Status Paper on Rice in Jharkhandrkmp.co.in/sites/default/files/ris/rice-state-wise/Status Paper on Rice... · The Jharkhand State is comes under Agro-Climatic Zone VII (Eastern Plateau

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RICE IN JHARKHAND

Status Paper on Rice in Jharkhand

B. N. Singh

Director of Research

Birsa Agricultural University

RANCHI-834-006, Jharkhand

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Introduction about Jharkhand State

Jharkhand which came into being on 15 November 2000 as the 28th

State of India with

population of 26.91 million (2001 census) distributed in 24 districts is located between 220

- 25.50 N,

latitude and 83.50

and 880 E longitude. The state has comprises forest tracks of Chhotanagpur

plateau and Santhal Pargana and has distinct cultural traditions. The word Jharkhand, meaning

"forest region," applies to a forested mountainous plateau region in eastern India, south of the Indo-

Gangetic Plain and west of the Ganga's delta in Bangladesh. The tribal peoples, who are from two

groups, Chotanagpurs and Santals, have been the main agitators for the movement.

The state of Jharkhand has an area of 79,714 sq. km. and a population of 26.9 million. There

are 24 districts, 211 blocks and 32620 villages. The State has population density of 338 per sq. km.

(against national average of 312). The decadal growth rate of the state is NA (against 21.54% for the

country) and population of the state continues to grow at a much faster rate than the national rate.

The population of scheduled caste is about 3229131 while scheduled tribes 7077180 in the State

(Table 1). The percentage of scheduled tribes to the total population of Jharkhand is 28.0% against

the national level of 8.1%. Total fertility rate of the State is 3.2. The infant mortality rate is 46 and

maternal mortality ratio is 312 which are higher than the national average. The sex ratio in the State

is 941 as compared to 933 for the country.

The Jharkhand State is comes under Agro-Climatic Zone VII (Eastern Plateau and Hill Region).

The whole State is divided in 3 sub zones, viz. sub zone IV (Central and North-Eastern Plateau), sub

zone V (Western Plateau Region) and sub zone VI (South Eastern Plateau). The sub zone IV consists

of 12 districts i.e. Dumka, Jamtara, Deoghar, Godda, Sahebganj, Pakur, Hazaribagh, Koderma,

Chatara, Giridih, Bokaro and Dhanbad, sub zones V has comes 9 districts i,e, Ranchi, Gumla,

Simdega, Lohardaga, Palamau, Garhwa, Latehar, Khunti and Ramgarh while sub zones VI consists

only 3 districts, West Singhbhum East Singhbhum and Saraikela districts. Jharkhand is primarily an

agricultural state, and nearly 78% of population residing in 32620 villages depend mainly on

agriculture and allied activities for their livelihood. There are three main crop seasons namely Kharif,

Rabi and Summer. The food grains production is very low in the state and not meeting the

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requirement of the people of Jharkhand. Sustainable growth in agriculture sector is the “need of the

hour” not only for the state but also for the country as a whole. A large area of about 14.8 lakh ha

vacated by kharif rice is left fallow in rabi season in Jharkhand, which is typically called rice fallow.

Rice is a major crop of the state during kharif with about 75-80% of net cultivated area under rice.

The total population of the state is ~ 25 million and majority of the people are small and

landless farmers living in rural areas. The state produces a little less than half of its food grains

requirement. As a result, per capita food grain including pulses (13-14 gm per capita) availability has

been 230 gm against 523 gm of all-India average and against 480 gm of minimum requirement.

Additional annual production of 24-25 lakh tonnes will be an uphill task in a scenario where land

holdings are small and continuously shrinking and the pressure on land keeps increasing. Rain-fed

rice is the main crop covering 67.3% (1.48 m ha) in Jharkhand with a production of 10-14 q/ha (1.0-

1.4t/ha). Further due to low yields of rice, farmers are always in debts, those results in migration to

other places to sell their only resource labor. Moreover, malnutrition in women and children was

reported to be high. Agro-climatically, the State is blessed with plenty of rainfall with varied soil

types with dominance of medium and deep black soils and favorable thermal regime for year round

cropping. The productivity of state is below the national average. As a result, the contribution of the

state to the total food grain production of the country is unable to meet livelihood from agriculture a

large number of small and marginal farmers from the state move to the urban areas.

