Status and Plans for Indirect Drive on NIFlibrary.psfc.mit.edu/catalog/online_pubs/iap/iap2017/hsing.pdfLLNL-PRES-718178 LLNL-PRES-XXXXXX This work was performed under the auspices

LLNL-PRES-7181781

High-Energy-DensityScienceattheNationalIgnitionFacility(NIF)

Warren HsingHigh Energy Density Science & Technology Leader, LLNLPresentation to: MIT UROPJan 13, 2016LLNL-PRES-718178

LLNL-PRES-XXXXXX This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under Contract DE-AC52-07NA27344. Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC

Status and Plans for Indirect Drive on NIF

FY15 Ignition Strategic Review

May 18th 2015, Washington DC John Edwards ICF Program Director, LLNL

LLNL-PRES-7181782

§ National Ignition Facility

§ Inertial Confinement Fusion experiments on NIF

§ Discovery science experiments on NIF

§ Diagnostic capabilities

§ Summary

Outline

LLNL-PRES-7181783

The National Ignition Facility is the world’s most energetic laser

LLNL-PRES-7181784

LLNL-PRES-7181785

NIF concentrates 192 laser beams (~10 kJ each at 351 nm) into a few mm3 in a few nanoseconds

Mattertemperature >108 KRadiationtemperature >3.5 x 106 KDensities >102 g/cm3

Pressures >1011 atm

LLNL-PRES-7181786

We performed 416 shots in FY16 – shot rate has been increasing

§ Four major groups of users— ICF— HED Stewardship Science— Discovery Science— National Security Applications

§ Developing the capability for enhanced data rate experiments— 5 shots in 25 hours used to

characterize x-ray and proton sources

— 8 shots in 28 hours used to develop backlighter sources

— More experiments enable a faster rate of learning, more exploration, and more users on the facility

Targetshots byquarterandshotrate

LLNL-PRES-7181787

Over 50 active target diagnostics enable cutting edge science on the NIF

Year

Number of active target diagnostics

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

Nuclear Xray Optical

Cum

ulat

ive

Dia

gnos

tic C

ount

• LLNL • MIT• LANL • CEA• LLE • Duke

• NSTec • SNL• U of M • GSI• LBNL • AWE

LLNL-PRES-7181788

New diagnostics are needed to develop new insights and applications

~10-15 diagnostics are used on every target shot

n imageYield, Tion, mix, rho-r, bang time, …

VISAR

BackscatterFABS/NBI

EHXI, FFLEX

1D, 2D, spectroscopy, bang time

LLNL-PRES-7181789

NIF can reach a broad range of regimes for High Energy Density (HED) Science spanning ultra-dense-matter to high temperature plasmas

9We now have the ability to study relevant physics in those regimes

8

6

4

2

-5 50

Log

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

Log density(g/cm3)

Earth’s core

Jupiter

Log density (g*cm-3)

Log

tem

pera

ture

(K)

solid

HED regime P>1Mbar = .1 MJ/cc

Super Novaremnant

Inertial fusion

LLNL-PRES-71817810

Indirect Drive Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) uses a hohlraum to convert laser energy to X-rays

§ Hohlraum should provide — Spatial smoothing of the laser— Symmetric x-ray illumination of the capsule

which results in uniform ablation of capsule— Temporal shaping of the X-ray drive

resulting in an implosion with the required velocity and adiabat

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory 5 Pxxxxxx.ppt – Edwards, FY15 Review, 5/18/15

XGray+drive+igni9on+requires+the+hohlraum+to+provide+a+symmetric+implosion+with+required+velocity+and+adiabat+

Laser "Pulse-shape"

Plastic Ablator

Gold hohlraum wall

Helium gas

Laser entrance hole (LEH)

~ 1cm


XGray+drive+igni9on+requires+the+hohlraum+to+provide+a+symmetric+implosion+with+required+velocity+and+adiabat+

Laser "Pulse-shape"

Plastic Ablator

Gold hohlraum wall

Helium gas

Laser entrance hole (LEH)

~ 1cm

Laser Pulse Shape

~ 1

cm

Plastic, Diamond or Be

LLNL-PRES-71817811

The capsule compresses DT fuel and creates a hot core

R.Betti,etal.,PhysicsofPlasmas17,058102(2010).

