laurene, his wife of 20 years, their three children, and Lisa Brennan-Jobs, hisdaughter from a previous relationship.[248] His family released a statement saying that he "died peacefully".[249][250]

He "looked at his sister Patty, then for a long time at his children, then at his life's partner, Laurene, and then overtheir shoulders past them"; his last words, spoken hours before his death, were:

"Oh wow. Oh wow. Oh wow."[168]

Media coverageSteve Jobs's death broke news headlines on ABC, CBS, and NBC.[251] Numerous newspapers around the worldcarried news of his death on their front pages the next day. Several notable people, including US President BarackObama,[252] British Prime Minister David Cameron,[253] Microsoft founder Bill Gates,[254] and The Walt DisneyCompany's Bob Iger commented on the death of Jobs. Wired News collected reactions and posted them in tribute ontheir homepage.[255] Other statements of condolence were made by many of Jobs's friends and colleagues, such asSteve Wozniak and George Lucas.[256][257] After Steve Job's death, Adult Swim aired a 15-second segment with thewords "hello" in a script font fading in and then changing into "goodbye".Major media published commemorative works. Time published a commemorative issue for Jobs on October 8, 2011.The issues cover featured a portrait of Jobs, taken by Norman Seeff, in which he is sitting in the lotus positionholding the original Macintosh computer, first published in Rolling Stone in January 1984. The issue marked theeighth time Jobs has been featured on the cover of Time.[258] The issue included a photographic essay by DianaWalker, a retrospective on Apple by Harry McCracken and Lev Grossman, and a six-page essay by Walter Isaacson.Isaacson's essay served as a preview of his biography, Steve Jobs.[259]

Bloomberg Businessweek also published a commemorative, ad-free issue, featuring extensive essays by SteveJurvetson, John Sculley, Sean Wisely, William Gibson, and Walter Isaacson. On its cover, Steve Jobs is pictured ingray scale, along with his name and lifespan.Although reporters wrote glowing eulogies after Jobs died, Los Angeles Times media critic James Rainey reportedthat they "came courtesy of reporters who—after deadline and off the record—would tell stories about a companyobsessed with secrecy to the point of paranoia. They remind us how Apple shut down a youthful fanboy blogger,punished a publisher that dared to print an unauthorized Jobs biography and repeatedly ran afoul of the most basictenets of a free press."[260]

Free software pioneer Richard Stallman drew attention to the tight corporate control Apple exercised over consumercomputers and handheld devices, how Apple restricted news reporters, and persistently violated privacy: "Steve Jobs,the pioneer of the computer as a jail made cool, designed to sever fools from their freedom, has died".[261][262]

Malcolm Gladwell in The New Yorker asserted that "Jobs's sensibility was editorial, not inventive. His gift lay intaking what was in front of him ... and ruthlessly refining it."[263]

Apple "has taken stances that, in my opinion, are outright hostile to the practice of journalism," said longtime Silicon Valley reporter Dan Gillmor.[260] Under Jobs, Apple sued three "small fry" bloggers who reported tips about the company and its unreleased products and tried to use the courts to force them to reveal their sources. Under Jobs,

Steve Jobs 17

Apple sued teenager Nicholas Ciarelli, who wrote enthusiastic speculation about Apple products beginning at age 13.His popular blog, ThinkSecret, was a play on Apple's slogan "Think Different."[260] Rainey wrote that Apple wantedto kill ThinkSecret as "It thought any leaks, even favorable ones, diluted the punch of its highly choreographedproduct launches with Jobs, in his iconic jeans and mock turtleneck outfit, as the star."[260]

Honors and public recognition

Steve Jobs with the first generation iPadtablet

After Apple's founding, Jobs became a symbol of his company and industry.When Time named the computer as the 1982 "Machine of the Year", themagazine published a long profile of Jobs as "the most famous maestro of themicro".[264][265]

Jobs was awarded the National Medal of Technology by President RonaldReagan in 1985, with Steve Wozniak (among the first people to ever receivethe honor),[266] and a Jefferson Award for Public Service in the category"Greatest Public Service by an Individual 35 Years or Under" (also known asthe Samuel S. Beard Award) in 1987.[267] On November 27, 2007, Jobs wasnamed the most powerful person in business by Fortune magazine.[268] OnDecember 5, 2007, California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and FirstLady Maria Shriver inducted Jobs into the California Hall of Fame, located atThe California Museum for History, Women and the Arts.[269]

In August 2009, Jobs was selected as the most admired entrepreneur amongteenagers in a survey by Junior Achievement,[270] having previously been named Entrepreneur of the Decade 20years earlier in 1989, by Inc. magazine.[271] On November 5, 2009, Jobs was named the CEO of the decade byFortune magazine.[272]

In November 2010, Jobs was ranked No.17 on Forbes: The World's Most Powerful People.[273] In December 2010,the Financial Times named Jobs its person of the year for 2010, ending its essay [274] by stating, "In hisautobiography, John Sculley, the former PepsiCo executive who once ran Apple, said this of the ambitions of theman he had pushed out: 'Apple was supposed to become a wonderful consumer products company. This was alunatic plan. High-tech could not be designed and sold as a consumer product.'".[275] The Financial Times closed byrhetorically asking of this quote, "How wrong can you be."[274]