Jharkhand's mineral wealth also has been a problem for the tribes. The region is India's

primary source of coal and iron. Bauxite, copper, limestone, asbestos, and graphite also are found

there. Coal mining began in 1856, and tata iron and steel factory was established in Jamshedpur in

1907. The socialist pattern of development pursued by the central government led to forced sales of

tribal lands to the government, with the usual problem of perceived inadequate compensation. On

the other hand, government authorities felt that because the soils of the region are poor,

industrialization was particularly necessary for the local people, not just for the national good.

However, industrial development brought about further influx of outsiders, and local people

considered that they were not being hired in sufficient numbers.

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The Scheduled Castes population in India (Census, 2001) is 166,635,700 persons, constituting

16.2% of the country’s total population. Being rural people, four fifth (79.8 %) of them live in rural

areas and rest one-fifth (20.2 %) live in urban areas. The sex ratio of 936 females per thousand males

is slightly higher than national average of 933 sex ratios. The highest percentage of SC population to

the total SC population of the country live in U.P.(21.1%) followed by W.B.(11.1%) and Bihar (7.8 %),

A.P.(7.4 %) and T.N.(7.1%). In fact, more than 57% of total SC population inhabit in these five States.

Proportionately, the largest proportion of population of the SC to total population of the State is in

Punjab (28.9 %), followed by H.P.(24.7%) and W.B.(23%). In A.P., Karnataka and Pondicherry

proportion of SCs population is exactly equal to the National average of 16.2%. The smallest

concentration of the SC population is in the North-Eastern tribal States such as Mizoram (with

negligible or only 272 persons) followed by Meghalaya (0.5 %) and Arunachal Pradesh (0.6 %).

The total population of the Scheduled Tribes in India (Census, 2001) is 84,326,240 persons,

constituting 8.2% of the total population of the country. 91.7% of them lives in rural areas, whereas,

only 8.3% inhabit in urban areas. The sex ratio of ST population at 978 females per thousand males is

higher than the total population of the country as well as SC. M.P. accounts for the highest

percentage of ST population to total STs population of the country (14.5%) followed by Maharashtra

(10.2%), Orissa (9.7%), Gujarat (8.9%), Rajasthan (8.4%), Jharkhand (8.4%) and Chhattisgarh (7.8%).

In fact, 68% of the country’s ST population lives in these seven States only. The proportion of the ST

to the total population of the States/Union territories is highest in Mizoram (94.5%) and

Lakshadweep (94.5%) followed by Nagaland (89.1%), Meghalaya (85.9%). Within the major states

Chhattisgarh (31.8%) has the highest percentage of Scheduled Tribes population followed by

Jharkhand (26.3%) and Orissa (22.1%). These proportions are in the lowest in Uttar Pradesh (0.1%),

Bihar (0.9%), T.N.(1.0%) and Kerala (1.1%).

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Table1: General information of Jharkhand State

Items Jharkhand India

Total population (Census 2001) 26909428 1028832174

Schedule Caste population (in million) 3.22 (12.0%) 166.64 (16.19%)

Schedule Tribe population (in million) 7.08 (26.3%) 84.33 (8.19%)

Rural populations 20908626 (77.7%) 742718043 (72.2%)

Urban population 6000802 (22.3%) 28611413 (27.8%)

Population below Poverty line (%) NA 26.10

Pop. Density 274 324

Literacy % 36.7% 64.8

Female Literacy Rate (Census 2001) (%) 38.9 53.7

Males 68.0% 75.3

Crude Birth Rate (SRS 2008) 25.8 22.8

Crude Death Rate (SRS 2008) 7.1 7.4

Total Fertility Rate (SRS 2007) 3.2 2.7

Infant Mortality Rate (SRS 2008) 46 53

Maternal Mortality Ratio (SRS 2004-2006) 312 254

Decadal Growth (Census 2001) (%) NA 21.54

Sex Ratio (Census 2001) 941 933

Source: Official website of Jharkhand Government (2001 Census)

Jharkhand has 6th

largest population of tribals in the country and the recognition of

Jharkhand is a result of the cultural specialty and diversity of the tribes. Tribes of Jharkhand are

called the “Proto-austroloid” race. Most of the tribal languages are born from the “Austric” group.

Only “Kurukh” language of the Oraon tribe and “Malto” language of the “Sauria Paharia” tribe are

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closer of the Dravidian group. All tribes of Jharkhand have their own religious rituals, social customs,

conventions, family, clan, birth, death beliefs etc. Different tribals groups found in Jharkhand (Table

2). ST and SC population in target districts (Ranchi, Dumka, Gumla & Palamau) is given in Table 3.