DT Shell

𝟏𝟐 𝑴𝑽

𝟐e~𝟐𝝅𝑹𝟑𝑷

V – peak shell velocity

DT gas

Energy balance: Hotspot internalenergy at stagnationShell kinetic

energy

Hot spot

DT Shell

Hotspot

Hotspot coupling

LLNL-PRES-71817812

Ignition requires: high V,

high compression rR, and high HS coupling 𝜺

Hot spot𝜏~ 𝑅 ��⁄

�~

𝜌𝑅𝑃 𝑅

�

𝑀�� = 4𝜋𝑅7𝑃

R.Betti,etal.,PhysicsofPlasmas17,058102(2010).

Newton’s Law:

𝑀 ≈ 𝜌𝑟4𝜋𝑅7For a thin shell:

DT Shell

Hotspot

Combining together gives𝑷𝝉~𝜺𝟏/𝟐×𝝆𝑹×𝑽

𝟏𝟐 𝑴𝑽

𝟐𝜺~𝟐𝝅𝑹𝟑𝑷From earlier:

r

R𝜌𝑟~𝜌𝑅For a massive shell:

The hotspot is inertially confined by the assembled shell rR

LLNL-PRES-71817813

§ Quantities have alpha-heating off as a measure of implosion quality

Lawson criteria measures progress toward ignition Current status cno-a =Pt/PtIGN ~ 0.65

ignition

t

a

a

LLNL-PRES-71817814

§ Quantities have alpha-heating off as a measure of implosion quality

§ Implosions are grouped into high convergence ~ 45 and lower convergence < 35

§ Lower convergence implosions have performed better – better hydrodynamic stability

§ Experiments have since confirmed that these lower convergence implosions are more stable at the ablation front

Lawson criteria measures progress toward ignition Current status cno-a =Pt/PtIGN ~ 0.65

ignition

t

a

a

Higher convergenceMore unstable

Lower convergenceMore stable

LLNL-PRES-71817815

We can plot an equivalent Lawson criteria in terms of measurable quantities for ICF: Yield X rho-r

§ Highest yield shots to date have significant alpha heating contribution ~ no-alpha yield

§ Diamond (HDC) ablators are .85x scale

cno-a

r

LLNL-PRES-71817816

The first published measurements of high-rR came from the Magnetic Recoil Spectrometer, an MIT led diagnostic

Assembly of High-Areal-Density Deuterium-Tritium Fuelfrom Indirectly Driven Cryogenic Implosions

A. J. Mackinnon,1 J. L. Kline,3 S. N. Dixit,1 S. H. Glenzer,1 M. J. Edwards,1 D. A. Callahan,1 N. B. Meezan,1 S.W. Haan,1

J. D. Kilkenny,5 T. Doppner,1 D. R. Farley,1 J. D. Moody,1 J. E. Ralph,1 B. J. MacGowan,1 O. L. Landen,1 H. F. Robey,1

T. R. Boehly,2 P.M. Celliers,1 J. H. Eggert,1 K. Krauter,1 G. Frieders,1 G. F. Ross,1 D.G. Hicks,1 R. E. Olson,4 S. V. Weber,1

B. K. Spears,1 J. D. Salmonsen,1 P. Michel,1 L. Divol,1 B. Hammel,1 C.A. Thomas,1 D. S. Clark,1 O. S. Jones,1

P. T. Springer,1 C. J. Cerjan,1 G.W. Collins,1 V. Y. Glebov,2 J. P. Knauer,2 C. Sangster,2 C. Stoeckl,2 P. McKenty,2

J.M. McNaney,1 R. J. Leeper,4 C. L. Ruiz,4 G.W. Cooper,8 A.G. Nelson,8 G. G.A. Chandler,4 K.D. Hahn,4 M. J. Moran,1

