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Federal AviationAdministration
Status of Research & Testing to Replace Halon Extinguishing Agents in Civil Aviation
Douglas IngersonLouise SpeitelConstantine SarkosFire Safety TeamFAA Wm. J. Hughes Technical CenterAtlantic City International Airport, NJ 08405
International Aircraft Systems Fire Protection Working GroupApril 3, 2008London, UK
2 2Federal AviationAdministration
Status of Research & Testing to Replace Halon Extinguishing Agents in Civil Aviation
Cargo Compartments
Hand Held Extinguishers Lavatory Trash Receptacles
Engine Nacelles
Current Usage of Halon 1301/1211
3 3Federal AviationAdministration
Status of Research & Testing to Replace Halon Extinguishing Agents in Civil Aviation
Halon Replacement in Civil Aviation• Halon Fire Extinguisher Used in Civil Aviation for Over 45 Years
• Montreal Protocol Banned Halon Production (Not Use) on January 1, 1994
• Example of Relative Agent Weights (B777): Lavs (1.5 to 3.0 lbs), Hand-Held (10 to 17.5 lbs), Engine/APU (58 lbs), Cargo (377 lbs)
• FAA Established International Halon Replacement Working Group (Now Called International Systems Fire Protection Working Group) to Develop Minimum Performance Standards (MPS) for Each Application
• Purpose of Each MPS is to Define Full-Scale Fire Tests to Demonstrate Equivalency
• Tests Developed at FAA Technical Center
4 4Federal AviationAdministration
Status of Research & Testing to Replace Halon Extinguishing Agents in Civil Aviation
Agents TestedAgent Chemical Formula NameHalon 1301 CBrF3
Halon 1211 CBrClF2
HFC-227ea CF3CHFCF3 FM-200
HFC-125 CHF2CF3 FE-25
FIC-13I1 CF3I Triodide
2-BTP CH2CBrCF3
HCFC Blend B CF4/CHCl2CF3 Halotron I
HFC-236fa CF3CH2CF3 FE-36
FK-5-1-12 CF3CF3COCF(CF3)2 Novec 1230
Water Mist H20
Water Mist/Nitrogen H20/N2
5 5Federal AviationAdministration
Status of Research & Testing to Replace Halon Extinguishing Agents in Civil Aviation
Lavatory Trash Receptacle Summary
• FM-200 and FE-36 Passed MPS Test
• Airbus and Boeing Offer Lavatory Extinguishers
• MPS Report: DOT/FAA/AR-96/122
6 6Federal AviationAdministration
Status of Research & Testing to Replace Halon Extinguishing Agents in Civil Aviation
Lavatory Trash Receptacle Extinguishers
7 7Federal AviationAdministration
Status of Research & Testing to Replace Halon Extinguishing Agents in Civil Aviation
Hand-Held Extinguishers Summary• Two Fire Tests Required in MPS• Hidden Fire Test Standard (Effectiveness)
– Developed by IASFPWG– U.L. Offers Test Approval
• Seat Fire Extinguishing Test (Toxicity)– Full-Scale Tests at Tech Center– Measure Agent Decomposition Products
• Draft AC 20-42D: “Hand Fire Extinguishers for Use in Aircraft”– Safe Agent Discharge for Wide Range Aircraft/Compartment Volumes
• Know Agents Listed by U.L. (Hidden Fire Test)– HCFC Blend B (Halotron 1)– HFC-227ea (FM-200)– HFC-236fa (FE-26)
• MPS Report: DOT/FAA/AR-01/37
8 8Federal AviationAdministration
Status of Research & Testing to Replace Halon Extinguishing Agents in Civil Aviation
