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STATIC LOAD TEST – A COMPARISON OF ULTIMATE LOAD BETWEEN
STATNAMIC AND MAINTAINED LOAD TEST
MASTURA BINTI AZMI
A project report submitted in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the award of degree of Master of
Engineering (Civil-Geotechnic)
Faculty of Civil Engineering
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
MEI 2005
I hereby declare that I have read this thesis and in my opinion
this thesis is sufficient in terms of scope and quality for the
award of the degree of Master of Engineering (Civil-
Geotechnic)
Signature : ……………………………………………
Name of Supervisor : Assoc. Prof. Dr. Khairul Anuar b. Kassim
Date : ……………………………………………
I declare that this thesis entitled “Static Load Test- A Comparison of Ultimate Load
between Statnamic and Maintained Load Test” is the result of my own research except
as cited in references. The thesis has not been accepted for any degree and concurrently
submitted in candidature of any other degree.
Signature : …………………………………………….
Name: Mastura Binti Azmi
Date : 26 May 2005
To everybody,
thank you so much
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Through my preparation for this project, I have met several people that gave a
lot of contribution towards this study. Many thanks to Dr. Khairul Anuar b Kassim who
has been supervised me throughout this study and thank you for all the knowledge that
you gave to me. I would also like to forward my thought to Mr. Tan Hui Hock of
Geonamics Sdn. Bhd. who has been providing me with the necessary information for
this study. I would also like to express my appreciation to Mr. Liu Chong Yew of
SPYTL who has been a great mentor to me. Without the support from these people the
thesis would not finish as this.
My sincere appreciation should also go to the people’s incharge of the projects
that I went to get my data and information. All the information are valuable for this
thesis and many thanks to you. I would also like to thank all the people involve directly
or indirectly in this thesis. Not to forget my family and friends.
ABSTRACT
This study is conducted to give a good comparison of the ultimate load between
the statnamic load test and the maintained load test. The study was done using three
methods to predict the ultimate load of statnamic load test. The three methods are the
Unloading Point Method, Matsumoto method and Simultaneous Equation method. The
statnamic and maintained load test was done on two types of bored pile that are bored
pile cast on limestone rock and bored pile cast on granite rock. The result shown in the
study gave a different outcome. From the settlement-load curves derived, the result for
the comparison of statnamic and maintained load test for bored pile cast on limestone
gave an almost similar result. Thus, it can be said that the result for both statnamic and
maintained load test can be used to determine the ultimate capacity of the pile. Where
else, the result for bored pile cast on granite rock gave a very large difference due to
large difference of length for the two bored pile. Therefore, it can be conclude that the
result for this study on comparison of statnamic load test and maintained load test for
bored pile cast on granite can not be used.
ABSTRAK
Projek ini dijalankan untuk memcari perbandingan kekuatan maksima di antara
ujian beban statnamic dan ujian beban tertahan. Projek ini dijalankan menggunakan 3
kaedah berbeza bagi menentukan beban maksima dari ujian beban statnamic. 3 kaedah
itu adalah kaedah pembebanan titik, kaedah Matsumoto dan kaedah penyelesaian
persamaan serentak. Ujian statnamic dan beban tertahan telah dilakukan ke atas dua
jenis bored pile iaitu cerucuk yang ditanam di atas batuan kapur dan di atas batuan
granit. Ujian telah memberikan keputusan yang berbeza. Bagi keputusan ujian statnamic
dan beban tertahan ke atas cerucuk di atas batuan kapur memberikan hasil yang lebih
kurang sama tetapi bagi cerucuk yang terletak di atas batuan granit tidak. Ini
berkemungkinan di sebabkan oleh perbezaan kedalaman yang sangat ketara. Oleh itu,
bolehlah dikatakan bahawa perbandingan bagi ujian statnamic dan ujian beban tertahan
bagi cerucuk yang dikorek di atas batuan granit bagi projek adalah gagal dan tidak boleh
dibandingkan.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE
ORGANISATION OF THESIS
Thesis Status Declaration
Declaration
Supervisor’s declaration
Declaration of originality ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgement iv
Abstract v
Abstrak vi
Table of Content vii
List of Tables xi
List of Figures xii
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Objectives 2
1.2 Scopes 2
1.3 Problem Statement 3
2 LITERATURE REVIEW 5
2.1 Site Investigation 6
2.1.1 Planning 6
2.1.2 Depth of Exploration 7
2.1.3 Groundwater Condition 7
2.1.4 Sampling, in-situ testing and lab testing 8
2.2 Basic Piling Methods 10
2.2.1 Pile Types 10
2.2.1.1 Non-displacement piles 11
2.2.1.1.1 Bored cast-in-place 12
2.2.1.1.2 Small-diameter
Percussion bored-cast-
In-situ piles 13
2.2.1.1.3 Large-diameter
Percussion bored pile 14
2.2.1.1.4 Rotary bored cast-in
-place pile 15
2.2.1.2 Pile formation with rotary
Boring equipment 17
2.2.1.3 Boring and Concreting 18
2.2.2 Concrete mixes for bored piles 19
2.2.3 Reinforcement for bored piles 21
2.2.4 Excavation using a bentonite suspension 21
2.3 Pile Testing 22
2.3.1 Introduction 22
2.4 Load Testing of Piles 24
2.4.1 General 24
2.4.2 Test equipment 25
2.4.3 Load application and measurement 26
2.4.3.1 Measurement of settlement 27
2.5 Pile Load Test Procedure 27
2.5.1 Maintained load test 28
2.6 Interpretation of the results 29
2.6.1 Load-settlement curves 29
2.6.2 Estimation of ultimate load 30
2.6.3 Settlement criteria 30
2.7 Statnamic test 31
2.7.1 Introduction 31
2.7.2 Development of statnamic 33
2.7.3 Basic concept of statnamic 33
2.7.4 Application of statnamic test 35
2.7.5 Statnamic theory 36
2.7.5.1 Load duration 36
2.8 Stress Wave Analysis 37
2.9 Pyrotechnics 38
2.10 Data Acquisition 40
2.11 Statnamic Assembly 41
2.12 The Result 43
2.13 Statnamic compared to dynamic and static loading 43
2.13.1 Dynamic testing 43
2.13.2 Static Testing 44
2.14 Soil Types 44
2.14.1 Elementary rock classification 44
3.14.2 Stratigraphy 48
3.14.2 Hardness 48
3.14.3 Defects in rock 49
2.14.4 Uniaxial compressive strength 50
2.14.5 Rock mass classification 51
3 METHODOLOGY 52
3.1 Statnamic test 52
3.2 Assembly of statnamic test equipment 53
3.3 Data Acquisition 63
4 DATA ANALYSIS 64
4.1 Interpretation of statnamic pile load test results 64
4.1.1 Unloading point method 67
4.1.2 Matsumoto method 68
4.1.3 Simultaneous equation method 69
4.2 Interpretation of maintained load test data 70
5 RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS 71
5.1 Results for bored pile on limestone rock 71
5.2 Results for bored pile on granite rock 78
5.3 Conclusions 85
REFERENCES 86
APPENDICES
Appendix 1 89
Appendix 2 91
Appendix 3 93
Appendix 4 100
Appendix 5 114
Appendix 6 128
Appendix 7 135
Appendix 8 142
Appendix 9 157
Appendix 10 172
LIST OF TABLES
TABLES NO TITLE PAGE
2.1 Typical in-situ tests and their application to pile design 9
2.2 Recommended concrete slumps for cast- in- place pile 20
2.3 Schematic classification of igneous rock 45
2.4 Schematic classification of sedimentary rocks 47
2.5 Rock quality 51
5.1 Results for the statnamic test and maintained load test
for bored pile cast on limestone rock 72
5.2 Results for the statnamic test and maintained load test for
bored pile cast on granite rock 78
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURES
NO
TITLE PAGE
2.1 The unloading-point model 38
2.2 Statnamic devices assembly 42
3.1 Installation of piston and oil application 54
3.2 Piston and oil installation 54
3.3 Ignition system 55
3.4 Fuel cage 55
3.5 Loading of statnamic fuel 56
3.6 Closing of the piston 56
3.7 Installation of base plate 57
3.8 Installation of cylinder 57
3.9 Installation of cylinder 58
3.10 Installation of weight 58
3.11 Installation of weight 59
3.12 Installation of weight 59
3.13 After installation of weight mass 60
3.14 Placing the gravel structure non-supporting panels 60
3.15 Closing of the structure panels and installation of gravel 61
3.16 Portable computer and data logging device 61
3.17 Cell laser source 62
3.18 After testing 62
4.1 Modelling of pie and soil during statnamic loading
5.1 Results for statnamic test using Unloading Point method
for Limestone rock 73
5.2 Results for statnamic test using Matsumoto method
for Limestone rock 74
5.3 Results for statnamic test using Simultaneous Equation
method for Limestone rock 75
5.4 Results for maintained load test for Limestone rock 76
5.5 Results for statnamic test using 3 methods and
maintained load test (3rd cycle) for Limestone rock 77
5.6 Results for statnamic test using Unloading Point method
for Granite rock 80
5.7 Results for statnamic test using Matsumoto method
for Granite rock 81
5.8 Results for statnamic test using Simultaneous
Equation method for Granite rock 82
5.9 Results for maintained load test for Granite rock 83
5.10 Results for statnamic test using 3 methods and
maintained load test (2nd cycle) for Granite rock 84
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURES
NO
TITLE PAGE
2.1 The unloading-point model 38
2.2 Statnamic devices assembly 42
3.1 Installation of piston and oil application 54
3.2 Piston and oil installation 54
3.3 Ignition system 55
3.4 Fuel cage 55
3.5 Loading of statnamic fuel 56
3.6 Closing of the piston 56
3.7 Installation of base plate 57
3.8 Installation of cylinder 57
3.9 Installation of cylinder 58
3.10 Installation of weight 58
3.11 Installation of weight 59
3.12 Installation of weight 59
3.13 After installation of weight mass 60
3.14 Placing the gravel structure non-supporting panels 60
3.15 Closing of the structure panels and installation of gravel 61
3.16 Portable computer and data logging device 61
3.17 Cell laser source 62
3.18 After testing 62
4.1 Modelling of pie and soil during statnamic loading
5.1 Results for statnamic test using Unloading Point method
for Limestone rock 73
5.4 Results for statnamic test using Matsumoto method
for Limestone rock 74
5.5 Results for statnamic test using Simultaneous Equation
method for Limestone rock 75
5.4 Results for maintained load test for Limestone rock 76
5.5 Results for statnamic test using 3 methods and
maintained load test (3rd cycle) for Limestone rock 77
5.9 Results for statnamic test using Unloading Point method
for Granite rock 80
5.10 Results for statnamic test using Matsumoto method
for Granite rock 81
5.11 Results for statnamic test using Simultaneous
Equation method for Granite rock 82
5.9 Results for maintained load test for Granite rock 83
5.10 Results for statnamic test using 3 methods and
maintained load test (2nd cycle) for Granite rock 84
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
In every construction, foundation is one of the vital component that need a lot of
attention whether in design or in construction. Choosing the correct foundation for a
certain project is important to ensure a stable and longer life span of the structure.
