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Adam Berger Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI)
UKCCSRC Autumn Biannual Meeting 2014
September 11th 2014
Status of North American CO2 Capture and Storage (CCS) Projects
2 © 2013 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
About EPRI
• US non-profit for collaborative research in electric sector
• Research spans electricity production, transportation, consumption, and environmental impacts
• Members include 450+ participants in more than 30 countries
• Charter is to provide benefit to the public, the electricity sector, and our members
3 © 2013 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Overview of Major Projects
• While several North American CCS demonstrations have been cancelled, significant projects are ongoing in all areas
• Most funding came from government grants during the economic stimulus
• Largest CCS projects involving coal flue gas worldwide have occurred in the region; CCS on gas not pursued for now
• All large-scale CCS demonstrations in North America involve enhanced oil recovery (EOR) save FutureGen 2.0; less public concerns about storage than in the EU
• More CCS projects are needed to improve technologies; from where will new funding come?
What is the current status of and future for CCS projects?
4 © 2013 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
North American CCS Pilots
Project / Location
Owner Size, Net MW
Capture Process / % Capture
Vendor Comment
Mountaineer / West Virginia
AEP 20 Post-combustion capture (PCC) / 75%
Alstom Facility shut down; first to do full CCS on
coal Plant Barry / Alabama
Alabama Power, Southern
25 PCC / 90% MHI Still in operation; first to have significant
transportation Shand / Canada
Saskatchewan Power
7 PCC / 90% Multiple (including Hitachi)
Not operational yet (late 2014); may have storage; will be a test
facility
Significant pilot-scale work has been and is being performed
5 © 2013 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Alstom’s Chilled Ammonia Process at AEP’s Mountaineer Property of Alstom Power and/or AEP
Mountaineer
• Alstom’s chilled ammonia CO2 post-combustion capture
– ~20-MW demonstration at AEP’s Mountaineer Plant in WV
– Designed for ~100,000 tonnes-CO2/year; 75% CO2 capture
– Injection occurred in saline reservoir using two on-site wells – Capture started in September 2009 and storage in October 2009;
51,000 tonnes captured and 37,500 tonnes stored – Capture project completed in May 2011, storage monitoring continues
• Experience – Met design goals (75% capture) – Resolved design issues caused by accelerated schedule – Process improvements identified – Storage permitting is challenging and new to regulators – Calculated cost of electricity for commercial-scale plant ~$113–123/MWh
6 © 2013 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Plant Barry
MHI’s KM-CDR Process at Plant Barry Property of MHI and/or Southern
• MHI KM-CDR advanced amine CO2 post-combustion capture
– ~25-MW demonstration at Alabama Power’s Plant Barry in AL
– 500 tonnes-CO2/day – Capture started on 3 June 2011;
~200,000 tonnes captured – Injection started on 20 August 2012; ~100,000 tonnes stored in oilfield 20 km away – Plan: Capture CO2 through 2014, then 3 years of post-injection monitoring
• Experience – Capture plant demonstrated stable performance at full load conditions with lower
steam consumption than MHI conventional capture process – New amine emission reduction technologies achieved significant reduction (90%) – Stored CO2 with minimal issues – Significant characterization and monitoring efforts have taken place – Regulatory hurdles for storage were substantial
7 © 2013 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
North American CCS Demonstrations
Project / Location Owner Size, Net MW
Capture Process / % Capture
Cost / Funding (Source)
Status
Boundary Dam / Canada
Saskatchewan Power
110 PCC (Cansolv) / 90%
$1.4B / $245M (Saskatchewan
govt) FutureGen 2.0 / Illinois
FutureGen Alliance
99 Oxy-combustion / 98%
$1.65B / $1B (ARRA)
Hydrogen Energy California (HECA) / California
SCS Energy 288 IGCC / 90% (also producing urea /
ammonia)
$3.9B / $408M (CCPI)
Kemper County / Mississippi
Mississippi Power / Southern
524 / 582 IGCC / ~65% ? / $270M (CCPI)