Hidden Fire Test Apparatus
9 9Federal AviationAdministration
Status of Research & Testing to Replace Halon Extinguishing Agents in Civil Aviation
Seat Fire Extinguishing Test (Toxicity)
10 10Federal AviationAdministration
Status of Research & Testing to Replace Halon Extinguishing Agents in Civil Aviation
• Guidance for New Installations of Required Hand-Held Extinguishers
• Lists FAA-Approved Replacement Agents– HCFC Blend B– HFC-227ea– HFC-236fa
• Would replace AC 20-42C• Developed with Experts in IASFPWG• Publish in Federal Register in 2008 for Public
Comment
FAA Advisory Circular AC 20-42D
11 11Federal AviationAdministration
Status of Research & Testing to Replace Halon Extinguishing Agents in Civil Aviation
MINIMUM SAFE COMPARTMENT VOLUME NO VENTILATION
For the following 5 B:C extinguishers, released at 70ºF: (21.1ºC)Minimum Safe Volume (ft3) 2, 3Agent Agent
Weight1
(lbs) Sea Level(For info only)
8,000 ft P Altitude(Pressurized Cabin)
14,000 ft P Altitude
18,000 ft 4 P Altitude Nasal Cannula Oxygen Supply
25,000 P Altitude Diluter-Demand Oxygen Mask
2276 2678
200
159
Halon 1211 2.5 556 749 947 1111 1497
Halon 1301 5.0 192 259 327 385 517
170
3586
269
128 214
1799
135
107
1337
99
80
HCFC Blend B
HFC-227ea 5.5
HFC-236fa
5.2
4.75
1. The agent weight for a 5 B:C extinguisher is extinguisher dependent.2. Use this table if air change time is unknown or exceeds 6 minutes3. Multiply this number by the number of extinguishers in the aircraft4. If nasal cannula oxygen on-board nasal cannula
12 12Federal AviationAdministration
Status of Research & Testing to Replace Halon Extinguishing Agents in Civil Aviation
AGENT TOXICITY: NO. OF 5BC BOTTLES ALLOWED (NO VENTILATION, 8000 FT ALTITUDE, 70ºF)
AC40-22DAC20-42C & UL1093
108
43
21
0.8
0.8
0.5
0.3
Halon 1301
198
80
38
1.5
1.5
1.0
0.5
HFC-227ea
503.07.1171315,333B727-100
1.90.10.30.714204Sikorsky S76
1056.3153625511,265B767-200
B 747
Cessna C421B
Cessna 210C
Cessna 152
Aircraft/ Helicopter
16
0.1
0.08
0.04
HCFC Blend B
37
0.3
0.2
0.1
Halon 1211
260
2.0
1.3
0.7
HFC-236fa
9050027,899
0.710217
0.56140
0.3277
Halon 1211
Max No. Seats
Vol(ft3)
AC40-22DAC20-42C & UL1093
108
43
21
0.8
0.8
0.5
0.3
Halon 1301
198
80
38
1.5
1.5
1.0
0.5
HFC-227ea
503.07.1171315,333B727-100
1.90.10.30.714204Sikorsky S76
1056.3153625511,265B767-200
B 747
Cessna C421B
Cessna 210C
Cessna 152
Aircraft/ Helicopter
16
0.1
0.08
0.04
HCFC Blend B
37
0.3
0.2
0.1
Halon 1211
260
2.0
1.3
0.7
HFC-236fa
9050027,899
0.710217
0.56140
0.3277
Halon 1211
Max No. Seats
Vol(ft3)
Less than one 5 B:C extinguisher allowedLess than one 5 B:C extinguisher allowed
13 13Federal AviationAdministration
Status of Research & Testing to Replace Halon Extinguishing Agents in Civil Aviation
MODELING ARTERIAL BLOOD CONCENTRATIONS OF HALOCARBONS USING 1st ORDER KINETICS
dB/dt = k1 C(t) - k2B(t)
BloodB(t) Wastek1 k2C(t)
Lung
Ventilated Cabinτ = Air Change Time
where: C(t) = C0. Exp(-t/τ)
Solution:( ) ⎟
⎠⎞
⎜⎝⎛ −−−
−•••
= τττ
dB/dt = k1 C(t) - k2B(t)
