Status and perspectivesof

accelerator based neutrino programs

in Europe

V. Palladino/INFN Workshop

Neutrinophysik06.-07. Oktober 2003

DESY, Hamburglonger term aspects beyond present CNGS

on behalf of

the ECFA Muon Study Groups … http://muonstoragerings.web.cern.ch

active around CERN since 1998 (chair A. Blondel, H. Haseroth et al)

in tight collaboration with the US and Japan Muon Collaborations (yearly NuFact Int. Summer Workshop & School)

the BENE EC Network Beams for European Neutrino Experiments

presently finalizing its contract with EC (coord. VP)

now also

First joint Study Week: Mon 17-Fri 21 November @ CERN yet one promising meeting: NO Workshop Venice Dec 3-5

Short biblio http://muonstoragerings.web.cern.ch

+ Web sites of R&D projects: MUSCAT, HARP, TARGET, HORNS, MICE …etc

This can also be at the proper places inside WP

The study of a EU Neutrino Factory at CERN http://nicewww.cern.ch/~molat/neutrino/nf103.pdf

Physics with low energy muons at a Neutrino Complex http://xxx.lanl.gov/pdf/hep-ph/0109217

High intensity neutrino physics: Physics at the fron end of a Neutrino Factory: a quantitative appraisal CERN-TH/2001-131, hep-ph/0105155

Kaon Physics with a high intensity proton driver http://arXiv.org/ps/hep-ph/o107046

Physics opportunities at Higgs Factory http://xxx.lanl.gov/pdf/hep-ph/0109199

Oscillation Physics with a Neutrino Factory CERN-TH/2002-208

… from BENE proposal : coordinate and integrate the activities of the accelerator and particle physics communities working together, in a worldwide context,

towards achieving superior neutrino (ν) beam facilities for Europe.

1) to establish a road map for upgrade of our present facility and the design and construction of new ones

2) to assemble a community capable of sustaining the technical realisation and scientific exploitation of these facilities3) to foster a sequence of carefully prioritized&coordinated initiatives capable to establish, propose and execute the R&D efforts necessary to achieve these goals.

220 signatures

The physics of transitions is proving extremely rewarding and demands long term experimentation with accelerator

European accelerator are an endangered species may extinguish after CNGS & upgrades

a strong initiative is needed options: Superbeams, NuFact, Betabeam + specific detectors

Preliminary road map: head towards it ! pursue NuFact R&D … driver, target, collection …. complex

have CDR ready by LHC startup

anticipating my conclusions …..

Preliminary conclusion: all options very promising NuFact most attractive & challenging

build a Superbeam along the way?

almost free

combine them with a Betabeam?

may exploit sinergies with CERN & EURISOL & GSI

because neutrino flavour transitions DO exist

… beyond a reasonable doubt …. SNO

by now, multiple evidence ..

Solar deficit no more …. … it is e active instead … appearance!

almost max mix (~ solar ~ 200 Km/1 MeV (m

2 ~ 7.1 10-5 eV2) even visible @Japanese reactors

Terrestrial (atmospheric) deficit confirmed …. looks much like

max mix (~ atmo ~ 104 Km/1 GeV (m

2 ~ 2 10-3 eV2)

NB: thou solar surprisingly only ~30 times larger (MSW)

still m2 m

2 ≊ m2

so only 2 wavelenghts exist …. 13 ≊ 23

≡atmo

solar e active

terrestrial

e

The PMNS matrix of neutrino mixings

m212

m223

2323

2323

1313

1313

1212

1212

0

0

001

0

010

0

100

0

0

cs

sc

cse

sec

cs

sc

Ui

i

Solar TerrestrialCP-violation: 0

m223

m212

Pee=1- ….. Pe=

P=1- …..

P=1- …..

P =

Pe = …….

Pe =

Pe=

P= …..

The matrix of neutrino transition probability

Pee=1- ….. Pe= - 4 Re Je12sin2

- 4 Re Je13sin2

- 4 Re Je23sin2

± 8J sinsinsin

P=1- …..

P=1- …..

P = - 4 Re J12sin2

- 4 Re J13sin2

- 4 Re J23sin2

± 8J sinsinsin

Pe = …….