History shows that the usage of foundation in a structure is not new as it has been long
use since man starts built a structure. Until now, there are a lot of efforts to increase the
potency of foundation. This effort can also be seen with the introduction of variety of
testing that would be suitable to see the effectiveness of foundation use. One of the study
use in foundation especially pile foundation is static loading. There are several tests that
can be used including statnamic load testing. This method is not new in construction
engineering and been used in the west countries since 1988. The Statnamic test has now
gained some attention in local construction since it has been used in 1994. Therefore, a
study is needed in ensuring that this test can be used effectively in our construction
industry
2
1.1 Objectives
The objectives that would be achieved in this study are:
i. The advantages and the disadvantages of the statnamic load test compared to
the ordinary maintained load test.
ii. A comparison between the statnamic loading test and the typical maintained
load test based on the settlement result and the ultimate bearing capacity of
pile.
iii. A comparison between the statnamic load test and the maintained load test
based on different types of soils.
1.2 Scopes
The scopes of this study are:
i. To compare statnamic test result on bored pile size 750mm diameter with
maintained load test result on bored pile size 1050mm diameter cast on
limestone rock.
ii. To compare the statnamic test result and maintained load test result on bored
pile cast on limestone rock based on three methods of calculation (Unloading
Point method, Matsumoto method and Simultaneous Equation method).
3
iii. To compare statnamic test result on bored pile size 1800mm diameter with
maintained load test result on bored pile size 1200mm diameter cast on
granite rock.
iv. To compare the statnamic test result and maintained load test result on bored
pile cast on granite rock based on three methods of calculation (Unloading
Point method, Matsumoto method and Simultaneous Equation method).
1.3 Problem statement
Although the usage of foundation especially the pile foundation is not new in the
construction industry the people still not satisfy with the outcome of it. The introduction
of latest testing devices shows that people still trying to find the most accurate way in
predicting the pile behaviour. Typically several tests will be done for pile to show the
integrity of the pile and its capacity. This prediction can ensure that the design of the pile
meet the requirement needed for the use of the structure.
For capacity load testing of pile, several tests can be used in determining the pile
capacity. The typical static load test that can show pile capacity and its settlement is the
maintained load test or kentledge load test. This test gives an accurate result of the pile
capacity and its settlement. Although this test gives a nearly perfect result of the pile
behaviour but it does have several limitations such as long test time and it required a 24-
hour close monitoring of the test.
In order to overcome this problem, several choices of tests that would give
almost the same result as the ordinary maintained load test have been introduced
4
including the statnamic load test. This test has actually been used in the European
countries since 1988 and has gained a lot of reputation on it. This statnamic load test
already came to Malaysia in 1994 and has been used in a lot of projects in the country.
Although it has been almost 11 years since it been introduced here but there are
least studies been carried out in comparing the statnamic load test to the ordinary
maintained load test. Therefore, this study will be conducted to compare the statnamic
load test to the ordinary maintained load test based on Malaysia condition.
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
In each project, piling would be one of the essential parts that need to be
monitored and carefully designed. There are several things that need to be included in
choosing the right pile for the project. These include the site investigation of the project,
the method of taking the sample of soil, the tests that related in determining the correct
piling and the suitable choice of piling.
Based on Fuller (1983), under certain conditions, the inspection or engineering
control of pile installations should be very comprehensive and cover all aspects from
pile material to final installation, including equipment and pile load testing. In this
literature review, the study will be focused in determining the suitable pile based on
ground and fundamental study. Although the steps are almost the same for every
construction but the procedure of choosing the correct piles would differ for each
construction related to the soil condition and the purpose of each project. Therefore, in
this literature review, an introduction on site investigation, types of pile and types of pile
testing will be discussed.
2.1 Site Investigation
6
2.1.1 Planning
The planning of a site investigation for piling works is essentially similar to that
for shallow foundations, apart from the obvious requirement for greater depth of
exploration. The main additional factors that should be considered are the practical
aspects of pile installation.
Based on Fleming et al (1992), The first stage in planning a site investigation
comprises a desk study of the available information. This subject is comprehensively
discussed in BS 5930 (1981). The second stage should include a site inspection in order
to confirm, as far as is possible, the data collected during the desk study, and to make as
many additional preliminary observations as possible.
The investigation should take into account details of foundation design if known,
including the tolerance of the structure to settlement, since this can dictate the extent of
the investigation. Where these details are unknown it is important that the exploratory
work provides sufficient information to permits decisions concerning the type of
foundation, as well as the actual foundation design to be made. The major requirement
of the investigation in terms of the design is to provide comprehensive information over
the full depth of the propose foundations and well below any possible pile toe level. This
is necessary to permit flexibility in the pile design and to be certain that the anticipated
strata thickness exist.
2.1.2 Depth of exploration
7
Fleming et al (1992) tells that the extent of the exploration is not limited solely
by the zone of influence caused by the loaded piles, but is depend on other factors such
as considerations of general stability, the necessity to understand the overall
groundwater regime, highly heterogeneous soil conditions or the effects of piling on
adjacent structures. The zone of influence is a good starting point, since it quantifies to
some degree the lateral and vertical extent of the stressed zone.
Where piles are to be founded in a bearing stratum of limited thickness (such as a
gravel layer overlying clay) it is essential that the large number of bores or probing are
employed – possibly spaced on a close grid, to determine whether the bearing stratum
thickness and level is maintained over the proposed area of loading. In these cases,
detailed exploration may be restricted to a limited number of locations, permitting the
calibration of a lower cost penetration method, which may be used to provide the
necessary coverage. It is important in this situation that the competence of the
underlying stratum to sustain the transmitted stresses is established. Where piles are to
be founded in a rock-bearing stratum, the likely variability of rock-head level should be
assessed from a geological point of view and the investigation should be sufficient to
establish rock-head contours in adequate detail and to obtain profiles strength and
weathering.
2.1.3 Groundwater conditions
The investigation of groundwater conditions is particularly important to piling
works. The findings may influence the choice of pile type and it is essential that the
piling contractors has the data necessary to assess the rate of water inflow that may
occur during the installation of conventional bored piles.
Observations of the ingress of water including the levels at which water seeps
and collects should be made and noted on the site investigation logs in such a way that
they may be related to the casing and borehole depths. These water level observations
8
will be unlikely to reflect the true hydrostatic conditions, but the information is of use to
piling contractors tendering for bored or drilled piles.
2.1.4 Sampling, in-situ testing and laboratory testing
In certain respects, decisions regarding the optimum program of sampling and
testing may only be made after some knowledge of the ground conditions at the site has
been gained, and some conclusions regarding the possible piling alternatives have been
reached. This situation emphasizes the need for a flexible approach and the value of
preliminary studies to facilitate the initial assessment. In many cases, the selection of a
suitable pile type is controlled by external factors such as cost, vibration or noise level,
and there is no simple way to relate pile type to the prevailing soil and groundwater
conditions.
Fleming et al (1992) stated that some situations may arise where special tests may
be required or the intensity of sampling or testing may have to be increased to provide
sufficient data on particular aspects. Such an approach would be very much dependent
on the costs involved in the additional exploration compared with the costs of deeper, or
larger (possibly over-conservative) pile foundations. Table 2.1 summarizes typical in-
situ tests, which can be carried out and their application to pile design.
In-situ test Application to pile design
Vane test For measurement of in-situ undrained strength in soft to
firm clays. Results may be applied to the estimation of
down drag on a pile shaft. The remolded strength of
9
sensitive clays may be relevant to overall stability problems
associated with pile driving in soft clays.
Standard penetration test
(SPT)
Investigation of thickness of bearing strata. Direct
application of N value in empirical formulae for pile load
capacity. Estimation of the angle of friction φ′, in granular
deposits, for use in pile design. Crude estimates of
cohesions in stiff clays or matrix dominant fills. A tentative
relationship between N value and modulus for use in
pile/soil systems has been proposed.
Static cone test Direct application of sleeve friction and point resistance to
the design of driven piles. Estimation of the shear strength
of clays and production of detailed soil profiles.
Pressuremeter Estimates the modulus of soil for possible application in pile
design, but results may not be strictly appropriate. Estimates
of shear strength in weak rock.
Stressprobe
pressuremeter
Gives a measure of the undrained shear strength of stiff
clays and especially developed for over-water use.
Plate bearing tests
(over a range of depths)
Gives shear strength and modulus in all soil types. The
shear strength parameters are highly relevant to pile design,
as similar volumes of soil stressed.
Simple permeability tests For estimation of flow in permeable gravels or fissured
rock. This may be a factor relevant to the selection of pile
type. The tests can also be used in weak rock, to indicate
highly fissured or fractured zones.
Table 2.1: Typical in-situ tests and their application to pile design
2.2 Basic piling methods
The two basic methods of installing piles are well known, namely driving them into
the ground, or excavation of the ground, usually by boring, and filling the void with
concrete. Typical of this type of development are methods, which involve the
10
combination of driven and bored techniques. To install these piles, a casing is driven
into the ground, followed by in-situ concreting. Other more specialized techniques exist,
such as the injection of grout into the ground. Within each category, variations exist
associated with the particular proprietary method in use.
2.2.1 Pile types
Regarding to Fleming et al (1992), in order to categorize the various types of pile
and their method of installation, a simple division into ‘driven’ or ‘bored’ piles is often
employed. This is adequate in many situations, but does not satisfactorily cope with the
many ‘hybrid’ types of pile in use. A more rigorous division into ‘displacement’ or ‘non-
displacement’ piles overcomes this difficulty. In the displacement (generally driven)
pile, soil is moved radially as the pile shaft enters the ground. There may also be a
component of movement of the soil in the vertical direction. Granular soils tend to
become compacted by the displacement process, and clay soils may heave, there being
little immediate volume change as the clay is displaced.
Piles of relatively small cross-sectional area, such as ‘H’ section piles, are termed
‘low displacement piles’, and the effects of compaction or soil heave are reduced. This
can be advantageous if long lengths of pile are to be driven through granular deposits, or
if the piles are at close centers, or if clay heaves is a problem. If non-displacement
(generally bored) pile, lateral stresses in the ground are reduced during excavation and
only partly reinstated by concreting.
Fleming et al (1992) also stated that the displacement of the soil by a pile during
installation is therefore a fundamental property, and its recognition in any classification
of pile type is clearly advantageous. Little-used types such as screw piles can also be
11
covered by the (low) displacement classification, whereas they could not be correctly
term ‘driven piles’. The two main categories of pile types may be classified further
according to whether performed units are used, and whether the performed unit is used
as temporary support for the ground and withdrawn during concreting. For non-
displacement piles, factors such as pile diameter and under reaming are introduced to the
classification, as they have a bearing on the method of installation, and particularly in
the type of plant employed.