M. B. Schneider,1 N. E. Palmer,1 R.M. Bionta,1 E. P. Hartouni,1 S. LePape,1 P. K. Patel,1 N. Izumi,1 R. Tommasini,1

E. J. Bond,1 J. A. Caggiano,1 R. Hatarik,1 G. P. Grim,3 F. E. Merrill,3 D.N. Fittinghoff,1 N. Guler,3 O. Drury,1

D. C. Wilson,3 H.W. Herrmann,3 W. Stoeffl,1 D. T. Casey,6 M.G. Johnson,6 J. A. Frenje,6 R. D. Petrasso,6 A. Zylestra,6

H. Rinderknecht,6 D.H. Kalantar,1 J.M. Dzenitis,1 P. Di Nicola,1 D. C. Eder,1 W.H. Courdin,1 G. Gururangan,1

S. C. Burkhart,1 S. Friedrich,1 D. L. Blueuel,1 l. A. Bernstein,1 M. J. Eckart,1 D. H. Munro,1 S. P. Hatchett,1

A. G. Macphee,1 D. H. Edgell,2 D.K. Bradley,1 P.M. Bell,1 S.M. Glenn,1 N. Simanovskaia,1 M.A. Barrios,1 R. Benedetti,1

G.A. Kyrala,3 R. P. J. Town,1 E. L. Dewald,1 J. L. Milovich,1 K. Widmann,1 A. S. Moore,7 G. LaCaille,1 S. P. Regan,2

L. J. Suter,1 B. Felker,1 R. C. Ashabranner,1 M. C. Jackson,1 R. Prasad,1 M. J. Richardson,1 T. R. Kohut,1 P. S. Datte,1

G.W. Krauter,1 J. J. Klingman,1 R. F. Burr,1 T. A. Land,1 M.R. Hermann,1 D.A. Latray,1 R. L. Saunders,1 S. Weaver,1

S. J. Cohen,1 L. Berzins,1 S. G. Brass,1 E. S. Palma,1 R. R. Lowe-Webb,1 G.N. McHalle,1 P. A. Arnold,1 L. J. Lagin,1

C. D. Marshall,1 G.K. Brunton,1 D.G. Mathisen,1 R. D. Wood,1 J. R. Cox,1 R. B. Ehrlich,1 K.M. Knittel,1 M.W. Bowers,1

R. A. Zacharias,1 B. K. Young,1 J. P. Holder,1 J. R. Kimbrough,1 T. Ma,1 K.N. La Fortune,1 C. C. Widmayer,1 M. J. Shaw,1

G.V. Erbert,1 K. S. Jancaitis,1 J.M. DiNicola,1 C. Orth,1 G. Heestand,1 R. Kirkwood,1 C. Haynam,1 P. J. Wegner,1

P. K. Whitman,1 A. Hamza,1 E. G. Dzenitis,1 R. J. Wallace,1 S. D. Bhandarkar,1 T.G. Parham,1 R. Dylla-Spears,1

E. R. Mapoles,1 B. J. Kozioziemski,1 J. D. Sater,1 C. F. Walters,1 B. J. Haid,1 J. Fair,1 A. Nikroo,5 E. Giraldez,5 K. Moreno,5

B. Vanwonterghem,1 R. L. Kauffman,1 S. Batha,3 D.W. Larson,1 R. J. Fortner,1 D.H. Schneider,1 J. D. Lindl,1

R.W. Patterson,1 L. J. Atherton,1 and E. I. Moses1

1Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA2Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA

3Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, 87545, USA4Sandia National Laboratory, New Mexico 87123, USA

5General Atomics, General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA6Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA

7AWE, Aldermaston, Reading, Berkshire, RG7 4PR, United Kingdom8Chemical and Nuclear Engineering Department, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131

(Received 18 December 2011; published 24 May 2012)

The National Ignition Facility has been used to compress deuterium-tritium to an average areal density

of !1:0" 0:1 g cm#2, which is 67% of the ignition requirement. These conditions were obtained using

192 laser beams with total energy of 1–1.6 MJ and peak power up to 420 TW to create a hohlraum drive

with a shaped power profile, peaking at a soft x-ray radiation temperature of 275–300 eV. This pulse

delivered a series of shocks that compressed a capsule containing cryogenic deuterium-tritium to a radius

of 25–35 !m. Neutron images of the implosion were used to estimate a fuel density of 500–800 g cm#3.

DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.215005 PACS numbers: 52.57.#z, 52.38.#r, 52.50.#b

In indirect-drive inertial confinement fusion, laser en-ergy is converted to thermal x rays inside a high-Z cavity(hohlraum) [1]. These x rays then ablate the outer layers ofa cryogenically layered deuterium-tritium (DT) filledlow-Z capsule placed at the center of the hohlraum, caus-ing the capsule to implode, compressing and heating thedeuterium and tritium ions. To achieve fusion ignition, theplasma density and temperature must be maintained toinitiate a self propagating burn wave before disassembly

or cooling reduces the fusion reaction rate and hence fusionpower gain below the power losses of radiation and thermalconduction. To efficiently burn a significant fraction of theDT fuel, areal densities ("R) larger than 1 g cm#2 arerequired [1,2]. Previously the highest "R (0:295"0:044 g cm#2) was measured in direct drive experimentson the Omega laser at the University of Rochester [3].These experiments used a laser pulse shape that was tunedto produce a low adiabat implosion (where the in-flight (IF)

PRL 108, 215005 (2012) P HY S I CA L R EV I EW LE T T E R Sweek ending25 MAY 2012

0031-9007=12=108(21)=215005(5) 215005-1 ! 2012 American Physical Society

CR-39

Target CH-foil or CD-foil

6-28 MeV (p)3-14 MeV (d)

ExitEntrance

Detector housing

LLNL-PRES-71817817

Ignition on NIF requires convergence ~ 35 to reach ~350 Gbars and 1000 gm/cc

~ .1 mm

~1000 gm/ccDense DT shell

Hot spot

100 gm/cc5 keV

rR ~ 1.5 g/cm2

P ~ 350 GB

Eignition ~ ρR3T ~ρR( )3 T 3

Pstag2

But experiments are like this

If nature were 1 D

NIS!

Polar emission!

D T

na

LLNL-PRES-71817818

Currently the conditions are ~ 2x from what is needed

~500 gm/cc

~40 gm/cc~ 5 keV

~.75 gm/cc~ 200 GB

Best performance on a single shot

~ .1 mm

~1000 gm/ccCold DT shell

Hot spot

100 gm/cc5 keV

a redepositsenergy

rR ~ 1.5 g/ccP ~ 350 GB

LLNL-PRES-71817819

Two major factors currently believed to be limiting performance are hydro instabilities and drive symmetry

Oncetheseissuesareaddressed,theremaybeothersthatmayhavetobesolved


Two+major+factors+(and+surprises)+are+believed+to+be+limi9ng+current+performance+(also+prominent+in+NIC)+Poor%control%of%9me+dependent+%

drive%symmetry%from%the%hohlraum%(PRD:%drive%target%coupling)%

These%are%the%focus%of%the%immediate%go%forward%program%Once%resolved,%other%factors%may%have%to%be%overcome%%to%achieve%igni2on%such%as%prehea2ng%by%hot%electrons%

Hydrodynamic%instability%seeded%by%the%capsule+support+

(PRD:%Implosion)%

~%50%µm%~%500%µm%

~%5000%µm%Post%NIC%experiments%were%designed%to%reduce%instability+






(PRD:%Implosion)%

~%50%µm%~%500%µm%


Poor time-dependent control of x-ray flux symmetry from the hohlraum

Hydrodynamic instabilities seeded by capsule features: support & fill tube

LLNL-PRES-71817820

Hydrodynamic instabilities can cause mix and prevent efficient stagnation


Hydro+instability+can+disrupt+the+capsule,+cause+mix+and+prevent+efficient+stagna9on++

XSrays%preheat%ablator%

Tent%Fill%tube%Surface%roughness%

Surface%roughness%

Bulk%inhomogeneity%

Pulse%shape%Dopant%(less%beeer)%Ablator%

Dopant%(more%beeer)%Drive%spectrum%

Seed% Control%

Focused%experiments%are%needed%to%validate%models%and%guide%mi2ga2ons%Focusedexperimentsneededtoguidemitigationsandimprovemodels