Table 2: Different tribal group present and their population in Jharkhand

SL Tribal Group Populati

on

Remarks

1 Santhal 2060732 It is the first important tribe of Jharkhand. Santhal is close to ‘Austric'

tribes. Mother tongue of the Santhal tribe is Santhali. There are 12

clans in Santhals. They are Hansda, Murmu, Hembrom, Kisku, Marandi,

Soren, Baske, Tudu, Pauria, Besra, Chode and Bedia. The most popular

Gods of Santhals are called – Singbonga & Thakur.

2 Oraon 1048064 It is the second important tribe of Jharkhand and it belongs to ‘Proto-

Austroloid' tribe race. Mother tongue of the Oraon tribe is ‘Kurukh'.

This tribe is divided into 14 different clans. They are – Lakra, Runda,

Gari, Tirky, Kispotta, Toppo, Ekka, Linda, Minz, Kuzur, Bandi, Bek,

Khalkho and Kerketta. Their important festivals are “Karma” and

“Sarhul”.

3 Munda 845887 It is the third largest tribe of Jharkhand. One is the religious mukhiya

called “Pahan” and the other is the administrative mukhiya called

“Munda”. Their main God is “Singbonga”. Their place of worship is

called “Sarna” and place of panchayat is called “Aakhra”.

4 Ho 536524 It is the 4th

largest important tribe and it is mainly found in Kolhan area

of Singhbhum district. Manki Munda administration is the traditional

tribal ruling system of the Ho tribe. They have mainly 6 sub castes viz.

Suryavanshi, Daulatvanshi, Gonjhuvanshi, Kheri, Manjhiya, Bhogti.

5 Kharwar 222758

6 Bhumij 136110

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7 Khariya 141771 It is an “Aadim Kolariyan” tribe. This tribes is mainly divided into three

branches – Pahari Khariya, Dudh Khariya and Dhelki Khariya.

8 Lohara 169090

9 chik Badaik 45645

10 Souriya

Pahariya

61121

11 Kora 21396 The Kora are very small tribe in Jharkhand. This tribe mainly resides in

the Dumka district of the Santhal Paraganas. According to Risley, Kora,

tribe is of Dravidian origin.

12 Pahariya 13848 The parahiya are another small tribe and it resides in the Palamau,

Latehar, Ranchi and Hazaribagh districts. Main occupation is to make

baskets and beat drums.

13 Kisan 28796 This tribe mainly resides in the forests of Ranchi and Palamau. This

tribe is also called “Nagesia”. Their mother toungue is “Mundari”.

14 Korwa 24027 This tribe mainly resides in the Latehar (Palamau Division). It is related

to the Koleriyan tribe. This tribe has two sub castes (i) Pahari Korwa

and (ii) Deeha/Dihariya Korwa.

15 Banjara 432 Banjara are very Small tribe. This tribe is usually found in the Santhal

Paraganas district.

16 Kol 20432 It is related to “proto-Austroloid” group of the Kolariyan race. Their

language is called “Kol Bhasa”. Kol tribes are divided into 12 clans.

They are Hansda, Soren, Kisku, Marandi, Chaonde, Tudu, Hembrum,

Baske, Besra, Chuniyar, Murmu and Kisnod. This tribe is the founder of

the male dominated society. The Chief of the village is called Manjhi.

17 Bediya 71719 This tribe resides mainly in Barkakhana area of the Hazaribagh district.

The people of this tribe call themselves “Vedvani”.

18 Mal Pahariya 60783 This tribe mainly resides in Dumka and Sahebganj area of the Santhal

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Paraganas. Their mother tongue is “Malto” which belongs to the

Dravid family.

19 Gond 44005 This tribe is a branch of “Dravid”. The people of this tribe reside mainly

in Ranchi, Palamau and Singhbhum area. Gond have their own social

organization named Mahasabha . The Gond society is ruled by the rule

of exogamy intermarriage between clans, which are bhaiband or

brothers to each other, is also prohibited. Monogamy and partilocal

residence are general rule.

20 Mahali 91868 This tribe resides mainly in Ranchi, Gumla, Lohardaga, Hajazribagh,

Dhanbad districts. Their main God is “Suryadev”.

21 Chero 60116 It is an important tribe of Munda / Kolariyan Adiwasi family. Main

occupation is agriculture.