2.2.1.1 Non-displacement piles
Based on Fleming et al (1992), the excavation of a borehole in the ground, a pile
can be produced by casting concrete in the void. Some soils, such as stiff clays, are
particularly amenable to the information of piles in this way, since the borehole walls do
not require support, except close to the ground. In unstable ground, such as gravels, the
ground requires temporary support, from casing or bentonite slurry. Alternatively, the
casing may be permanent, but driven into a hole which is bored as the casing is
advanced. A different technique, which is still essentially non-displacement, is to intrude
a grout or a concrete from an auger which is rotated into a granular soil, and hence
produce a grouted column of soil. The three non-displacement methods are therefore
i. Bored cast-in-place piles
ii. Partially preformed piles
iii. Grout or concrete intruded piles
Particularly in pile types (i) and (ii), little or even negative soil displacement occurs
during boring, and indeed, granular deposits may be loosened by the boring action. This
is in contrast to a displacement pile, which produces (sometime beneficial) ground
12
compaction in granular deposits. On the other hand, the rough and irregular interface
between the pile and the soil that is formed during the boring action tends to improve
load transfer, and the difference in skin friction between the two types is less than it
might be. In type (iii) the auger is usually made to run full throughout the process, and
relaxation of the walls of the bore may be inhibited.
2.2.1.1.1 Bored cast-in-place piles
The range of pile sizes and hence design loads is considerable for this form of
pile. The excavation process generally (but not exclusively) produces a borehole of
circular cross-section, and piles are referred to as small-diameter when less than 600
mm, and large-diameter when greater than this nominal size. The smaller diameter piles
tend to be bored by tripod rigs employing percussion methods, and larger size by rotary
or percussive grabbing methods. Nominal diameters (mm) for bored piles are as follows:
i. 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600 (small-diameter)
ii. 750, 900, 2050, 1200, 1350, 1500, 1800, 2100 (large-diameter)
2.2.1.1.2 Small-diameter percussion bored cast-in-place piles
In this type of pile, the boreholes are formed by rigs that is similar to those
employed for site investigation, using equivalent techniques. The tripods and equipment
are heavier, however, and minimum pile diameters start at around 300 mm, which is
13
about the maximum for a site investigation borehole. The percussion tools and screwed
casing are very similar. In cohesive soils, a ‘clay cutter’ is used, often weighted to
improve penetration. Tripod rigs are light and easily transported and are therefore very
suitable for work on small sites or amongst existing buildings, or even inside buildings.
Short rigs can be used in limited headroom with a slight loss in efficiency. Very little
site preparation is required.
In granular soils, the possibility of removal of material from around the bore can
lead to undermining of adjacent footings, and greater care is necessary. During boring
for a pile the temporary casing may be advanced to considerable depths, and the single
line pull of the winch is then inadequate to extract it.
In granular soils, a ‘shell’ is used for boring. This comprises a heavy tube with a
flap valve at its base with an open top. The removal of soil by a shell relies on water
being present. Dropping a shell into the a granular soil below the water table causes the
flap at the base to open, the flap closing as the shell is raised. Spoil from the shelling
action is simply tipped out at the surface by up-ending the shell. There is a danger during
shelling that the soil may be over-loosened and material drawn from the sides of the
bore, and in extreme cases, the shell may become buried below the casing. To prevent
this over-break, the temporary casing should be advanced by driving it into the ground
as the borehole advances.
With a long length of heavy casing in loose sandy gravels, it is possible for rapid
shelling action to so loosen the ground that the casing falls under its own weight. Whilst
rapid progress is achieved, there is always a risk of over-break by this means, and the
ground is loosened around the bore to a significant degree. It is important that a positive
head of water is kept in the pile bore when boring through granular deposits to minimize
the loosening effect, and to prevent piping up the pile bore. Water may have to be added
in order to achieve this.
14
2.2.1.1.3 Large-diameter percussion bored piles
Fleming et al (1992) stated that, large-diameter percussion bored piling
equipment is well suited to the penetration of hard strata, which may include weak
sedimentary rock. Where casing is advanced as the drilling proceeds, as with Benoto
system, unstable strata are supported and may be interspersed with harder strata. Semi-
rotary down-hole percussive hammer rigs, of the type used for well boring are now
available in sizes which approached those of large-diameter piles. This equipment does
not handle casing, and a separate reaming and casing operation may be necessary using
an attendant auger rig. However, the plant will bore through weak rock with little
difficulty and in certain circumstances may be suitable for forming deep rock sockets for
example.
The boring machine is mounted on a wheeled or skid-equipped chassis and
employs an oscillatory drive to achieve casing penetration. The casing is sectional, but
because of the semi-rotary driving action, is not screwed together, but employs a flush
quick-action circumferential joint within the twin-walled casing thickness. The boring
tube has a hardened cutting edge and is hydraulically clamped in a collar which
transmits the semi-rotary action and vertical motion provided by hydraulic rams. Other
impact equipment can be used to break through particularly hard ground. The ability of
the machine to penetrate hard ground makes it especially suitable for secant piled walls,
in which each pile overlaps its neighbour by about 10% of the pile diameter. The piles
are reinforced and concreted in the usual way, the casing being hydraulically jacked out
of the ground during concreting. Piles up to around 40 m in length can be formed at a
rake of up to 1 in 5, although in some ground conditions the full depth may not be
possible. Working loads are 200 to 500 tones in suitable ground for pile diameters of
between 670 and 1200 mm respectively.
15
2.2.1.1.4 Rotary bored cast-in-place piles
The majority of large-diameter piles are bored using rotary methods, generally
by augers in the UK, although in other parts of the world, such as the US, large-diameter
drilling plant is more commonly used to construct ‘caisson’ piles.
The augering plant is usually crane- or lorry-mounted, with a power pack to
drive a ring gear within a rotary drilling table which is fixed to the crane base. The main
advantage of lorry-mounted rigs is the ease of transport between sites, but this is at the
expense of maneuverability on confined sites. The crane-mounted rigs are costly to
transport, but are better able to move between pile positions on uneven sites. A number
of manufacturers produce complete rotary boring rigs, such as Bachy Bauer, Soilmec,
BSP or Casagrande. Other companies offer crane attachments, for fitting to a standard
machine.
In operation, the auger is driven from the ring gear at the drilling table via a
sliding square or keyed circular sectioned Kelly bar, which may be telescopic for deep
boreholes. The auger and Kelly bar are suspended from the crane winch rope. An
attendant crane is generally necessary for handling temporary casing, except with some
specially developed rigs, usually for the smaller diameter piles, which can handle the
casing from a second winch line and double cathead.
The usual crane-mounted auger will bore to a diameter of at least 3000 mm.
Depths of boring vary from around 25 m from cased auger rigs to as much as 60 m for
the larger crane-based auger rigs, with telescopic, triple extension Kelly bars. Typical
design loads vary from 1 to 20 MN, in suitable ground conditions.
16
Special feature of auger bored piles which is sometimes used is the underream,
which enables the bearing capacity of suitable strata to be exploited by providing an
enlarged base. The soil has to be capable of standing open unsupported to employ this
technique, and stiff to hard clays, such as the London clay, are ideal. For large-diameter
deep drilling of pile bores in weak sedimentary rocks augers may not be suitable, and a
core barrel or rock roller bit is employed. High capacity drilling tables are mounted on
heavy base cranes, and air or direct circulation water flush drilling employed.
Core barrels are fitted with a calyx basket to collect cuttings above the core
barrel and have tungsten carbide cutting bits. Core barrels are typically up to 2 m in
diameter, and rock rollers in excess of 3 m are available, although these large sizes are
rarely used.
2.2.1.2 Pile formation with rotary boring equipment
The upper portion of a pile bore is likely to be in loose or weak ground, and
some form of temporary support is then necessary. It is usual for a steel casing to be
employed for this, even when the remainder of the bore is made under the stabilizing
action of a bentonite suspension. The temporary casing also seals off water below the
water table in permeable ground.
Shallow, dry, granular deposits are loosened by the auger, and will generally
stand open long enough for a short length of casing to be inserted. To advance the bore
further in granular soils, the auger can be used to loosen the soil, followed by driving the
casing with a drop hammer. Alternatively, the casing can be advanced with a hydraulic
casing vibrator suspended from the attendant crane. The process can be made more
efficient in some instances by adding bentonite powder to the granular soil, and
‘mudding in’. Water may be also need to be added. The effect is to produce a column of
17
loosened soil with a stable-walled bore through which the casing can be driven more
easily to depths of about 10 m. A casing vibrator can increase the depth of insertion to
around 25 m. Casagrande casing oscillators provide an alternative means of installing
casing. At the level of an impermeable soil, such as stiff clay, the casing can be forced
into the ground to form a seal against entry of water by ‘crowding’ action. The ‘crowd’
force is applied via the Kelly bar by clamps gripping the casing and applying an axial
thrust via retracting hydraulic rams against the reaction of the rig.
18
2.2.1.3 Boring and concreting
Concreting in ‘dry’ bores is usually a straightforward procedure. On completion
of the borehole, the reinforcement is placed with suitable spacers to locate it centrally in
the bore. When poring concrete in a dry vertical bore, a hopper and tube should be used
to ensure that the mix is not directed towards the reinforcement. In raking piles, a chute
may be required or a first charge of grout placed.
Any sudden drop in concrete level as the casing is withdrawn should be noted.
This would probably indicate a zone of over-break; it is possible in certain
circumstances for intermixing of soil, water and concrete to take place. This occurrence
is sometimes accompanied by a loss or distortion of pile reinforcement, the steel cage
being carried downwards and outwards at the overbreak zone. To prevent this, boring
ahead of the pile casing in unstable ground should be avoided. It is often the casing-off
of such zones overbreak that leads to conditions which produce contaminated concrete
on the pile shaft – a feature sometimes mistakenly ascribed to the cross-flow of
groundwater.
In weaker soils, it is possible for the fluid pressure of the wet concrete in the pile
bore to fail the soil, and a slump occurs with a bulge in the pile shaft. A critical
undrained cohesion of around 15 kN/m2 has been observed to the result in this effect.
The possibility of soil failure from this cause can be lessened by pulling the casing at a
steady rate, rather than in short rapid pulls, and limiting the head of concrete in the
casing, provided this can be done without risk of the concrete slumping below the
bottom of the casing in the bore.
