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Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine

“Glow-in-the-dark” dogs!

What is stem cell research?

• Understand more about development, aging, disease– Experimental model systems

• Prevent or treat diseases and injuries– Cell-based therapies– Pharmaceutical development

• Includes testing and drug delivery

Trachea transplantation:Example of adult stem cell-based tissue regeneration

Outline of Presentation

• Introduction to fertilization and embryonic development

• What makes stem cells unique?• What do stem cells look like?• What are the different types of stem cells?• What are examples of stem cell research, therapies,

and technologies? How did they make those dogs?

• Conclusion and future directions

In the IVF procedure, sperm and eggs “interact” in a dish leading to insemination.They literally swim up to the egg and burrow toward the nucleus.The first one to get there wins, and all others are blocked out.

Male fertility issue: Sometimes sperm cannot latch onto and penetrate the egg. They may choose to have Intra(within)-Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI)

Day 1

EmbryonicStemCells

At what point is this a fetus? • Days 7-14: Uterine implantation• Day 14: Three distinct layers begin to form (no

more pluripotent stem cells)• Days 14-21: Beginning of future nervous system• Days 21-24: Beginning of future face, neck, mouth,

and nose• Weeks 3-8: Beginning of organ formation

This picture is Week 5

• Week 5-8+: Now it’s called a fetus (no consensus on a single timepoint)

Embryonic Development: Zebrafish model

Keller et al. 2008



• What makes stem cells unique?• What do stem cells look like?• What are the different types of stem cells?• What are examples of stem cell research,

therapies, and technologies?• Conclusion and future directions

Symmetric cell division

Asymmetric cell division

1. Self-renews 2. Differentiates

Progenitor cell

Stem cell Stem cell

SELF – RENEWAL

DIFFERENTIATION

DIFFERENTIATION





Embryonic stem cells in the dish:What do cultured ES cells look like?

Fluorescent imaging of embryonicstem cell colonies.





This cellCan form the

Embryo and placenta

This cellCan just form the

embryo

Fully mature

Stem cells in the adult brain:Are they still working for us now?

Stem cells in mature skeletal muscle:Is there power still in our stem cells?

Signals to Stem Cells

Other Cells

Matrix MoleculesSelf-Renewal

Soluble Factors

Differentiation

Little, et al. Chemical Reviews (2008).

All cells in a person share the same genotypeYet eye cells differ from nose cells

Central dogma of biologyGenetic

engineering

Tissue therapy

How do cells know what to become?

Induced Pluripotent Stem (iPS) CellsGenetically engineering new stem cells

Skin cells iPS cells

Recreating Pluripotency

Image courtesy of Clontech

Induced Pluripotent Stem (iPS) CellsGenetically engineering new stem cells

Skin cells iPS cells

Pros and Cons to iPS cell technology

• Pros:– Cells would be genetically identical to patient or

donor of skin cells (no immune rejection!)– Do not need to use an embryo

• Cons:– Cells would still have genetic defects– One of the pluripotency genes is a cancer gene– Viruses might insert genes in places we don’t want

them (causing mutations)

Factors known to affect stem cells

• Low stress levels• Regular exercise• Enriching experiences• Learning new information• Healthy diets: rich in antioxidants• Avoid excessive drinking





Experimental model systemHeart muscle cells beating in a petri dish!

Videos by the Exploratorium

Bone marrow transplant:Example of adult stem cell-based therapy

Spinal cord injury:Example of embryonic stem cell-based therapy

Geron video: http://www.geron.com/grnopc1clearance/

http://www.geron.com/grnopc1clearance/

Stem cells for drug deliveryMore focused delivery, fewer side affects

NSCs injected

(no tumor)

NSCs injected (tumor)

Day 0 Day 7 Day 14

Shah et al. Dev Neurosci 2004

What are stem cell technologies?

• Cloning technologies– Is human cloning a technology? – What is different about cloning embryonic stem cells?

• Induced Pluripotent Stem cells– New ways to potentially avoid the use of embryos– Disease-specific stem cell lines created– The promise and potential pitfalls of this approach

When does research actually become technology?

Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT) Cloning of embryonic stem cells

Egg cell

Udder cell

Types of Cloning





Why do researchers want to use embryonic stem cells along with other technologies?• Pluripotent

– Expanded developmental potential allows them to be used in ways that adult stem cells cannot

• Can proliferate indefinitely in culture• Easier to obtain than adult stem cells

Science is discovering the unknown

• Stem cell field is still in its infancy• Human embryonic stem cell research is a decade old,

adult stem cell research has 30-year head start• Holds hope for curing or improving treatments for

70+ diseases

How can you help to shape the direction of this field?

Students: https://www.surveymonkey.com/s/stemcell2010

Teacher: https://www.surveymonkey.com/s/stemcellteach2010

Take our survey please!

Documents

Stem cells - California Institute for Regenerative Medicine · PPT file · Web view(Turn your hand so the end of imaginary spaghetti bundle is facing the class. ... percent of all