Step 1 Mnemonics I_ Behavioral, Biochem, Embryo, Micro Flashcards _ Quizlet

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Step 1 Mnemonics I: Behavioral, Biochem,

Embryo, Micro 112 terms by liam_osullivan

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SpIN, SnOUT Specificity - used to rule dz IN (good for

diagnostic tests)

Sensitivity - used to rule dz OUT (good

for screening tests)

Mr. T is mean t-test checks difference btwn the

means of 2 grps

ANOVA ANalysis Of VAriance - btwn means of 3

or more groups

PDR Disease prevention:

P - prevent - primary (HPV vaccination)

D - detect - secondary (Pap smear)

R - reduce disability - tertiary

(chemotherapy)

APGAR 10-point scale evaluated at 1 minute

and 5 minutes of life in newborn:

Appearance

Pulse

Grimace

Activity

Respiration

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Death Arrives Bringing Grave

Acceptance

Kubler Ross grief stages:

Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Grieving

(depression), Acceptance

BATS Drink Blood Sleep Stages:

Beta (Awake; highest frequency, lowest

amplitude)

Alpha (Awake, eyes closed)Theta (light sleep)

Sleep spindles and K complexes

(bruxism)

Delta (Deepest; slowest frequency,

highest amplitude; enuresis)

Beta (REM; same frequency as awake!)

He's Got Purine Recovery Trouble HGPRT - the defective E in Lesch-Nyhan

syndromeXR; excess urate, retardation, self-

mutilation (lip-biting), gout.

Tx - allopurinol

Rampant, Massive, Tiny RNA types:

Rampant - rRNA - most abundant - RNA

pol I

Massive - mRNA - longest - RNA pol II

Tiny - tRNA - smallest - RNA poll IIIU Go Away, U Are Away, U Are Gone mRNA stop codons:

UGA

UAA

UAG

going APE Ribosome sites, in order:

A site - incoming Aminoacyl tRNA

P site - accommodates growing Peptide

E site - holds Empty tRNA as it Exits

PMAT Mitosis phases:

Prophase

Metaphase

Anaphase

Telophase





Be So Totally Cool, Read Books Collagen types:

I - Bone, Skin, Tendon (cornea, late

wound repair)

II - Cartilage (including hyaline)

III - Reticulin (skin, blood vessels,

uterus, granulation)

IV - Basement MembraneType IV: under the floor Type IV collagen - basement membrane

strong, slippery, bloody BM Collagen types:

I - strong

II - slippery

III - bloody

IV - basement membrane

SNoW DRoP Blotting: procedures, sample, (probe)

S - southern, DNA (DNA)

N - northern, RNA (DNA)

W - western, Protein (Ab)

Be Wise, Fool's GOLD Heeds Silly Hope X-linked recessive disorders:

B - Bruton's agammaglobulinemia

W - Wiskott-Aldrich

F - Fabry's

G - G6PD deficiency

O - ocular albinismL - Lesch-Nyhan

D - Duchenne's MD (and Becker's)

HS - Hunter's Syndrome

H - Hemophilia A & B

WBC X-linked immunodeficiencies:

W - Wiskott-Aldrich

B - Bruton's agammaglobulinemia

C - Chronic Granulomatous disease(and some types of Hyper-IgM)

Try hunting for my fried eggs Trinucleotide repeat diseases:

Huntington's (CAG)

MyoTonic dystrophy (CTG)

Fragile X (CGG)

Friedreich's AtAxia (GAA)





Drink, Elect, Puberty Autosomal trisomies:

Drink at 21 - Down's (epichantal folds,

simian crease)

Elect at 18 - Edward's (micrognathia,

clenched hands)

Puberty at 13 - Patau's (cleft lip/Palate,

holoProsencephaly, Polydactyly)CATCH-22 Symptoms of 22q11 deletion

syndromes:

C - Cleft palate

A - Abnormal facies

T - Thymic aplasia --> T cell deficiency

C - Cardiac defects

H - Hypocalcemia - 2'ary to parathyroid

aplasia

DiGeorge Syndrome - thymic,

parathyroid, cardiac

Velocardiofacial - palate, facial, cardiac

BOTH - d/t aberrant dev of 3rd & 4th

branchial pouches

The Rich Never Pan Pyrite Filled Creeks Water soluble vitamins:

B1 - Thiamine (TPP)