At the time of his resignation, and again after his death, Jobs was widely described as a visionary, pioneer andgenius[276][277][278][279]—perhaps one of the foremost—in the field of business,[272][280] innovation,[281] and productdesign,[282] and a man who had profoundly changed the face of the modern world,[276][278][281] revolutionized atleast six different industries,[277] and who was an "exemplar for all chief executives".[277] His death was widelymourned[281] and considered a loss to the world by commentators across the globe.[279]

After his resignation as Apple's CEO, Jobs was characterized as the Thomas Edison and Henry Ford of histime.[283][284] In his The Daily Show eulogy, Jon Stewart said that unlike others of Jobs's ilk, such as Thomas Edisonor Henry Ford, Jobs died young. He felt that we had, in a sense, "wrung everything out of" these other men, but hisfeeling on Jobs was that "we're not done with you yet."[285]

Steve Jobs 18

Statue of Jobs at Graphisoft Park, Budapest[286]

On December 21, 2011, Graphisoft company in Budapestpresented the world's first bronze statue of Steve Jobs, calling himone of the greatest personalities of the modern age.[286]

In January 2012, when young adults (ages 16 – 25) were asked toidentify the greatest innovator of all time, Steve Jobs placedsecond behind Thomas Edison.[287]

On February 12, 2012, Jobs was posthumously awarded theGrammy Trustees Award, an award for those who have influencedthe music industry in areas unrelated to performance.[288]

In March 2012, global business magazine Fortune named SteveJobs the "greatest entrepreneur of our time", describing him as"brilliant, visionary, inspiring", and "the quintessential entrepreneur of our generation".[289]

The Disney film John Carter is dedicated to Jobs,[290] as well as the Pixar film Brave.[291]

Portrayals and coverage in books, film, and theater

Books• The Little Kingdom (1984) by Michael Moritz, documenting the founding of (then) Apple Computer.• The Second Coming of Steve Jobs (2001), by Alan Deutschman• iCon: Steve Jobs (2005), by Jeffrey S. Young & William L. Simon• iWoz (2006), by Steve Wozniak, a co-founder of Apple. It is an autobiography of Steve Wozniak, but it covers

much of Jobs's life and work at Apple.• Steve Jobs (2011), an authorized biography written by Walter Isaacson.• Inside Apple (2012), a book by Adam Lashinsky that reveals the secret systems, tactics, and leadership strategies

that allowed Steve Jobs and his company to work.• The Zen of Steve Jobs (2012) written by Caleb Melby with artwork by Jess3, a graphic novel about the

relationship of Jobs and Kobun Chino Otogawa and how the monk's mentorship influenced Jobs' businessphilosophy.

Documentaries• The Machine That Changed the World – Part 3 of this 1992 five-part documentary, called The Paperback

Computer, prominently featured Jobs and his role in the early days of Apple.• Triumph of the Nerds – a 1996 three-part documentary for PBS, about the rise of the home computer/personal

computer.• Nerds 2.0.1 – a 1998 three-part documentary for PBS, (and sequel to Triumph of the Nerds) which chronicles the

development of the Internet.• iGenius: How Steve Jobs Changed the World  – a 2011 Discovery Channel documentary hosted by Adam Savage

and Jamie Hyneman.[292]

• Steve Jobs: One Last Thing – a 2011 PBS documentary produced by Pioneer Productions.[293] A slightlyshortened and localized[294] version of the show was broadcast[295] in the United Kingdom the following daytitled, Steve Jobs: iChanged the World – on Channel 4.[296]

Steve Jobs 19

Films• Steve Jobs – A Sony Pictures film version of the biography by Walter Isaacson, with a screenplay and directed by

Aaron Sorkin.• Jobs  – an upcoming independent film by Joshua Michael Stern. Jobs will be portrayed by Ashton Kutcher.[297]

• Pirates of Silicon Valley – a 1999 TNT film which chronicles the rise of Apple and Microsoft from the early1970s to 1997. Jobs is portrayed by Noah Wyle.[298]

Theater• The Agony and Ecstasy of Steve Jobs - The Public Theater, New York City, 2012, starring Mike Daisey.[299]

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Institution. April 20, 1995. . Retrieved September 20, 2006.[2] Markoff, John (October 5, 2011). "Steven P. Jobs, 1955–2011: Apple's Visionary Redefined Digital Age" (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2011/

10/ 06/ business/ steve-jobs-of-apple-dies-at-56. html). The New York Times. .

• Joan Ferrante (2012). Sociology: A Global Perspective (http:/ / books. google. ca/ books?id=JwvxLLrXGuMC& pg=PA218). CengageLearning. p. 218. .

• Shirin Sadeghi (2011-10-6). "Steve Jobs' Arab-American background and the story of his adoption" (http:/ / www. scpr. org/ news/ 2011/10/ 06/ 29289/ steve-jobs-arab-american-background-and-story-his-/ ). New America Media. .

• "Steve Jobs Dies: He Was The Most Famous Arab in the World" (http:/ / www. ibtimes. com/ articles/ 225891/ 20111005/steve-jobs-apple-dies-iphone-arab-syria. htm). International Business Times. 2011-10-05. .

