Upload
others
View
4
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Stats, Facts & Stories: What’s Your Fraud IQ?
Agenda
1. What is Fraud and Abuse?
2. Measuring the Cost of Fraud
3. How is Occupational Fraud Committed?
4. Detection of Fraud Schemes
5. Perpetrators
6. What’s Your Fraud IQ?
1. What is Fraud & Abuse?
The term ‘occupational fraud’ may be defined as:
“The use of one’s occupation for personal enrichment through
the deliberate misuse or misapplication of the employing
organization’s resources or assets.”
a. Perception, Prevention and Protection
b. Opportunity, Incentive and Rationalization
c. Intention, Significance and Materiality
d. Raleigh, Durham and Chapel Hill
Question 1
Which of the following represent the
elements of the Fraud Triangle:
The Fraud Triangle
2. Measuring the Cost of Occupational Fraud
Fraud, by its very nature, does
not lend itself to being
scientifically observed or
measured in an accurate
manner.
One of the primary
characteristics of fraud is that
it is clandestine, or hidden;
almost all fraud also involves
the attempted concealment of
the crime.
a. 1%
b. 3%
c. 5%
d. 7%
Question 2
When fraud occurs, the typical organization
loses what percentage of its annual revenue
due to fraud?
Measuring the Cost of Occupational Fraud
a. Government
b. Retail
c. Banking/Financial Services
d. Real Estate
Question 3
What industry has the highest frequent for
fraud?
Measuring the Frequency
of Fraud
Previous ACFE research has
identified three primary
categories of occupational fraud:
1. Asset misappropriation
2. Corruption schemes
3. Financial statement fraud
3. How Occupational
Fraud is Committed
Question 4
In the United States, what is the most
common fraud scheme?
a. Check Tampering
b. Skimming
c. Payroll
d. Billing
Fraud Techniques
a. Bribes and kickbacks
b. Economic extortion
c. Undisclosed conflicts of interest
d. Accepting illegal gratuities
Question 5
On average, the most expensive corruption
scheme committed by employees of an
organization is:
Bribery/Kickback Red Flags Rising expenses for goods and services.
Slow deliveries from or substandard performance by a vendor.
Rapidly increasing purchases from one vendor.
Excessive purchases of goods or services.
No divisions of duties between new vendor approval and
authorization for purchasing.
Contracts written to limit competition (for example, sole-
source contracts).
The same vendor always wins contracts by small margins.
The contract always goes to the bid received last.
Splitting one purchase into multiples to avoid the approval
process.
Paying above-market prices for goods or services.
How Occupational Fraud is Committed: Asset Misappropriation
Sally’s Skimming Scam Story
See Sally Steal
Sally was the court administrator for the municipal court of a
small city – responsible for collecting fines imposed by the
court.
She maintained the court’s accounts receivable records from
customers and collection agencies.
6 ½ year scheme (she started on her 25th day of
employment).
Recorded non-cash JE’s to A/R to reduce fines and account
for stolen checks (community service, court actions, etc).
Amount stolen = $290,227 (10% of the courts revenue).
BUT WAIT, THERE’S MORE…
Sally’s Second Scheme
Sends Her Screaming To the Slammer
She began a second scheme – cash payment from night
court fines ($5,100 from 49 fines).
Didn’t enter the fine or the collection of the payment
This is how she was caught:
Temporary employee noticed several missing $100 bills in the
deposit the next day.
Initially she admitted only this fraud, but after further questioning
the bigger fraud was discovered.
What went wrong…
No segregation of duties.
No independent monitoring of the “non-cash credit” reports
(which would have been very inconsistent with levels of revenue
earned).
The Legend of King Klein
Finance Director
Sumter 17 School Board
Sumter, South Carolina
Over two decades he stole
and/or diverted at least $3.5
million dollars.
A King’s Ransom
Klein took money in a variety
of ways:
Stole from school activity funds.
Stole from capital projects funds.
Created over 15 fake companies
and invoices.
Paid deposits on school field
trips, then cancelled the trips.
The King’s Court
Days after being suspended, he took
$45,100 of the stolen money and
bought 28 months of credit in the SC
retirement system, thereby reaching
30 years of full benefits…which pays
$3,800 each month for the rest of his
life.