19
2.2.1.3.1 Boring and concreting in water-bearing ground
In stratigraphic succession in which water-bearing gravel overlies stiff clay, the
temporary casing is used to support the borehole through the gravel, and is then driven a
short distance into the clay in order to seal off the water. Boring then continues under
dry conditions. This may not always be possible, and the base of the pile may be in
granular deposit below the water table. The tremie method of concreting is then
employed. This is the practical method of forming a pile shaft provided certain
precautions are taken. It is essential that a total collapse slump mix is used (greater than
175mm), and that the tremie pipe is always well below the water/concrete interface
during the concreting. The tremie pipe and hopper connections should be watertight and
in clean condition to permit free flow of the concrete. A minimum internal diameter for
the tremie pipe of 150mm is suggested for use with concrete having maximum aggregate
size of 20mm, increasing for larger aggregates.
2.2.2 Concrete mixes for bored piles
The integrity of the pile shaft is of paramount importance, and the concreting
mixes and methods that have evolved for bored piles are directed towards this, as
opposed to the high-strength concrete necessary for pre-cast piles or structural work
above ground.
Based on Fleming et al (1992), this prerequisite has led to the adoption of highly
workable mixes, and the total collapse mix for tremied piles has been mentioned. In
order to ensure that the concrete flows between the reinforcing bars to ease, and into the
interstices of the soil, a high-slump, self-compacting mix is called for. Minimum cement
20
content of 300 kg/m3 is generally employed, increasing to 400 kg/m
3 at slumps greater
than 150mm, with a corresponding increase in fine aggregate content to maintain the
cohesion of the mix. Three mixes recommended by the Federation of Piling Specialists
are given in Table 2.2
Piling mix Typical slump
(mm)
Conditions of use
A 125 Poured into water-free unlined bore.
Widely spaced leaving ample room
for free movement of concrete
between bars.
B 150 Where reinforcement is not spaced
widely enough to give free movement
of concrete between bars. Where cut-
off level of concrete is within casing.
Where pile diameter is < 600 mm.
C > 175 Where concrete is to be placed by
tremie under water or bentonite in
slurry.
Table 2.2: Recommended concrete slumps for cast-in-place piles
21
2.2.3 Reinforcement for bored piles
For piles loaded in compression alone, it is only necessary to reinforce the shaft
to a depth of 2m greater than the depth of temporary casing, to prevent any tendency for
concrete lifting when pulling the casing. Piles subject to tension or lateral forces and
eccentric loading (possibly by being out of position or out of plumb) require suitable
reinforcement designed to cope with these forces. Nominal reinforcement for piles in
compression only would comprise say four 12mm diameter bars for a 400mm diameter
pile to five 16mm diameter bars for a 550mm diameter pile. A special cage of 5mm
steel, or hoops of flat steel, is employed as lateral ties. The assembled cage should be
sufficiently strong to sustain lifting and lowering into the pile bore without permanent
distortion or displacement of bars. Bars should not be so densely packed that concrete
aggregate cannot pass freely between them, and hoop reinforcement is not recommended
at closer than 100mm centers. It is frequently necessary to lap bars in long piles, and it is
here that trouble can arise, with aggregate blocking at the laps and preventing concrete
flowing to the boreholes walls.
2.2.4 Excavation using a bentonite suspension
A method of borehole wall support developed from slurry trench techniques is
the use of a bentonite suspension. Where pile bores are required to penetrate
considerable depths of unstable soil, the installation of long lengths of temporary casing
is a time-consuming process.
Fleming et al (1992) stated that by employing a bentonite suspension of around
6% by weight bentonite, the borehole walls may be effectively supported, provided there
22
is a positive head of bentonite slurry above the groundwater table of at least 1.5m. in
permeable granular soils, there is an initial flow of slurry into the borehole wall, where a
‘filter cake’ rapidly builds up which then prevents further flow, and the excess
hydrostatic pressure in the borehole supports the ground. An additional benefit is the
holding in suspension of fine detritus from the boring operations.
Concreting is carried out by the tremie method, using concrete with a slump in
excess of 175mm. With clean bentonite slurry in the bore, the suspension is effectively
scoured and displaced by the fluid concrete. No decrease in pile adhesion has been
observed in properly constructed bentonite piles, whether the shafts are in granular soils
or cohesive clays.
2.3 Pile testing
2.3.1 Introduction
Load testing of piles is expensive, and the cost should be carefully weighted
against the reduction in risk and assurance of satisfactory behaviour that the pile test
provides. It is not easy for the engineer to be assured that the piled foundations comply
with the specifications and drawings. It goes without saying that a comprehensive site
investigation is essential.
The pile test program should be considered as part of the design and construction
process, and not carried out hurriedly in response to an immediate construction problem.
Pile tests may be performed at various stage of construction; prior at the contract and
during construction. Pre-contract piles may be installed and tested to prove the
23
suitability of the piling system and to confirm the design parameters inferred from the
site investigation. It is common practice not to test piles immediately after placing but to
satisfy a delay of perhaps 1 to 3 weeks or even more, depending on soil type and
experience.
Testing of contract piles may involve integrity testing to check the construction
technique and workmanship and for load testing to confirm the performance of the pile
as a foundation element. Pile testing may range from ‘spot checks’ on pile quality to
comprehensively instrumented piles bordering on a research exercise.
There are two main aspects of the pile quality to be considered:
i. The integrity of the pile and its ability to carry the applied loading as a
structural unit
ii. The load bearing and deformation characteristics of the soil/pile system
It is stressed that any piles test program should be carefully designed, and that the
purpose of each test should be clearly stated. A large amount of information can be
obtained from carefully conducted and instrumental test piles. The information may well
lead to refinements of the foundation design with a consequent possible cost saving, or
certainly greater assurance of the satisfactory performance of the foundation. On the
other hand, poor-quality test pile data may lead to an uneconomic design and are
obviously wasteful of resources and money.
24
2.4 Load testing of piles
2.4.1 General
Pile load testing, using the maintained load or the constant rate of penetration test
procedures, is the most commonly adopted method of checking the performance of a
pile. Any pile testing and loading system should be properly designed, bearing in mind
the large forces and high strain energy in the system under full load. The test pile should
be typical in all respects of the piles in the foundation. Pile testing requires some
considerable time and engineering input to carry out and to interpret the results; this
process should not be rushed at the expense of quality of the data and reliability of the
results.
The objectives of a preliminary pile test program are usually to determine:
i. The ultimate bearing capacity of the piles, relating this to the
design parameters
ii. To separate the pile resistance contributed by the adhesion and
end bearing capacity
iii. To determine the stiffness of the soil/pile system at design load. A
back analysis of this data will enable the soil modulus to be
evaluated, and hence the deformation of pile groups may be
predicted with greatly increased confidence
25
2.4.2 Test equipment
The ultimate load of a pile may range from a few tens of tones to as much 2500
tones, and provision of a reaction to jack against requires careful consideration. The
geometry of the pile-reaction arrangement should be such as to minimize interaction
between the pile and the reaction, and to avoid movement of datum beams used as
references to measure settlement.
Kentledge is commonly used to provide reaction, and more or less any material
available in sufficient quantity can be used. Specially-cast concrete blocks or pigs of cast
iron may be hired and transported to site. Sheet steel piling, steel rail, bricks, or tanks
full of sand or water have to be adopted as kentledge from time to time. The important
criterion is that the mass of material is stable at all times during and after the test.
Clearance is required above the pile cap for the jack, load cell and reaction beam,
and it is necessary to support the whole weight of the kentledge on a timber or other
appropriate cribbage should be sufficient to avoid bearing failure, a severe problem on
soft ground. The kentledge is usually supported on a deck of steel beams and/or a timber
mattress. The cribbage should also be spaced at 3 or 4 diameters from the pile to avoid
an unacceptably large interaction as load is transferred to the pile. This spacing
determines the minimum length of the reaction beam required.
The reaction beam is subjected to high bending and buckling stresses and it
should be designed to carry the maximum load safely. The maximum safe load should
be clearly marked on the beam so that it is not inadvertently exceeded during a test. A
thick spreader plate is normally welded to the center of the beam to disperse the point
load from the jack.
Tension piles may be utilized to provide a satisfactory reaction, particularly for
raking piles. It is obviously most convenient if adjacent permanent piles can be used.
26
The top of the tension pile should be adequately reinforced against the stresses imposed
by the anchors. The tension piles should be normally be reinforced for the full depth of
the pile, though of course reinforcement in the pile may be curtailed as necessary with
depth.
The tension forces may be transmitted to the cross-head using a looped cable and
steel saddle, or individual wires in the cable may be locked separately in an anchor
block. Owing to the high extensibility of the wires, very large amounts of energy are
stored in the system, creating a potentially hazardous situation. Thus each component of
the system should be designed and installed correctly.
2.4.3 Load application and measurement
Based on Fleming et al (1992), it is important that the application of the load to
the test pile can be closely controlled, and a range of hydraulic jacks is readily available.
Short, large-diameter low-pressure jacks are to be preferred to the high-pressure type as
they are more stable. The jack may be actuated by a hand pump for loads up to
approximately 300 tones. However, for very high loadings or constant rate of
penetration tests, it is preferable to use a motorized pumping unit. Pressure gauges
should be fitted to the system to allow the operator to check the load in the system at a
glance, as he may be some way from the test pile.
Load measurement is preferably carried out using a load cell, and several types
are readily available. Commonly adopted load measuring devices, in order of accuracy,
are
i. Hydraulic load capsule, maximum capacity 450 tones
ii. Load columns, maximum capacity 1000 tones
27
iii. Proving rings, maximum capacity 200 tones
iv. Strain gauged load cells of various types, maximum capacity 200
tones
2.4.3.1 Measurement of settlement
The measurement of deformation is perhaps the most difficult observation to
make reliably. The use of dial gauges calibrated in 0.01 mm may give a false sense of
accuracy to the observations. In practice, measurement to this precision is not necessary
for pile testing and it is extremely difficult to maintain this degree of accuracy over a
long period of time. The most commonly used systems of settlement measurement are
dial test indicators or optical leveling.
2.5 Pile load test procedures
Two types of pile load test are commonly carried out; the maintained load test
and the constant rate of penetration test. The maintained load test is convenient for
testing end-bearing piles and for determining the load/settlement characteristics in clay
soils. Usually, however, it is not as suitable for determining the true ultimate capacity of
a pile.
The constant rate of penetration test procedure is best suited to determining the
ultimate bearing capacity of a pile, as the method of testing is closely related to the test
28
procedures used to obtain the shear strength of the soil. In clay soils, rapid pile testing
may approximate to undrained loading conditions, whilst a constant load for several
days may be necessary to allow full dissipation of pore pressures.
2.5.1 Maintained load tests
Based on Fleming et al (1992), the maintained load test requires a careful
specification of loading increments and period for which these increments are held
constant. The ICE Specification for Piling sets out a suitable minimum scheme, and the
ASTM Test Designation D-1143 specifies a similar procedure. In addition, limits are
placed on the rate of movement before the next load stage is added. The ICE
Specification for Piling limits the rate of movement to 0.25 mm/h provided the rate is
decreasing. Some engineers prefer a limit of 0.1 mm/h, and a frequent requirement is to
hold the load constant for 24 h at design load.