[4] "The Walt Disney Company and Affiliated Companies – Board of Directors" (http:/ / corporate. disney. go. com/ corporate/board_of_directors. html). The Walt Disney Company. . Retrieved October 2, 2009.

[5] Steve Jobs: Died Buddhist, Raised Lutheran (http:/ / www. christianpost. com/ news/ steve-jobs-died-buddhist-raised-lutheran-57506/ )[6] Misa, T. J. (2011). "Steven P. Jobs (1955-2011)". Science 334 (6058): 919. doi:10.1126/science.1216019. PMID 22096183.[7] O'Reilly, T. (2011). "Steve Jobs (1955–2011)". Nature 479 (7371): 42. doi:10.1038/479042a. PMID 22051667.[8] Forbes Magazine. http:/ / www. forbes. com/ sites/ briancaulfield/ 2011/ 10/ 11/ steve-jobs-death-certificate-reveals-his-final-resting-place/ .

Retrieved 2 September 2012. "His occupation was listed as ‘entrepreneur.’"[9] "Inventor of the Week Archive" (http:/ / web. mit. edu/ invent/ iow/ apple. html). . Retrieved 13 November 2011.[10] Allen, Frederick E. (November 9, 2011). "Malcolm Gladwell Gets Steve Jobs Wrong" (http:/ / www. forbes. com/ sites/ frederickallen/

2011/ 11/ 09/ malcolm-gladwell-gets-steve-jobs-wrong/ ). Forbes. . ""By Gladwell's definition, most of the greatest inventions would betweaks.""

[11] Brent Schlender, "25 most powerful people in business" (http:/ / money. cnn. com/ galleries/ 2007/ fortune/ 0711/ gallery. power_25.fortune/ ), CNN money,

[12] "Pixar History" (http:/ / www. pixar. com/ companyinfo/ history/ 1986. html). Pixar. . Retrieved April 25, 2008.[13] "Apple – Press Info – Bios – Steve Jobs" (http:/ / www. apple. com/ pr/ bios/ jobs. html). Apple Inc.. May 2006. . Retrieved September 20,

2006.[14] January 25, 2006 Disney buys Pixar for $7.4 bn (http:/ / inhome. rediff. com/ money/ 2006/ jan/ 25disney. htm), rediff.com[15] "The Walt Disney Company – Steve Jobs Biography" (http:/ / corporate. disney. go. com/ corporate/ bios/ steve_jobs. html). .

Holson, Laura M. (January 25, 2006). "Disney Agrees to Acquire Pixar in a $7.4 Billion Deal" (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2006/ 01/ 25/business/ 25disney. html). The New York Times. . Retrieved January 17, 2010."Pixar Becomes Unit of Disney" (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2006/ 05/ 06/ business/ media/ 06pixar. html). The New York Times. AssociatedPress. May 6, 2006. . Retrieved January 17, 2010.

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steve-jobs-died-respiratory-arrest-tumor-235948271. html). News.yahoo.com. . Retrieved 2011-11-12.[248] Griggs, Brandon (October 5, 2011). "Steve Jobs, Apple founder, dies" (http:/ / www. cnn. com/ 2011/ 10/ 05/ us/ obit-steve-jobs/ index.

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Media, Retailing And Built One of the World's Most Valuable Companies" (http:/ / online. wsj. com/ article/SB10001424052702304447804576410753210811910. html). The Wall Street Journal. . Retrieved October 8, 2011.

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statement-president-passing-steve-jobs) (Press release). The White House. October 5, 2011. .[253] "Prime Minister pays tribute to Steve Jobs" (http:/ / www. number10. gov. uk/ news/ steve-jobs/ ). Number10.gov.uk. 2011-10-06. .

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[260] Rainey, James (7 October 2011). "Steve Jobs and Apple vs. a free press" (http:/ / www. latimes. com/ entertainment/ news/la-et-onthemedia-20111008,0,7256248. column). Los Angeles Times. . Retrieved 25 October 2011. "The man and his company's focus oncontrol led to repeated fights with reporters"

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[262] Amrutha Gayathri (8 October 2011). "Richard Stallman's Remarks on Steve Jobs: 'I'm Not Glad He's Dead, but I'm Glad He's Gone'" (http:// www. ibtimes. com/ articles/ 227480/ 20111008/steve-jobs-death-2011-richard-stallman-remarks-fsf-founder-free-software-linux-apple-computers-apple. htm). International Business Times. .Retrieved 12 October 2011.

[263] Gladwell, Malcolm. "The tweaker: The real genius of Steve Jobs." (http:/ / www. newyorker. com/ reporting/ 2011/ 11/ 14/111114fa_fact_gladwell?currentPage=all). The New Yorker. Conde Nast. . Retrieved 9 November 2011.

[264] Cocks, Jay; Michael Moritz (January 3, 1983). "The Updated Book of Jobs" (http:/ / www. time. com/ time/ printout/ 0,8816,953633,00.html). Time. . Retrieved February 24, 2011.

[265] Golden, Frederic (January 3, 1983). "Other Maestros of the Micro" (http:/ / www. time. com/ time/ printout/ 0,8816,953634,00. html).Time. . Retrieved February 24, 2011.

[266] "The National Medal Of Technology Recipients 1985 Laureates" (http:/ / www. uspto. gov/ nmti/ recipients_85. html). Uspto.gov. .Retrieved April 19, 2010.