22 Asur 9100 It is an important tribe of Singhbhum district and it belongs to proto-

Austroloid race. They speak “Maley” or Asuri language of the munda

class and Asur language. Sabar, Khond, Gorait, Birhor, Karmali, Birjiya,

Baiga, Bathudi.

Table 3: Tribal population in selected districts of Jharkhand

Districts Percent ST

population to state

ST population

Total

Population

Total ST

population

Per cent ST

population

Total SC

population

Per cent SC

population

Ranchi 10.7% 1779269 649637 36.5 % 101321 5.7 %

Dumka 7.3 % 950853 443285 46.6 % 52763 5.5 %

Palamau 1.7% 1182770 106254 9.0 % 324223 27.4 %

Gumla 8.1% 707555 493563 69.8 % 25608 3.6 %

Jharkhand 28.0% 35185358 6088772 27.6 % 2650611 7.5 %

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Status and Review

3.1 Land Utilization Pattern

The state having 24 districts and total geographical area is 79.71 lakh ha and an estimated 38 lakh ha

is classified as cultivable. About 18 lakh hectare is the net sown area, comprising 22.7% of the total

area and 47% of the cultivable area. The State has 9.9%, 7.2%, 3.48% and 15.22% of the total

geographical area of the State as land put to non-agriculture use, barren & unutilized land, cultivable

wasteland and current fallows, respectively (Table 4). The State has 23.33 lakh ha of land under

forests, comprising 29.27% of the total geographical area, which is much above the national average

of about 18%. The net irritated area is only 2.01 lakh hectare which is about 8% of the net sown area.

The net sown area is less than half of all-India average (22.60% in Jharkhand while 46.10% in India).

Percentage of net irrigated area in net sown area is only 10% against all-India average of 40.11%.

About 90% of agricultural operations are depending on rainfall in this state. The average area of

holding in Jharkhand is 1.58 ha and it was slightly higher than all-India average of 1.57 ha and the

land surface is rugged and undulating, ranging from flat lands to almost steep slopes. The state

produces a little less than half of its food grains requirement. As a result, per capita food grain

availability has been 230g against 523g of all-India average and against 480g of minimum

requirement. Additional annual production of 24-25 lakh tonnes will be an uphill task in a scenario

where land holdings are small and continuously shrinking and pressure on land keeps increasing.

Table 4: Land utilization pattern in Jharkhand

S. No. Lands Area (Lakh/ha) Area (%)

1 Forest land 23.33 29.27%

2 Barren and uncultivated land 5.75 7.20 %

3 Cultivable waste land 2.78 3.48 %

4 Current fallow land 12.13 15.22 %

5 Land put to non-agricultural use 7.90 9.90 %

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6 Land under misc. tree, crops and groves 1.10 1.38 %

7 Net area sown 18.07 22.68 %

8 Other fallow land 7.79 9.77 %

9 Permanent pasture and other grazing land 0.86 1.10 %

Total geographical area 79.71 100.00 %

10 Arable Lands 26.70

11 Gross cropped area 20.69

12 Additional area to be brought under

cultivation

8.72

13 Area sown more than once 2.61

14 Area under double cropping 2.60

15 Estimated acid soil (upland and medium land) 16.0

16 Net Irrigated land ] 2.01

17 Scope for extending double cropping area 6.30

18 Soil Erosion moderate to severe taken 30.0

3.2 SOIL IN JHARKHAND

The major area of the state covered with sandy loam to loam with acidic soils (pH 4.5–6.5) and

having low fertility. About 66% area of soils are low in available phosphorous content, 18% soils low

in K content, 38% soils low in S, 7% soils are deficient in available Zn, 4 % in available copper while 45

% soils are deficient in available boron in the state. More than 70% of soils are deficit in organic

carbon and micronutrients (Table 5). Majority of soils of the state have medium status of available

nitrogen (280-560 kg/ha) and about 19.6% area have low available N content. About 49% area of

soils are extremely acidic to strongly acidic (pH <5.5) and 36% area suffering from moderate to slight

soil acidity (pH 5.6-6.5) while neutral soils (pH 6.6-7.3) accounts for only 8% in the State. The water

holding capacity of the State soil is very low due to porous nature of the soil and undulating

topography. Depending upon topography, soils are broadly classified into Upland, Medium land and

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Lowland. The region has a large number of small and marginal farmers (<2 ha), approximately 80%,

but they own hardly 30-35% of the cultivable land.