Served 5 years in prison and 5 years
on probation paying restitution of
$3,000 per month.
Now living back in Sumter, SC.
The Story of Turner’s Ghost Employees
Just the Facts
Turner was a payroll specialist for a large Florida Not-For-
Profit (he was also experiencing health problems)
Over 2 years he stole $112,000 to cover his medical costs
Segregation of Duties existed = posting of time and
attendance (Turner’s job) was separate from adding / deleting
employee master records. Furthermore, a supervisor
reviewed all payroll distributions
Turner stole user ID and password from other employee to
create ghost employees, prepared fake payroll summary for
supervisor approval, paychecks direct deposited into his
account.
White as a Ghost
Created phony file copies of payroll checks (on white paper).
Legitimate checks were on yellow paper.
Annual audit transaction testing – staff accountant noticed the
white paper and started asking questions
Red Flags:
Infrequent change in passwords by payroll system administrator
SS#’s were for dead people
Employee #’s were much higher than legitimate employees
None of fake employees had personnel file
Net payroll expense was lower than funds actually issued
because it did not include ghost employees
Payroll Summaries created were in different type face
Multiple direct deposits to the same bank account
Detection and Prevention
Look for paychecks w/o deductions
Check payroll for presence of duplicate names,
addresses and Social Security Numbers
Occasionally hand-deliver paychecks to employees and
require positive identification. If you have leftover
paychecks, make sure they belong to actual employees,
not ghosts
Be wary of budget variations
a. 6 months
b. 12 months
c. 18 months
d. 24 months
Question 6
How long does the average fraud go on until
it is caught by the victim organization?
©2012 by the Association
of Certified Frau
Examiners, Inc.
Median Duration by
Scheme
a. Tips and complaints
b. Accidental discoveries
c. Analytical techniques
d. Confessions
Question 7
The #1 method by which fraud is discovered
in an organization is:
©2012 by the Association of Certified Fraud Examiners, Inc.
4. Detection of Fraud
Schemes
Tips have been far and
away the most common
means of detection in
every study since 2002,
when we began
tracking the data.
Initial Detection Methods
% of Tips by Source
Hotline Tips
STEP 1: Plan the Hotline Program
Give employees, vendors, and other sources options for
coming forward
Consider providing an external hotline service
Have a skilled interviewer around the clock
Choose one department to “own” the hotline
STEP 2: Promote Awareness (posters, classes, etc.)
STEP 3: Develop a Follow-Up Process
Enable callers to call back
Investigate allegations discreetly
Document the process
Reporting & Retaliation
Ethics Resource Center 2013
Making the Whistle Louder
Ethics Resource Center 2013
a. Implement harsh penalties for perpetrators
b. Outsource all possible functions
c. Conduct covert audits
d. Increase the perception of detection
Question 8
In general, the best way to prevent fraud
is to:
Control Impact on Median Loss
Control Impact on Duration
5. The Perpetrators
The Impact of Position
The Impact of Position
Tone at the Top is Bottoming Out
Ethics Resource Center 2013
Lone Wolves or Wolf Pack?
Ethics Resource Center 2013
a. Accounting
b. Executive/Upper Management
c. Operations
d. Sales
Question 9
Which department commits the most
fraud?
Frequency by Department
What’s Happening by Dept?
What are the Executives Up To?
Perpetrators by Gender
Perpetrators by Gender
Perpetrators by Gender
By Level
Perpetrators by Age
Perpetrators by Age
a. Poor internal controls
b. Greed
c. Dissatisfaction with employer
d. Personal financial problems
Question 10
The main reason employees commit
occupational fraud is:
Perpetrator Red Flags
The most common red flags displayed by
perpetrators were living beyond financial means
(36% of cases) and experiencing financial
difficulties (27%).
Given that financial difficulties are often
associated with fraudulent behavior, it would
seem advisable for organizations to devote more
efforts to conducting credit background checks
on new applicants.
Perpetrator Red Flags
Stats, Facts & Stories: What’s Your Fraud IQ?
Rob Churchman