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CHAPTER 4 WATER AND SANITATION SERVICES AND ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION This chapter presents situation analysis of the current status of the basic municipal services comprising water supply, sanitation/ wastewater management, drainage and municipal solid waste management. It covers all the four distinct geographical areas which are served by different agencies and attempts to bring out the gaps in infrastructure and services, inconsistencies, challenges and issues as regards offering a superior level of environmental sanitation and a better quality of life for the residents of Thanesar. 3.1 DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONSIBILITY FOR WATSAN SERVICES IN THE TOWN As described in the previous chapter, there are four distinct areas in Thanesar where multiple agencies are responsible for delivery of the water and sanitation services. Part of the town which comes under ULB is serviced jointly by the ULB and the PHED. Services within the heritage area are again split among KDB, ULB and the PHED. In the case of the University campus, all the services are taken care of by the township administration; while in the case of the newly developed areas it is the responsibility of Haryana Urban Development Authority. Evidently, for a small town with population base of around 1,55,000 and aerial spread of around 32 sq.km., this represents a complex situation which is attempted to be captured in Table 3.1 which provides a ward-wise summary of the current status of distribution of services. TABLE 3.1: WARD-WISE DISTRIBUTION OF WATSAN SERVICES Sl. Nr. Particulars Service provider Water Supply & sewerage On-site sanitati on Drainage SWM Street sweeping 1 ULB area PHED ULB Roadside ULB ULB

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CHAPTER 4

WATER AND SANITATION SERVICES AND

ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION

This chapter presents situation analysis of the current status of the basic municipal services comprising water supply, sanitation/ wastewater management, drainage and municipal solid waste management. It covers all the four distinct geographical areas which are served by different agencies and attempts to bring out the gaps in infrastructure and services, inconsistencies, challenges and issues as regards offering a superior level of environmental sanitation and a better quality of life for the residents of Thanesar.

3.1 DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONSIBILITY FOR WATSAN SERVICES IN THE TOWN

As described in the previous chapter, there are four distinct areas in Thanesar where multiple agencies are responsible for delivery of the water and sanitation services. Part of the town which comes under ULB is serviced jointly by the ULB and the PHED. Services within the heritage area are again split among KDB, ULB and the PHED. In the case of the University campus, all the services are taken care of by the township administration; while in the case of the newly developed areas it is the responsibility of Haryana Urban Development Authority. Evidently, for a small town with population base of around 1,55,000 and aerial spread of around 32 sq.km., this represents a complex situation which is attempted to be captured in Table 3.1 which provides a ward-wise summary of the current status of distribution of services.

TABLE 3.1: WARD-WISE DISTRIBUTION OF WATSAN SERVICES

Sl.Nr.

Particulars Service provider

Water Supply & sewerage

On-site sanitation

Drainage SWM Street sweeping

1 ULB area

- Ward nr. 1-11- Ward nr. 18-22 - Part of ward nr. 23- Part of ward nr. 24

& 25- Ward nr. 26- 31

PHED ULB Roadside drains - ULB;Natural and external drains -PHED.

ULB ULB

2 HUDA sectors

Ward nr. 12 to 17

HUDA

3 Heritage area

Part of ward nr. 23, 24 and 25

PHED & Irrigation Dept.

KDB ULB KDB & ULB KDB

4 University campus Township Department of the Kurukshetra University.

Part of ward nr. 24 & 25

Notes:

1. The mentioned agencies are responsible for design, execution, operation & maintenance of infrastructure and delivery of the relevant services.

2. On-site sanitation covers community and public toilets.3. In heritage area water to the sacred water bodies is supplied by the Haryana Irrigation Department

through a dedicated channel coming from the SYL Canal.

WATER SUPPLY

For each of the four distinct areas which are under the administrative jurisdiction of ULB, KDB, HUDA and the University respectively, the status of water supply is presented in the sections that follow. However, beforehand a citywide status of sources of water offers a perspective.

Sources of water

While the sacred water bodies in the town viz., Brahma Sarovar and Sanihit Sarovar are filled with the fresh surface water received through a dedicated feeder channel from the Satluj-Yamuna Link Canal, this water is not available for direct domestic use. It is understood that under a water sharing agreement between Haryana and other riparian states, domestic and industrial use of SYL water is not permitted for the state of Haryana. However, as described in previous chapter, these two water bodies in particular help a great deal in ground water recharge and in turn augmenting yield of public tube wells in the town.

While the Census 2011 mentions existence of eight water bodies in the town, during the field survey 14 bodies in the form of ponds/ lake/ tanks were identified in various wards and adjoining villages. However, it is found that most of them e.g., Suryakund, etc., have either dried up or being misused for illegal disposal of municipal solid waste and construction debris. Many of these water bodies are also receiving sewage and sullage flows from nearby residential areas and therefore do not serve as sources of domestic water supply. Table *** in previous chapter provides a summary of the current status of these water bodies while Exhibit ** captures it through a set of photographs.

On the other hand, although the natural channel on the north of the town is called ‘River Saraswati’, it is now a dried up river which is mostly used for disposal of sewage and evacuation of storm water. Evidently this is an area of concern as it could be leading to contamination of groundwater sources in that part of the town. There are also issues of encroachment of the water bodies which affect their storage capacity.

In absence of a reliable surface water source, the entire domestic water demand for the town is met through groundwater. To that effect a number of tubes wells are installed and operated by the concerned agencies. Depth to ground water varies from 20 to 30 m however

tube wells for domestic supply installed by PHED/ HUDA are drilled to a depth of 80 to 150 m. The public tube wells are reported to give satisfactory yield.

EXHIBIT **: SEWAGE AND SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL IN SOME OF

THE SURFACE WATER BODIES

Water supply in the ULB area

The water supply scheme for this part of the Thanesar town was commissioned in 1970 which relies on 71 deep tube wells. The public distribution system comprises 2 elevated service reservoirs, 2 underground service reservoir, 119 kms of pipelines, 200 public stand-posts especially for the low income communities and of course a large number of domestic and commercial connections. As per the information from the service provider, it is estimated that about 88% of the households in the area are covered with piped water supply.

PHED estimates show that the demand of water in this area is about 22.5 million litres/day (mld) which is supplied in two shifts of four hours each in morning and evening. While no reliable computations are available, it is reported that ‘unaccounted water’, mostly attributed to losses due to leakages is 15%. What is the service level????