Pe = - 4 … - 4 … - 4 … - (± 8J….

Pe= - 4 Re Je12sin2

- 4 Re Je13sin2

- 4 Re Je23sin2

± 8J sinsinsin

P= …..

The matrix of neutrino transition probability

Pee=1- ….. Pe= - 4 Re Je12sin2

- 4 Re Je13sin2

- 4 Re Je23sin2

± 8J sinsinsin

P=1- …..

P=1- …..

P = - 4 Re J12sin2

- 4 Re J13sin2

- 4 Re J23sin2

± 8J sinsinsin

Pe = …….

Pe = - 4 … - 4 … - 4 … - (± 8J….

Pe= - 4 Re Je12sin2

- 4 Re Je13sin2

- 4 Re Je23sin2

± 8J sinsinsin

P= …..

T & CP violating term e-iδ

universal

The matrix of neutrino transition probability

Experiments ahead of us, for decades ……..

Solar (SuperK,SNO)LBL Reactors (Kamland)

AtmoK2K, NuMI, CNGS

or so … sure smaller, but how

much?

matter effects …. explore the detailed mechanismExplain better

Sign m2 ……. hierarchy or degenaracy?

CPno clue,

so far

the “holy grail of neutrino science ”

an insight into antimatter suppression … CP odd leptogenesis?

What we do not know yet?

All above emphasize subleading transition e

Conventional beam decay channel … (0.1-1% e)

SuperBeam, if MW power ……. need Very Large Detector (water C, Li-Ar) the same as p-decay

Neutrino Factory storage ring ….. & e

manipulate & (& accelerator complex! )accelerate needs Large Magnetic Detector parents ! (SuperMINOS, Li-Ar in B )

BetaBeam storage ring … pure e (& EU accelerator complex)

detectors as SuperBeams

What options do we have? NB: beam + detector configurations

possible, in all cases, for CP, T & CPT studies

50-500 Ktons ie new lab

30-100 KtonsLNGS ! new lab ?

novel

beams

SPL basicsStudy group since 1999 design of a Superconducting Proton Linac (H-, 2.2

GeV). higher brightness beams into the PS for LHC intense beams (4 MW) for neutrino and

radioactive ion physics

H-

RFQ RFQ1 chop. RFQ2DTL CCDTL RFQ1 chop. RFQ2 0.52 0.7 0.8 dump

Source Low Energy section DTL Superconducting section

95 keV 3 MeV 7 MeV 120 MeV 2.2 GeV

40MeV 237MeV

6 m 64 m 584m

PS / Isolde

Stretching andcollimation line

Accumulator Ring

383MeV

chopping

4 m

660 m

CERN 2000-012

Any option relies on a new powerful EU p-driver !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

NB Rapid Cycling Synchrotrons (RCS) also an option: HARP !

Superbeam Conventional SuperBeam: the CERN scheme

Few 100 MeV

e e appearance

A. De Bellephon et al

A. De Bellefon, J. Bouchez, L.Mosca et al.

Astroparticle Observatory N decay

S-Novae atmo

UNO, Hyper-K Liquid Argon

Few 100 MeV

Neutrino Factory: CERN Scheme

e e

e e

Disappearance e e deficit

deficit

Appearance e e excess excess

Appearance … Wrong Charge Signature

e excess Golden excess Silver

! Magnetic detector

MultiGeV

EURadioISotopesOnLine

Moriond Mar 03

!!!

Betabeam & Eurisol

Factor 2*3 !

Few 100 MeV!

Same detector as Superbeam. At the same time!

Radio Isotopes emitters

Pee=1- ….. Pe= - 4 Re Je12sin2

- 4 Re Je13sin2

- 4 Re Je23sin2

± 8J sinsinsin

P=1- …..

P=1- …..

P = - 4 Re J12sin2

- 4 Re J13sin2

- 4 Re J23sin2

± 8J sinsinsin

Pe = …….

Pe = - 4 … - 4 … - 4 … - (± 8J….

Pe= - 4 Re Je12sin2

- 4 Re Je13sin2

- 4 Re Je23sin2

± 8J sinsinsin

P= …..

The matrix of neutrino transition probability

The Neutrino Factory does them all !