Table 5: SOIL IN JHARKHAND AND THEIR PERCENTAGE

SL Soil of feature Per centage

1 Soils with P deficiency 66.0

2 Soils with K deficiency 18.0

3 Soils with Zn deficiency 7.0

4 Soils with Cu deficiency 45.0

5 Soils with organic carbon deficiency 70.0

6 Soils with N deficiency 19.5

7 pH (below than 5.5 ) 45.0

8 pH (5.5-6.5) 36.0

9 pH (6.6 – 7.3 ) 8.0

10 Red & lateritic Soils 78.0

11 Alluvial (Don 1&2) Soils 19.0

Soil content of Jharkhand state mainly consist of soil formed from disintegration of is further divided

into rocks and stones, and soil composition. Red soils are found mostly in the Damodar valley and

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Rajmahal area, micacious soil found in Koderma, Jhumeritilaiya, Barkagaon, and areas around the

Mandar hill. Sandy soil are generally found in Hazaribagh and Dhanbad while black soil found in

Rajmahal area and the laterite soil found in western part of Ranchi, Palamu, and parts of Santhal

Parganas and Singhbhum. The water holding capacity of State soil is very low due to porous nature of

the soil and undulating topography. Depending upon topography, soils are broadly classified into

upland, medium land and lowland (Table 6).

Upland: Upland soils are generally red, acidic (pH 5.5-5.9) and poor water holding capacity (WHC).

Moisture is easily saturated during rains but release of moisture is very fast under upland. It is

suitable for Kharif pulses (pigeon pea, urd, moong & kulthi).

Medium land: Medium land soils is generally yellowish, slightly acidic (pH 6.0-6.5) and intermediate

water holding capacity. It is suitable for Rabi pulses (chickpea, lentil & pea) and sequential cropping

system, rice-chickpea/lentil, maize-chickpea/lentil may be taken. But in intercropping under irrigated

situation, wheat + chickpea/mustard + chickpea/lentil can be taken

Low land: This type of soils are grayish, slightly alkaline (pH 7.0-7.3) and high water holding capacity.

Low land may be utilized for spring/summer. Low land is generally vacated after harvested of

transplanted paddy in IInd

week of December to IInd

week of January and it takes time for removal of

moisture. Farmers can be taken transplanted rice-spring/summer moong.

Table 6: Land classes of Jharkhand State

Group Sub

group

Type Description

Don land Don I Low land Clay-loam soil, lowest in toposequence, suitable for long

duration rice crop

Don II Shallow land Clay loam soil and Best for rice production, Rarely faces

drought, Suitable for medium duration rice

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Don III Drought prone

shallow land

Clay loam soil, transitional lands between don & tanr, upper

toposequence and suitable for short duration rice

Tanr land Tanr I Upland Loam soil and land immediately adjacent to the houses. Land

used for vegetables, maize and rice seedlings

Tanr II Upland Sandy loam soil, gentle sloppy, good soil depth, low WHC,

poor in organic matter, erosion prone, acidic in nature

Tanr III Upland Sandy loam soil, sloppy, poor soil fertility, shallow soil depth,

low WHC, Near foothills and acidic in nature

Operational holdings in Jharkhand

Agricultural economy of the state can also be characterized by the existence of large number of small

and marginal farmers. Agricultural operation in the state is of the sub-existence type due to the

adverse land-man ratio. Land distribution pattern among the cultivators is highly iniquitous and a

large number of holdings are said to be uneconomic. About 69 % operational holdings are 0.37

hectare, occupying only 21.44% area. Only 0.69% operational holdings are below 10 hectare,

covering over 9% area. Majority of the farmers thus come under the category of small and marginal

farmers subsisting on a very small carning from farming operations. The average size of land holding

in the State is 1.58 hectares. The share of land holdings of small and marginal farmers (having

landholding of up to 2 hectares) to the total holdings in the State is 82.6% and that of large farmers

(having land holding of more than 10 hectares) is only 0.7%. The medium farmers, with land holdings

of 2 to 10 hectares, have the share of 16.7 % to the total land holdings. The land holding pattern of

various categories of farmers is shown in Table 7.