[267] "National Winners | public service awards" (http:/ / www. jeffersonawards. org/ pastwinners/ national). Jefferson Awards.org. . RetrievedApril 19, 2010.

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[269] Jobs inducted into California Hall of Fame (http:/ / www. californiamuseum. org/ Exhibits/ Hall-of-Fame/ inductees. html), CaliforniaMuseum. Retrieved 2007.

[270] "Steve Jobs bigger than Oprah!" (http:/ / www. ja. org/ files/ polls/ Teens-Entrepreneurship-Part-2. pdf) (PDF). . Retrieved April 19, 2010.[271] Bo Burlingham and George Gendron (1989-04-01). "The Entrepreneur of the Decade" (http:/ / www. inc. com/ magazine/ 19890401/ 5602.

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steve_jobs_ceo_decade. fortune/ index. htm). Fortune. . Retrieved April 19, 2010.[273] The most Powerful People on Earth (http:/ / www. forbes. com/ lists/ 2011/ 20/ powerful-people_2010. html)[274] Richard Waters; Joseph Menn (December 22, 2011). "Silicon Valley visionary who put Apple on top" (http:/ / www. webcitation. org/

64cSQTLyj). Financial Times. Archived from the original (http:/ / www. ft. com/ intl/ cms/ s/ 0/ f01db172-0e06-11e0-86e9-00144feabdc0.html#axzz1jBICtltq) on 11 January 2012. . Retrieved 11 January 2012. "In his autobiography, John Sculley, the former PepsiCo executivewho once ran Apple, said this of the ambitions of the man he had pushed out: "Apple was supposed to become a wonderful consumer productscompany. This was a lunatic plan. High-tech could not be designed and sold as a consumer product." How wrong can you be."

[275] Richard Waters and Joseph Menn, "Silicon Valley visionary who put Apple on top" (http:/ / www. ft. com/ cms/ s/ 0/f01db172-0e06-11e0-86e9-00144feabdc0. html), Financial Times, December 22, 2010. The actual text from the biography is:

Apple was supposed to become a wonderful consumer products company. That's why it hired asoft-drinks guy in the first place. By now, however, I knew this was a lunatic plan; our race to realize ithad been a death march. Technology companies are only superficially in the same category as consumerproducts companies. We couldn't bend reality to all our dreams of changing the world. The world wouldalso have to change us. Our perspective had been hopelessly wrong. High tech could not be designedand sold as a consumer product. The consumer business had collapsed at the end of 1984. Most peoplewho bought computers stuffed them in the closet because balancing a checkbook wasn't reason enoughto flick on the switch. Consumers weren't ready to put computers in their homes as easily as theyinstalled telephones, refrigerators, televisions, and even Cuisinarts. They weren't willing to pay a coupleof thousand dollars for something they didn't know what to do with.—John Sculley and John A.Byrne, Odyssey: Pepsi to Apple – a journey of adventure, ideas and the future, Harper & Row, 1987

[276] Roeper, Richard (2011). "Steve Jobs' impact goes far beyond phones, computers" (http:/ / www. suntimes. com/ 8064619-417/steve-jobs-impact-goes-far-beyond-computers. html). Chicago Sun-Times. . Retrieved October 7, 2011. "Steve Jobs was one of the mostforemost pioneers of our time ... he made a difference that will be felt for 560 years to come"

Steve Jobs 29

[277] "Leading article: The sad loss of one of a kind" (http:/ / www. independent. co. uk/ opinion/ leading-articles/leading-article-the-sad-loss-of-one-of-a-kind-2366636. html). The Independent (London: INM). October 6, 2011. ISSN 0951-9467.OCLC 185201487. . Retrieved October 6, 2011. "Steve Jobs revolutionised no fewer than six different industries: personal computers, mobilephones, music publishing, animated films, digital publishing and tablet computing ... His genius was unconfined ... an exemplar for all chiefexecutives ... a visionary ... ""

[278] Fairweather, Alastair (October 6, 2011). "Steve Jobs: A genius to the end" (http:/ / mg. co. za/ article/2011-10-07-steve-jobs-a-genius-to-the-end/ ). Mail & Guardian Online (South Africa). . Retrieved October 7, 2011. "Through sheer hardwork... Jobs changed the world, not once, but three times. His companies and products have delighted and inspired hundreds of millions."

[279] Rushton, Katherine (October 6, 2011). "Apple: can the company continue the magic of Steve Jobs?" (http:/ / www. telegraph. co. uk/technology/ apple/ 8810051/ Apple-can-the-company-continue-the-magic-of-Steve-Jobs. html). The Daily Telegraph (London: TMG).ISSN 0307-1235. OCLC 49632006. . Retrieved October 6, 2011. "Steve Jobs encapsulated a rare union of technological genius and aninstinctive and perfectionist eye for design ... his death is a major loss to the world at large"

[280] Schuman, Michael (October 6, 2011). "Steve Jobs the businessman: Can Apple thrive without him?" (http:/ / curiouscapitalist. blogs. time.com/ 2011/ 10/ 06/ steve-jobs-the-businessman-can-apple-thrive-without-him). Time. . Retrieved October 6, 2011. "[I]n the world of business,he will also be honored as an absolutely brilliant CEO ... Jobs was probably unrivaled in the world today in matching great ideas with savvymarketing and pristine execution"

[281] Chapman, Glen (October 6, 2011). "Apple 'genius' Steve Jobs dies from cancer" (http:/ / www. wncftv. com/ news/ entertainment/?feed=bim& id=131228449). WNCF TV. . Retrieved October 6, 2011. "Tributes flowed in from around the world ... Ordinary people, many ofwhom learned of his death on their iPhones and iPads, swamped Twitter using the trending hashtag #thankyousteve to pay tribute..."