The maintained load test may be used to test contract piles to check acceptance
criteria. Such piles are usually loaded to 100% of the design verification load (DVL)
plus 50% of the specified working load to avoid overstressing the soil whilst still
proving an adequate reserve of strength in the soil/pile system. On special test piles that
will not form part of the permanent works, loading can be increased to failure, enabling
a check to be made on the design parameters (usually by the CRP method).
29
2.6 Interpretation of the results
A considerable amount of data may be computed from a pile test, and with more
sophisticated instrumentation a greater understanding of the soil/pile interaction may be
achieved. It is important that the designer is satisfied that the behavior of an isolated test
pile under relatively short-term loading stresses the bearing stratum in a similar manner
to the piles in the foundation. Interpretation of the test data may be carried out on several
levels:
i. Qualitative inspection of the load settlement curves
ii. A check for compliance with load and deformation specifications
iii. A back analysis of the data to provide information on the soil stiffness
and strength criteria
2.6.1 Load settlement curves
Fleming et al (1992) stated that typical shapes of load settlement curves are given
by M.J. Tomlinson. In particular unusual load settlement curves should be thoroughly
investigated as they may indicate unexpected geological problems, such as soft sensitive
clay, defects in the pile shaft, or poor construction techniques. From straightforward pile
tests in which the load settlement characteristics of the head of pile are measured, there
is as yet no satisfactory published method that allows separation of the components of
shaft friction or adhesion and end-bearing with a satisfactory degree of confidence.
2.6.2 Estimation of ultimate load
30
The ultimate load of a pile is usually not well defined. In practice an exact definition of
the ultimate load is not all that important, provided an adequate factor of safety is clearly
demonstrated. Two simple criteria which cover most situations are
i. The load at which settlement continues to increase without further
increase in load
ii. The load causing a settlement of 10% of the pile diameter (base
diameter). The latter limit is likely to give a low estimate of the
ultimate load as it is unlikely that general yielding of the soil
around the pile will have been initiated.
2.6.3 Settlement criteria
Fleming et al (1992) stated that settlement limits at design load or 1.5 times the
design load are frequently specified, on the basis of previous experience. Such specified
settlement limits should be realistic and should take into account the likely elastic
compression of the pile shaft. It is sometimes difficult to discern how the specified
criteria for a single pile relate to the behavior of the pile group.
This data may then be applied to the pile group to estimate the overall
performance of the foundation under the design loads. This approach is particularly
useful in the case of piled structures carrying high lateral loads, as the stiffness of the
soil is difficult to establish and may well be affected by the piling operation.
Contract test piles are frequently loaded to 1½ times the design load as a
performance test. Such a load test should avoid serious permanent deformation in the
31
surrounding soil and the significant alteration of the load/deformation characteristics of
the pile so tested. As these tests are not taken to failure it is sometimes difficult to assess
the acceptability of the pile. In such situations it is useful to estimate the likely elastic
settlement of the pile and then to draw up a realistic and unambiguous specification for
test pile performance. Such as assessment can quickly be made by summing the
compression to estimate the shaft and settlement of the toe. For such calculations it is
necessary to estimate the shaft adhesion from the site investigation data. In practice, by
making appropriate assumptions, upper and lower limits to the settlement may be
established.
2.7 Statnamic test
2.7.1 Introduction
The statnamic load test has been developed to meet the construction industry’s
demand for an accurate and cost effective method of determining the load bearing
capacity of caissons and high capacity piles. Developed jointly by Berminghammer
Corporation of Canada and TNO Building and Construction Research of the
Netherlands, statnamic can be used on any pile type with minimum pile preparation.
Loading is perfectly axial and relatively slow application and release of compressive
forces eliminates tensile stresses, compressing the pile and the soil as a single unit. As a
result, static load-displacement behaviour can be obtained.
Today’s taller buildings, heavier loads, and increased construction costs require
the use of large-diameter, drilled pier foundations systems. As such, the demand for high
capacity piles over 5.0 MN has increased dramatically.
32
Traditionally, static pile loading tests (to failure or twice design load) have been
used to verify the geotechnical design parameters, pile load capacity, and, in some cases,
the integrity of the pile. However, static pile loading test methods are expensive, time-
consuming, and cumbersome. Dynamic load tests have been used, as well as, to predict
static capacity and load-displacement behaviour. The dynamic response of a pile,
however, is controlled by stress waves; the analysis of which requires highly
experienced engineers. Dynamic load testing also creates tensile stresses which can
cause pile damage in concrete piles.
Statnamic testing overcomes the practical difficulties of both static loading and
dynamic load tests. Statnamic is capable of producing a given force using only 10% of
the mass in an equivalent static test. During statnamic loading, a perfectly axial load is
applied for duration of 120 milliseconds; long enough to compress the entire pile. Pile
behaviour is not dominated by stress wave propagation and pile accelerations are on the
order of 1 g. Load duration and loading rate are controlled by the vent height, amount of
fuel, and reaction mass.
2.7.2 Development of Statnamic
Statnamic development began in 1988 with a 0.1 MN test device. Today test
devices are capable of producing loads up to 30MN. Design and fabrication of bigger
devices of 45MN and 60MN are underway and they will be used for testing in the near
future.
33
Statnamic load tests have been conducted in Canada, United States, Japan,
Germany, Israel, Korea, Malaysia and Singapore. Testing options include single piles,
pile groups, structural elements, bridge piers and spread footings.
2.7.3 Basic concept of statnamic
The statnamic device is placed directly atop the test pile. Solid fuel is burned
within a pressure chamber, creating a large pressure which derives the reaction mass
upward. An equal and opposite force pushes downward on the pile.
If the reaction mass of 30 tonnes is initially accelerated upward at 20 g, then a
resultant 600 tonne force acts downward on the foundation. The reaction mass is 1/20
(30 tonnes/600 tonnes = 1/20) or 5% of equivalent statnamic mass. Statnamic loading is
applied in a linearly increasing manner and gradual unloading is achieved by a
controlled venting of a pressure. The duration of force is on the order of 120
milliseconds.
Pile accelerations of 1g are 100-1000 times less than a conventional dynamic
load test. As well, the duration of force is 10 to 20 times greater than a conventional
drop hammer blow. Thus, pile behaviour is not dominated by stress wave propagation. A
dynamic load test is shock load whereas statnamic load can be compared to a push,
subjecting the pile to consistent, high compressive forces throughout the length of the
pile.
Statnamic can be described using each of Newton’s three Laws of Motion:
1st Law (Law of Inertia)
34
A body will continue in a state of rest or uniform motion unless compelled to change that
state by an external force.
ΣF = 0
In a load test, two external forces act on a pile – the loading force which sets the pile in
motion and the pile’s resistance to that motion. Pile resistance is primarily a function of
the inertia of the pile mass due to pile stiffness along the pile shaft and the pile toe. By
measuring the pile displacement during test loading, a measurement of the pile’s
resistance and thus the pile/soil behaviour can be measured.
2nd Law (Law of Acceleration)
When acted upon by an external force, a body accelerates in the direction of that
external force and is proportional to the magnitude of that force.
F = ma
In static, statnamic, and dynamic load testing, the same net force can be applied to a pile
by different means. Compare:
Static: F = M x g = Mg
Statnamic: Mg20gx20
MxF =
Dynamic: Mg500gx500
MxF =
where M is the total mass of static test,
M/20 is the reaction of mass (Statnamic)
M/500 is the drop hammer mass
g is the acceleration due to gravity
20g is the acceleration of the reaction mass (Statnamic)
500g is the acceleration of the drop hammer
35
3rd Law (Action and Reaction)
For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.
F12 = F21
During Statnamic loading, the pressure vessel exerts an upward force on the reaction
masses, while an equal and opposite force reacts downward on the pile. Furthermore,
since the direction of force is along the cylinder assembly, loading is perfectly axial.
2.7.4 Application of Statnamic test
Statnamic can be used on any pile type or structure: These include barrette piles,
micro piles, batter groups, pile groups, caissons, bored piles, precast concrete piles,
lateral load test, bridge piers and spread footing.
2.7.5 Statnamic Theory
2.7.5.1 Load Duration
• Static Loading
Since velocity and acceleration are near zero throughout a static load test, damping and
inertial effects are minimal. However, as the load duration decreases for quick static load
tests, results can differ from conventional static tests due to the strain rate-dependent
nature of soil. Low permeability soils (soft silty or clayey soils) are most susceptible to
quick load rates.
36
• Low Rate Dynamic Loading (Statnamic)
The duration of pile loading is on the order of 120 milliseconds. The load duration,
while not on the order of static testing, is still relatively long compared to high rate
dynamic testing. Dynamic rate effects are present only in low permeability, cohesive
soils and can be measured using existing pile/soil models.
• High Rate Dynamic Loading (Dynamic Load Tests)
The duration of pile loading is on the order of 4 milliseconds. The short duration of
loading introduces stress waves to the pile and will unduly effect pile/soil behaviour.
Damping and inertial exert a strong influence on the test result and are difficult to
quantify.
2.8 Stress Wave Mechanics
In conventional static loading, the pile compresses as a whole throughout loading
and can be considered as a rigid body. As the load duration decreases, however, stress
waves are introduced to the pile, effecting pile/soil behaviour. Stress waves propagate
along the pile at the speed of sound within the pile.
c = (E/ρ)1/2
c = stress wave velocity
E = pile/soil system modulus
ρ = pile/soil density
37
C is about 3500 to 4000 m/s for reinforced concrete piles and 5000 m/s for steel piles.
For long piles (~ 30 meters) an initial stress at the pile top will reach the pile toe in
approximately 6 milliseconds, corresponding to the pile’s nature period, (30/5000 =
.006).
Statnamic loading is on the order of 120 milliseconds, well above the natural period
of even the stiffest pile. Because stress wave effects are minimized, the pile can be
considered as a rigid body and conventional static analytical methods apply. Although
results from Statnamic load tests have shown that rate effects are negligible for piles in
very stiff soils and piles end-bearing in rock, rate effects for piles in soft soils have been
relatively large and have significantly influenced load-displacement behaviour. The
Unloading-Point model, as shown in Figure 2.1, is a simple method of analysis for
determining the static resistance from a Statnamic test. As well, rate effects present
during a Statnamic test can be quantified with the Unloading-Point model.