Due to inadequate water supply, residents have also installed private hand pumps and shallow and deep tube wells to supplement their demand. Tankers are occasionally used which are provided by private service providers.

Water supply in KDB area

In this area there is no significant residential population, however there is a fairly large floating population on any given day. It is this area which also attracts and accommodates the unusually large pilgrim population on special occasions as mentioned earlier.

Water supply in this area is therefore done from the point of view of the floating population. A bulk of the demand is therefore generally met through the PHED system as explained in the previous section. However, on special occasions when there is large floating population, KDB brings online its own tube wells to supplement the extra demand. The differentiating feature in this part of the town is that KDB attempts to offer almost for 24 hours of supply through public stand-posts as against the ULB area where it is only for 8 hours.

Number of tube wells under KDB.

Water supply in HUDA area

There are 11 sectors developed by HUDA for residential and commercial use which correspond to 6 municipal wards (from ward # 12 – 17) and where the current resident population is estimated to be of the order of 40,000. To meet the water demand of the residents, HUDA has installed 42 tube wells of its own. Total water supply in this area is reported to be 12.7 MLD, and wherein the losses due to leakages are reported to be as low as 2% to 2.5%. This quantity of supply corresponds to a fairly high service level of around 260 litres person per day. Further, as regards the duration of supply, these areas score better as HUDA supplies for 4 hrs in the morning, 1 hr in afternoon and five hrs in evening – adding upto 10 hrs a day. In most of the area, the connections are metered and user charges are levied according to actual consumption.

Water supply in University campus area

The water supply in the Kurukshetra University campus is managed by the township administration department of the University. The campus has a resident population of 6700 and floating population of around 1000.

As per the records available from the concerned agency, there are 7 tube wells within the campus which are used to draw the raw water. Being groundwater, other than the conventional chlorination no need is perceived for its treatment.

The distribution system comprises a campus wide network with two elevated service reservoirs of 4.5 lakh and 1.25 lakh litre capacity. Entire population and all establishments are covered through the distribution network, ensuring 100% coverage. The system is designed for an average supply norm of 200 litres per person per day, however considering the reported bulk supply of 3000 kl/day, this works out to be over 350 litres person per day. Water is supplied for 12 hours a day.

City-wide status

Being dependent on ground water supply, the city has not perceived the need for a conventional water treatment plant and neither there is any proposal for one in future. However, chlorination is provided at the source or at bulk storage. Almost all the wards

receive treated water, however there is still a section of the which reports receiving untreated water from the public supply system.

The Census 2011 provides city-wide status of household level water supply availability depending on various sources of supply. A summary of this is provided in Table *** below. As per this about 87% of the households, excluding the institutional consumers are getting treated water through a private domestic connection. About 11% of the households are receiving tap water from an untreated source, i.e., the supply may be unsafe. A small fraction (2%) of the households is dependent on private tube wells while an insignificant fraction still relies on other sources e.g., private open wells, springs, canal, etc.

TABLE **: CITYWIDE HOUSEHOLD LEVEL WATER SUPPLY STATUS

Total Number of Households

(excluding institutional households)

Main Source of Drinking Water

Ta

p w

ate

r fr

om

trea

ted

sou

rce

Ta

p w

ate

r fr

om

un-t

reat

ed

sou

rce

Cov

ered

we

ll

Un-

cove

red

wel

l

Han

dpu

mp

Tu

bew

ell/

Bor

ew

ell

Oth

er

sou

rces

29,300 25,626 3,109 5 5 37 469 49

% 87% 11% - - 0.1% 2% 0.2%

Source : Census 2011

Service levels ???

SANITATION AND WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT

With regard to the availability of infrastructure for sanitation and wastewater management there are wide variations across the town. While the HUDA sectors and the Kurukshetra University campus have full coverage with sewerage network, the challenge is in the areas jointly serviced by the ULB and the PHED where sewerage coverage is around 80%. While it is the uncovered population which is resorting to various forms of on-site sanitation measures, and a part of it practicing open defecation, the covered population is also posing challenge since the collected sewage is disposed of without any form of

3.2 Household sanitation

For the entire town of Thanesar the Census 2011 estimates total number of households including the institutional households as 31,689. ‘Institutional households’ are defined as hostels, mess, hospitals, hotels, etc. However, while presenting the data on household sanitation status, the Census excludes the latter. This could be to facilitate realistic assessment of the demand for construction of additional private individual household toilets, since in the case of the ‘institutional households’ availability of toilets is not an issue.

Accordingly, as per the Census 2011 and as shown in Table **, over 94% of the households in the town have individual toilets. Among the 6% which do not have individual toilets, almost 90% of them resort to open defecation while only a small 10% use the facility of public/ community toilets. On the whole, between 5-6% of the households across the town are resorting to open defecation.

TABLE X.X - HOUSEHOLD LEVEL SANITATION STATUS IN THANESAR

No. of HH

No. of HH with

IHT

Sanitation technology option and sewage disposal

HH without

latrine facility

Coping measures

HH

to s

ewer

line

HH

with

sep

tic ta

nk

Oth

er, p

our

flush

*

VIP

latr

ine

with

sla

b@

Pit

latr

ine

with

out s

lab

Nig

ht s

oil d

ispo

sal i

n to

op

en d

rain

HH

usi

ng p

ublic

toile

t

HH

to o

pen

defe

catio

n

29,300 27,648# 21,909 4017 197 1,212 231 82 1,652 186 1,466

%94.4 74.8 13.7 0.7 4.1 0.8 0.3 5.6 0.6 5.0

10 90

Notes:

Source: Census 2011.

#: Calculated from a total of 29,300 households which exclude institutional households e.g., hostels, mess, hospitals, hotels, etc.

*:Includes single pit pour flush (SPPF) latrine & twin pit pour flush (TPPF) latrine.

@: In the Indian context generally VIP latrine is rather uncommon as it offers lower aesthetics. This could possibly be leach pit latrines.

However given the fact that Thanesar has a fairly large number of ascetics, homeless and vagabond, as seen on the streets and near religious places, it is understood that the problem of open defecation is more than what is reflected from the above Census data. During the course of this study a rapid survey in various wards across the town was carried out to assess the present situation. While the survey is not intended to provide comprehensive update on the lines of what is available from the Census, the following broad observations can be made:

Open defecation is widespread in the vicinity of slum areas and along railway tracks. Use of community toilets is not common among households not having individual

household toilet. Over the last few years, number of households discharging to septic tanks has

decreased as a result of increased coverage of the sewer network. However, at the same time due to rapid construction in areas hitherto not falling in

sewer coverage, the number of households discharging directly in to open drains has increased. This is resulting in insanitary conditions in residential areas with potential to cause serious health impacts.