[282] Gelernter, David (October 6, 2011). "Steve Jobs and the Coolest Show on Earth" (http:/ / online. wsj. com/ article/SB10001424052970203388804576614951355580150. html). The Wall Street Journal (New York: Dow Jones). ISSN 0099-9660. . RetrievedOctober 6, 2011. "Steve Jobs had a genius for seeing what was good and refining, repackaging and reselling it with dazzling panache. Heknew what engineering was for, he understood elegance and he made machines that were works of art."

[283] Cain Miller, Claire (August 25, 2011). "Where Some Earn Enmity, Jobs Won Affection" (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2011/ 08/ 26/technology/ jobs-rare-among-ceos-engendered-affection. html). The New York Times. . Retrieved August 26, 2011.

[284] Nocera, Joe (August 26, 2011). "What Makes Steve Jobs Great" (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2011/ 08/ 27/ opinion/nocera-what-makes-steve-jobs-great. html). The New York Times. . Retrieved August 26, 2011.

[285] Jon Stewart (October 6, 2011). October 06, 2011 – Jason Sudeikis (http:/ / www. thedailyshow. com/ full-episodes/thu-october-6-2011-jason-sudeikis). Comedy Partners. Event occurs at 19:45. . Retrieved October 9, 2011.

[286] "Steve Jobs statue unveiled in Hungary science park" (http:/ / www. globalpost. com/ dispatches/ globalpost-blogs/ weird-wide-web/steve-jobs-apple-iphone-statue-budapest-hungary-graphisoft). GlobalPost. December 21, 2011. . Retrieved December 28, 2011.

[287] "Thomas Edison, Steve Jobs top young adult list of greatest innovators" (http:/ / latimesblogs. latimes. com/ technology/ 2012/ 01/thomas-edison-steve-jobs-top-young-adult-list-of-greatest-innovators. html). Los Angeles Times. 2012-01-27. . Retrieved 2012-04-09.

[288] Arico, Joe (December 22, 2011). "Steve Jobs Wins Special Grammy" (http:/ / www. mobiledia. com/ news/ 121854. html). Mobiledia.com.. Retrieved December 28, 2011.

[289] "Fortune Names Steve Jobs "Greatest Entrepreneur Of Our Time"" (http:/ / www. everythingicafe. com/fortune-names-steve-jobs-greatest-entrepreneur-of-our-time/ 2012/ 03/ 26/ ). Fortune. 2012-03-26. . Retrieved 2012-04-07.

[290] "John Carter Dedicated to Steve Jobs" (http:/ / www. vulture. com/ 2012/ 02/ john-carter-dedicated-to-steve-jobs. html). Vulture.2012-04-08. . Retrieved 2012-02-28.

[291] Pixar's 'Brave' Pays Ghostly Tribute to Steve Jobs (http:/ / blogs. wsj. com/ speakeasy/ 2012/ 05/ 25/pixars-brave-pays-ghostly-tribute-to-steve-jobs/ ?mod=WSJBlog& utm_source=twitterfeed& utm_medium=twitter)

[292] Nede, Jethro (October 10, 2011). ""MythBusters" stars Adam Savage and Jamie Hyneman host the one-hour documentary" (http:/ / www.hollywoodreporter. com/ live-feed/ steve-jobs-documentary-on-discovery-246273). Hollywoodreporter.com. . Retrieved 2011-11-12.

[293] "Steve Jobs: One Last Thing PBS show website" (http:/ / www. pbs. org/ programs/ steve-jobs-one-last-thing). Pbs.org. 2011-10-05. .Retrieved 2011-11-12.

[294][294] The narrator in the UK version of the show has a British accent, for the purpose of catering to the local market.[295] Truta, Filip. "'Steve Jobs: iChanged the World' Documentary Airs Tonight in the UK" (http:/ / news. softpedia. com/ news/

Steve-Jobs-iChanged-the-World-Documentary-Airs-Tonight-in-the-UK-232019. shtml). Softpedia. . Retrieved 2 December 2011.[296] "Steve Jobs: iChanged the World" (http:/ / www. channel4. com/ programmes/ steve-jobs-ichanged-the-world/ 4od). http:/ / www.

channel4. com. . Retrieved 2011-11-15.[297] Joshua Michael Stern will begin shooting the film in May, with Five Star Institute's Mark Hulme producing and financing; Sony is

planning a separate Jobs biopic. (http:/ / www. hollywoodreporter. com/ news/ two-and-half-men-ashton-kutcher-steve-jobs-biopic-306666)[298] "Noah Wyle on playing Steve Jobs" (http:/ / tech. fortune. cnn. com/ 2011/ 10/ 07/ noah-wyle-steve-jobs/ ?section=magazines_fortune)

Fortune[299] "The Agony and Ecstasy of Steve Jobs" (http:/ / www. publictheater. org/ component/ option,com_shows/ task,view/ Itemid,141/ id,1043),

The Public Theater website

Steve Jobs 30

Further reading• Butcher, Lee (1987). Accidental Millionaire: The rise and fall of Steve Jobs at Apple. Paragon House.