Figure 2.1 : The Unloading-Point model
38
2.9 Pyrotechnics
To produce the characteristic Statnamic loading (force versus time as shown above), the
pressure chamber expands due to the increasing pressure from burning fuel gases. The
Statnamic cylinder, located on top of the pressure chamber, is accelerated upward force
(and hence the downward Statnamic loading) is equal to the product of this acceleration
and the total reaction mass. Thus,
F = ma
where a = C1.t
and C1 is a constant
The increased volume of the pressure chamber is equal to the product of the
displacement of the cylinder (d) and the area of the pressure vessel (A). Thus,
∫∫== a.dtAA.dV Equation 1
t.Ct.Ct.(CAV 3
2
2
3
1 ++=
where a is integrated twice in Equation 1 to determine d. The rate of increase in
pressurized gas production is therefore cubic, characteristic of solid propellant fuel.
The statnamic fuel consists of a number of small, perforated soil pellets. The burn
rate depends on several parameters:
1. chemical composition
2. pellet geometry
3. temperature
4. pressure
Chemical composition is chosen from factory burn trials. Perforated cylindrical
pellets are preferred to solid pellets or flat plates because they increase in surface area
39
throughout burning desired for statnamic. Furthermore, using many small pellets instead
of one large fuel charge reduces a consistent burn and averages out any imperfections in
a single pellet. As expected, the natural burn rate increases as temperature and pressure
increases in pressure chamber. Under normal operating conditions, burning will not
begin until the fuel temperature reaches 1000oC.
The statnamic propellant can be safely handled and will not ignite under spark,
friction, or agitation. When under atmospheric conditions, the burn is slow and easily
controlled. The fuel can be extinguished with water. Propellant can be transported with
minimum preparation stored for long periods of time without concern.
2.10 Data Acquisition
Load and displacement data are measured at the pile top with a calibrated load
cell and laser sensor and analyzed by TNO ‘s Foundation Pile Diagnostic System
(FPDS). The load measurements are accurate to within 0.1% and the displacement
measurements are accurate to 0.1 mm. A total of 2000 data points are recorded at a
sampling rate of 150 microseconds for a total time 0.3 seconds, suitable to record the
entire event. The sampling time and total measuring time are variable and can be
changed in FPDS. The ignition triggering is also controlled by FPDS.
Load Cell
The statnamic load is measured by a circular load cell, located between the
piston and the pile top. A number of strain gauge transducers, mounted on the load cell
circumference, reduce the effects if any uneven loading. Loads signal from each
transducers are averaged and amplified within the load cell to reduce error and are
further amplified by FPDS.
40
Laser Sensor
Pile displacement is measured with photovoltaic laser sensor (located at the
center of the piston base) and a remote reference laser source. During the statnamic
event, the change in position of the laser sensor is measured relative to the stationary
laser source. Any ground motion due to loading occurs after the event and does not
effect the reference source, 20 meters away.
Throughout loading, load and displacement signals are digitized and written to a
raw data file. After the event, the raw signal voltages are converted to load and
displacement values using factory calibration values. Load-displacement graphs are
presented immediately on-site. Supplementary graphs, including graphs of velocity and
acceleration, are also generated by FPDS. Velocity and acceleration data are to be used
for Unloading-Point Analysis to determine static load settlement behaviour.
2.11 Statnamic Assembly
Statnamic assembly is straightforward. All components are handled with a
hoisting machine. Reaction masses are sectional and made of concrete, lead, steel and
others. Concrete reaction masses can be cast on-site and reused. This can be shown in
Figure 2.2 below.
41
Figure 2.2 : Statnamic devices assembly
42
2.12 The result
The load displacement behavior is almost identical to a static load test. During the entire
test, a state-of-the art load cell and laser sensor, built right into the statnamic device, act
in concert with a high-speed laptop computer to measure load and displacement directly.
During a statnamic test, measured signals from the load cell and laser sensor are digitally
recorded by TNO’s Foundation Pile Diagnostic System (FPDS). Over 2000 values of
load and displacement are recorded. Load versus displacement results are presented
immediately on site, as well as graphs of load, displacement, velocity, and acceleration
versus time. Straightforward methods of analysis are provided through user-friendly
software to determine the damping and inertial effects. Load-deflection behavior and the
ultimate capacity of the foundation are clearly presented to the user.
2.13 Statnamic compared to dynamic and static testing
2.13.1 Dynamic Testing
In dynamic testing, a falling mass strikes the pile, delivering a short duration
impulse. Force and velocity are derived from gauges attached to the pile top. In
statnamic testing, a controlled, pre-determined load is applied directly to the pile without
introducing high-tension forces. The duration of loading is substantially longer than both
the impulse produced by dynamic testing and natural frequency of the foundation. The
capacity of large-diameter foundations can be fully mobilized without risking damage.
2.13.2 Static Testing
43
Static testing is expensive and cumbersome. On average, setting up and
dismantling a satnamic test can be done in a shift without interrupting the piling
contractor. Multiple piles can be tested in one day. In a comparative program in
Kanazawa, Japan, a static and statnamic test were conducted on the same foundation
producing virtually identical load-displacement behaviour. Numerous comparisons on
driven and cast in-situ piles have shown similar results.
2.14 Soil Types
In this study, there are two types of rock that need to be taken into account. One
is limestone rock and the other is granite rock. Based on Amir (1986), the main
descriptive properties of rocks which are of interest to the civil engineer are (AGE 197):
Rock type, stratigraphic unit, hardness and structure.
2.14.1 Elementary rock classification
Rocks are classified into 3 main groups according to the process by which they were
formed: Igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic.
a) Igneous rocks
When molten rock, or magma, is forced up to the surface in the form of lava it
cools and forms a family of rocks named igneous or magnetic. The specific kind of
44
rock which is created by this process depends on two main factors: The rate of
cooling of the magma and its chemical composition
Magma in this case which loses heat inside the ground forms an intrusive, or
plutonic, rock. Cooling in this case is very slow, and this enables the growth of
relatively large crystals. Extrusive (or volcanic) rocks, on the other hand, solidify on
the surface, in a process of a rapid cooling. As a result, the crystal structure is fine or
even nonexistent.
Composition: Acid �--------------------------------------------------� Basic
Light coloured Intermediate Dark
coloured
Light weight Heavy
Texture With quartz No quartz
Coarse Granite, Granodiorite Syenite, Diorite Gabbro
Medium Aplite Diabase Dolerite
Fine Rhyolite Trachyte, Andesite Basalt
(Felsite) (Felsite)
Mixed �---------------- (Porphyry of the above types) -----------------�
Glassy Obsidian Basalt-glass
Broken �-----------Breccia, Agglomerate, Tuff ------------------------�
Table 2.3: Schematic classification of igneous rocks
According to their chemical composition, igneous rocks may range from acidic to basic.
Acidic rocks are those that contain mainly silica. They are generally lighter in colour and
45
lighter in weight. Granite is a typical acid rock. Basic rocks, on the other extreme,
contain large mounts of metals such as iron and magnesium, and are dark and heavy.
Gabbro is a typical basic rock.
(b) Sedimentary rocks
In the process of erosion, rocks weather and are broken down into small particles or
even totally dissolved. These detritic particles may be carried away by water, wind or
glaciers, and deposited far from their original position. When these sediments start to
form thick deposits, they consolidate under their own weight and eventually, in the
presence of a suitable cementing chemical, may turn into solid rock. As a result of this
process, sedimentary rock will almost invariably possess a distinct stratified, or bedded,
structure. The classification of sedimentary rocks (Table 2.4) is based on several factors,
mainly grain size, composition and origin.
Certain rock types are named according to their origin. Some examples are Tillite
(cemented glacial deposit) and Travertine (carbonaceous hot-spring deposit).
46
Composition Texture Rock type Remarks
Detritic Coarse Conglomerate Rounded particles
(above 50% Breccia Angular particles
transported
particles) Medium Sandstone
Fine(>2 microns) Sandstone
Very fine Shale Little or no cement
(<2 microns) Marl Cemented by
CaCO3
Chemical Sandy Flint SiO2, dark
(below 50% (5% - 50% Chert SiO2, light
transported transported Limestone mainly CaCO3
material) material) Dolomite CaMg(CO3)2
Chalk microscopic
skeletons
Phosphate of CaCO3
Pure Gypsum
(<5% Coal
transported Rock salt
material) Iron
Table 2.4 : Schematic classification of sedimentary rocks
47
2.14.2 Stratigraphy
The determination of the stratigraphic unit to which a rock belongs will normally
be undertaken by a qualified geologist. It can often be helpful in conveying to the reader
of a geological report special characteristic of this specific rock, and give an indication
as to other rock types which may present in the immediate vicinity.
2.14.2 Hardness
The hardness of fresh rock is mainly a function of its mineral composition and
forming process. At a later stage, rock can be modified by weathering processes to such
degree that we may want find ourselves regarding it as soil. Field hardness, defined as
the resistance to indentation or scratching, can be correlated with the strength of the rock
material, which is of much interest to the engineer. Such as correlation (Table 4) enables
useful conclusions to be drawn from simple field tests.
48
2.14.3 Defects in rock
(a) Discontinuities
Based on Amir (1986), large rock masses are almost never continuous. Since it is
reasonable to assume that the strength of rock mass is determined by its discontinuities,
their study is utmost importance to the engineer. Discontinuities may take the form of
major features such as faults, shear zones and dykes, or small-scale features resulting
from the process which formed the rock (bedding planes) or from tectonic action
(joints). In many cases joints may be concentrated in well-defined directions, thus
forming joint sets which can be analyzed statistically. The following characteristics of
discontinuities are of main concern to the civil engineer.
a) Dip and dip direction. These values help to establish the existence (or
absence) of joint sets. Dip angle may also have a bearing on the load-
carrying behaviour of piles: Horizontal or nearly horizontal open joints
will influence the performance of piles more than vertical ones with
similar characteristics.
b) Frequency, or spacing between adjacent discontinuities. Jointing is
defined as very widely spaced for a typical spacing of more than 1 m, and
very close when joint frequency comes down to between 10 and 30 mm.
when bedding planes are less than 10 mm apart, the term ‘intensely
laminated’ or ‘intensely foliated’ may be applicable.
c) Opening – ranging from very narrow for wall separation of less than 0.1
mm, to very wide if the width exceeds 5 mm.
d) Gouge or infilling – its existence or absence should be noted. Gouge is
often in the form of soil, and has to be described as such, including
information regarding its moisture content and consistency.
49
e) Roughness of joint surfaces – rough joints are capable of sustaining high
shear stresses, while the shear strength of smooth and polish joints is only
nominal.
f) Waviness or curvature of the surfaces of the discontinuities.
A meaningful description of a rock mass must, therefore, cover the above parameters as
extensively as possible to enable us to reach a reasonable evaluation of its engineering
properties.
2.14.4 Uniaxial compressive strength
The uniaxial compression test (ISRM 1972) is performed on intact cylinders,
with a diameter exceeding 54mm and a length-to-diameter ratio of 2.5 to 3, at their
natural moisture content. An axial compressive load is applied and continuously
increased until failure is reached after 5 to 15 minutes. The maximum load, divided by
the cross-sectional area of the sample, is defined as the uniaxial compressive strength qu.