Technology choices

From the point of view of technology of sanitation at household level, broadly three quarters of the households have adopted the off-site sanitation system of conventional sewerage. On the other hand about 20% households have adopted one or the other form of on-site sanitation technology option. In the latter category a majority comprises flush toilets connected to septic tanks, while there are very small percentage of households which have adopted either single or twin pit pour flush toilets; VIP latrine; unimproved pit latrine and some which are directly letting out faecal waste into open drains.

On the whole an overwhelming 90% of the households give preference to water-seal flush/ pour flush toilet option because of higher level of aesthetics that it offers i.e., no issue of odour, adverse visual, physical contact or flies, etc. Although the Census data show existence of VIP latrines, however our experience shows that this option is very rarely adopted in the Indian context because of relatively poor aesthetics and thus it is considered to be erroneous. It is likely that ‘single leach pit latrine’ (with or without water seal) has been taken as a ‘VIP latrine’ during enumeration.

3.2.1.2 Public Toilets

Kurukshetra being a pilgrimage centre, its floating population on an average day is estimated to be in the range of ***. To cater to sanitation needs of visitors, transit passengers, and

pilgrims on short stays public toilets are one of the essential social infrastructure components. These are typically located near bus stations, railway stations, tourist spots, main markets/ commercial places, hospitals, transit points, and any other place that attracts large number of visitors. In the case of Kurukshetra there are in all 43 functioning public toilets and their locations and details are presented in Table **.

Table **: PUBLIC TOILETS IN THANESAR

Sl.Nr. Location of public toilets Total No. of seats Showers Urinals User charge, Rs. Sewage discharge

Remarks/ maintenance

M F M F

Urinal Seat Shower

1 Bus Station 2 2 - - 3 - 2 NA Sewer By TMC. Service and maintenance level is found to be reasonable.

2 Railway Station 4 4 2 2 8 Free 2 5 Sewer --do--

3 Railway Station

(2 blocks)

2 2 - - 3 Free 2 - Sewer --do--

4 Hospital 2 2 1 1 5 - - - Sewer By TMC. Maintained by Sulabh. Service level is found to be reasonable.

5 Brahma Sarovar

(21 blocks)

13 16 6 11 8 Free 2 5 Sewer By KDB. Maintained by Sulabh. Service level is found to be reasonably good.

6 Sanihit Sarovar 5 5 3 3 6 Free 2 5 Sewer --do--

7 University

(4 blocks)

3 3 0 0 5 Free Free NA Sewer By University Admin. Maintained on its own. Service level is found to be reasonable.

8 Huda Markets

(11 blocks)

3 3 0 0 4 Free 2 NA Sewer By HUDA. Maintained by respective RWA. Service level is found to be reasonable

9 Ayurvedic College/ ITI 2 2 - - 4 Free2 -

Septic tank. By TMC. Service level is found to be reasonable. Septage emptied by tankers and discharged outside the town or at the dump site.

TOTAL 337 400 138 248 264

Notes:

1. Source: PHED; Municipal Council of Thanesar; HUDA, Kurukshetra University.

2. In the case of multiple blocks, the details on the right correspond to each independent block which are of same layout.

The toilets have been constructed by the respective agencies e.g., the ULB, KDB, HUDA and the university. In the case of public toilets in the Brahma Sarovar area all the blocks have facility for bathing as well. In almost all cases quality of construction is found to be reasonable and it is noted that in some cases agencies have used superior building materials e.g., granite, ceramic tiles; and glazed sanitary ware. In all public toilet blocks water supply and electricity connection are by the respective agencies while sewage is discharged into sewer. However, in the case the public toilet at the Ayurvedic College due to non availability of sewer line, sewage is discharged in to a septic tank. In the latter case, septage is emptied on regular basis by a vacuum tanker and disposed of outside the town in a designated place near Narkatari, however as discussed elsewhere, this may involve risk of contamination of groundwater. Status of drainage field***/ soak away at the PT and the point of disposal of effluent?

In all there are 337 toilet seats for males and 400 seats for females in all the public toilets across the town. However, for the special occasions when number of pilgrims is very high, KDB installs mobile toilets and also constructs temporary pit latrines.

As regards operation and maintenance of these facilities it is found that all of those developed by KDB have been given to Sulabh International on long-term service contract. Those developed by Thanesar Municipal Council are operated by the council itself whereas in the case of HUDA, the responsibility has been given to the respective Residents Welfare Associations who in turn engage private service providers. By and large the public toilets in the KDB and HUDA area are found to be reasonably clean and well maintained. These toilet blocks are found to be offering reasonable service. Toilets operated by the TMC in high footfall areas e.g., bus and rail stations are also found to be reasonable.

Typically all the public toilets across the town are kept open from 4 am to 11 pm. On special occasions when pilgrim numbers are very large, the facilities in the Brahma Sarovar and Sanihit Sarovar area in particular are operated round the clock.

EXHIBIT **: PUBLIC TOILET AT BRAHMA SAROVAR

3.2.1.3 Community Toilets

As per the ULB, there are about 8 to 10 community toilets across the town. However, our survey team were able to locate only 4 such facilities, especially after engaging and consulting with all the slum communities in the town. We are given to understand that these toilets were constructed by the ULB under one of the slum improvement programmes. The locations of these toilets along with some details about the number seat, etc. is presented in Table ** and marked on the Map ***.

In each of the community toilets, the ULB has ensured water supply through either the PHED network or tube wells for about 4 hours daily and power supply for 24 hours. The sewage generated at these toilets is discharged into sewer lines.

TABLE **: COMMUNITY TOILETS ACROSS THANESAR

Sl. No.

Location of community

toilets

No.

of s

eats

Show

ers

Urin

als

Frequency of cleaning

O&M Remarks

M F M F

1Balmiki Basti 4 4 nil ULB

Poor. Open defecation is widespread.

Sl. No.

Location of community

toilets

No.

of s

eats

Show

ers

Urin

als

Frequency of cleaning

O&M Remarks

M F M F

2Gandhi Nagar 4 4 2 2 1 ULB

Good. Open defecation is widespread.

3Indira Nagar 10 10 6 1 PSP

Good. Relatively clean locality.

