STEM Preparation through Marine Engineering, Science and ...averma/nsf/Submarine IM...STEM Preparation through Marine Engineering, Science and Technology Experiences Dr. Alok Verma,

MarineTech

2009 - 2011

STEM Preparation through Marine Engineering, Science and Technology Experiences

Dr. Alok Verma, Lean Institute - ODU

SUBMARINESINSTRUCTION MODULE 8

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MarineTech

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Description of Module

• This module covers history of submarines, types, parts,

working of submarine and dangers on submarine.

• This module also demonstrates the underlying principles in the

design and operation of submarines like Buoyancy, Boyle’s

Law, Effect of water pressure on the submarine with the help of

hands on activities, class exercises and check on learning.

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Targeted SOL’S

• Physics Standards (PH 7)

• Math Standards (A 1)

• Math Standards (A 11)

• Earth Sciences (ES 1)

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Topics Covered

1. Origin of Submarines

2. Types of Submarines

3. External Parts of Submarine

4. Internal Parts of Submarine

5. Force acting on a Hydroplane

6. How Submarines Work ?

7. Boyle’s Law

8. Pressure on Submarine

9. Use of Sonar in Submarines

10. Safety on Submarines

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S.No Topic

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Dr. Alok Verma, Lean Institute - ODU 5

Origin of Submarines

• Man has always wanted to explore

the ocean depths.

• Invented primarily to destroy enemy

ships in war.

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What is a Submarine?

• A vessel that can be submerged and navigated under water.

• A submarine has even been used to descend into the Mariana

Trench, the deepest known part of the world’s oceans, seven miles

below the surface.

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Hands-on Activity 1

Cup Submarine

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Author Jules Verne wrote about the adventures of Captain Nemo

and his incredible electric powered submarine called the Nautilus

(1869).

Has Anyone Read ‘20,000 Leagues Under The Sea’?

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World’s First Battle Submarine- Turtle.

By David Bushnell (American) in 1776

World’s Largest Submarine- Typhoon.

By Russians in 1994

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Journey of Submarines (18th – 20th Century)

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History of Few Famous Submarines

The Resurgam (1879)

The world's second mechanically propelled submarine

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The Hunley (1864)

Used in American Civil

War

Fulton’s

Submarine (1801)

The first Practical

Submarine

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Submarine

Timeline

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The First ‘ACTUAL’ Submarine

• First actual submarine was made in

1620 by a Dutch inventor. It was

named ‘The Drebbel’.

• Made of wood and covered with

greased-leather.

• It was very leaky and not very safe.

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http://www.flickr.com/photos/al_robertson/sets/72157603387809591/detail/

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Submarine Built in 1776 (Turtle)

• David Bushnell built a strange

submarine made of oak.

• It had two hand-cranks to provide

power.

• However, the operator was knee-deep

in water!

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Another Attempt in 1864

• During the Civil War, submarine H.L.

Hunley made the first ‘successful’

underwater attack.

• Was the first submarine to sink an

enemy warship.

• The torpedo hit its target, the USS

Housatonic, but the explosion was so

great it sank both ships!

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U-boats in 1941

• U-boats were larger and specifically

designed for long-range patrols.

• Large battery allowed it to cruise

submerged for long periods and high

speed.

• Managed to sink 192 boats and

killing more than 5,400 people

during the war.

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First Nuclear Submarine - 1954

• USS Nautilus was the world's first

operational nuclear-powered

submarine.

• First vessel to complete a

submerged transit across the North

Pole.

• It can remain submerged for

weeks, even months.

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Identify the Following Submarines

DREBBEL USS NAUTILUS

TURTLE H.L. HUNLEY

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CLASS EXERCISE - 1Crossword Puzzle

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Solve the Crossword Puzzle - Answers

S U B M A R I N E

A A

R H U N L E Y

I T

U B O A T I

N L

A U

T U R T L E S

R

D R E B B E L

N

C

T Y P H O O N

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Types of Submarines

Pleasure Submarine

Scientific Submarine

Military Submarine

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Pleasure Submarines

Pleasure Submarines are

usually quite small and

expensive, used to admire

undersea life.

Gemini – The Pleasure Submarine

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Seattle 1000Phoenix 1000

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Scientific Submarines

• Used to investigate the floor of oceans

or lakes and bring back biological

samples or artifacts.