B2 - Riboflavin (FAD, FMN)

B3 - Niacin (NAD)

B5 - Pantothenate (CoA)

B6 - Pyridoxine (PLP)

(B7 - biotin)

B9 - Folate (THF)

B12 - Cobalamin

(Vitamin C (ascorbic acid))

Tender Loving Care For No one Cofactors for PDH, alpha-ketoglutaratedehydrogenase:

T - thiamine/TPP

L - lipoic acid

C - CoA

F - FAD

N - NAD





3 D's 3 D's of Pellagra (niacin deficiency):

Diarrhea, Dermatitis, Dementia

NAD from niacin (3 ATP)

2 C's 2 C's of riboflavin deficiency:

Cheilosis (inflamm of lips, angular

stomatosis)Corneal vascularization

FAD and FMN are derived from

riboFlavin - 2 ATPs

SAM the methyl donor man S-adenosyl-methionine:

Transfers methyl units

Regenerates methionine, in a B12 and

folate-dependent process usingHomocysteine Methyltransferase

Required for conversion of NE --> Epi

Buy-a-tin of CO2 Biotin (B7) - cofactor for carboxylation

reactions:

Pyruvate carboxylase (glycolysis)

ACC (rds of FA synthesis)Propionyl-CoA carboxylase

AVIDin in egg whites AVIDly binds biotin Rare deficiency of biotin, can be caused

by excessive ingestion of raw eggs

E for Erythrocytes Vitamin E - antioxidant that protects rbc

membranes from free radical damage

Aka - alpha-tocopherol (sp)

Deficiency --> hemolytic anemia

ADEK Fat-soluble vitamins.

Toxicity more common b/c they

accumulate in fat





MEAL Kwashiorkor results from a protein-

deficient MEAL:

M - Malnutrition

E - Edema (swollen belly)

A - anemia

L - Liver (fatty - can't make apoproteins

-> can't export VLDLs)

Vs. marasmus, which is decreased

overall caloric intake --> m. wasting

HUGs take two Metabolism sites occurring in both

cytoplasm and mitochondria:

H - Heme synthesis

U - Urea cycle

G - Gluconeogenesis

Citrate Is Krebs Starting Substrate For

Making Oxaloacetate

TCA cycle:

Citrate

Isocitrate

Ketoglutarate (alpha)

Succinyl-CoA

Succinate

Fumarate

Malate

Oxaloacetate

Pathway Produces Fresh Glucose Gluconeogenesis E's:

P - Pyruvate carboxylase (mitochondria,

biotin)

P - PEP carboxykinase (cytosol, GTP)

F - Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase

(cytosol, rds)

G - Glucose-6-phosphatase (ER)

PriVaTe TIM HALL Essential Amino Acids:

PriVaTe - Phe, Val, Trp

TIM - Thr, Ile, Met

HALL - His, Arg, Leu, Lys





Very Poor Carbohydrate Metabolism Glycogen storage diseases (type I, II, III,

V):

V - Von Gierke's (glucose-6-

phosphatase; lactic acid)

P - Pompe's (lysosomal alpha-1,4-

glucosidase)C - Cori's (debranching enzyme = alpha-

1,6-glucosidase)

M - McArdle's (skeletal m. glycogen

phosphorylase)

No man picks his nose with his

sphinger

Neimann-Pick disease.

Deficiency of sphingomyelinase -->

buildup of sphingomyelin

Young Liver Synthesizes Blood Fetal erythropoiesis:

Y - Yolk sac (3-8 wk)

L - Liver (6-30 wk)

S - Spleen (9-28 wk)

B - Bone Marrow (wk 28 -->)

Fetal Hb = 2 alpha, 2 gamma - dec

affinity for 2,3-DPG --> increased

affinity for oxygen

CAP covers out to in Branchial apparatus derivatives:

C - Clefts = ectoderm

A - Arches = mesoderm

P - Pouches = endoderm

Several Parts Build Diaphragm Diaphram embryology:

S - septum transversum --> central

tendon

P - Pleuroperitoneal folds

B - Body wall

D - dorsal mesentery of esophagus -->

crura





Babies who can't Pee in utero develop

___

Potter's syndrome

Malformation of ureteric bud -->

bilateral renal agenesis -->

oligohydramnios --> limb & facial

deformities, pulmonary hypoplasia

Kapsules Shield SHiN Encapsulated bacteria (positive

quellung rxn):