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Table 7: Land Holding Pattern

SL Level of farmers Average area (ha) Operational holding

Number (lakhs) Percentage (%)

1 Marginal (<1.0 ha) 0.4 18.4 69.1

2 Small (1.0 – 2.0 ha) 1.4 3.6 13.5

3 Semi–medium (2.0 – 4.0 ha) 2.8 3.0 11.3

4 Medium (4.0 – 10.0 ha) 5.8 1.4 5.4

5 Large (>10.0 ha) 15.9 0.2 0.7

Total 26.2 26.6 100.0

The annual average rainfall in the state is about 1386 mm, which occurs mainly during in four

months (June-Sept) Out of that, 80-85% received in 3½ months, from 15th

June to 30th

of Sept, 10-

15% from Oct to Jan and very few rainfalls received in rest of the period (Table 8). Out of total rain,

60% is used to be waste due to surface run-off and leaching. Therefore, only 40% rain remains left

for crop use. As per estimate of average annual precipitation, about 20% water is lost by

atmosphere, 50 % flow as surface runoff and balance 30% soaks into the ground as soil moisture and

ground water. The state has immense potential of water harvesting and the suitable methods need

to be perfected for application of stored water. To partially meet crop water requirement or in the

rainfed project areas, rain water is to be conserved. It is done by enhancing infiltration of rainwater

to fill up soil pores. Infiltration depends on soil texture at the surface, which cannot be changed.

Hence, the land is configured to reduce runoff and give more time to rainwater and runoff to

infiltrate.

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Table 8: Meteorological features of different Agro-Ecological Zones of Jharkhand

Rainfall (mm) Zone IV Zone V Zone VI

June-September 1098 (82.4%) 1174 (83.3%) 1053 (80.6%)

October-November 90 (6.0%) 96 (6.7%) 69 (5.3%)

December-February 54 (4.1%) 71 (5.0%) 58 (4.4%)

March-May 88 (6.1%) 68 (4.8%) 122 (9.4%)

Total rainfall 1330 1409 1302

Temperature (0C)

Maximum 44.2 43.6 44.8

Minimum 4.8 5.3 6.6

Average 25.3 25.8 27.2

Relative humidity (%)

4.30 am 62.5 56.5 63.0

5.30 pm 47.5 42.0 65.0

3.4 Food grains production in Jharkhand:

The food grains production is very low in the state and not meeting the requirement of the people.

The sustainable growth in agriculture sector is the “need of the hour” not only for the state but also

for the country as a whole. Food grain crops grow in Jharkhand on about 2.38 million ha area, which

represents 1.92% in all India acreage. The food grains production has gone up from 2.07 to 3.69

million tones, which represent from 1.59-1.70% in All-India average between 2005-06 and 2006-

2007. The food grains production trend in Jharkhand is to be increased from 2.07 m tones to 3.69 m

tones between 2005-06 to 2006-07) as compared with other neighbor states like U.P. (41.21mt),

W.B.(15.97mt), Bihar (11.10mt), Orissa (7.34mt), Chhattisgarh (5.81mt) and All-India (217.28mt).

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3.5 Present position of different cereal crops in Jharkhand:

About 91% of the cropped area is covered under food crops in Jharkhand including 84%

under cereals and 7% only pulses. Cash crops constitute 3% followed by oil seeds, sugarcane and

tobacco. The rest 6% of the cropped area is covered under vegetables and fruits. Among cereals,

rice, maize, wheat, ragi is important. Rice is grown in three seasons in India, where Kharif season

accounts for 88% production while Rabi covered only 12% production. Rice is the single most

important food crop in India and occupies 44.0 m ha while Jharkhand contributes about 1.62 m ha

under rice cultivation. During 2007-08, the area under rice is 16.44 lakh ha, production 33.26 lakh

tones and yield 2023 kg/ha (Table 9). The yield of rice in Jharkhand is higher (1832 kg/ha) followed

by W.B. (2593 kg/ha), U.P. (1879 kg/ha) and All-India average (2131 kg/ha).

Maize is the 2nd

important crop of the state occupying 6% cropped area. The area of maize

(2.40 lakh ha) in Jharkhand is higher than W.B. (0.90 lakh ha) followed by U.P. (8.7 lakh ha), Bihar (6.4

m ha), and in India (78.9 lakh ha) during 2006-07. The current area under maize is around 2.37 lakh

ha, production 3.56 lakh tones and yield 1500 kg/ha (Table 9). Maize does possess tremendous

potential in diversified agriculture prospects in terms of feed for dairy, poultry, piggery and agro-

industries.