Alternate tent and fill tube supports

LLNL-PRES-71817821

Techniques and diagnostics are being developed to measure in all phases of the implosion


500 um

300 um

750 um

900 um

Techniques+now+exist+to+measure+instability+in+all+important+phases+of+the+implosion+–+improvements+planned+

This%will%allow%us%to%validate%our%understanding%and%modeling%and%guide%mi2ga2ons%

•  Abla2on%front%%–%accelera2on%phase%HGR%

•  AblatorSice%interface%%–%accelera2on%phase%layered%HGR%

•  Decelera2on%growth%by%self%backligh2ng%

• %%%%%Measure%mix%at%peak%compression%%%%%%%%%%%–%Meteor%imaging,%spectroscopy%%%%%%%%%%%–%CD%layers%HYDRA simulations

110%nm%%tent%

45%nm%%tent%

LLNL-PRES-71817822

In-flight x-ray radiography measurements of rippled spherical capsules allows experimental Rayleigh-Taylor growth factors to be compared with simulations

RippledLower convergencedesign

z(cm)

R(c

m)

Higher convergencedesign

Simulations - density plots

Growthfactorvs modenumber

LLNL-PRES-71817823

Imaging a single limb of the capsule in the Hydro-Growth Radiography (HGR) target quantifies the rR perturbation

600 µm

0.0

-0.4

0.4

OD

-0.2

0.2

45-nm tent

110-nm tent

divots

laser

backlighter

30 µm FT @ 65 Hz

tent

Removing the tent is still a work in progressSeveral options being pursued and tested

H. Robey, V. Smalyuk

Minimal wire support

wires perpto page

wires parallelto page

Supported fill tube

LLNL-PRES-71817824

Implosions using diamond ablators showed a prominent jet of material at the location of fill tube greater than predicted






(PRD:%Implosion)%

~%50%µm%~%500%µm%


LLNL-PRES-71817825

Radiographic measurements of the fill tube perturbation revealed an issue not captured in 2D simulations

laser

backlighter

tent Fill tube

Rho-r variations ~ in magnitude to fill tube

LLNL-PRES-71817826

Imaging the fill tube perturbation revealed an issue not captured in 2D simulations

laser

backlighter

tent Fill tube

Rho-r variations ~ in magnitude to fill tube

We are developing mitigations – smaller 5µ fill tubes, prepulse expansion

Beam spotscreateX-ray shadows

Q31T

Q26B

Q36TQ26T A. MacPhee

LLNL-PRES-71817827

Two major factors currently believed to be limiting performance are hydro instabilities and drive symmetry

Oncetheseissuesareaddressed,theremaybeothersthatmayhavetobesolved






(PRD:%Implosion)%

~%50%µm%~%500%µm%







(PRD:%Implosion)%

~%50%µm%~%500%µm%


Poor time-dependent control of x-ray flux symmetry from the hohlraum

Hydrodynamic instabilities seeded by capsule features: support & fill tube

LLNL-PRES-71817828

Gas-filled hohlraums are complex environments

Hot electron preheat

X-rays, M-band

Inverse Bremsstrahlung Absorption(collisional absorption)

Parametric instabilities cause- Scattered light (200kJ backscattered)- Hot electrons (preheat fuel)

Cross beam energy transfer is needed to transfer energy to inner beams in high gas fill hohlraums

Thermal Conduction to walls

Walls expand inward and radiate X-raysCapsules ablate and plasma expands outwards

Lowergasfillswherelaserplasmainstabilitiesarelowistheapproachnowbeingtaken–challengeisplasmafilling

LLNL-PRES-71817829

Adding a little gas helps: looks promising for longer pulses needed for CH and Be, and appear to further reduce symmetry swings

LLNL-PRES-681338 24

Less need for ad-hoc drive multipliers in order to match measured bang-time

Gas-fill study

P0 = 158 μm P2 = -10 μm

P0 = 63 μm P2/P0 = -19%

In flight

300 µm

100 µm

Stagnation

Best operating range?

