Statistics: a set of tools used to organize, describe and analyze numerical observations Descriptive: tools for describing observationstables, graphs, sums, averages Inferential: tools for making generalization about population based on a sample Population: the set of all individuals of interest Sample: a subset of a population Parameter: a numerical description of a characteristic of a population Statistic: a numerical description of a characteristic of a sample Sample error: discrepancies between the sample and the population Discrete: consist of a countable number of possible values Continuous: infinite number of possible values on a scale where there are no gaps or interruptions Variables: chacracteristic or property of organisms Constant: characteristic or properties that do not change Independent: manipulate (can be controlled) Dependent: measured (outcome) Ungrouped frequency: organized tabulation of the number of times each observation occurs Normal curve: mean median mode (symmetrical, bell shaped) Bimodal: 2 modes Skewed: outliers, mean gets pulled to outliers Standard normal curve: normal curve---- standard normal raw scores to 2 scores Mean is always zero, SD is always one Z scores: 1) describe the place of the raw score in the distribution