• One of the most famous scientific

submarines is Alvin (1964), a 16-ton

research submersible.

• Discovered the resting place of the

ocean liner Titanic which sank in 1912.

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ALVIN

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Military Submarines

• Used as weapons during time of

war and to hold nuclear missiles.

• These submarines can go anywhere

on Earth where the Ocean stretches,

including the water beneath the

floating ice of the North Pole.

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CLASS EXERCISE - 2Types of Submarines

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Answers

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1. These submarines are used to bring back biological artifacts from the

ocean floor –

SCIENTIFIC SUBMARINES

2. These submarines are used for naval wars and to hold nuclear

missiles –

MILITARY SUBMARINES

3. These submarines are usually quite small in size and expensive –

PLEASURE SUBMARINES

4. This submarine discovered the resting place of the ocean liner Titanic

SCIENTIFIC SUBMARINE

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External Parts of Submarine

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Periscope

• The periscope is usually extended

through the Sail (conning tower).

• At shallow depths, it allows to search

for targets and threats in the surrounding

sea and air.

• Made with mirrors and lenses that

reflect and bend images down a long

tube to the eye of a sailor.

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Rudder and Propeller

• A propeller is a type of fan which

transmits power by converting

rotational motion into thrust.

• Rudder controls side-to-side turning.

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RudderPropeller

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Diving Planes

• Diving plane, also known as Hydroplane, control the

submarine’s rise and descent.

• There are two sets of diving planes, the sail planes, which are

located on the sail, and the stern planes, which are located at

the stern with the rudder and propeller.

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Match the Given Parts of Submarine

1. Sail

2. Sail Planes

3. Periscope

4. Propeller

5. Rudder

6. Stern Planes

7. Radio Antenna

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Answers

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Periscope

Sail

Sail Planes

Rudder Propeller

Stern Planes

Radio Antenna

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Hands-on Activity 2

Periscope Construction

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Internal Parts of Submarine

Hull and Ballast Tanks

Engine

Planes

Navigation Systems

Life-support systems

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Ballast Tank Section

Batteries

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Pressure Hull

• The pressure of water pushing inwards is the biggest problem.

• Most submarines have two hulls.

• The outer hull is waterproof, while the inner one (Pressure Hull) is

much stronger and resistant to immense water pressure.

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Ballast Tanks

• Spaces in between the two hulls that

can be filled with either air or water

are called the ballast tanks.

• When they are filled with air, the

submarine rises to the surface.

• With water inside the tanks, the sub

submerges towards the seabed.

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Engine

• Most submarines have diesel-

electric engines.

• Once the diesel engine has fully

charged the batteries, the

submarine can switch off its

engine and go underwater.

• Military submarines are now

nuclear powered.

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Planes

• Just as sharks have fins to help

them swim and dive, submarines

have fins called hydroplanes.

• As the submarine’s propellers

push it forward, water rushes

over the planes, creating an

upward or downward force that

helps the sub gradually rise or

fall.

• The fins can be tilted to change

the angle.37

Angle of the dive planes, left low speed,

right high speed

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Force Acting on a Hydroplane

F = C A sin(θ) 0.5 ρ v2

Where,

F : Force on Hydroplane (N)

C : Friction coefficient (C = 0.1)

A : Area of Hydroplane (m2)

v : Velocity of submarine (m/s)

ρ : density of water (ρ = 1000 kg/m3)

θ : angle of Hydroplane (deg)

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Navigation Systems

• Submarines navigate using GPS, SONAR, a system similar

to radar, Inertial Guidance.

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Submarine Navigation

• Global Positioning System (GPS)

accurately determines latitude and

longitude.

• Sonar uses sound propagation to

navigate.

• Inertial Guidance Systems keep track

of how far the submarine has travelled,

and in which direction by using

gyroscopes.

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Submarines can raise various antenna

masts, radar masts and periscopes to

facilitate communications and

navigation

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Annapolis_masts.jpg

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Life-Support Systems

• The nuclear engine of the sub, provides

warmth and generates electricity.

• It makes oxygen for people to breathe

by chemically separating molecules of

water.

