Steamships replace Sailing

Ships

Improvements in Steerage

Fear of disease keeps people out

of steerage anyway

Ellis Island

Who Got Turned Back?

(Female “Undesirables”)

“Birds of Passage” and “Return Migration”

Graph: Emigration from the US as a percentage of immigration to the US

Immigrant Destinations,

1905

New York’s Lower East Side, c. 1909

New York’s Mulberry Street, 1901

Dumb-Bell Tenements

Jacob Riis photo: Boarders crowding a NY tenement, c. 1890, “Five Cents a Spot”

Washing and Bathing in Tenements

The problem with fire escapes

Bohemian Cigar Makers in their Tenement

Initially, most sewing takes place in tenements

Sweatshops

Sweatshops defined by compulsion, not conditions

Triangle Waist Company Fire, 1911

Urban Political

Machines