The uniaxial compressive strength, or UCS, is an important index property of the rock
material, and some typical values are presented in Table 5.
Certain rock types, such as marls and some chalks, may be sensitive to water.
The strength of such rocks will drop considerably upon wetting, especially under
unconfined conditions.
50
2.14.5 Rock mass classification
Based on Amir (1986), the large number of factors which determine the
mechanical properties of rock masses creates certain whenever these properties have to
be incorporated in a design process. Since it would be convenient if we could express
these properties by a single numerical value, various classification systems have been
proposed for rock masses. Following is the short list of some better known systems.
The Rock Quality Designation (RQD), which is widely used as the ratio of the
total length of core which was recovered in intact pieces 100mm or more in length, to
the length of a given run, expressed as a percentage. The correlation between RQD and
descriptive rock quality is presented in Table 2.5.
RQD (%) Rock quality
<25 very poor
25 – 50 poor
50 – 75 fair
75 – 90 good
90 – 100 very good
Table 2.5. Rock quality
The CSIR and the NGI classification systems developed specifically for
tunneling, take into account not only the RQD but also intact rock strength, joint
orientation and condition, ground water influence. So far, these systems have not found
any use in piling.
CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
In this project there are two types of data that have been collected. One is the
data for maintained load test and one is from the statnamic load test. In this chapter,
data from statnamic load test will be discussed thoroughly than the maintained load
test procedure, as it is the most common test done for pile. For both type of tests,
there are several data need to be collected that are the bore log record for each pile,
the piling record and the test record. This record will be evaluated to compare the
result for both maintained load test and statnamic load test.
3.1 Statnamic Test.
The main principle of statnamic load testing is based on launching reaction
masses from a pile top by releasing high pressure gases from a cylinder. The reaction
force required to launch the reaction masses upward acts equally downward on the
pile, and drives the pile into the ground. The high pressure gases are produced by the
burning solid fuel within the cylinder assembly.
53
Using Newton’s second law of acceleration, the reaction masses are
accelerated upward at 20g where a force acts downwards onto the pile will be 20
times the reaction masses weight. Thus, only 5% of the required test load is required
for the reaction masses assembly. Loading of the pile is monitored using a calibrated
load cell and displacement is monitored using a photo voltaic cell laser sensor. All
data recorded are digitized and stored in a portable computer connected to the
assembly.
The duration of a statnamic load testing is in the order of 120 to 150
millisecond. This produces a dynamic load on the pile top which is enough to allow
the pile react as a rigid body without the influence of stress wave propagation within
the pile. The soil is in turn loaded with minimum inertial effects and damping.
However, in highly viscoelastic soils, some rate effects are inevitable and influence
the interpretation of the test response.
3.2 Assembly of Statnamic test equipment.
Below are the procedures on assembling the statnamic test equipment. The
procedures are shown through photographs.
54
Figure 1 : Installation of piston and oil application
Figure 2: Piston and oil installation
55
Figure 3: Ignition System
Figure 4 Fuel Cage
56
Figure 5:Loading of Statnamic fuel
Figure 6: Closing of the piston
57
Figure 7: Installation of base plate
Figure 8: Installation of cylinder
58
Figure 9: Installation of cylinder
Figure 10: Installation of weight
59
Figure 11: Installation of weight
Figure 12: Installation of weight
60
Figure 13: After installation of weight mass
Figure 14: Placing the gravel structure non-supporting panels
61
Figure 15: Closing of the structure panels and installation of gravel
Figure 16: Portable computer and data logging device
62
Figure 17: cell laser source
Figure 18: After testing
63
3.3 Data Acquisition
The data for analysis are obtained from two sites. The data for bored pile cast
on limestone rock is collected from a housing project in Sentul, Kuala Lumpur. The
project is conducted by Syarikat Pembenaan Yeoh Tiong Lay Sdn Bhd where the
piling contractor is Geopancar Sdn. Bhd. The statnamic test was conducted on a
bored pile size 750mm diameter and the maintained load test was conducted on a
bored pile size 1050mm. The depth of the bored pile for statnamic test is 17.5m and
the depth of the bored pile for maintained load test is 16.6m. The statnamic test was
done on 2/6/2004 while the maintained load test was done on 4/1/2004 to 6/1/2004.
All record of each bored pile can be seen in Appendix 1.
The data for bored pile cast on granite rock is collected from a new highway
project in Bayan Baru, Pulau Pinang. This is a Jabatan Kerja Raya project where the
main contractor is Seri Meraga Sdn Bhd and the piling contractor is BAUER (M)
Sdn. Bhd. The depth of the bored pile for statnamic test is 35.4m and the depth of the
bored pile for maintained load test is 60.1m. The statnamic test was conducted on a
bored pile size 1800mm diameter on 17/4/2005 and the maintained load test was
conducted on a bored pile size 1200mm diameter on 5/6/2001. All record for each
bored pile can be seen in Appendix 2.
CHAPTER 4
DATA ANALYSIS
Once all tests finish, all data transferred into Microsoft Excel spreadsheet for
analysis. Data from the statnamic test is analyzed using 3 methods of calculation that
are the Unloading Point method, Matsumoto method and Simultaneous Equation
method. The analyses are shown below.
4.1 Interpretation of Statnamic pile load test results
The establish procedure for the evaluation of statnamic pile load-deflection
response is based on a simplified pile and soil model that is subjected to a rigid body
translation during the loading and unloading stages. Stress wave propagation within
the pile is minimized. The pile is treated as a rigid mass with elastic properties. The
soil is modeled as a spring and dashpot system in parallel. The spring represents the
static soil resistance, while the dashpot represents the damping of the soil. This can
be shown in Figure 4.1 below.
65
Figure 4.1 : Modelling of pile and soil during statnamic loading
The response of a pile to a statnamic loading can be mathematically described
by the following equation:
Fstn (t) = Fu (t) + Fv (v) +Fa (t) --�Eq 1
where Fstn (t) is the statnamic applied load, Fu (t) is the term accounting for the static
soil resistance, Fv (t) is the term accounting for the effect of damping, and Fa (t)
accounting for the effect of inertia during the loading/unloading stage.
The three components can be represented by:
Fu (t) = K u(t)
Fv (t) = C v(t)
Fa (t) = M a(t) ---�Eq 2
where u (t) is the pile top displacement and v (t) is the velocity at the pile top, a(t) is
the acceleration at the pile top, M is the mass of pile, K is the total spring stiffness,
and C is the damping component of the pile-soil system.
66
Substituting Eq. (2) into Eq (1) yields
Fstn (t) = Ku (t) + Cv (t) +M a (t) --�Eq 3
Alternatively, Eq.(3) can be written as
Fstn (t) = Fsoil (t) + Ma (t) ---�Eq 4
Where
Fsoil(t) = Ku(t) + Cv (t) --�Eq 5
In a pile load test, u(t), v(t) and a(t) are measured together with Fstn(t) at any time, t.
The mass, M of pile can easily be calculated. The value of K and C are to be
determined, and thus the components of Fu (t) and Fv (t) can then be obtained.
There are currently four methods of interpretation of pile response by
statnamic pile load test, namely, Initial Stiffness method, Equilibrium Point method,
Matsumoto (1994) method (or Modified Initial Stiffness method) and Unloading
Point method (Kusakabe and Matsumoto, 1995). The Unloading Point method and
Matsumoto method are the improved version of the Equilibrium Point method and
Initial Stiffness method respectively. Hence, only the Unloading Point method and
Matsumoto method will be used in this study. Also, a new method developed at the
National University of Singapore, called the Simultaneous Equation method, will
also be used in this study for the comparison of the results.
67
4.1.2 Unloading Point Method (Kusakabe and Matsumoto, 1995)
This is a modification of the Equilibrium Point method. This method assumes
that damping is linear, i.e. the damping coefficient C is constant through out the test.
In the Unloading Point method, Fsoil is calculated from
Fsoil (t) = Fstn (t) – Ma (t) --�Eq 6
The point of maximum displacement on the Fsoil versus u curve is called the
“Unloading Point”, which corresponds to the point when velocity is zero (v=0).
Since this zero velocity point is unique, it also corresponds to the point of maximum
displacement of the Fstn versus u curve.
At this unloading point, the damping force Fv (tu) = 0, where tu is the time at the
Unloading Point. Thus, at the Unloading Point
Fsoil (tu) = F u (tu) = F stn (tu) – Ma (tu) --�Eq 7
This value of Fu (tu) corresponding to the Unloading Point is taken to be the
maximum static soil resistance, Fu(max) obtained in the Statnamic test.
The damping factor C is estimated from
C = [Fsoil (max) – Fu (max)] --�Eq 8
V*
Where Fsoil (max) is the maximum value of Fsoil determined from the Fsoil versus u
curve, and v* is the pile velocity at Fsoil (max).
68
The complete static load-deflection curve can then be obtained by using this value of
C and calculating the static load Fu(t) as follows:
Fu(t) = Fstn – Cv(t) – Ma(t) --�Eq 9
4.1.2 Matsumoto (1994) Method
This is a modification of the Initial Stiffness method. In this method, both the
spring and damping factors (K and C in Eq. 3) are assumed to vary during the
load/unloading stage.
The static tangent stiffness, k (i) is determined from
k(i) = Fu (i) – Fu (i-1)
u(i) – u(i-1) --�Eq 10
The initial value of k (1) is estimated from
k (1) = Fstat (1) / u (1) --�Eq 11
where Fstat (1) is the static resistance at the start of the test (t=0), which is equal to the
weight of the reaction mass, and u (1) is the initial displacement.
For the (i+1)th time step
k(i+1) = k(i) --�Eq 12
Fu(i+1) = Fu (i) + k(i+1) { u(i+1) – u(i) } --�Eq 13
69
The damping coefficient can be calculated from
C(i+1) = { Fstn(i+1) – Fu(i+1) – Ma(i+1) } / v(i+1) --�Eq 14
At the (i+2)th time step, the following equations are solved:
C(i+2) = C(i+1) --�Eq 15
Fu(i+2) = Fstn(i+2) – C(i+2) v(i+1) – M a(i+2) --�Eq 16
k(i+2) = Fu(i+2) – Fu(i+1)
u(i+2) – u(i+1) --�Eq 17
The Fu versus u curve can be constructed by iterative use of Eqs. 12 to 17. The values
of k and C are successively updated as the calculations proceed.
4.1.3 Simultaneous Equation method
This is further modification of the Matsumoto method of which at any one
time-step there are 2 unknowns, k (tangent stiffness) and C. hence, by assuming that
the values of k and C remain constant at time i+1 and i+2 and writing the equilibrium
equations at these two time steps, there will be 2 unknowns in 2 equations. The static
soil resistance can be written as
Fu(i+1) = Fu(i) + k {u(i+1) – u(i)} --�Eq 18
70
The 2 equilibrium equations can be written as
Fstn (i+1) = Ma(i+1) + Cv(i+1) + Fu(i) + k { u(i+) – u(i) } --�Eq 19
Fstn (i+2) = Ma(i+2) + Cv(i+2) + Fu(i) + k { u(i+2) – u(i) }
Solving the above simultaneous equations at any 2-time steps enables the
determination of k and C.