K - Klebsiella pneumoniae

S - Salmonella

S - Streptococcus pneumoniae

Hi - Haemophilus influenzae, type B

N - Neisseria meningitidis

SHiN - produce IgA protease, cause

meningitis, and take up DNA from

environment (transformation)

anaerobes Can't Breathe Air Obligate anaerobes:

C - Clostridium

B - Bacteroides

A - Actinomyces

Lack catalase and/or superoxide

dismutase --> susceptible to oxidative

damage

Tx - Clindamycin, metronidazole

stay inside when it's Really Cold Obligate intracellular bacteria:

R - Rickettsia

C - Chlamydia

Can't make own ATP





Some Nasty Bugs May Live

FacultativeLy

Facultative Intracellular bacteria:

S - Salmonella

N - Neisseria

B - Brucella

M - Mycobacterium

L - ListeriaF - Francisela

L - Legionella

PHUK, I have a stone Urease-positive bugs (may --> stones):

P - Proteus

H - H. pyori

U - Ureaplasma

K - Klebsiella

Dx - urea breath test?

Israel has yellow sand Actinomyces isrealii -> yellow "sulfur"

granules

Nagging Pests Must Breathe Obligate aerobes (use an oxygen-

dependent system to generate ATP):

N - NocardiaP - Pseudomonas aeruginosa

M - Mycobacterium tuberculosis

B - Bacillus

These Rascals May Microscopically Lack

Color

Bugs that don't stain well on Gram

stain:

T - Treponema (too thin; use darkfield)

R - Rickettsia (intracellular parasite)

M - Mycobacteria (high lipid-content of

cell wall requires acid-fast stain)

M - Mycoplasma (no cell wall)

L - Legionella pneumophila (use silver

stain)

C - Chlamydia (intracellular parasite;

lacks muramic acid in cell wall)





PASs the sugar Periodic Acid-Shiff stain

Stains glycogen

Used to diagnose Whipple's disease

(Tropheryma whippelii)

ABCDE Genes for 5 bacterial toxins encoded in

lysogenic phage:

A - ShigA-like toxin

B - Botulinum toxin

C - Cholera toxin

D - Diphteria toxin

E - Erythrogenic toxin - S. pyogenes

MOPS Streptococcus pneumoniae:

Most OPtochinin Sensitive

Most common cause of:

M - Meningitis

O - Otitis media (children)

P - Pneumonia

S - Sinusitis

Encapsulated. IgA protease.

Transformation. Diplococcus

"rusty sputum"

ABCDEFG Corynebacterium diphtheriae exotoxin:

A - ADP ribosylation

B - Beta prophage (encoded by)

C - Corynebacterium

D - Diphtheriae

E, F - Elongation Factor 2

G - Granules (metachromic blue andred)

ADP ribosylation of EF-2 inhibits protein

synthesis.





Lactose is KEE MacConKEE's agar

Media used to grow lactose fermenters

(pink colonies)

Fast fermenters:

K - Klebsiella

E - EnterobacterE - E. coli

HaEMOPhilus influenzae H. influenzae causes:

E - Epiglottitis ("cherry red", "thumb

sign" on XRay)

M - Meningitis

O - Otitis Media

P - Pneumonia

Does NOT cause the flu!

PSEUDOmonas Pseudomonas a/w:

P - Pneumonia

S - Sepsis (black lesions on skin)

E - External otitis (swimmer's ear)

U - UTI

DO - Drug use and Diabetic

Osteomyelitis

+ burn victims, contact lens infection

Tx - 2 abx = gentamycin + piperacillin

4 A's Klebsiella:

Aspiration pneumonia

Abscesses in lungAlcoholics

di-A-betics

"red currant jelly sputum"

"Can't see, can't pee, can't climb a tree" Reiter's syndrome





BAKE a key Lyme pie Lyme disease (Borrelia burgdorferi,

Ixodes tick)

B - Bell's palsy (can be bilateral)

A - Arthritis

K - Kardiac block (AV node)

E - Erythema chronicum migrans(expanding "bull's eye" red rash with

central clearing)

Tx - doxycycline, or ceftriaxone (for

chronic arthritis)

"I don't have a clue why I smell fish in

the vagina garden!"