BloodB(t) Wastek1 k2C(t)
Lung
dB/dt = k1 C(t) - k2B(t)
BloodB(t) Wastek1 k2C(t)BloodB(t) Wastek1 k2C(t)
Lung
Ventilated Cabinτ = Air Change Time
where: C(t) = C0. Exp(-t/τ)
Solution:( ) ⎟
⎠⎞
⎜⎝⎛ −−−
−•••
= τττ
( ) ⎟⎠⎞
⎜⎝⎛ −−−
−•••
= τττ
14 14Federal AviationAdministration
Status of Research & Testing to Replace Halon Extinguishing Agents in Civil Aviation
KINETIC MODELING OF ARTERIAL HALON 1211 BLOOD CONCENTRATION IN VENTILATED AIRCRAFT
Critical Arterial Concentration
The peak arterial concentrations are used to develop the selector curves
τ =1 minute
τ =6 minutes
τ = Air Change
Time
Arterial Blood Concentration for Exposure to 1.0% Halon 1211 at Various Air Change Times
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Time (minutes)
Art
eria
l Con
cent
ratio
n of
HFC
236f
a (m
g/L) Tau = 0.5min
Tau =1 min
Tau = 2 min
Tau = 3 min
Tau = 4 min
Tau = 5 min
Tau = 6 min
Tau = 100000 min
Safe Human Exposure
Measured B No Ventilation
C/Cinitial = C/Co = exp (-t / τ) ⎟⎟
⎠
⎞
⎜⎜
⎝
⎛ −−•=
( ) ⎟⎠⎞
⎜⎝⎛ −−−
−•••
= τττ
k 1= 38.6, k 2= 1.74
22.2
τ =1 minute
τ = 6 minutes
Arterial Blood Concentration for Exposure to 1.0% Halon 1211 at Various Air Change Times
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Time (minutes)
Art
eria
l Con
cent
ratio
n of
HFC
236f
a (m
g/L) Tau = 0.5min
Tau =1 min
Tau = 2 min
Tau = 3 min
Tau = 4 min
Tau = 5 min
Tau = 6 min
Tau = 100000 min
Safe Human Exposure
Measured B No Ventilation
C/Cinitial = C/Co = exp (-t / τ) ⎟⎟
⎠
⎞
⎜⎜
⎝
⎛ −−•=
( ) ⎟⎠⎞
⎜⎝⎛ −−−
−•••
= τττ
k 1= 38.6, k 2= 1.74
22.2
Arterial Blood Concentration for Exposure to 1.0% Halon 1211 at Various Air Change Times
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Time (minutes)
Art
eria
l Con
cent
ratio
n of
HFC
236f
a (m
g/L) Tau = 0.5min
Tau =1 min
Tau = 2 min
Tau = 3 min
Tau = 4 min
Tau = 5 min
Tau = 6 min
Tau = 100000 min
Safe Human Exposure
Measured B No Ventilation
C/Cinitial = C/Co = exp (-t / τ) ⎟⎟
⎠
⎞
⎜⎜
⎝
⎛ −−•=
( ) ⎟⎠⎞
⎜⎝⎛ −−−
−•••
= τττ
k 1= 38.6, k 2= 1.74
22.2
τ =1 minuteτ =1 minute
τ = 6 minutes
Critical Arterial Concentration
15 15Federal AviationAdministration
Status of Research & Testing to Replace Halon Extinguishing Agents in Civil Aviation
Arterial Blood Concentration (mg/L) for Exposure to 15% HFC236fa at Various Air Change Times
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Time (minutes)
Art
eria
l Con
cent
ratio
n of
HFC
236f
a (m
g/L)
Tau = 0.5min
Tau =1 min
Tau = 2 min
Tau = 3 min
Tau = 4 min
Tau = 5 min
Tau = 6 min
Tau = 100000 min
Safe Human Exposure
Measured B No Ventilation
C/Cinitial = C/Co = exp (-t / τ)
⎟⎟
⎠
⎞
⎜⎜
⎝
⎛ −−•=
( ) ⎟⎠⎞
⎜⎝⎛ −−−
−•••
= τττ
Critical Arterial Concentration
τ =1 minute τ =6 minutes
Arterial Blood Concentration (mg/L) for Exposure to 15% HFC236fa at Various Air Change Times
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Time (minutes)
Art
eria
l Con
cent
ratio
n of
HFC
236f
a (m
g/L)
Tau = 0.5min
Tau =1 min
Tau = 2 min
Tau = 3 min
Tau = 4 min
Tau = 5 min
Tau = 6 min
Tau = 100000 min
Safe Human Exposure