Texas Clean Energy Project (TCEP) / Texas
Summit Power 200 IGCC / 90% (also producing urea /
ammonia)
$2.9B / $450M (CCPI)
WA Parish / Texas NRG Energy, Petra Nova
250 PCC / 90% $845M for PCC / $167M (CCPI)
Boundary Dam and Kemper County are moving forward; others are possible
8 © 2013 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Boundary Dam
Boundary Dam Used with permission from SaskPower
• World’s first commercial PCC CCS demonstration; expected on-line in late 2014
• Retrofit Boundary Dam Unit 3 – Increase steam to 124 bar, 565oC – Capture ~1 Mtonnes/year CO2
• Net power of 110 MW after capture • Cansolv process captures SO2 & CO2 • Anticipated energy penalty 21% • Delays due to issues on power plant retrofit (asbestos, welding);
CCS unit is done • CO2 for EOR
– Some saline storage during commissioning
Used with permission from SaskPower
CO2 and SO2Absorbers
CO2 StripperFlue Gas from
Plant
Covered Buildings (weather)
9 © 2013 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
• IGCC with CCS plant nearing completion; expected on-line in late 2014
• 65% CO2 capture for EOR • Two-train plant with air-blown
TRIG gasifiers, Selexol, and Siemens gas turbines / Toshiba steam turbine
• Uses local Mississippi lignite • 524-MW net with peak using duct firing of 582 MW • Design net plant heat rate with CCS 12,353–12,819 kJ/kWh
– 28-29% efficiency
Kemper County Illustration Used with permission from Southern Company
Kemper County
10 © 2013 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
FutureGen 2.0
• 99-MW net oxy-combustion repower on Meredosia Unit 4 – 98% capture – 1.1 Mtonnes/year storage in
Mt. Simon formation 48 km away • FutureGen Alliance (5 members)
leading project. Major vendors: B&W and Air Liquide
• All permits, financing and power purchase agreement are in place • Air-fired net plant efficiency = 31.5% (HHV) air-fired; 21.5–22.5%
(HHV) oxy-combustion with CCS (lower due to use of existing steam turbines)
• Construction: 2014–17; Operation: 2017–37; Monitoring: 2037–87
FutureGen 2.0 Process Flow Diagram Used with permission from the FutureGen Alliance
11 © 2013 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Feedstock Storage
Urea Storage UAN Storage
Power Block Gasifier
Water Treatment
Sulfur Recovery
Fertilizer Complex
Shift Rectisol
Gasifier 100%
Ammonia 60%
Power 100%
Draw Down Storage
Fertilizer 100% 33%
67%
Gasifier 100%
Ammonia 100% Power 65%
Build Storage
Fertilizer 100% 50%
50%
Maximum Power Production (16 hours/day) Maximum Ammonia Production (8 hours/day)
Used with permission from Hydrogen Energy California
HECA – Hydrogen Energy California
Polygeneration with variable operation and two operating modes; Project is in jeopardy due to financial closure issues
12 © 2013 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
TCEP – Texas Clean Energy Project
Polygeneration with fixed operation and one operating mode; Project is in jeopardy due to uncertainty in off-take agreements
Used with permission from Summit Power
13 © 2013 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
WA Parish
WA Parish CCS Illustration Used with permission from Petra Nova
• Retrofit PCC to 250-MW unit in Richmond, TX – Recently announced
using MHI amine capture system
– 1.5 Mtonnes for EOR • Gas-fired peaker to provide power + steam for capture unit • 130-km pipeline for EOR • Federal permitting took nearly two years
– Environmental impact statement – no major impacts • Project on a path forward for financial close, plant
construction, commercial operations by 2015
14 © 2013 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Summary for North America
• CCS demonstrations have not advanced as fast as planned, but progress is being made
• Key CCS pilots ongoing or successfully completed • Boundary Dam and Kemper are only CCS demonstrations
definitely going forward; several more possible • No major new government funding for CCS forecasted, but
need more public funding and support to advance CCS • Questions:
– Are lower-cost CCS technologies required for more demos? – With low natural gas prices, will coal be phased out? – Will CCS be required for natural gas-powered units?
15 © 2013 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
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