Wheat is 3rd

important crop of the state occupying nearly 3% of the cropped area under

cereals crops in the Jharkhand. In the wake of the fast growing consumption demand of wheat in the

state, some area of low yielding millets will have to be gradually replaced in the cropping system.

The area under wheat is 86341 ha, 129511 tones production and yield 1500 kg/ha during 2007-08

(Table 9).

Coarse cereals are the 4th

important crops of the state, which occupying 2.45% cropped area

under coarse cereals. The area of coarse cereals is 2.9 lakh ha in the state which is lower than

neighbor states U.P (22.0 lakh ha), Bihar (6.9 lakh ha), Chhattisgarh (3.3 lakh ha), Orissa (1.6 lakh ha),

W.B. (1.1 lakh ha), and in India (287.1 lakh ha) during 2006-07. The current area, production and

productivity of marua, jowar and bajra are given in Table 9.

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RICE IN JHARKHAND

Table 9: Trends of area, production and yield of cereals crops in Jharkhand

Area – (000) hectare, Production – ‘000’ Metric tonnes, Productivity– Kg/ha

Year Head Rice Maize Wheat Marua Jowar Bajra Total

2000-01

Area 1463.700 156.910 65.940 40.400 0.390 0.420 1686.550

Productio

n

2278.600 247.170 108.480 25.200 0.230 0.260 2544.250

Yield 1584 1575 1742 624 590 619 1508

2001-02

Area 1520.610 139.880 65.380 40.90 0.390 0.430 1725.870

Productio

n

2732.580 209.190 115.360 25.200 0.230 0.40 3057.130

Yield 1930 1495 1811 624 590 558 1771

2002-03

Area 1383.290 157.630 68.190 12.100 1.490 0.340 1622.980

Productio

n

2071.470 269.180 113.690 8.810 0.820 0.160 2464.130

Yield 1639 1715 1706 728 548 480 1518

2003-04

Area 1363.510 179.930 74.550 19.270 1.220 0.570 1639.050

Productio

n

2143.430 296.190 128.140 13.470 0.640 0.260 2582.130

Yield 1720 1646 1410 698 522 462 1575

2004-05

Area 1276.420 191.250 64.500 17.370 0.350 0.310 1550.200

Productio

n

1908.45 278.590 104.140 10.350 0.160 0.140 2301.820

Yield 1495 1457 1614 596 464 452 1485

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RICE IN JHARKHAND

2005-06

Area 1354.725 177.760 60.000 19.265 1.220 0.572

Productio

n

1558.021 223.480 80.000 13.466 0.637 0.264

Yield 1150 1259 1340 699 522 462

2006-07

Area 1623.624 240.863 84.317 8.830 0.212 0.064

Productio

n

2967.763 296.410 128.875 6.512 0.119 0.032

Yield 1832 1504 1528 787 561 500

2007-08

Area 1643.782 237.410 86.341 13.210 0.633 0.154 1981.536

Productio

n

3326.407 356.115 129.511 7.738 0.384 0.156 3818.253

Yield 2023 1500 1500 585 606 1012 1927

Sources = Directorate of Agril. Dept., Jharkhand

Pulses are not only the important food grain to supply protein which forms part of the

vegetarian diet and it also useful in many ways. Pulses are also the rich source of protein and possess

2-3 times more than cereals. Besides being rich in protein, they sustain productivity of cropping

systems. Their ability to use atmospheric nitrogen through biological nitrogen fixation is

economically sounder and environmentally acceptable. 70% of area covered through pulses during

rabi season while 30% covered during kharif season. Pulses account of 8.25% area under food grain

crops and contribute about 2.53% of the total food grains production in the state. The area under

pulse crops 3.89 lakh ha, production 2.98 lakh tones and yield 764 kg/ha during 2007-08 in the state

(Table 10). The area under pulses is higher than W.B. (2.20 lakh ha) followed by U.P. (27.2 lakh ha),

Chhatisgarh (9.1 lakh ha), Orissa (7.90 lakh ha), Bihar (6.10 lakh ha) and in India average (231.9 lakh

ha).