Gardnerella vaginalis

Vaginosis with gray discharge, fishy

smell, clue cells (covered with bacteria)

Tx - Metro

Rickettsia on the wRist, Typhus on the

Trunk

Rickettsia (RMSF) - starts on hands and

feet

Typhus rash starts centrally then

spreads, without involving the palms or

soles.

Q fever is Queer Caused by Coxiella burnetii (does not

have Rickettsia in genus name)

No rash, no vector, negative Weil-Felix

You drive CARS using your palms and

soles

Palm and sole rash seen in:

CA - Coxsackievirus A (hand, foot,

mouth dz)

R - RMSF - Rickettsia rickettsii

S - Syphilis





You'll get sick if you EAT these Nematode route of infection -

Ingestion:

E - Enterobius (anal pruritis, Scotch

tape test)

A - Ascaris (Loeffler's eosinophilic

pneumonitis)T - Trichinella (undercooked pork,

larvae encyst in muscle, periorbital

edema)

These get into your feet from the SANd Nematode route of infection -

Cutaneous

S - Strongyloides

A - Ancylostoma (iron deficiency

anemia)

N - Necator (iron deficiency anemia)

"Live small yellow chickens get

vaccinated with Sabin's and MMR!"

Live attenuated vaccines:

Smallpox, Yellow fever, Chickenpox

(VZV), Sabin's polio virus, MMR, (and

intranasal influenza)

RIP Always Killed vaccines:

R - Rabies

I - Influenza

P - Salk Polio

A - HAV

"part-of-a-virus" All DNA viruses are dsDNA (like our

DNA), except Parvovirus - ssDNA

parvus = small

"repeatovirus" All RNA viruses are ssRNA (like our

mRNA), except Reovirus - dsRNA





Naked CPR and PAPP smear Naked (nonenveloped) viruses include:

CPR - Calcivirus, Picornavirus, Reovirus

PAPP - Parvovirus, Adenovirus,

Papilloma, Polyoma

DNA viruses are HHAPPPPy Hepadna

Herpes

Adeno

Pox

Parvo

Papilloma

Polyoma

Get Herpes in a CHEVrolet Herpesviruses:

C - CMVH - HSV (-1 -> temporal lobe

encephalitis)

E - EBV

V - VZV - remains dormant in trigeminal

and DRG

PaRaMyxovirus: Paramyxoviruses: enveloped, ss, linear,

nonsegmented RNA viruses:

Parainfluenza - (croup)

RSV - (bronchiolitis in babies)

Rubeola (Measles)

Always Bring Polymerase Or Fail

Replication

Negative stranded viruses.

Must transcribe negative strand to

positive. Virion brings its own RNA-

dependent RNA pol.

Arenaviruses, Bunyaviruses,

Paramyxoviruses, Orthomyxoviruses,

Filoviruses, Rhabdoviruses





BOAR Segmented viruses. All are RNA viruses.

B - Bunyaviruses

O - Othormyxoviruses (influenza

viruses)

A - Arenaviruses

R - Reoviruses

Influenza viruses can undergo Ag shift -

-> worldwide pandemics

PERCH on a "peak" (pico) PicoRNAviruses = small RNA viruses.

Include:

P - Poliovirus

E - Echovirus

R - Rhinovirus

C - Coxsackievirus

H - HAV

RNA is translated into one large

polypeptide that is cleaved by

proteases into functional viral proteins.

ROTA - Right Out The Anus Rotavirus - the most important global

cause of infantile gastroenteritis.

Segmental dsRNA (reovirus).

Major cause of acute diarrhea in U.S.

during winter.

Villous destruction w atrophy --> dec

absorption of Na+ and water.





3 C's of Measles Cough

Coryza (runny nose)

Conjunctivitis

Koplik's spots (red spots with blue-

white center on buccal mucosa).

Rash spreads from head to toe.

Parotid glands and testes as big as

POM-poms

Mumps virus.

P - Parotitis

O - Orchitis (inflamm of testes)

M - aseptic Meningitis

Asymptomatic, Acute, Alone (virus) HAV - often asymptomatic, not chronic,

no carriers

Defective, Dependent (virus) HDV - defective - requires HBsAg as its

envelope

Enteric, Expectant (mothers, Epidemics

(virus)

HEV - fecal-oral; high mortality in

pregnant women

4 Fs's Stages of HIV infection.

1. Flulike (acute)2. Feeling fine (latent, few years)

3. Falling CD4 count (opportunistic

infections)

4. Final crisis

Runts May Cough Sputum Most common causes of pneumonia -

children 4 wk - 18 year:

R - RSV

M - Mycoplasma

C - Chlamydia pnemoniae

S - Strep pneumoniae

"Food poisoning from reheated rice? Be

serious!"