Measured B No Ventilation
C/Cinitial = C/Co = exp (-t / τ)
⎟⎟
⎠
⎞
⎜⎜
⎝
⎛ −−•=
( ) ⎟⎠⎞
⎜⎝⎛ −−−
−•••
= τττ
Arterial Blood Concentration (mg/L) for Exposure to 15% HFC236fa at Various Air Change Times
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Time (minutes)
Art
eria
l Con
cent
ratio
n of
HFC
236f
a (m
g/L)
Tau = 0.5min
Tau =1 min
Tau = 2 min
Tau = 3 min
Tau = 4 min
Tau = 5 min
Tau = 6 min
Tau = 100000 min
Safe Human Exposure
Measured B No Ventilation
C/Cinitial = C/Co = exp (-t / τ)
⎟⎟
⎠
⎞
⎜⎜
⎝
⎛ −−•=
( ) ⎟⎠⎞
⎜⎝⎛ −−−
−•••
= τττ
Critical Arterial Concentration
τ =1 minuteτ =1 minute τ =6 minutes
KINETIC MODELING OF ARTERIAL HFC236fa BLOOD CONCENTRATION IN VENTILATED AIRCRAFT
The peak arterial concentrations are used to develop the selector curves
k1= 27.73
k2= 3.924
τ = Air Change
Time
16 16Federal AviationAdministration
Status of Research & Testing to Replace Halon Extinguishing Agents in Civil Aviation
HFC-236fa SELECTOR FOR PRESSURIZEDVENTILATED COMPARTMENTS
Perfect mixing
assumed0.1053
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.10
0.11
0.12
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Air Change Time, Tau (Minutes)
Max
imum
HFC
-236
fa W
eigh
t/ Vo
lum
e (p
ound
s/ft3 )
Pressurized aircraft (at 8,000 ft. P altitude): Maximum safe weight HFC-236fa for 100 ft3 aircraft at Tau = 0.5 min= 100 ft3 X 0.1053 lbs/ft3 = 10.53 lb. HFC-236fa
8,000 ft.
0.1053
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.10
0.11
0.12
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Air Change Time, Tau (Minutes)
Max
imum
HFC
-236
fa W
eigh
t/ Vo
lum
e (p
ound
s/ft3 )
Pressurized aircraft (at 8,000 ft. P altitude): Maximum safe weight HFC-236fa for 100 ft3 aircraft at Tau = 0.5 min= 100 ft3 X 0.1053 lbs/ft3 = 10.53 lb. HFC-236fa
8,000 ft.
8,000 ft pressure altitude
17 17Federal AviationAdministration
Status of Research & Testing to Replace Halon Extinguishing Agents in Civil Aviation
Engine Nacelle/APU Summary• Full-Scale Engine Nacelle Fire Simulator Only Exists at Tech
Center• Spray and Residual (Pan) Fires/Jet Fuel, Hydraulic Fluid,
Engine Oil• Two Mass Flow Rates/Two Temperatures• Equivalency Determinations (Halon 1301 = 6%)
– HCF-125 = 17.6%– CF3I = 7.1%– FK-5-1-12 = 6.1%
• FAA/Airbus Tests in ENFS– Proprietary Agent Equivalency/Certification Criteria Determined– Agent/System Will be Made Available for Production Airplanes
• FAA/Walter Kidde/Boeing Began Testing New Agent in ENFS in 2007
• MPS Report: Draft (Available)
18 18Federal AviationAdministration
Status of Research & Testing to Replace Halon Extinguishing Agents in Civil Aviation
19 19Federal AviationAdministration
Status of Research & Testing to Replace Halon Extinguishing Agents in Civil Aviation
20 20Federal AviationAdministration
Status of Research & Testing to Replace Halon Extinguishing Agents in Civil Aviation
Effect of Mass of HFC-125 on Reignition Time Delay
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
Reignition Time Delay (sec)
Mas
s HFC
-125
(kg)
.