• It can even make their own drinking

water from seawater using electricity. Inside View of a Submarine

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CLASS EXERCISE – 3

Force on a Hydroplane

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1. A model submarine with square Hydroplanes of dimension 5 x 5

cm, with velocity 2.78 m/s and angle of Hydroplane is 30

degrees. Calculate the Force on Hydroplane.

Answer: F = C A sin (θ) 0.5 ρ v2

= 0.1 * (5*5*10-4) * sin (30) * 0.5 * 1000 * (2.78) 2

= 0.48 N

Force Acting on a Hydroplane

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Archimedes Principle

• It is told that, while talking a bath

Archimedes, the great philosopher and

mathematician, discovered a method for

figuring out whether his King’s crown had

been made of pure gold.

• We now call his discovery Archimedes'

Principle’, which states that an object

placed in a fluid is buoyed upward by a

force equal in weight to the fluid displaced

(pushed out of the way) by the object.

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• The weight of the displaced fluid is

directly proportional to the volume of the

displaced fluid.

• Weight (W) Volume (V)

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Hands-on Activity 3


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• When Submarine is placed in the water, it

experiences an upward force called as the

buoyant force. This force acts opposite to

the force of gravity.

• An empty can will push enough water

molecules out of the way to create an

upward force greater than its weight.

• Whereas a rock of same weight will sink.

How Submarines Work ? - Buoyancy

Buoyant Force

Example:

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SUBMARINE

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Empty

Bottle

To dive underwater and then resurface, the

submarine must be able to control its

density.

• An empty bottle will float on the surface.

• A partially filled bottle will float

underwater.

• A full bottle will sink to the bottom.

This is accomplished by pumping water in

and out of the submarine.

How Submarines Work ? – Sink & Swim

Partially

Filled BottleFull Filled

Bottle

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• When the submarine is on the surface,

the ballast tanks are filled with air.

• To dive, the operator opens up valves

at the top and lets air out.

• Seawater rushes in to fill the space

that was taken up by air. Hence the

submarine submerges.

Working of Submarine – Sink & Swim

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Boyle’s Law

Boyle’s law states that at constant temperature, the absolute pressure

and the volume of a gas are inversely proportional. In short, as one

increases the other decreases. If pressure doubles, volume shrinks to

half.

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• Going into water, the pressure on the

submarine is initially equal to one

atmospheric pressure.

• Boyle’s law governs the relationship

between volume and pressure.

• Submarines need to be extremely strong

to withstand the extremely high pressure

of water pushing down on them.

Where:

P1 = internal pressure

V1 = internal volume

P2 = external pressure

V2 = external volume

Effect of Boyle’s Law on Submarine

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CLASS EXERCISE – 4Boyle’s Law

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Application of Boyle’s Law

A small research submarine with inside volume of air 12 x 104 Liters

has an internal pressure of 1.0 atm. If the submarine descends to a

depth where the pressure is 150 atm, what will the volume of the air

inside be if the hull of the submarine breaks?

Solution:

P1*V1 = P2*V2

12 x 104 x 1.0 = 150 x V2

12,000 / 15 = V2

V2 = 400 Liters

Hence the volume of the gas is 400 Liters

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Hands-on Activity 4

Boyle’s Law

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Pressure on Submarine

• Engineers found that cylindrical shapes can

withstand large amount of pressure. That is why

pressurized tanks and submarines are built with

cylindrical cross sections.

• The deeper you go underwater, the higher the

water pressure.

• When you’re down underwater, there’s more

water pushing down on you from above than if

you’re right at the top.

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Low

Pressure

High

Pressure

Water Column

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Effect of Water Pressure

• Pressure is all around us. Although submarines are designed and

tested to be safe underwater, the problems of increasing water

pressure affect them as they submerge.

• Pressure increases rapidly underwater.

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• As a diver or submarine gets

deeper , for every 33 feet of

depth, pressure increases 14.7

pounds per square inch , or one

"atmosphere."

• The weight of the air at the

surface (14.7 psi) must also be

added when figuring

underwater pressure.

Effect of Water Pressure

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CLASS EXERCISE – 5Math Under Pressure

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Math Under Pressure

Use the attached graph, and what you know about air and water

pressure to answer these questions.