4Fauji colony 4 4 2 2 1 ULB Average

The ULB has not been able to create reliable and lasting arrangements with the communities for operation and maintenance of these community toilets. It has not been able to elicit support of the respective communities of any community based organisations to this effect. Only in one case it is noted that the O&M responsibility is given to a private service provider viz., Sulabh International who has introduced the system of user charges towards upkeep and maintenance.

Access to sanitation in slums

There are 22 slum localities across the town, none of which is notified slum. However as mentioned in an earlier chapter, in one of these localities, namely Krishna Nagar infrastructure and housing has improved considerably and appears to have acquired non-slum like characteristics. Nevertheless, in the ULB records this locality is still designated as a slum. As per Census 2011, in all there are about 5,515 households in these localities with a combined population of 26,5631.

Based on a survey of these localities the broad findings are summarised in Table ***. It is noted that many slum localities have got fairly high sanitation access in the form of individual household latrines as well as sewer connections. Some localities which are close to the centre of the town also have access to public toilets and thus in such areas open defecation does not appear to be an issue. Likewise, in some of the hitherto rural habitations which have been merged with the urban growth, e.g., Govindgarh, open defecation is not an issue however in other similar localities the problem persists.

In some of the localities where community toilets are available, practice of open defecation is found to be widespread. Either the ULB does not maintain the facilities properly or the communities have not take the responsibility to this end. There appears to be a major need for strengthening of community based institutions.

There are some communities where sewer line has been extended, however not many households have opted to construct individual toilets and have not connected to the sewer network. In some localities there is issue of poor capacity of the sewer lines which leads to overflow of sewage and resultant insanitary conditions. 1 Based on unconfirmed data from municipal councilors of the respective wards the total slum population in the city is estimated to be over 60,000; however this is at considerable variance with the Census-2011 data, and is therefore not considered.

Asit, 21/05/14,
Check whether comm loo exisits here or not. All HH have IHT here.

On the whole, out of the 22 slum localities, open defecation/poor sanitation appears to be an issue in 10 localities which comprise Jyoti Nagar, Deha Basti, Balmiki Basti, Ravidas Nagar, Gandhi Nagar, Kirti Nagar, Deedar Nagar, Azad Nagar, Rajput Basti and Mohan Nagar.

As presented in an earlier section, as per Census 2011 there are about 1,652 households which do not have an IHT. As per our assessment a majority of these households fall inthe above mentioned slum localities. In addition to the above, these will be temporary households of migrant workers/ hutments; and vagabonds, ascetics who will be resorting to open defecation.

Open defecation areas

Based on extensive survey of the town and consultation with slum communities as well as other stakeholders, the areas where open defecation is practiced are listed in Table *** and marked on the Map ****. These areas/ locations are in proximity to slum localities where sanitation coverage is low and/or community/ public toilets may not be available.

TABLE***: OPEN DEFECATION AREAS IN THANESAR

S.NO Location Ward No. Proximity to slum localities

1 Along the railway line near Surya Kund

8 Gandhi Nagar, Kirti Nagar, Jyoti Nagar

2 Open area near Sanihit Sarowar

23 Fauji Colony, Gobindgarh.

3 Along the Saraswati river near Darra Khera

31 Darra Khera

4 Saraswati river near Mohan Nagar

10 Mohan Nagar, Rajput Basti

5 Narkatri drain & Saraswati river near Deedar Nagar

26 Deedar Nagar, Azad Nagar

While these are the five broadly identified open defecation areas, it is recognised that there are number of rural habitations on the outskirts of the town where it is very likely that same problem may exist. Thus the footprint of poor sanitation is likely to be broader than what appears from the above data.

TABLE **: ACCESS TO SANITATION IN SLUM AREAS OF THANESAR

Sl. Nr.

Name of slum Ward No.

Community/ Public toilet

IHT

%

Sewer access

Particulars Remarks

1 Shyam Colony 1 No 100 Yes Along Saraswati river, exists for over 30 years

Good housing; 100% coverage with sewerage system. All houses have an IHT.

2 Gurunanakpura 4 No 100 Yes Very old settlement; 50% BPL households Same as above.

3 Jyoti Nagar 6 No 100 Yes Very old settlement; along the railway line; few BPL.

Only 30% HH’s are connected to sewer; Rest have either septic tanks or discharge faecal sludge into open drains.

4 Deha Basti 7 No <10 No Same as above. No sewer line; widespread open defecation near railway line.

5 Balmiki Basti 7 Yes <10 No Same as above; mostly casual labors. No sewer line; direct discharge into open drains; widespread open defecation near railway line.

6 Ravidas Colony 7 No 70 No Same as above. Same as above.

7 Gandhi Nagar 8 Yes 60 No Along the railway line, in the centre of the city.

Half of the IHTs are connected to septic tanks. Other half discharge into open drains. Widespread open defecation near railway line.

8 Kirti Nagar 8 No 60 No Old settlement close to another slum Gandhi Nagar in the centre of the city.

Same as above.

9 Layalpur Basti 9 No 100 Yes Good housing; 100% coverage with sewerage system. All houses have an IHT.

10 Vashisht Colony 10 No 100 Yes Near the river; about 30 year old settlement.

Full sewerage coverage; however, capacity is limited, which causes overflow and inconvenience/ risk to the community.

11 Rajput Basti 10 No N/A N/A N/A Opend defecation is an issue.

12 Mohan Nagar 10 No N/A N/A N/A Opend defecation is an issue.

13 Gobindgarh 20 No 100 Yes Originally a revenue village which has now merged within the urban growth and as part of the ULB. Spread over very small area, comprises few BPL households.

Not necessarily a slum locality. All houses are connected to sewer line. No open defecation issue.

Sl. Nr.

Name of slum Ward No.

Community/ Public toilet

IHT

%

Sewer access

Particulars Remarks

14 Indira Nagar 22 Yes <40 Yes In the core city, existing for over half a century. Residents maily involved in casual labor work.

Most houses do not have IHTs and therefore use public toilets. Few houses having IHT are connected to sewer line. Open defecation is not an issue because of access to public toilet.

15 Rajinder Nagar 22 No 100 Yes In the core city, existing for over half a century. Few households with BPL cards.

Housing condition is very poor, but people have still managed to build IHTs as the PHED has provided sewer line. No open defecation issue. Very few household water connections, most depend on public stand posts.

16 Fauji Colony 23 No 100 Yes Residential area about 60 years old, allotted by govt.

No open defecation issue. Garbage management is poor.

