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Step Into Full 3D Modelingwith GOHFER 9.1
R. D. Barree
February 20, 2017
Barree & Associates
© 2017
GOHFER 9.0 Capabilities
• Multiple wells, including vertical and horizontal, in the same model
• Fracture stress-shadow interference between each fracture and stage, on each well
• Multi-layer completions, zipper-fracs, and offset depletion effects
• Full 3D geo-mechanical earth model input (from Petrel GSLIB file)
• Optional input of 2D surface map with reference well logs
• Geo-steering of laterals and engineered completions
• Full processing of log or “core” from 3D earth model
© 2017
Example 3D Input FilePETREL: Properties
21
i_index unit1 scale1
j_index unit1 scale1
k_index unit1 scale1
x_coord unit1 scale1
y_coord unit1 scale1
z_coord unit1 scale1
Zones unit1 scale1
APC_RT unit1 scale1
C2_PHIT unit1 scale1
C2_SWT unit1 scale1
K_calc_C unit1 scale1
K_calc_C_Vert unit1 scale1
APC_POIS_SYN unit1 scale1
APC_YOUNGS_MOD_SYN unit1 scale1
APC_TOC unit1 scale1
APC_VCARB unit1 scale1
APC_VCL unit1 scale1
APC_VPYR unit1 scale1
APC_VQTZ unit1 scale1
NetPay unit1 scale1
PorePressure unit1 scale1
2 1 99 1705598.90085963 14568605.60489428 -2594.72659302 13.000000 -9999.00 -9999.00 -9999.00 -9999.00 -9999.00 0.281046 4.914100 -9999.00 -9999.00 -9999.00 -9999.00 -9999.00 -9999.00 -9999.00
3 1 99 1705628.90920820 14568605.60635388 -2595.11215210 13.000000 -9999.00 -9999.00 -9999.00 -9999.00 -9999.00 0.281249 4.882559 -9999.00 -9999.00 -9999.00 -9999.00 -9999.00 -9999.00 -9999.00
4 1 99 1705658.91694500 14568605.60775768 -2595.49203491 13.000000 -9999.00 -9999.00 -9999.00 -9999.00 -9999.00 0.280853 4.940229 -9999.00 -9999.00 -9999.00 -9999.00 -9999.00 -9999.00 -9999.00
5 1 99 1705688.92386640 14568605.60899245 -2595.86874390 13.000000 -9999.00 -9999.00 -9999.00 -9999.00 -9999.00 0.281249 5.029984 -9999.00 -9999.00 -9999.00 -9999.00 -9999.00 -9999.00 -9999.00
6 1 99 1705718.93012547 14568605.60993182 -2596.24710083 13.000000 -9999.00 -9999.00 -9999.00 -9999.00 -9999.00 0.282570 4.977376 -9999.00 -9999.00 -9999.00 -9999.00 -9999.00 -9999.00 -9999.00
7 1 99 1705748.93577896 14568605.61070168 -2596.62396240 13.000000 -9999.00 -9999.00 -9999.00 -9999.00 -9999.00 0.281739 4.869569 -9999.00 -9999.00 -9999.00 -9999.00 -9999.00 -9999.00 -9999.00
Standard GSLIB output from Petrel, with cell locations.
Any list of spatially distributed variables can be used to generate necessary
grid variables.
GSLIB and GOHFER grid spacing do not need to be consistent. Data can be
sampled at any user-defined frequency.
© 2017
Example Total Stress Imported from 3D Model
© 2017
Full 3D Geo-Model Viewer
• See what is in the “black box”
• Cut sections out of any size imported 3D geo-cellular model for use in te simulation of a single pad
• Examine all input variables in the geo-model, layer by layer, to evaluate validity of their distribution in space, continuity, and magnitude
• Extract selected variables for use in the simulation
• Extract individual 2D structural surfaces, or use the entire 3D space
• Process and generate synthetic sonic logs, mechanical and reservoir properties, in 3D space from available input data
© 2017
Map View for Pad Layout
Any layer in the 3D space
can be displayed as a map
view.
Reference well can be
anywhere within the map.
Green lines show direction
of maximum horizontal
stress and positions of
transverse grids (for manual
drawing of properties).