Bacillus cereus





SSEEK PP UTI bugs:

Serratia marcescens

Staph saprophyticus

E. coli (#1 cause)

Enterobacter cloacae

Klebsiella pneumoniaeProteus

Pseudomonas

ToRCHHeS Congenital infections: microbes pass

from mother to fetus:

T - Toxoplasma gondii - (cat feces,

intracranial calcifications)

R - Rubella - (heart dz, cateracts,

deafness)

C - CMV - (unilateral hearing loss + toxo

S/S)

H - HIV - (prevent with Zidovudine,

HAART, C-sxn)

H - HSV - (temporal lobe encephalitis)

S - Syphilis - (stillbirth, hydrops fetalis,

rash (desquamation of hands and feet),

facial abnorm's - notched teeth, saddlenose, saber shins)

Also, parvovirus B19 --> hydrops fetalis

Wind, water, wound, walking, wein,

wonder

Causes of post-op fever:

Wind - atelectasis, penumonia

Water - UTI's

Wound - wound infection

Walking - DVT's

Wein - thrombophlebitis

Wonder - wonder drugs (antibiotics -

iatrogenic)





Aminopenicillins HELPS kill enterocci Ampicillin/amOxicillin (Oral) kills certain

G+ bacteria and G- rods:

H- H. influenzae

E - E. coli

L - Listeria

P - ProteusS - Salmonella

Indications: UTI's, neonatal infections

TCP Takes Care of Pseudomonas Ticarcillin

Carbenicillin

Piperacillin

Same mech as penicillin; use clavulinic

acid.

"We're ECSTaTiC about bacteriostatics" Erythromycin

Clindamycin

Sulfamethoxazole

Trimethoprim

Tetracyclines

Chloramphenicol

Very Finely Proficient At Cell Murder Bactericidals:

Vancomycin

Fluoroquinolones

Penicillin

Aminoglygosides

Cephalosporins

Metronidazole

PEcK Organisms covered by 1st generation

cephalosporins:

G+ cocci, plus:

Proteus

E. coli

Klebsiella





HEN PEcKS Organisms covered by 2nd gen

cephalosporins

G+ cocci, plus:

Haemophilus influenzae

EnterobacterNeisseria

Proteus

E. coli

Klebsiella

Serratia marcescens

the kill is LASTIN' with ciLASTATIN Add cilastatin to imipenem to inhibit

metabolism by renal dihydropeptidase

I

Meropenem does not need cilastatin.

Coverage: G-rods, G+cocci, anaerobes

"Big guns"

Has some, but NOT many toxicities Vancomycin:

Nephrotoxic

Ototoxic

Thrombophlebitis

Red Man Syndrome - px with

pretreatment with antihistamines and

slow infusion rate.





Buy AT 30, CCELL (sell) at 50 Bacterial Protein Synthesis Inhibitors:

30S

A - Aminoglycosides (GNATS,

bactericidal)

T - Tetracyclines (bacteriostatic; px

attachment of aminoacyl tRNA)

50S

C - Clindamycin, Chloramphenicol

(bacteriostatic)

E - Erythromycin (macrolides -

azithromycin, clarishromycin -

bacteriostatic - bind 23S rRNA of 50S,

block translocation)

L - Lincomycin (bacteriostatic)L - Linezolid (binds 23S rRNA, block

initiation complex)

GNATS canNOT kill anaerobes Aminoglycosides

G - Gentamycin

N - Neomycin

A - Amikacin

T - TobramycinS - Streptomycin

N - Nephrotoxic - esp w cephalosporins

O - Ototoxic - esp w loops

T - Teratogen

Can kill aerobes (bactericidal), but

require oxygen for uptake --> can't kill

anaerobes

MECH - bind 30S, inhibit formtion of

initiation complex and cause

misreading of mRNA





VACUUM THe BedRoomS Clinical use of tetracylines:

V. cholera, Acne, Chlamydia,

Ureaplasma, Urealyticum, Mycoplasma

pneumoniae, Tularemia, H. pylori,

Borrelia burgdorferi, Rickettsia, SIADH

(demeclocycline)