17 Deedar Nagar 26 No 70 Yes Existing for last 2 decades. Located along railway line.

Most houses are connected to sewer line, few have septic tanks; about 30% HHs do not have IHTs and resort to open defecation.

18 Azad Nagar 27 No <30 Yes Residential area with few HH’s along railway line .

Poor sanitation access/ coverage. Open defecation is widespread. Many households having IHTs sans a septic tank or sewer connection, discharge excreta/ sewage directly into open drains.

19 Krishna Nagar No 100 Yes In recent years infrastructure has been upgraded considerably, leading to improved quality of life.

Almost 100% houses have IHT connected to either the sewerage network or to individual septic tanks. Open defecation is not an issue.

20 Ramchander Colony

28 No 100 Yes Residential area in core city, along railway line, present for around 60 years.

Housing condition is good , each house has IHT, 100% sewerage connection. No open defecation issue. Garbage management is poor.

21 Laxman Colony 28 No 100 Yes Same as above Same as above

22 Darra Kheda 30 No 100 Yes Old habitation characterized by poor housing and infrastructure. In proximity to the Sheikh Chilli Tomb.

Same as above

3.2.3 Key Issues

3.2.3.1Maintenance of Community Toilets

AS stated in previous paras, operation and maintenance of public toilets at public places like Bus Stand, Railway station, Hospitals or in busy commercial areas etc. is being done by Sulabh international. Remaining public toilets and community toilets after their construction have been handed over to willing private service providers who are most interested in operation just to earn but least interested in periodical regular maintenance, cleaning and in creating a healthy sanitary environment. Present standards for the construction of public or community toilets are very poor, inadequate maintenance and cleanliness in addition has reduced their acceptability in the society. In spite of efforts of the Government to eliminate open defecation and improving the environment in the city, the acceptability of these toilets is limited and thus has failed due to the reasons attributed as above. The key issues, related to the maintenance of public & community toilets, need to be addressed are:

Complete renovation of the existing toilets with multiple services using high standards of designs and construction with demand based increase in capacity of seats and showers as per standards laid down.

Improvement in the available infrastructure like adequate water supply for cleaning and flushing through shallow tube well and 24 hours Municipal water supply for wash basins and showers, connection with adequate size of sewerage network, proper collection and disposal of solid waste like napkins, development and regular cleaning of the surrounding area, good approach road for access, satisfactory drainage system and 24 hours power supply etc. need to be provided.

Making available modern and mechanized systems for cleaning the floors and toilets. Continuous display of audio visual awareness programme in the premises of these

toilets to educate the users, including instructions for do’s and don’t’s. Displaying commercial advertisements can also be taken up from commercial and Industrial organizations of the city to create funds for regular and periodical maintenance of connected infrastrures.

Bye laws and regulations for operation and maintenance including frequent cleaning, fixing users charges etc. should be framed and displayed in the premises.

Formation of a all taxes free registered Society responsible to operate and maintain community and public toilets all over the city. This Society will make it,s own budget and generate it,s own funds from users, advertisements, donations with tax relief to donors and grants from the Government or any other organization.

A committee of the City task force should be empowered to regularly inspect these toilets, and suggest the Society on any negligence, audit the societies accounts in addition to the mandatory audit from a registered chartered accountant and send the reports to the District Magistrate, Mayor or the Chair person of the city Municipality for intervention.

3.2.3.2 Number of Community Toilets

There are only-------------No of Community toilets in the city which provide only-------------no seats for females and ------no seats for male users. As per standards laid down ( give ref), one seat can handle only ------------users . With these criteria, the existing community toilets are just sufficient for -------numbers female and -------numbers male users. There are 21 unauthorized slums in the city where in --------- number of households have no in built toilets. The average size of family in the slums is-----------persons. The mail female ratio is ------------. Thus a total of ---------male users and -----no female users in slums have no toilet facility. In addition to these slums a number of temporary huts are generally seen in the vicinity of high rise buildings, road sides developed colonies, Industries or Institutions. Mainly labour in construction activities, Rickshaw pullers, domestic workers etc. find their shelter in these huts. This category is generally migrated from other places for want of work and get settled at such places in temporary huts. This is a type of floating population in addition to those come for a short period for commercial and tourism purposes. This category also do not have toilet facility and go for open defecation in the absence of community toilets at such places. The key issues therefore are:

A demand base survey is required in slums to identify the users (APL /BPL) with having or not having space within their premises for toilets

A survey is required for identification of temporary settlements across the city. Various economic technological options for providing type of toilets based on

available infrastructure, type of soil etc. need to be explored. Schemes with financial support to BPL with 10 % sharing cost and 90 % grant and

and 50% loan and 50 % margin money for APL should be launched and should be made mandatory for those users who have space for toilets in their housing premises. Construction of these toilets should be made mandatory according to approved sanitation friendly design and Technology.

The number of seats required for those users who have no space in their housing premises should be analysed and facility of toilet should be provided to them by augmenting the number of seats of the existing community toilets or by adding more number of community toilets at appropriate and required locations in slums and near the temporary settlements.

Programme for the access to toilets in all the adjoining villages should also be taken up affectively under Rural Sanitation Programmes.

3.2.4 Septage Management

The summary of households data as per census 2011 in Exhibit 3.2 indicates that in absence of a sewerage network in house built toilets of 4017 households are connected to septic tanks. 1212 households have ventilated improved pit (VIP) toilets and 231 houses have unimproved pit toilets without slab with 1466 households are going for open defecation. The current situation as per survey conducted by DHV has been shown in exhibit 3.2.1 indicates ------number households are connected to the sewerage system,---------number households are connected with septic tanks,-------households have VIP toilets with slab, ---------households have unimproved toilets and -------households are going for open defecation.

Number of colonies are coming up adjacent to the municipal boundary of the

Kurukshetra city where there is no sewerage system and the above figures of septic tanks do not include them. HUDA and university areas are well planned and have a

functional sewerage system and therefore the houses with septic tanks in these areas are almost negligible. For handling septage within its boundaries , Municipal council Thanesar and PHED have no system and management.

There is no sewage treatment plant in Kurukshetra city for treatment and hanling of

sewage and septage. About 212 private contractors clean septagefrom individual septic tanks and collected waste is dumped in open nala (Saraswati River) without any treatment. The private contractors engaged in this practice are unlicensed (not appointed by municipality)

Water borne diseases take more lives and create more suffering than a war or a natural disaster but do not attract as much media. Therefore the situation of the Kurukshetra city for handling of septage is not satisfactory and need immediate action on the part of the service providers and the stakeholders.