ISBN 978-0-913729-79-3.• Caddes, Carolyn (1986). Portraits of Success: Impressions of Silicon Valley Pioneers. Tioga Publishing Co..

ISBN 0-935382-56-9.• Cringely, Robert X. (1996). Accidental Empires. HarperBusiness. ISBN 0-88730-855-4.• Denning, Peter J.; Frenkel, Karen A. (1989). "A conversation with Steve Jobs". Communications of the ACM 32

(4): 436–433. doi:10.1145/63334.63336.• Deutschman, Alan (2001). The Second Coming of Steve Jobs. Broadway. ISBN 0-7679-0433-8.• Freiberger, Paul; Swaine, Michael (1999). Fire in the Valley: The Making of The Personal Computer.

McGraw-Hill Trade. ISBN 0-07-135892-7.• Hertzfeld, Andy (2004). Revolution in the Valley. O'Reilly Books. ISBN 0-596-00719-1.• Kahney, Leander (2004). The Cult of Mac. No Starch Press. ISBN 1-886411-83-2.• Levy, Steven (1984). Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution. Anchor Press, Doubleday.

ISBN 0-385-19195-2.• Levy, Steven (1994). Insanely Great: The Life and Times of Macintosh, the Computer that Changed Everything.

Penguin Books. ISBN 0-670-85244-9.• Malone, Michael S. (1999). Infinite Loop. Aurum Press. ISBN 1-85410-638-4. Bantam Doubleday Dell. ISBN

0-385-48684-7.• Markoff, John (2005). What the Dormouse Said: How the 60s Counterculture Shaped the Personal Computer

Industry. New York: Viking. ISBN 0-670-03382-0.• Schlender, Brent, "The Lost Steve Jobs Tapes" (http:/ / www. fastcompany. com/ magazine/ 165/

steve-jobs-legacy-tapes), Fast Company magazine, May, 2012 issue• Simon, William L.; Young, Jeffrey S. (2005). iCon: Steve Jobs, The Greatest Second Act in the History of

Business. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-72083-6.• Stross, Randall E. (1993). Steve Jobs and The NeXT Big Thing. Atheneum Books. ISBN 0-689-12135-0.• Slater, Robert (1987). Portraits in Silicon. MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-19262-4. Chapter 28• Young, Jeffrey S. (1988). Steve Jobs: The Journey is the Reward. Scott, Foresman & Co.. ISBN 0-673-18864-7.• Wozniak, Steve (2006). iWoz: Computer Geek to Cult Icon: How I invented the personal computer, co-founded

Apple and had fun doing it. W. W. Norton & Co.. ISBN 0-393-06143-4.

External links• Jobs's Macworld keynote in 1997 where he announced the partnership with Microsoft (https:/ / www. youtube.

com/ watch?v=PEHNrqPkefI) on YouTube• Steve Jobs (June 2005). Steve Jobs's 2005 Stanford Commencement Address (http:/ / news. stanford. edu/ news/

2005/ june15/ videos/ 987. html). Stanford University.• "Thoughts on Flash" (http:/ / www. apple. com/ hotnews/ thoughts-on-flash/ ) by Steve Jobs, April 2010.• Appearances (http:/ / www. c-spanvideo. org/ stephenjobs) on C-SPAN• Steve Jobs (http:/ / www. imdb. com/ name/ nm0423418/ ) at the Internet Movie Database• Works by or about Steve Jobs (http:/ / worldcat. org/ identities/ lccn-n87-883336) in libraries (WorldCat catalog)• Steve Jobs (http:/ / www. guardian. co. uk/ technology/ stevejobs) collected news and commentary at The

Guardian• Steve Jobs (http:/ / topics. nytimes. com/ top/ reference/ timestopics/ people/ j/ steven_p_jobs/ index. html)

collected news and commentary at The New York Times• Steve Jobs (http:/ / topics. wsj. com/ person/ J/ steve-jobs/ 605) collected news and commentary at The Wall

Street Journal

Steve Jobs 31

• Bloomberg Game Changers: Steve Jobs (http:/ / www. bloomberg. com/ video/ 63722844/ ) A 48 minute video onSteve Jobs by Bloomberg

• Steve Jobs Profile (http:/ / www. forbes. com/ profile/ steve-jobs) at Forbes• Cammeron, Brenna (October 5, 2011). "Steve Jobs Dies: A Timeline Of His Health" (http:/ / www.

huffingtonpost. com/ 2011/ 10/ 05/ steve-jobs-health-timeline_n_997313. html). The Huffington Post.• "Steve Jobs collected news and commentary at" (http:/ / allthingsd. com/ tag/ steve-jobs/ ). AllThingsD.• Steve Jobs (http:/ / www. apple. com/ stevejobs/ ) remembrance notes from the community• Federal Bureau of Investigation dossier on Steven Paul Jobs (http:/ / vault. fbi. gov/ steve-jobs).