SuperBeam, NuFact

BetaBeam, NuFact golden silver

Neutrino Factory again favoured however ….. Long BaseLines then ….

Matter effects are important …. a bonus ? …. a problem?

in addition

Sensitivity toCPV ….

asymmetries can be sizeable ………. particularly for subdominant transitions e transitions again

sin2

CP =

sin

possibly even big ………..

NB: L/E behavior

8J sinsinsin4 [Re Je + Re Je

12]sin2

=

=PCP PCP

=

m2

10-4 eV2

L732Km

10 GeV E

P- P

P+P

=

UT A = CP matter

m2

L2 (Km2) --------------- ------------ 3 10-3 eV2 E (GeV)

Can syst error in the subtraction be controlled?

YES! At Nufact , if N * NKT * detectors

Nyear NKTseveral 10 Ktons

watts & Mtons !!detectors

tg2 2mattermatter=sin /(cos -Amattermatter/m)

Penhanced if m >0 Pdepressed viceversa if m <0

matter 0.7 10-6 NB: L2/E behavior faster than CPshort L, low Eviable?

Matter effects : Matter is CP odd (no e+) …. e again

NuFact cf. conventional sources (cont.):

SuperBeam

Nufact

NuFact onlycan reallymap them

CP =P- P

P+P

asymmetrye at NuFact Betabeam

e Superbeam

T = asymmetry … e at NuFact?

e Betabeam + Superbeam

CPT both asymmetries Betabeam +

Superbeam

All of great interest!

Comparative Physics Reach …. 90% discovery contour for CPV =90° Mezzetto NuFact03

MW Target & Collector

R&D

MW

P driver

A possible Road Map

Superconducting Proton Linac (few GeV/c)

MuonAcceleration

& Storage R&D

MuonIonizationCooling

R&D(MICE)

NuFact +LMD

CP & possibly T

MSW Matter Effects

aim at CDR by LHC startup!

MW Target & Collector

R&D

MW

P driver

conventional beam2 * CNGS !!!!!!!!!!!!

Physics at new large u/ground lab 500 Kton Water Cerenkov? 50 kton Li A?

13 & maybe CP

N decay ! SuperNovae Obs. !

90%

A possible Road Map

Conventional

Superconducting Proton Linac (few GeV/c)

MuonAcceleration

& Storage R&D

MuonIonizationCooling

R&D(MICE)

NuFact +LMD

CP & possibly T

MSW Matter Effects

Ion Acceleration

& Storage R&D

RadioactiveIon

BeamsR&D

Ne18 e

eHe6

CP T

CPT

BetaBeam

10%

SuperBeam,

Steering Committee

S

t

e

e

r

i

n

g

C

o

m

m

i

t

t

e

e

N3: BENE Coordinator : V. Palladino

Deputy: P. Gruber (tbc)

Comparisons of existing front-end schemes: with and without ionization cooling

New front-end ideas

Assessing experimental studies of cooling (MICE results etc..)

Overall optimisation

Task/Topic Level

Work Package Level

Comparison RLA, FFAG, VFCS

Muon Storage Ring schemes

WP1: PHYSICS Leader: M. Mezzetto

WP2: DRIVER Leader: P. Debu

WP3: TARGET Leader: R. Bennett

WP4: COLLECTOR Leader: J. E. Campagne

WP5: NOVEL NEUTRINO BEAMS collection & dissemination of knwledge promoting further initiatives

Effective Pion & Muon Collection

Integration with TARGET

Thermal stress & heat removal

Material research: shock & radiation resistance

Production of emitting isotopes

NeutrinoFactories Conventional Superbeam Betabeams Optimal parameters

Beams, fluxes, energy & detector location masses, baselines & detector technique Systematic limitations, beam monitoring, plans for ancillary measurements

Road map of physics reach, time and cost

Superconducting proton linac

Rapid cycling synchrotrons

Intense H- ion sources, high power injectors

Solid rotating toroidal

targets Shock studies in solids

Safety aspects

Mercury jet target

Granular targets

Beam dump

Overall design & remote handling

Charge breeding & bunching

Ion acceleration

Ion Decay Ring

Low energy beta-beam

Asses HIPPI results on Fast beam choppers and Normal & Super Conducting Accelerating Structures

Full mapping of neutrino mass splitting & leptonic mixing matrix, including CPV phase.