© 2017
Design Template for Pad Development
• Set up perforation cluster spacing, shot density and perf geometry for a group of stages on any and all wells on a pad
• Input a single design pump schedule to be applied to all selected stages and wells, for “factory mode” completions
• Ability to define different schedules and perforation placement to multiple design groups, by stage or by individual well
© 2017
Graphical Input of Stage Shadowing
• Quickly and easily identify the chronological order of all frac stages on a pad
• Automatically re-order all stages to run in batch mode in the correct order
• Separate multiple stage shadow groups, if separate well pads or groups are treated at different times
• Process entire groups in batch model simultaneously
© 2017
Offset Well Depletion Effect on Total Stress
Any grid property can be displayed in rotatable 3D view, with cross-sections at
any point on any well. Note one fault displayed in the section.
© 2017
Evolution of Fracture Geometry with Offset Depletion
Treating green well:
Early pad fluid hits offset depleted well, before
significant geometry is developed at the
treatment well.
Fracture begins to develop
at the treatment well after
pressurizing depleted
area.
Fracture height and concentration
develop at new treatment well near
end of job.
© 2017
Import of Pore-Pressure Depletion Models
• Import a fully 3D pore pressure space, in GSLIB format, using the same coordinate space as the surface map or 3D Geo-model
• Take 3D pore pressure distribution directly from numerical reservoir simulators at any time, to model parent-child interference
• Overwrite existing pore pressure space, and automatically recalculate closure stress, extension pressure, and fracture geometry resulting from the new pressure distribution
© 2017
Zipper-Frac Interference
14
Interference (zipper frac) between wells 1 and 4 cause fracture asymmetry.
© 2017
Interference Causing Height Growth
Later fracture treatment on well 2, confined by wells 1 and 4, drives height
growth. Timing between fracs is critical.
142
© 2017
Any Number of Well Layers, Wells, and Stages can be Modeled
© 2017
With Great Power Comes Great Responsibility
All wellhead locations,
surveys, surface elevations,
and coordinate systems
must be specified, and must
be consistent.
Metric projects are assumed
to have 3D space in UTM
coordinates.
“Oilfield” projects are
expected in State-Plane
coordinates.
Complete earth-space
models are preferred.
© 2017
Complex Geology, Well Trajectory, and Completion Choices
Reservoir and
mechanical properties
are computed from
whatever data is
supplied in the 3D
model input, and
distributed in space.
All functions in the
current GOHFER LAS
processing can be
applied to the 3D
model imported data.
© 2017
Full File Export Capability
• Export all processed grid, reservoir, and geomechanical data in full 3D in GSLIB format
• Export all fracture grid state variables at any time during the simulation, for each fracture stage, including proppant concentration, effective conductivity, or any other property
• Export all combined fracture properties for the entire pad, all wells and all stages, in a single GSLIB file for import to other simulators
© 2017
Fracture and Stage Stress Shadowing
Stress interference within a frac stage, and between stages, on
multiple wells, is modeled correctly. Asymmetric and non-
orthogonal fractures are simulated.
© 2017
Strongly Interacting Fractures on Multiple Wells
Both longitudinal and
transverse, asymmetric and
off-angle fractures are
simulated in simultaneous
development and
interaction.
Order of treatments, and
timing between treatments
affects the results.
© 2017
Enter the Fourth Dimension• Timing of “zipper fracs” between wells or stages, allowing closure and
relaxation of induced pore pressure and strain, can be simulated
• Time-dependent evolution of pore pressure and coupled stress fields can be modeled
• Pore pressure depletion in offset wells significantly affects treatment of infill wells
• Effectiveness of “protection fracs” and injection into existing wells can be evaluated
• Direct import of 3D pore pressure distribution from reservoir simulators, into the model space, should be possible if coordinate systems overlap
• GOHFER supports output of fracture geometry and conductivity profiles for all fracture planes, on all wells, in CMG and GSLIB file formats
• Micro-seismic event locations can be imported and displayed on 3D outputs, along with generated fracture geometries
© 2017
Get Yourself Out Of the Mangrove Swamp
Don’t be stuck with pseudo-anything in your
models.
Full 3D fracture geometry modeling with
GOHFER.
Simultaneous transverse and longitudinal
fractures, with full stress-interaction.
Complex fracture height growth resulting from
interference.
Full coupling with Petrel and numerical
reservoir simulators.
Industry leading proppant and fluid rheology
models and databases.
Complete production forecasting, economic
analysis, and production rate-transient and
decline analysis.
Computation of reservoir and mechanical
properties from logs or 3D model input.
Inclusion of micro-seismic results.