Articles• "Thirty Years of Innovation at Apple: Jobs on the Job" (http:/ / www. time. com/ time/ photoessays/ 2007/

steve_jobs/ ). Time (Time Inc. (Time Warner)). 2007. Retrieved (secondly) February 21, 2012.• Hertzfeld, Andy. "The Original Macintosh" (http:/ / folklore. org/ ProjectView. py?project=Macintosh&

characters=Steve Jobs& detail=medium). folklore.org (Andy Hertzfeld). Retrieved (secondly) February 21, 2012.• Lohr, Steve (January 12, 1997). "Creating Jobs" (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 1997/ 01/ 12/ magazine/

creating-jobs. html). The New York Times Magazine (The New York Times Company). Retrieved (secondly)February 21, 2012.

• Booth, Cathy; Jackson, David S.; Marchant, Valerie (October 6, 2011). "STEVE'S JOB: RESTART APPLE"(http:/ / www. time. com/ time/ magazine/ article/ 0,9171,986849,00. html). Time (Time Inc. (Time Warner)).Retrieved (secondly) February 21, 2012.

• Elkind, Peter (March 5, 2008). "The trouble with Steve Jobs" (http:/ / money. cnn. com/ 2008/ 03/ 02/ news/companies/ elkind_jobs. fortune/ index. htm). Fortune (Time Inc. (Time Warner)). Retrieved March 5, 2008.

• McCracken, Harry (October 5, 2011). "Steve Jobs, 1955–2011: Mourning Technology's Great Reinventor" (http:// www. time. com/ time/ business/ article/ 0,8599,2096251,00. html). Time (Time Inc. (Time Warner)). Retrieved(secondly) February 21, 2012.

• "The FBI File on Steve Jobs" (http:/ / online. wsj. com/ article/SB10001424052970203646004577213042545376200. html). The Wall Street Journal (Dow Jones & Company).Retrieved February 21, 2012.

Interviews• Steve Jobs in 1994: The Rolling Stone Interview (http:/ / www. rollingstone. com/ culture/ news/

steve-jobs-in-1994-the-rolling-stone-interview-20110117), Rolling Stone – 1994, republished January 17, 2011.Archived URL (http:/ / www. webcitation. org/ 5vqHxPeNY)

• Smithsonian Institution Oral History Interview (http:/ / www. cwheroes. org/ archives/ histories/ jobs.pdf)PDF (143 KB) – April 20, 1995.

• The Seed of Apple's Innovation (http:/ / www. businessweek. com/ bwdaily/ dnflash/ oct2004/nf20041012_4018_db083. htm), BusinessWeek – October 12, 2004.

• How Big Can Apple Get? (http:/ / money. cnn. com/ magazines/ fortune/ fortune_archive/ 2005/ 02/ 21/ 8251769/index. htm), Fortune – February 21, 2005.

• 'Good for the Soul' (http:/ / web. archive. org/ 20061022014411/ http:/ / www. msnbc. msn. com/ id/ 15262121/site/ newsweek/ ) at the Wayback Machine (archived October 22, 2006) Newsweek, October 15, 2006.

• Bill Gates and Steve Jobs (video and transcript of on stage interview) (http:/ / d5. allthingsd. com/ 20070530/d5-gates-jobs-interview/ ), AllThingsD, May 30, 2007.

• Videotaped Deposition of Steven P. Jobs in front of the Securities and Exchange Commission (http:/ / images.forbes. com/ media/ 2009/ 04/ 24/ jobs-deposition. pdf), March 18, 2008

• Interview with Abdulfattah "John" Jandali, Jobs's biological father, by Mohannad Al-Haj Ali (http:/ / www.

yalibnan. com/ 2011/ 02/ 28/ steve-jobs-is-a-biological-arab-american-with-roots-in-syria-apple/ ), published in Al

Steve Jobs 32

Hayat and reprinted by Ya Libnan, February 28, 2011• Steve Jobs (http:/ / www. charlierose. com/ view/ interview/ 4376) on Charlie Rose• "Steve Jobs's Appearances at D, the Full Video Sessions" (http:/ / allthingsd. com/ 20111005/

steve-jobs-appearances-at-d-the-full-sessions/ ). AllThingsD.