1. John has dropped a quarter into a swimming pool. To get it back, he

must dive to the bottom of the 11' section of the pool.

How many pounds per square inch of pressure will he be under

before he dives into the water?

14.7 psi.

How will that number change as he swims to the bottom of the

pool? WHY?

Pressure will increase as the deeper he dives, the greater the

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2. A cliff diver in Acapulco dives from a 200-feet cliff into the

ocean. He is moving so fast that his body plunges to a depth

where the pressure on his body is just over 44 pounds per square

inch.

How far underwater is he?

66 feet.

How many atmospheres are pressing on him?

3 atm.

Math Under Pressure

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3. A submarine is planning to make a test dive to a depth of 2,425

feet.

How many atmospheres is that?

74.48 including 1 atmosphere of surface air pressure.

What do you think will happen to the sub if its construction can't

take the pressure?

It will implode or be crushed.

Math Under Pressure

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4. During a U.S. Navy exercise at sea, two submarines are playing

hide-and-seek to test their invisibility. At first, the subs dive as

deep as they can go, but then each hides in the ocean. Sub #1 stops

at a depth where it is affected by 88.3 lbs/sq.in. of pressure. Sub

#2 is floating at a depth of 165 feet.

Which is deeper?

They are at the same depth.

Math Under Pressure

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Use of SONAR in Submarines

• Sonar is an acronym for Sound

Navigation and Ranging.

• Sonar mapping uses sound waves to

map out the contours or the shape of

the ocean bottom.

• To locate a target, a submarine uses

Active and Passive Sonar.

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Active Sonar

• Active Sonar (echolocation)

emits pulses of sound waves

that travel through the water,

reflect off the target and return

to the ship.

• Sound transmitter and a

receiver are used.

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• To measure the distance to an object, the time from transmission of a

pulse to reception is measured and converted into a range by knowing

the speed of sound.

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Passive Sonar

• Passive Sonar involves listening

to sounds generated by the target

(such as a submarine or

torpedo).

• Passive sonar listens without

transmitting.

• Passive sonar systems may have

large sonic databases, but the

sonar operator usually finally

classifies the signals manually.

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Sonar trace of the Wreck fish scarp

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Hands-on Activity 5

SONAR Mapping

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Nuclear Submarines

• A Nuclear Submarine is a submarine powered by nuclear reactor.

• The large amount of power generated by a nuclear reactor allows

nuclear submarines to operate at high speed for long durations.

• Current generations of nuclear submarines never need to be

refueled throughout their 25-year lifespan.

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Life on a Nuclear Submarine

• Essentially unlimited power allows a nuclear-powered submarine to

maintain a far more comfortable environment that was ever possible

in conventional submarines.

• These submarines have a wide range

of equipment to combat threats like

fire and flooding and conduct regular

drills.

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Safety on Submarines

• The greatest threats to a submerged

submarine are Fire and Flooding.

• Damage Control Equipment should

be readily available.

• Rescue attempts from the surface

must occur very quickly.

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Flooding

Fire

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Damage Control Equipment

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OBA (Oxygen

Breathing Apparatus)

Damage Control Tool

Roll, Bolt Cutter, and Spill

Kit Roll Steam Suit

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Rescue Attempts

• Attempts will typically involve

trying to get some type of rescue

vehicle down to remove the crew.

• Rescue vehicles include Deep-

Submergence Rescue Vehicles

(DSRV) and diving bells.

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DSRV secured to the deck of a

submarine

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Hands-on Activity 6

Build a Submarine Model

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Overview

In this module we have learnt about:

• Origin of Submarines

• Types and Parts of Submarines

• How Submarines Work

• Archimedes Principle

• Boyle’s Law

• Effect of Buoyancy and Water

Pressure on Submarines

• Use of Sonar in Submarines

• Safety on Submarines

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THANK YOU

THANK YOU

Contact Information:Alok K. Verma

Ray Ferrari Professor

Director – MarineTech Project

Director – Lean Institute

Old Dominion University

Phone (757) 683-3766

E-mail [email protected]

http://www.themarinetech.org

Documents

STEM Preparation through Marine Engineering, Science and ...averma/nsf/Submarine IM...STEM Preparation through Marine Engineering, Science and Technology Experiences Dr. Alok Verma,