Influence of rep-rate & of choices for MUFRONT

Theory: beam dynamics

High rep. rate of electrical discharge

MUEND F. Meot

is

MUFRONT R. Edgecock

BETABEAM M. Lindroos

)

Joint Research Activities (5 subprojects)

JRA1: SRFCAV(SRF Cavity)

(D. Proch/DESY)

JRA3: PHIN(Photo-Injector) (A. Ghigo/INFN)

…

N2: ELAN (Electron linear accelerators & colliders)

(F. Richard/Orsay)

…

N3: BENE (Beams for European NeutrinoExperiments)

(V. Palladino/INFN)

N4: HEHIHBHigh Energy and High Intensity Hadron Beams (H. Haseroth/CERN)

JRA2: SRFTECH(SRF Technology) (T. Garvey/ORSAY

)

JRA5: NED(Next European Dipole)

(A. Devred/Saclay) …

Networking Activities

(3 subprojects)

JRA4: HIPPI (High Intensity Proton Pulsed

Injector) (R. Garoby/CERN)

…

.

NB: this is the R&D towards a MW Injector

for the p driver !!! (first 200 MeV)

CNGS !!!!

600KE

500KE

400KE

2600KE 2600KE 3600KE

3600KE

1000KE

!

Roadmap (1): 3 MeV injector1) 3 MeV pre-injector 2006 at CERN

On-going collaboration with CEA (Saclay-F) and CNRS (Orsay-F) to build, test and install at CERN a 3 MeV pre-injector based on the “IPHI” RFQ (Injecteur de Protons de Haute Intensité)

E C R S IL H I sou rcean d L E B T

R F Q H E B T w ithB e a m D ia g n o stic s

sp ectrom eter

B e a mStopper

B ea m P o w er : 3 0 0 k W

9 5 K e V

2 R F S y s te m s3 5 2 M H z - 1 .3 M W

3 M e V

1 0 0 K VH V p la tform

8,6 m 6 m 14 m

Roadmap (2): Linac4

Idea: Take only the room temperature part of the SPL (120 MeV) and install it in the PS South Hall, to inject H- into the PS

Booster > twice the number of protons/pulse in the PSB

(5 1013)

H-

RFQ RFQ1 chop. RFQ2DTL CCDTL

95 keV 3 MeV 120 MeV 150 MeV

40MeV 6 m 64 m

chopping

4 m

SCL/SC

120 MeV, 80m, 16 LEP klystrons

• LEP RF cavities are getting older...

• New technology can provide better performance (=gradient!)

• More EU-wide interest on 700 MHz frequency, bulk Nb

• Consequences:

1. Slowly relax the option on the LEP cavities

2. Consider 700 MHz already for the 100-150 MeV at Linac4.

3. Start market survey for 700 MHz klystrons

4. R&D options must be valid for both frequencies

Roadmap (3): SPL …

Proposed rotating tantalum target ring

Targetry (the most dangerous potential show stopper)

Many difficulties: enormous power density lifetime problems pion capture

Replace target between bunches:

Liquid mercury jet or rotating solid target

Stationary target:

Densham

Sievers

Hg-jet system• Power absorbed in Hg-jet

1 MW• Operating pressure 100 Bar• Flow rate 2 t/m• Jet speed 30 m/s• Jet diameter 10 mm• Temperature

- Inlet to target 30° C- Exit from target 100° C

• Total Hg inventory 10 t• Pump power 50 kW

Jet test a BNL E-951

Event #11 25th April 2001

P-bunch: 2.71012 ppb100 nsto = ~ 0.45 ms

Hg- jet : diameter 1.2 cm jet-velocity 2.5 m/sperp. velocity ~ 5 m/s

Picture timing [ms]0.000.754.50

13.00

K. Mc Donald, H. Kirk, A. Fabich

Protons

Pion Capture: Solenoids Kirk

20T 1.25T

Pion Capture: Solenoid

Pion Capture: Horn

Protons

Current of 300 kA

To decay channel

Hg target B1/R

B = 0

Gilardoni

Ionization Cooling : the principle

H2 rf

Liquid H2: dE/dx

RF restores only P//: E constant

Beam

sol

sol

IN

OUT

Incoming muon beam

Diffusers 1&2

Beam PIDTOF 0

CherenkovTOF 1

Trackers 1 & 2 measurement of emittance in and out

Liquid Hydrogen absorbers 1,2,3

Downstreamparticle ID:

TOF 2 Cherenkov

Calorimeter

RF cavities 1 RF cavities 2

Spectrometer solenoid 1

Matching coils 1&2

Focus coils 1 Spectrometer solenoid 2

Coupling Coils 1&2

Focus coils 2 Focus coils 3Matching coils 1&2

10% cooling of 200 MeV/c muons requires ~ 20 MV of RF single particle measurements =>

measurement precision can be as good as out/ in ) = 10-3

never done before either….

Status of MICERecommended for approval on May 3

RAL International Peer Review Advisory Panel a team of international top experts (A. Atsbury et al)

Funding becomes the driving issue MICE is estimated to cost 25 ME (hardware) + almeno altettanto di manpower, travel, contingency, TVA

1/4 to 1/3 UK …. 10 M - 15 M Pounds appears likely (PPARC, OST) … if good signals from other agencies negotiations will now resume

USA ….. about as much

INFN ? rest of Europe (FR, CH, Be … ?) Japan?

Prototype work to continue meanwhile in all sectors so to avoid any additional delay

Design studies

FP6 foresees funding for design studies of new infrastructures. Encouraged by EU in reference with the (approved) CARE.

In preparation is the proposal for a European based Design study of a

neutrino factory and superbeam

RAL as leading house. (Peach/Edgecock)

Proton driver CERN in coll. With Saclay, RAL, etc.,Target many interested. Still searching a leading house. TTA at CERN under consideration. (pulsed beam important)Horn and collectors LAL Orsay CTFCooling; MICE@RAL Acceleration, FFAG Saclay, Grenoble, Frascati CDR by LHC startup !Storage ring and instrumentation ……..Detectors …

Europe alone does not have critical mass for all this. => world collaboration with USA and Japan was launched at NUFACT03 in June 2003.

EURISOLand

future programsmay share

a new powerful European p driver

20ms rep rate

Eurisol Eurisol Eurisol Eurisol

’s & EURISOL

…. unique opportunity …

The physics case for the SPL(*)

1)neutrino oscillations : conventional Superbeam

2)EURISOL … RIB … stability of nuclear matter

3)neutrino oscillations : Betabeam & NuFact

4)slow muon ….. Rare LFV decays

5) further sinergies to be energetically sought ……

(*) Superconducting Proton Linac … many MW (1016 2-3 GeV/c p) presently favoured option for p driver (HARP)

Workshop late May 04 “Physics at the SPL”

Document to the CERN Scientific Policy Committe in December

The physics of transitions is proving extremely rewarding and demands long term experimentation with accelerator

European accelerator are an endangered species may extinguish after CNGS & upgrades

a strong initiative is needed options: Superbeams, NuFact, Betabeam + specific detectors

Preliminary road map: head towards it ! pursue NuFact R&D … driver, target, collection …. complex

have CDR ready by LHC startup

Conclusions again …..

Preliminary conclusion: all options very promising NuFact most attractive & challenging

build a Superbeam along the way?

almost free

combine them with a Betabeam?

may exploit sinergies with CERN & EURISOL & GSI

THE END

Slides below were not shown

The physics of transitions is proving extremely rewarding and demands long term experimentation with accelerator

European accelerator are an endangered species may extinguish after CNGS

a strong initiative is needed

options: Superbeams, NuFact, Betabeam

Preliminary road map: head towards it ! pursue NuFact R&D … driver, target, collection …. complex

have CDR ready by LHC startup

Conclusions

Preliminary conclusion: all options very promising NuFact most attractive & challenging

build a Superbeam along the way? almost free

combine them with a Betabeam? may exploit sinergies with CERN & EURISOL & GSI

NuFact cf. conventional sources (cont.):

NuFact cf. conventional sources (cont.):