21 21Federal AviationAdministration
Status of Research & Testing to Replace Halon Extinguishing Agents in Civil Aviation
Three Year Variation of Ignition Time Delays
0.00.51.01.52.02.53.03.54.04.55.05.56.06.57.003
605-
15, 1
546
0361
1-11
, 105
703
624-
14, 1
431
0390
3-11
, 101
303
916-
12, 0
847
03c1
7-13
, 135
004
108-
10, 1
008
0421
7-12
, 134
604
310-
10, 0
951
0432
3-10
, 143
604
421-
10, 1
030
0450
3-10
, 150
004
622-
11, 1
505
0471
4-10
, 135
004
802-
11, 1
504
0480
9-10
, 083
804
830-
10, 1
053
0491
5-11
, 135
706
411-
11, 1
433
0642
7-13
, 143
006
511-
11, 1
113
0660
7-11
, 102
406
620-
11, 1
035
0680
9-10
, 154
306
830-
14, 1
547
Test Identification
Ave
rage
RTD
(sec
onds
) .
HiVent JP8 spray HiVent OIL spray LoVent JP8 spray LoVent OIL sprayHiVent JP8 pool LoVent JP8 pool standard deviation
22 22Federal AviationAdministration
Status of Research & Testing to Replace Halon Extinguishing Agents in Civil Aviation
Equivalent Concentration of HFC-125, CF3I, and FK-5-1-12 at Different Fire Scenarios
17.6
7.7
16.9
7.45.6
2.7
4.8
7.16.1
5.2 5.7 5.5
14.3
12.2
02468
101214161820
JP8 spray OIL spray JP8 pool JP8 spray OIL spray JP8 pool
Equi
vale
ntC
once
ntra
tion
.(%
v/v)
HFC-125 CF3I FK-5-1-12
HIGH VENTILATION FLOW LOW VENTILATION FLOW
23 23Federal AviationAdministration
Status of Research & Testing to Replace Halon Extinguishing Agents in Civil Aviation
Comparison of Maximum Equivalent Concentrations of CF31 HFC-125, and FK-5-1-12 with NFPA 2001 Inerting and Cup Burner Data
4.5
17.6
6.1
7.16.5
15.7
8.1
14.7
8.88.7
3.2
0
5
10
15
20
CF3I HFC-125 FK-5-1-12
Replacement Candidate
Vol
umet
ric C
once
ntra
tion
(%v/
v) .
Maximum Equivalent ConcentrationPeak Inerting Concentration (propane)Peak Inerting Concentration (methane)Cup Burner (n-Heptane)
via non-standard apparatus
24 24Federal AviationAdministration
Status of Research & Testing to Replace Halon Extinguishing Agents in Civil Aviation
Cargo Compartment Summary• Full-Scale 2000 ft3 Test Article Specified in MPS• Four Fire Scenarios
– Bulk-Loaded Cargo– Containerized Cargo– Surface Burning Fire– Exploding Aerosol Can
• Much Activity but Each Approach has Shortcomings– HFC-125/FM-200: High Weight Penalty, High HF Concentrations,
Ignition of Smoke Layer– CF3I: Toxicity Concerns– 2-BTP/Novec 1230: Overpressures at Below Inerting Concentrations
During Aerosol Can Scenario• Water Mist/Nitrogen System Concept
– Promising but Requires Significant Development and Acceptance• MPS Report: DOT/FAA/AR-TN05/20
25 25Federal AviationAdministration
Status of Research & Testing to Replace Halon Extinguishing Agents in Civil Aviation
Cargo Compartment MPSBulk-Load Configuration
Ignited Box
178 Cardboard Boxes
26 26Federal AviationAdministration
Status of Research & Testing to Replace Halon Extinguishing Agents in Civil Aviation
Status Summary on Halon Replacementin Civil Aviation
• Lavatory: Replacement Agents (2) Identified and Are Being Installed in Newly Manufactured Aircraft
• Hand-Held Extinguishers: Replacement Agents/Extinguishers (3) Identified But Are Not Being Installed By Manufacturers Because of Increased Weight and Volume
• Engines:– Significant and Promising Activity last Several Years– One Manufacturer has Selected a Replacement Agent for a New
Aircraft Design and Possibly Current Manufactured Aircraft– Another Manufacturer having New Agent Tested at FAA
• Cargo Compartments:– No Substantive Activity in Recent Years– Previous Agents Tested Unsuitable or Require Significant Development– Most Challenging and Most Important (Largest Halon Usage)
Application– FAA will Conduct Tests in Cooperation with the Aircraft Manufacturers