3.3 Sewerage System

Issues with sewerage

5.1.2 Institutional Areas

The major institutional area falls in Ward 25 comprising Kurukshetra University and NIT. The sewerage services in the University campus are managed by the University’s Construction Branch headed by an Executive Engineer. Earlier, septic tanks were used for sewage disposal but recently an underground sewage network has been laid in the campus. However, the sewage is disposed directly without any treatment into an open nala. A 2.4 MLD capacity Sewerage Treatment Plant based on ----------technologyis under construction exclusively for the University area. This plant is expected to be completed by the end of 2014.

5.1.3 Schools and Colleges

In addition to the Institutional area as stated in para 3.3.1.1, there are -------------number of schools and --------------- number of colleges with in the area controlled by HUDA or the Municipal Council of Thanesar. Out of the -----number of schools and ----- number of colleges are connected to the sewerage system while -------number of schools and --- number of colleges have their septic tanks. ------------number of schools and ------- number of colleges have no toilet facility in their premises.

SEWAGE COLLECTION SYSTEM

As mentioned earlier, several parts of Thanesar town have been covered with sewerage system. This means a large part of the town population has adopted the off-site sanitation paradigm, which on one hand is water intensive and on the other, as would be described

later, does not ensure full safety against the risk of contamination of water resources and the environment.

Based on the available information and field surveys by our team, ward-wise status of availability of sewerage network is presented in Table **. As mentioned earlier, the HUDA area and the University campus have full sewerage coverage, while in the wards serviced by the ULB/ PHED (including the heritage area under KDB) the coverage is reported to be in the range of 50-100%. As mentioned under the section on ‘access to sanitation in slum areas’, it is noted that several slum localities have also got sewerage lines/ connection which has helped them in minimising or almost eliminating unsafe sanitation practices. There are wards, viz., 7, 8 and 24 where sewerage network is not laid out. The landscape of former two wards is characterised by two large slum settlements whereas in the case of ward nr. 24, it is primarily rural where unauthorised construction is taking place and basic infrastructure is yet to reach. In the latter case, people are mostly resorting to septic tanks.

The sewerage network across the town is based on the conventional design criteria involving a minimum pipe size of 150 mm and which is designed on the principle of minimum flow velocity of 0.6 m/sec. It is noted that in none of the slum localities or in isolated colonies e.g., university campus or HUDA sectors innovative option of simplified sewerage has been adopted.

TABLE **: WARD WISE AVAILABILITY OF SEWERAGE

NETWORK ACROSS THANESAR

Ward Nr.

Status of sewerage network

Remarks

1 All wards serviced by ULB/ PHED. Sewerage network is available.

Full coverage of households and other establishments.

2

3

4

5

6 Partial Around 30-40% households are connected.

7 Not available Includes two of the largest slum settlements. No planned or regular colonies, hence devoid of basic infrastructure. 8 Not available

9 Available Full coverage of households and other establishments.

10 Available

11 Partial Almost 80% households are connected.

12 All HUDA sectors.Full coverage with sewerage netowrk

Almost uniform full coverage of all properties.

13

14

15

16

17

Ward Nr.

Status of sewerage network

Remarks

18 Serviced by ULB/ PHED. Sewerage is available.

Almost 60-70% households are connected.

1920

21 Available. Commercial areas and heritage zone. Almost full coverage of households and other establishments. 22

23

24 Not available Unauthorised development and a small rural settlement which has merged with the ULB. Lack of basic infrastructure.

25 University campus with all infrastructure. Sewerage available.

Full coverage.

26 Serviced by ULB/ PHED. Partial availability.

Outskirt area of town with rural character and farming. Includes some slum settlements. About 50% households are connected.

28 Serviced by ULB/ PHED. Sewerage is available.

Coverage is almost full.

29

30

31

It is pertinent to mention here that some of the urban villages viz., Ratgal, Devidaspura, Sundarpur and Chanarthal which fall within the ULB limits do not have sewerage network but would require this infrastructure in due course of time as the population and expectation of the residents grow. This is more so given the off-site sanitation paradigm that the whole town has adopted.

Looking at the long-term, about 17 villages on the outskirts are likely to get absorbed in the urban growth. As of now these villages have varying degree of coverage under on-site sanitation paradigm and they do not fall under the purview of the ULB. However, for the future requirements, the ULB/PHED need to decide on the type of sanitation system that should be provided in these habitations in line with the expected growth pattern and availability of resources in the years to come.

Sewage Pumping Stations

There are four sewage pumping stations in different parts of the town which are shown in Table ** and marked on the Map ****.

TABLE **: SEWAGE PUMPING STATIONS ACROSS THANESAR

SL.NR. Service area Location

1 Entire sewered area serviced Narkatri road, Ward nr. 26

by ULB/ PHED & KDB

2 HUDA sectors Police lines

3 HUDA sectors Opposite new bus stand

4 University campus Behind boys hostel Ward nr. 25

PHED sewage pumping station is located near Narkatari road, towards the west of the city. HUDA has two sewage pumping stations located near the new bus stand along the Sarswati River and near the Police Lines respectively. Kurukshetra University has its own sewerage pumping station, located within the campus. All these pumping stations are pumping sewage in to the Sarswati River.

It is noted that physical condition of all the pumping stations is not satisfactory as the civil structures are in shabby condition and inadequate; pumps and panels are old and have completed their useful life resulting in poor pumping efficiency. The pumping is intermittent and no free fall is maintained in the wet well as there is no identification of peak and non peak pumps and the necessary instrumentation.

Sewage Treatment

The ULB or the PHED do not have measured values for sewage flows in the city. In absence of this data an estimate is made based on the estimates for water supply rates from various service providing agencies in Thanesar and considering leakage of around 15%. As per this, as presented in Table **, the present quantity of sewage generated in the town is estimated to be close to 28 mld. However, this estimate appears to be on a higher side as it is based on relatively higher per capita water supply rate.

TABLE **: ESTIMATE OF SEWAGE GENERATION IN THANESAR

Service provider / area Population Water supply Sewage

Lit/capita/day mld

PHED covering the ULB and area KDB

108,123 255 18.75

HUDA 37,878 260 6.70

University campus 9,151 350 2.18

Total 155,152 27.62Notes: Water supply rates are based on discussions with the concerned agencies.