Shape

P0 = 156 μm P2 = -7.5 μm

P0 = 67 μm P2/P0 = -35%

Exp

t. S

im.


LLNL-PRES-681338 24

Less need for ad-hoc drive multipliers in order to match measured bang-time

Gas-fill study

P0 = 158 μm P2 = -10 μm

P0 = 63 μm P2/P0 = -19%

In flight

300 µm

100 µm

Stagnation

Best operating range?

Shape

P0 = 156 μm P2 = -7.5 μm

P0 = 67 μm P2/P0 = -35%

Exp

t. S

im.


LLNL-PRES-71817830

Focused experiments are underway to measure the temperature and wall motion in gas fill hohlraums

Allowsustocompareingreaterdetailwheremodelsdeviate

Innerbeam

Outerbeam

Gold bubble expansion and spot motion

Bubble-capsuleinteraction

Ne,Te,flowinbeampath&energydeposition

Ne,Te,Z*goldbubblehighlyresolvedspectra Mn:Co thermometer

LLNL-PRES-71817831

Ways to mitigate wall motion are being developed

Allowsustoimprovesymmetryoruselargercapsulesandcouplemoreenergy

Innerbeam

Outerbeam

Low density foam

20 mg/cc Ta2O5 delays filling by ~1 ns

LLNL-PRES-71817832

On approach to reduce to the impact of asymmetrical drive is to reduce the convergence of the implosion

0 10 20 30 40 501

10

100

Convergence ratio

1D Y

OC

[bur

n−of

f]

Low footHigh footHDC2−shockIDEP

0 10 20 30 40 501

10

100

Convergence ratio

1D Y

OC

[bur

n−on

]

Low footHigh footHDC2−shockIDEP

YOCvs.Convergenceratio

Limitedbyachievablevelocity(andavailable

energy)

Increasingsensitivityto3Derrors

Ignitionspace

Ignitionspace

LLNL-PRES-71817833

Recent experiments have demonstrated the ability to get symmetrical implosions with convergence ~ 25


A+li\le+gas+may+help+symmetry+control++–+without+compromising+on+LPI,+hot+electrons;+more+to+do+

P2 = 4 um P2 = 5 um P2 ~ 2 µm

P0 = 55 um

800 µm

800 µm

Implosion of 80µm undoped diamond shell 6.72mm, 0.6 mg/cc He

370 TW, 1.1 MJ, 5.5 ns pulse (33% cone fraction)

Oggie Jones

P0 = 55 um

300 µm

Key%results%%•  Coupling%remains%high,%very%low%LPI%/%hot%electrons%%•  Symmetric%implosion,%predicted+by+code++

(a~3,%CR~20,%v%~%230%km/s)%

•  Predicted%drive%spectrum%slightly%too%hard%

§ Key results

§ • Coupling remains high, very low LPI / hot electrons with intermediate gas fill (.6mg/cc He)

§ • Symmetric implosion, predicted by code (a~3, CR~20, v ~ 230 km/s)

§ • Predicted drive spectrum slightly too hard

Wearealsoexploringlowerconvergence,higheradiabat implosions

LLNL-PRES-71817834

§ Develop a near 1D implosion close to ignition space that is understood and predictable— Identify through measurements, issues and develop mitigations

§ Slopes around that space that is understood and predictable

§ Understand the key physics necessary for ID ignition

Goals for IDI over the next 5 years

LLNL-PRES-71817835



8

6

4

2

-5 50

Log

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

Log density(g/cm3)

Earth’s core

Jupiter


Log

tem

pera

ture

(K)

solid


Super Novaremnant Shock heating

LLNL-PRES-71817836

Weareabletoreach~Gbar shockpressureswhereionizationeffectstheequationofstate

Density (g/cm3)3 4 5

Pres

sure

(Gba

r)

10

1.0

0.1

0.01

.001

Quantum model

ThomasFermi

Nova data

Omega data

Osaka data

CH

X-ray Radiography

backlighter

Thomson scattering

sample

Neutron time of flight

Gigabar Equation of State experiment

Kraus, Swift, Doeppner, Kritcher, Falcone, et al.