Article Sources and Contributors 33

Article Sources and ContributorsSteve Jobs  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=510662425  Contributors: -Majestic-, 1996vishak, 2001:db8, 24fan24, 28421u2232nfenfcenc, 2shortplanks, 4 Stars, 47.83.107.xxx, 47of74, 4RunnerRebel, 7265, 72Dino, 83d40m, A Quest For Knowledge, A. Carty, A2zindiajobs, A3RO, ACCOM2222, AEMoreira042281, AJCham, AKGhetto, AMK152, ARK, AVM, Aanhorn, Aaron Schulz, AbJ32, Abanima, Abdul raja, AbdullahHaydar, Abeg92, Abhishikt, Ablebakerus, Abrcrmb boi, Abrech, AbsolutDan, Acalamari, Accurizer, Acp, Acps110, Adallas, Adam1213, Adamprin, Adashiel, Addshore, Addy14, Aditya San., Adriaan Joubert, Adrian Robson, Adrian.benko, AdultSwim, Ageekgal, Agent00f, Ahkilinc, Ahmed Mohamed, Ahoerstemeier, Ahronzombi, Aht820, Aido2002, Air12345, Aircorn, Airplaneman, Aisle 12, Aitias, AjaxSmack, Akcarver, Akersmc, AkitoTenkawa, Akjar13, Al-gorey, Alan Liefting, Alanbly, Alanbrowne, Aldis90, Aldnonymous, AleGomez, Alecperkins, Alecxo, Aleenf1, Alertclub04, Alex.atkins, AlexHammer, Alexhb, Alexhkchau, AlexiusHoratius, Alexliao1995, Alfonze, Alientraveller, Alison, AlistairMcMillan, Alixioa, All Hallow's Wraith, Allansiew, Alphathon, Alrasheedan, Alsandro, Altenmann, Alz3eeam, AmRen93, Amanisdude, AmasianCrasian, Amathas, Amchow78, Amckern, Amophar, Amorymeltzer, Amplifying Life, AnandKumria, Anas Salloum, Anastrophe, Anaxial, Ancheta Wis, Andrevan, Andrew schaug, AndrewAllen, AndrewHowse, Andrewjlockley, Andweallfalldown, Andycjp, Andyjsmith, Anen87, Anetode, Angela, Animaregius, Anomicene, Anonymi, Anonymous anonymous, Antandrus, Antoni Barau, Anyquestions, Anythings, Appledave95, April Arcus, Aprock, Aragorn2, Arbero, Arch dude, Archon Shiva, Ardo191, Aristophanes68, Arjayay, Armbrust, Arne Saknussem, Arny, Arrivisto, Artefactual, Artisticroman, Arvindrad, Asarelah, Ascidian, Ashley Y, Ashnet007, Ashstar01, AshwiniKalantri, Ashwinpowers, Asofaihp, Aspects, Astral, Astralblue, Astrale01, Asymmetric, Asyndeton, Asyouare405, Athkalani, Attilios, Attis1, Atul1209cambridge, Atwarwiththem, AuburnPilot, Aupajo, Avashnirvana, Average Earthman, AvicAWB, Avicennasis, Avocats, Aw3012, Aws06828, Az1568, Azer13, B. 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Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:Steve Jobs Headshot 2010-CROP.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Steve_Jobs_Headshot_2010-CROP.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike3.0  Contributors: Matt Yohe (talk) (Transfered by fetchcomms/Original uploaded by Matt Yohe)File:Steve Jobs signature.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Steve_Jobs_signature.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Steve JobsFile:Homebrew Computer Club Sep1976.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Homebrew_Computer_Club_Sep1976.png  License: Public Domain  Contributors:Original uploader was Swtpc6800 at en.wikipedia This page was scanned by en:User:Swtpc6800 on an Epson Perfection 1240U at 300 dpi with half-tone de-screening enabled and stored as TIFF.The image was touched up in Adobe Photoshop Elements 3.0 and this copy saved as a 100 dpi PNG file. The complete issue may be found here: (Those are different scans of the same copy of thisnewsletter.)File:Apple Garage.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Apple_Garage.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0  Contributors: Mathieu ThouveninFile:Apple Computer Logo rainbow.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Apple_Computer_Logo_rainbow.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Rob JanoffFile:NeXTstation.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:NeXTstation.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: Fvasconcellos, Grm wnr,MarkusHagenlocher, Smyru, Thuresson, WackymacsFile:Apple logo Think Different vectorized.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Apple_logo_Think_Different_vectorized.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors:Apple_logo_Think_Different.png: derivative work: Stoopkitty (talk) 19:55, 31 January 2011 (UTC)File:Stevejobs Macworld2005.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Stevejobs_Macworld2005.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0  Contributors:FlickreviewR, Frumpy, Guety, Ilse@, LX, MGA73, Morio, Werewombat, 1 anonymous editsFile:Steve Jobs and Bill Gates (522695099).jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Steve_Jobs_and_Bill_Gates_(522695099).jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution2.0  Contributors: Joi Ito from Inbamura, JapanFile:Steve Jobs Presentation 2.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Steve_Jobs_Presentation_2.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0  Contributors: Chris 73,FlickreviewR, Ilse@, Morio, RanZag, SumanahFile:Medvedev and Steve Jobs.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Medvedev_and_Steve_Jobs.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported  Contributors:Presidential Press and Information Office

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 35

File:Steve's Blood Pressure.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Steve's_Blood_Pressure.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 1.0 Generic Contributors: Marco PaköeningratFile:Apple flags half-mast.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Apple_flags_half-mast.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors:User:AlisonFile:Outside Palo Alto apple store following Steve Job's death.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Outside_Palo_Alto_apple_store_following_Steve_Job's_death.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: Ashstar01, Steven Walling, Victorgrigas, 1 anonymous editsFile:Steve Jobs with the Apple iPad no logo (cropped).jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Steve_Jobs_with_the_Apple_iPad_no_logo_(cropped).jpg  License: CreativeCommons Attribution 2.0  Contributors: matt buchananFile:Steve Jobs (1).JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Steve_Jobs_(1).JPG  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: User:Derzsi ElekesAndor

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