About 28 mld of sewage is generated and discharged from four different locations across the town as brought out in the previous section on pumping stations. However, presently there is no sewage treatment taking place in the entire town. While a major part of the town has got sewerage network under the ULB areas as well as the planned developments of HUDA and University campus, but none of the four agencies delivering basic services has constructed a sewage treatment plant for the sewage generated in its areas. However it is understood that two plants are coming up and the details are presented in Table ** below.

It is understood that for the sewage generated in the area serviced ULB/ PHED and HUDA, construction for the treatment plant is about to commence. This plant is planned to come up near Narkatari in the western part of the city where a sewage pumping station is also located. Land for the plant has been acquired and boundary wall has been constructed. The plant capacity is planned to 25 mld and it going to be based on the sequential batch reactor (SBR) technology. The plant is expected to be put it is in operation sometime in 2015.

For the University campus another small treatment plant is under construction and it is likely to be commissioned towards the end of 2014. Capacity of this plant is 2.4 MLD which is based on simple oxidation pond technology. The plant is located within the campus.

TABLE **: PLANNED SEWAGE TREATMENT CAPACITY FOR THANESAR

Sl.Nr. Location Year of estb. Installed Capacity

Technology used

Ownership O&M agency

1 Narkatari Road 2015 25 mld SBR ULB/PHED ULB/PHED

2 University campus

2014 (under construction)

2.4 mld Oxidation pond

University University

The combined planned capacity for sewage treatment is just about equal to the estimates for the present volume of generation. Thus it is evident that the planned capacity is going to meet only the immediate requirements and does not take into account future population growth.

3.3.1 Service Level Benchmarks

Parameters SLB Norm (%) Current Status (%)

Coverage of toilets 100 94

Coverage of sewage network services 100 79

Adequacy of sewage treatment 100 0

Quality of sewage treatment 100 0

Extent of reuse and recycling of sewage 20 0

Efficiency in redressal of customer complaints

80 40

Extent of cost recovery in sewage management

100 20 (Sewerage is included as a part of water supply)

Efficiency in collection of sewage charges 90 60

Source: Census 2011, PHED- Kurukshetra, MclThanesar, HUDA

STORM WATER DRAINAGE

With rising urbanization, increasing population density and increasing built up/ paved areas, the problem of storm water drainage is attaining larger dimensions. This is particularly so due to the unique monsoon rainfall pattern as experienced in the Indian subcontinent. Most of the towns in the country get adversely affected due to short-duration-high-intensity rainfall where the available infrastructure is unable to cope with the surge of surface run off, leading to temporary flooding/ stagnation in important areas, let alone the low lying low income areas.

From this point of view, Thanesar appears to be reasonably endowed as it is located on a raised ground and the dried up Saraswati River on the north offers evacuation of surface runoff. However, there are issues related to infrastructure, localized flooding, etc. which are described in this section.

Drainage in the ULB and KDB areas

In the areas serviced jointly by ULB and PHED there is no formal underground storm water drainage system. The sewerage network that has been provided in the recent years is primarily for black water and is not designed for accommodating surface runoff. About 60-70% of the area has open gutters on the side of the roads for carrying surface runoff, however in many areas where sewer connectivity is not available, they invariably receive sullage and overflows from septic tanks. In some areas as mentioned in an earlier section, some households directly let out sewage into the roadside open gutters. Where feasible, roadside gutters are connected to the nearest natural drain and accordingly majority of them are ending up in Saraswati River. Other minor drains are discharging either in to water bodies, sewers, low lying area or open fields. In this context, it is noteworthy that the sacred water bodies viz., Brahma Sarovar and Sanihit Sarovar are fully protected and do not receive surface runoff and therefore their water quality is almost pristine. However, other water bodies such as Suryakund in Ward nr. 6 help in absorbing surface runoff.

In many parts of the town proper outlets for surface runoff are not available or discharge capacity is low. Secondly, the embankments for the railway lines which are running all through the middle of the town are obstructing drainage. The situation is further complicated due to inadequate number of culverts under the railway line. As a result areas along the embankment experience localized flooding during monsoon. Along a part of the railway line near Gandhi Nagar and Surya Kund there are slum settlements/ squatters which are occasionally affected. As regards evacuation of storm water from the central part of the town, there is one major natural open drain/ rivulet which flows from the new grain market and joins River Saraswati towards the north side of the town.

Poor solid waste management in the town is another issue which affects discharge capacity of drains and leads to localized flooding in residential and market areas in case of intense showers. Open gutters are routinely cleaned by municipal workers, however, the sludge and debris are invariably left to dry on the road sides which impair aesthetics and cause discomfort to people.

Drainage is HUDA sectors

In the planned sectors for residential and commercial use developed by HUDA (Ward nr. 12-17) on the eastern part of the town, storm water drainage in some areas is through roadside open gutters and in others through underground pipes - the latter varying from 300 to

1200 mm in diameter. The combined storm water is finally discharged into Saraswati River on the north. These areas typically do not experience the problem of flooding/stagnation of storm water.

Drainage in University campus

The University campus has 100% coverage through roadside open gutters. The collected surface runoff is eventually let out into a natural open drain which flows on the southwest side of the town/campus towards Village Khirmich. Currently this drain also receives untreated sewage from the campus. Apparently farmers on the downstream use the combined flow for irrigation.

Service Levels

Service levels for drainage aspect are presented in Table **. As per the Census 2011, although coverage is reported to be 90%, however as explained in preceding paragraphs there are issues with connectivity, discharge capacity and blockage due to poor solid waste management in the town. As regards incidence of flooding, according to the service providers, this is not a major issue.

TABLE: STORM WATER DRAINAGE SERVICE LEVELS IN THANESAR

Parameters SLB (%) Service level (%)

Coverage of storm water drainage network 100 901

Incidence of water logging/flooding 10 32

Notes: 1. As per Census 2011.2. Information from PHED, Municipal Council of Thanesar and HUDA.

MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

The poor level of municipal solid waste management is evident from a casual transect across the town, offers poor aesthetics for tourist, pilgrims and casual visitors alike and which makes an undesirable impression about the level of environmental sanitation. Salient aspects of the waste management system across the four areas are presented in the sections that follow.

Waste management in the ULB area

The Municipality of Thanesar has not introduced the practice of primary door collection or segregation of waste at source in any of the wards serviced by it. Instead it resorts to the system of community waste depots (CWD) wherein residents/ waste generators are supposed to dispose of mixed waste individually in receptacles installed at designated locations in each community. On an average there are two CWDs and thus the ULB covers about 45-50 CWDs. In view of the widespread littering and heaps of waste observed all across the city, collection efficiency is under 50%.