Tetracycline, doxycycline,

demeclocycline, minocycline

MECH - bind 30S --> prevent

attachment of aminoacyle tRNA

Must not take with milk, antacids, or

iron - divalent cations inhibit GIabsorption

TOX - teratogen (bone, cartilage),

discolors teeth, inhibition of bond

growth in children, photosensitivity

PUS Clinical uses of macrolides:

P - Pneumonia - atypicals (mycoplasma,chlamydia, legionella)

U - URI's (S. pneumo, S. pyogenes)

S - STD (chlamydia, gonorrhea)

MECH - bind 23S rRNA of 5OS --> block

translocation

TOX - prolonged QT interval, GI, P-450

inhibition





TMP Trimethoprim Treats Marrow Poorly

(TMP)

TOX - Megaloblastic anemia,

leukopenia, granulocytopenia

Alleviate with supplemental folinic acid

IND - UTI's, PCP (pneumocystis jiroveci),

SS (salmonella, shigella), TMP-SMX for

MRSA

FluoroquinolONES hurt attachment to

your ______

BONES

Contraindicated in pregnant women

and children d/t damage to cartilage.

Tendonitis and tendon rupture in

adults

MECH - I DNA gyrase (topoisomerase II)





GET GAP on the Metro! Use metronidazole for anaerobic

infection below the diaphragm:

G - Giardia

E - Entamoeba histolytica

(phagocytoses rbc's)

T - Trichomonas

G - Gardnerella vaginalis (Clue cells, inc

pH)

A - Anaerobes (Bacteriodes,

Clostridium)

P - H. Pylori (part of triple therapy,

along with bismuth and amoxicillin (or

tetracycline))

MECH - forms toxic metabolites in

bacterial cell that damage DNA.

Bactericidal, antiprotozoal

TOX - disulfuram-like rxn with alcohol

'MYXins MIX up membranes Polymixin B, E

MECH - cationic, detergent-likemolecules that bind cell membranes of

bacteria and disrupt osmotic properties

IND - Pseudomonas, burns

ADMIN - topical, NOT oral

TOX -neuro, nephro (acute tubular

necrosis)

RIPE for treatment Tx for Mycobacterium tuberculosis:

R - Rifampin

I - Isoniazid

P - Pyrazinamide

E - Ethambutol

Prophylaxis - Isoniazid





INH-SPIRE Anti-TB drugs

Streptomycin, Pyrazinamide, Isoniazid

(INH), Rifampin, Ethambutol

Ethambutol TOX - optic neuropathy =

red-green color blindness

INH INH - Injures Neurons and Hepatocytes

MECH - decreases synthesis of mycolic

acids

IND - Px and Tx for M. tuberculosis

TOX - neuro, hepato, drug-induced

Lupus

*Use Pyridoxine (Vit B6) to prevent

neurotox

4 R's 4 R's of Rifampin:

RNA polymerase inhibitor

Revs up P-450

Red/orange body fluid (tears, urine,

vaginal)

Rapid resistance if used alone

IND - Tx - TB, leprosy; Px -

meningococcal, H. influenza B

"A man to dine" takes of his coat Amantadine

MECH - blocks viral

penetration/uncoating (M2 protein);

Also causes release of dopamine

IND - influenza, Parkinson's

Rimantadine - does not cross BBB -->

fewer CNS s/e




Never Ever Deliver nucleosides Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase

inhibitors (NNRTI's):

N - Nevirapine

E - Efavirenz

D - Delavirdine

MECH - inhibit reverse transcriptase of

HIV; prevent incorporation of DNA copy

of viral genome into host DNA

SAFE Moms Take Really Good Care Antimicrobials to avoid in pregnancy:

S - Sulfonamides -> kernicterus

A - AG's -> ototoxicity

F - Fluoroquinolones -> cartilage

damage

E - Erythromycin

M - Metronidazole - mutagenesis

T - Tetracyclines -> discolored teeth,

inhibition of bone growth

R - Ribavirin - teratogenic

G - Griseofulvin - teratogenic

C - Chloramphenicol - "gray baby"

REM sleep is like sex increased pulse

penile/clitoral tumescence

decreases with age

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Step 1 Mnemonics I_ Behavioral, Biochem, Embryo, Micro Flashcards _ Quizlet