University collaboration with NIF

Convergent single shock radiography

us

up

LLNL-PRES-71817837



8

6

4

2

-5 50

Log

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

Log density(g/cm3)

Earth’s core

Jupiter


Log

tem

pera

ture

(K)

solid


Super Novaremnant

Ramp Compression

LLNL-PRES-71817838

[RayF.Smith etal.,Nature511,330(2014)]

The EOS of diamond (carbon) was measured by ramp compression up to 50 Mbar at NIF

Ramp compression conditions created by laser pulse shaping

Velocity of several thicknesses + Lagrangian analysis -> sx-V

Time (ns)

Free

sur

face

vel

ocity

(Km

/s)

15 18 21

25

50

0

50

40

30

20

10

0

Fre

e-S

urf

ac

e V

elo

cit

y (

km

/s)

21201918171615Time (ns)

140 µm Diamond 151 µm Diamond 162 µm Diamond

5

4

3

2

1

0

Stre

ss (

TPa)

1210864Density (g/cc)

Isent

rope

Hugo

niot

Stre

ss (M

bar)

50

25

0 Previous solid state data

Data show a significantly stiffer response compared to the isentrope

Ramp data

LLNL-PRES-71817839

The crystal structure of ramp-compressed carbon up to peak pressures of ~15 Mbar on NIF has been measured

Carbon

2q (deg) 30 50 70 90Si

gnal

str

engt

h (a

u)

Exprmnt

FC8 BC8 SC1

0 10 20 30 40Pressure (Mbar)

Tem

pera

ture Carbon phases

0

4000

8000

[Courtesy of Amy Jenei; and Jon Eggert]

Built on work originally pioneered on a laser by J. Wark

VISAR: Determines pressure

Diffraction

X-ray Source Laser

TargetAssembly

Foil

LLNL-PRES-71817840



8

6

4

2

-5 50

Log

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

Log density(g/cm3)

Earth’s core

Jupiter


Log

tem

pera

ture

(K)

solid


Super Novaremnant

Collisionless plasmas

LLNL-PRES-71817841

The NIF astrophysical collisionless shock experiment is seeing the beginning stages of shock formation

Laser hitting the target

X-ray brightening from self-emission of hot plasmas

Foil 1

Foil 2

Self-generated protons imaged with a pinhole onto CR39

[Courtesy of Hye-Sook Park, Youichi Sakawa and Steve Ross]

PIC simul. of Weibel interactions

[Huntington, Nature Phys. (2015)

Omega exprmnt

(Self generated) X-ray imaging

Self-generated proton imaging

LLNL-PRES-71817842

AstrophysicalCollisionless Shockeffortisaworldwidecollaboration

LLNL (USA)H.-S. Park, D. Casey, F. Fiuza,C. Huntington, C. Plechaty,B. Remington, S. Ross D. Ryutov

Osaka University (Japan)Y. Sakawa, H. Takabe,Y. Kuramitsu, T. Morita,Y. Yamaura, T. Ishikawa

University of Chicago (USA)D. Lamb, A. Scopatz, P. Tzeferacos

Rice University (USA)E. Liang, M. Levy

LULI (France)M. Koenig, A. Ravasio

York University (UK)N. Woolsey

University of Michigan (USA)R. P. Drake, C. Kuranz, W. Wan

MIT (USA)R. Petrasso, C. Li, A. Zylstra

Oxford University (UK)G. Gregori, J. Meineke

Princeton University (USA)A. Spitkovsky, D. Caprioli

LLE, Univ. of Rochester (USA)D. Froula, G. Fiskel, P.-Y. Chang

LLNL-PRES-71817843

Collisionlessastrophysical shocks

Magnetogenesis and B field amplification

Direct-drivehydrodynamics

Stellar and Big Bang nucleosynthesis

Charged particle stopping powers

Self-similar instabilities

Iron melt curve,magnetospheres, and habitable Super Earths

Metastabilityof dynamically compressed C

Pressure ionization at extreme densities

Proton radiograph

X-rayradiograph

B-field & optical image of M51

Wark (Oxford) Hemley (Carnegie) Neumayer (GSI) Casner (CEA) Shvarts (Israel)