Further, the ULB has not introduced a separate system for collection of construction debris and demolition wastes. As a result, this type of waste is usually dumped and disposed off indiscriminately along roads or on vacant plots and low lying areas.

The quantity of total MSW from the ULB and KDB area is estimated to be in the range of 35-40 MT/d, which is based on tractor trolley loads as reported by the ULB. The municipality does not have a weigh bridge, does not maintain record of tractor trolley loads and thus it is not possible to verify these estimates independently.

There is no solid waste treatment facility and thus the combined untreated waste from the ULB area is disposed in an open dump site near Sunderpur area which is in the southern part of the town.

The municipality of Thanesar does not have a facility for either volume reduction, treatment or safe disposal of the collected solid waste from its own area and from the other agencies providing services in their respective areas. As a result, the mixed untreated waste from the ULB area and the KDB area is disposed of in a rather unsafe manner on an open dump site. The dump site which has been in use for past several years is located near Sunderpur in the south-eastern part of the town. The site is owned by the ULB, however it has not made any arrangements for control of leachate, runoff, odour, air borne litter or disease vectors.

Insert Photos **** of the dump site.

The municipal council has four tractor trolleys, two dumpers, one JCB and 50 wheel barrows for collection and disposal of waste. It has not perceived the need for an in house workshop for maintenance of these vehicles, instead they are serviced and repaired from outside.

Waste management in KDB area

In this area, domestic waste is not a major issue because residential population is limited. Waste collection happens through CWDs where residents, shop owners and others are expected to bring their own waste. KDB uses its own staff – about 50 workers , who are involved in collection and transfer of this waste to nearby CWDs serviced by the ULB. KDB has a single tractor trolley and 10 hand carts for this purpose. The ULB lifts this waste for further transport and disposal at its own dump site near Sunderpur.

Waste management in HUDA area

In the sectors developed by HUDA, it is intriguing that solid waste management and road sweeping operations are not handed over to the municipality, and instead the developing agency still continues to be the service provider.

HUDA has introduced primary door collection service in some sectors with the help of resident welfare associations and informal private service providers. The collected waste is brought to designated CWD location. It is estimated that about 60% of the population in HUDA sectors is serviced by this system while the balance 40% is serviced through the CWDs which are installed at convenient locations in each sector. Thus in these areas, almost 100% population is serviced.

HUDA has about 8 tractor trolleys for collection and transport of solid waste from all the CWDs in its area. The combined waste load - estimated to be around 10 MT/d, is transported and disposed of at an open dump site. The dump site is located in Sector 2, behind Tau Devilal Park and in the vicinity of the GT Road/ NH1. Evidently, HUDA does not have a treatment facility and thus untreated waste is disposed of in an indiscriminate manner

sans any measures for controlling leachate, odour, air borne litter or the risk of disease vectors. This practice has lead to frequent complaints by nearby residents.

Waste management in University campus

As mentioned earlier, the University area has its own separate establishment for maintenance of the campus utilities and services. This department also provides solid waste management services. The quantity of domestic solid waste generated in the campus is estimated to be around 3 MT/d – comprising waste from residences, hostels, canteens/ mess, institutions, etc. In addition, because of good tree cover and lawns, etc. the campus also generates a large quantity of brush – grass cuttings and dry leaves, etc. on regular basis. However, there are no estimates available for the latter category of waste.

The campus administration/ utility department has not introduced primary door collection service. Instead, as in other parts of the town, here also collection is carried out through the CWD system where the waste generators are required to bring their waste individually. In the case of hostels, etc. waste from the kitchen is taken away by farmers practicing cattle/ livestock rearing. In absence of door collection system, it is not clear if and how segregation of waste is practiced within the campus. It is understood that there are about 50 CWDs in the entire campus and the waste is lifted once in two days. Lack of a daily lifting service represents shortage of staff, vehicles and/or resources.

There is only one tractor trolley owned by the University which is used for lifting and transporting the waste to the disposal site. There is no formal facility for treatment or safe disposal of the collected waste. The University has its own dump site within the campus where bulk of the waste is disposed of in open. The practices does not involve any measures for control of leachate, runoff, airborne litter or disease vectors. It is learned that from time to time biodegradable waste, including brush is buried in the ground for composting. However, this is an area of concern as in absence of an impermeable leachate control layer, this practice poses risk of contamination of groundwater and the domestic supply.

Street Sweeping

Streets sweeping in each area is provided by the respective service providers. Generally the main roads are cleaned once a day during morning hours. Likewise, the concerned staff is also required to carry out cleaning of open roadside drains. These waste streams are generally disposed of in the nearest CWDs for further transport to the disposal site. The ULB or any of the other agencies do not maintain data on the quantity street sweeping and drain sludge waste.

Conservancy staff

The ULB has about 352 conservancy staff comprising 121 regular staff and 231 contract labour. There are a wide range of issues which affect performance of the waste collectors and sweepers e.g., absenteeism, proxy, lack of discipline, poor working habits, etc. This staff is generally also not found to use personal protection equipment, e.g., gloves, caps, masks, etc. Citywide scenario

Thanesar town as a whole generates about 55 MT/d of MSW. However, on special occasions when it witnesses a surge in floating pilgrim population, waste loads can be three to five times higher. In absence of a robust collection system and land for a sanitary landfill

site for safe disposal, there is an urgent need for a robust treatment facility in the form of an incinerator/ mass burn facility. Feasibility of a regional facility serving several small and big municipalities around Thanesar needs to be explored and assessed.

Hospital Waste Management

Quantity of biomedical waste from hospitals, nursing homes, dispensaries, etc. is estimated to be under 100 kg/d. Waste from the civil hospital is about 20 kg/d. This category of waste is handled by a private service provider called M/s Rudraksh Enviro Care which apparently offers fairly reliable service. The waste is collected and transported to Chandigarh for treatment and safe disposal.

TABLE **: SERVICE LEVELS FOR MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Parameters SLB Norm Current Status

Household level coverage of solid waste management services

100% < 20%

Efficiency of collection of municipal solid waste

100% <50%

Extent of segregation of municipal solid waste

100% 0

Extent of municipal solid waste recovered

80% 0

Extent of scientific disposal of municipal solid waste

100% 0

Efficiency in redressal of customer complaints

80% <30%

Extent of cost recovery in SWM services

100% 0

Efficiency in collection of SWM charges

90% 0