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RICE IN JHARKHAND

Table 9: Area, Production and Productivity of Rice in Jharkhand

Year Area

(ha)

Production

(tons)

Productivity

(kg/ha)

Remarks

1995-96 1,166,000 1,724,000 1,478 -

1996-97 1,164,000 1,723,000 1,480 -

1997-98 1,037,000 2,306,000 2,223 Maximum

productivity

1998-99 1,159,000 1,485,000 1,281 Drought

1999-00 1,222,000 1,284,000 1,050 Drought

2000-01 1,420,244 1,755,110 1,235 -

2001-02 1,520,611 2,732,584 1,797 Max. area &

production

2002-03 1,383,233 2,071,473 1,498 Drought

2003-04 1,363,866 2,310,121 1,694 -

2004-05 1,276,421 1,908,446 1,495 Drought

2005-06 1,354,726 1,558,021 1,150 Drought

2006-07 1,623, 614 2967,763 1,832 Normal

2007-08 1,643,782 3,326,407 2,023 Maximum

area,

production

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& Yield

2008-09 1670.330 3400.187 2035

Table 10: Rice area, production and productivity in different districts of Jharkhand

Sl.

No.

Districts Area ( ha) Production ( tons) Yield ( Kg

ha-1)

2008-09 2008-09

I. Central and north eastern plateau zone.

1. Dumka 103995 256857 2470

2. Deoghar 49005 149832 3058

3. Godda 46712 143743 3077

4. Pakur 47345 144097 3044

5. Sahebganj 46303 92471 1997

6. Jamtara 44193 11822 2675

7. Hazaribag 107450 241547 2248

8. Koderma 15090 36367 2410

9. Chatra 32738 48789 1438

10. Giridih 75465 229665 3343

11. Bokaro 30276 46696 1542

12. Dhanbad 50698 12542 2468

Sub-Total Zone –I 649270 1414428 2178

II. Western Plateau Zone

13. Ranchi 228691 647195 2830

14. Lohardaga 43100 71546 1660

15. Gumla 177250 411243 2320

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RICE IN JHARKHAND

16. Palamau 44414 695508 1565

17. Garhwa 20625 33804 1639

18. Simdega 89138 251369 2820

19. Lathehar 47229 74622 1580

Sub-Total Zone – II 650447 2185287 3359

III. South eastern plateau zone

20. East

Singhbhum

112358 303940 2714

21. West

Singhbhum

166945 204507 1225

22. Saraikela 91300 205425 2250

Sub-Total Zone III 370603 713872 1926

Total 1670320 4313587 2582

LIST OF RICE VARIETIES RELEASED AND RECOMMENDED FOR JHARKHAND

Table 3: Lists of rice varieties released and recommended for Jharkhand state

S.No. Variety Year of

notification

Duration Eco-System Special features

1. Anjali 2002 95 Rainfed

Upland

direct Seeded

Moderately

tolerant to

drought

2. Birsamati 2005 130 Irrigated

Rainfed

Resistant to Blast,

BLB

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Lowland

3. Birsa Vikas Dhan 110

2005 95 Rainfed

Upland

Resistant to Blast,

BLB

4. Birsa Vikas Dhan 109

2005 85 Rainfed

Upland

Resistant to Blast

5. Hazaridhan 2005 120 Rainfed &

Lowland

Resistant to blast,

BLB.

6. Sadabahar

2005 105 Rainfed

Upland

Resistant to Blast,

BLB

7. Birsa Dhan-108

2006 70 Rainfed

Upland

Resistant to Blast,

BLB

8. Shivam

2006 125 Irrigated Resistant to Blast,

BLB

9. Vandana 2002 90 Upland

Rainfed

Weed

competitive,

Drought tolerant

10. Anjali Upland

11. Virendra 2006 90 Upland Resistant to Gall

midge, Blast

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12. Birsa Dhan 201 1995 115 Rain fed &

Medium Land

Tolerant to Blast

13. Birsa Dhan 202

1995 130 Rainfed Resistant to Gall

midge

14. Sugandha

1983 150 Rainfed Resistant to Gall

midge, blast

15. Lalat

1968 125 Irrigated Resistant to Gall

midge, blast

16. BR 10 1955 150 Rainfed Low

land

17. Rajashri 1987 145 Rainfed &

Lowland

Resistant to Blast

18. Swarna (MTU 7029) 1987 140 Rain fed,

Lowland

Resistant to BLB

and Tolerant to

many diseases

19. Sambha Mahsoori

(RPT 5209)

1986 145 Irrigated &

Low

Land

Good grain quality

Documents

Status Paper on Rice in Jharkhandrkmp.co.in/sites/default/files/ris/rice-state-wise/Status Paper on Rice... · The Jharkhand State is comes under Agro-Climatic Zone VII (Eastern Plateau