Zylstra (MIT) Gatu-Johnson (MIT) Gregori (Oxford) Sakawa (Osaka)

Nine new NIF Discovery Science experiments have started in FY16

LLNL-PRES-71817844

New class of petawatt lasers have potential for accessing and probing high energy density conditions

§ High intensity electric and magnetic fields are generated

€

εE2

2= 1 Mbar E ~ 1011 W/cm2 ~ e/r2

electric field in Bohr atom

Hot electrons, protons, Ka, MeV bremstrahlung are generated

€

quiver momentummec

= 1I ~ 1018 W/cm2

I ~ 3 x1015 W/cm2 Hot electrons ------> Ka X-rays

electrons

protons

bremstrahlung

Kalaser

I ~ 1019 W/cm2 Mev Bremstrahlung

I ~ 1020 W/cm2 Mev protons, 400 MG, pair production

LLNL-PRES-71817845

CompressedFF(2.3kJ)

A B

The Advanced Radiographic Capability (ARC) has been commissioned and the first experiments are being performed

ARC beampathDiagnostic beampath

Compressor vessel #1

Parabola vessel

Currently 750 J per beamlet routineWorking towards 1.5kJ per beamlet

High energy x-ray images (eHXI)

Ave. E ~50 keV ~90 keV ~105 keV

LLNL-PRES-71817846

Compton scatteringX-ray radiography with ARC allows imaging of dense, high-z targets

The first use of ARC will be to provide X-ray sources for radiography

ARC

56 keV

Gated X-ray Detector

Material strength data

Ag

ARC22 keV

Complex Hydro dataARC

20µm Au wire

Imploded core scattering

75-200 keV

AXIS

Data from a double shocked HDC sphere

LLNL-PRES-71817847

RadiationTransport,Opacity,&Effects

X-raySourceFormationMulti-layerWolterLocalizedTe/neOpticalTS

ComplexHydrodynamics

Meso-scaleHydroInstabilitiesMulti-layerWolterMixFractionTime-Resolvedg Spect

HighPressureMaterials

IgnitionApplicationsandBurn

Time-resolvedBurn-vs.EnergyTime-Resolvedn/g Spect.–MRS(t)-vs.Space3-Dn/g Imaging-EquilibrationHigh-ResX-raySpect.

DT gas

IceDTgas

Exploding Pusher

IgnitionCapsule

PhaseandstructureTime-dependentX-raydiffractionStrengthMulti-layerWolter

We are investing in “Transformational” diagnostics that are at the resonance between the most compelling needs and the most promising technologies

LLNL-PRES-71817848

48

48

There is a multi-national effort in developing the next generation diagnostics on HED facilities

A new generation of diagnostics is needed to fully exploit our three marvelous HED facilities

LLNL-PRES-71817849

This is a great time for HED science: experimental facilities, diagnostics, computational capabilities and challenging scientific questions to answer

49We VERY MUCH value the partnership we have with MIT on HED science

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6

4

2

-5 50

Log

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

Log density(g/cm3)

Earth’s core

Jupiter


Log

tem

pera

ture

(K)

solid


Super Novaremnant

This work performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under Contract DE-AC52-07NA27344

High Energy Density Summer Scholar Program2017

Seeking students with interest the plasma, hydrodynamic, nuclear and spectroscopic physics associated with the study of matter under extreme conditions

More information can be found: http://students.llnl.govUndergraduate and Graduate students can apply to Job ID 101685:http://careers-ext.llnl.govContact Art Pak ([email protected]) for more information

Documents

Status and Plans for Indirect Drive on NIFlibrary.psfc.mit.edu/catalog/online_pubs/iap/iap2017/hsing.pdfLLNL-PRES-718178 LLNL-PRES-XXXXXX This work was performed under the auspices