4.2 Interpretation of Maintained Load Test data.
From all data gained from the maintained load test, a load versus settlement is
plotted and is compared to the analysis from the statnamic test. All data from the
statnamic test and maintained load test is normalized to produce data that can be
compare together. From the graph produced by the maintained load test data and
statnamic test, a comparison on the effective method will be discussed.
CHAPTER 5
RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS
In this chapter, all results will be shown and conclusion will be made. For this
project, data was collected from two different sites ad area. One was taken from a
project on a limestone area and one comes from a granite area. The results will be
discussed in the following part of this chapter.
5.1 Results for Bored Pile on Limestone Rock
This data was taken from an apartment project conducted by Syarikat Pembenaan
Yeoh Tiong Lay Sdn. Bhd. in Sentul, Kuala Lumpur. The bored pile was bored by
Geopancar Sdn. Bhd. The bored pile size for maintained load test was 1050mm diameter
and the bored pile for statnamic test was 900mm diameter. The calculation for the three
methods for statnamic test can be seen on Appendix 3, Appendix 4 and Appendix 5. For
maintained load test result, the calculation can be seen on Appendix 6. All data from
72
both test is normalized by dividing the capacity of the pile to the pile size. This is needed
to compare the two tests without much doubt. The summary for the ultimate capacity of
the pile achieved and the maximum settlement obtained for the two tests is presented in
Table 5.1
Test Ultimate Capacity
(Tonnes/m) Settlement (mm)
Statnamic Test:
Unloading Point Method 884.01 8.20
Statnamic Test:
Matsumoto Method 909.93 8.20
Statnamic Test:
Simultaneous Equation
Method
955.95 8.2
Maintained Load Test 1571.41 13.17
Table 5.1 Results for the statnamic test and maintained load test for bored pile
cast on limestone rock
The residual settlement for statnamic test is 2.18mm and the residual settlement for
maintained load test is 0.36mm. Below are the results for the statnamic test and
maintained load test presented in charts.
73
Load (Tonnes) versus Displacement (mm)
-1.00
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
-100.00 0.00 100.00 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00 700.00 800.00 900.00
Load (Tonnes)
Displacement (mm)
unloading point method
Figure 5.1: Results for statnamic test using Unloading Point method for Limestone rock
74
Load (Tonnes) versus Displacement (mm)
-1.00
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
-100.00 0.00 100.00 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00 700.00 800.00 900.00
Load (Tonnes)
Displacement (mm)
matsumoto method
Figure 5.2: Results for statnamic test using Matsumoto method for Limestone rock
75
Load (Tonnes) versus Displacement (mm)
-1.00
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
-100.000 0.000 100.000 200.000 300.000 400.000 500.000 600.000 700.000 800.000 900.000 1000.000
Load (Tonnes)
Displacement (mm)
simultaneous equation
Figure 5.3: Results for statnamic test using Simultaneous Equation method for Limestone rock
76
Load (Tonnes/m) versus Settlement (mm)
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
14.00
0.00 200.00 400.00 600.00 800.00 1000.00 1200.00 1400.00 1600.00 1800.00
Load (Tonnes/m)
Settlement (mm)
1st cycle 2nd cycle 3rd cycle
Figure 5.4: Results for maintained load test for Limestone rock
77
Load (Tonnes/m) versus Settlement (mm)
-2.00
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
14.00
0.00 200.00 400.00 600.00 800.00 1000.00 1200.00 1400.00 1600.00 1800.00
Load (Tonnes/m)
Settlement (mm)
MLT Maple unloading point method simultaneous equation Matsumoto method
Figure 5.5: Results for statnamic test using 3 methods and maintained load test (3rd cycle) for Limestone rock
78
5.2 Results for Bored Pile on Granite Rock
This data was taken from a highway project conducted by Jabatan Kerja Raya
Pulau Pinang. The main contractor is Sri Meraga Sdn Bhd and the bored pile was piled
by BAUER (M) Sdn. Bhd. The bored pile size for maintained load test was 1200mm
diameter and the bored pile for statnamic test was 1800mm diameter. The calculation for
the three methods for statnamic test can be seen on Appendix 7, Appendix 8 and
Appendix 9. For maintained load test result, the calculation can be seen on Appendix 10.
All data from both test is normalized by dividing the capacity of the pile to the pile size.
This is needed to compare the two tests without much doubt. The summary for the
ultimate capacity of the pile achieved and the maximum settlement obtained for the two
tests is presented in Table 5.2
Test Ultimate Capacity
(Tonnes/m) Settlement (mm)
Statnamic Test:
Unloading Point Method 1520.20 8.64
Statnamic Test:
Matsumoto Method 1533.35 8.64
Statnamic Test:
Simultaneous Equation
Method
1528.62 8.64
Maintained Load Test 2540.00 133.45
Table 5.2 Results for the statnamic test and maintained load test for bored pile
cast on granite rock
79
The residual settlement for statnamic test is 2.75mm and the residual settlement for
maintained load test is 97.10mm. Below are the results for the statnamic test and
maintained load test presented in charts.
80
Load (Tonnes/m) versus Displacement (mm)
-1.00
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
10.00
-100.00 100.00 300.00 500.00 700.00 900.00 1100.00 1300.00 1500.00 1700.00
Load (Tonnes/m)
Displacement (mm)
unloading point method
Figure 5.6: Results for statnamic test using Unloading Point method for Granite rock
81
Load (Tonnes/m) versus Displacement (mm)
-1.00
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
10.00
-350.00 150.00 650.00 1150.00 1650.00 2150.00
Load (Tonnes/m)
Displacement (mm)
matsumoto method
Figure 5.7: Results for statnamic test using Matsumoto method for Granite rock
82
Load (Tonnes/m) versus Displacement (mm)
-1.00
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
10.00
-300.00 200.00 700.00 1200.00 1700.00
Load (Tonnes/m)
Displacement (mm)
simultaneous equation method
Figure 5.8: Results for statnamic test using Simultaneous Equation method for Granite rock
83
Load (Tonnes/m) versus Displacement (mm)
-20.00
0.00
20.00
40.00
60.00
80.00
100.00
120.00
140.00
160.00
0.00 500.00 1000.00 1500.00 2000.00 2500.00 3000.00
Load (Tonnes/m)
Displacement (mm)
1st cycle 2nd cycle
Figure 5.9: Results for maintained load test for Granite rock
84
Load (Tonnes/m) versus Settlement (mm)
-20.00
0.00
20.00
40.00
60.00
80.00
100.00
120.00
140.00
160.00
-200.00 300.00 800.00 1300.00 1800.00 2300.00 2800.00
Load (Tonnes/m)
Settlement (mm)
MLT data unloading point method simultaneous equation method matsumoto method
Figure 5.10: Results for statnamic test using 3 methods and maintained load test (2nd cycle) for Granite rock
5.3 Conclusions
From the calculation and data for both types of soils, several conclusions can be
made. The static load-settlement curves obtained from the results of the statnamic test
using the Unloading Point method, Matsumoto method and Simultaneous Equation
method are shown in Figure 5.5 and Figure 5.10.
For bored pile cast on limestone rock, it can be said that all three methods, in
spite of the differences in the calculation of the damping coefficient C, give load
settlement curves which are very similar. In Figure 5.5, it can be shown that the curves
for the three methods compare favorably with the maintained load test curves.
Therefore, it can be said that the Unloading Point method, Matsumoto method and
Simultaneous Equation method can be used to compare the statnamic test result with the
maintained load test result.
For bored pile cast on granite rock, it can be said that the statnamic test result
obtained from the three methods of calculation does not gives a good comparison o the
maintained load test result. Although the loading is high but the settlement in the
maintained load test is too high and does not give a logic comparison to the result from
the statnamic load test. This result happen might be due to the large difference in the
depth of bored pile for each test. From Figure 5.10, it can be said that the result is not
compared favorably. Thus, it can be concluded that for this type of soil for this project,
the data from the statnamic test can not be compared to the maintained load test result.
Although the statnamic test is new, there are several advantages of using this test
than the ordinary maintained load test such as the statnamic test applies loads up to 30
MN and higher. The statnamic test can also be tested on high capacity bored piles,
72
barrette piles, steel piles, augercast piles, timber piles, batter piles, in clay, silt, rock and
sand. This includes test on bridge foundations, pile groups, spread footings, and off-
shore piles. Statnamic can also be tested laterally and without planning. Another
advantages of statnamic is that no reaction piles are required and this will save a lot of
money in bored piling. Several statnamic test can be conducted for the cost of a single
static test. Other than that, statnamic’s built-in load cell and laser sensor provide direct
measurements of load-displacement behaviour and it produces load-displacement results
immediately on site.
But there are several limitations on the statnamic test. The main limitation is that
this test produces only 1 cycle load and though the test is very short, it does not
represent the actual settlement of the pile. The pile tested does not gives the actual
settlement because the settlement happen only due to several second of loading not like
the actual reaction where settlement takes a very long time to happen. Although the
statnamic is said to be cheap to be done on several pile but the cost of transportation of
the massive thing is quite expensive if the test need to be done in a remote area project.
Another limitations of statnamic is that for testing purposes, the analysis of statnamic
load testing signals is based on the Unloading Point method. This method assumed that
the pile can be modeled as a concentrated mass and springs. Modeling of the pile as a
concentrated mass and springs is only valid when stress waves phenomena are of
minimal. Deviations can occur with Unloading Point method when the following
phenomena are present and not taken into account.
a) Soils in which excessive pore water pressures are generated
during statnamic loading.
b) Soils with significant strain rate sensitive behaviour.
c) Stress wave phenomena introduced by too short of statnamic
loading duration relative to the pile length (100m and above).
73
Therefore, it can be concluded that the outcome of the statnamic test does not
produce identical result as the ordinary maintained load test. But, a thorough study
should be made in order to determined the differences of the results from the statnamic
test and maintained load test before it can be used in our construction industry.
REFERENCES
Amir, Joram M (1986) “Piling in Rock” A.A.Balkema
Chow, Y K and Chew, S H (1997) “Geotechnical Analysis of Statnamic Pile Load Test
on Bored Pile No W47/5 For The Proposed Ampang Kuala Lumpur Elevated
Highway”
Fleming et al (1992) “Piling Engineering” 2nd Edition, Chapman & Hall
Geonamics (1998) “Statnamic – Load Testing Technology” Economy Express Printing
Goble G.G (1975) “Bearing Capacity of piles from dynamic measurements: Final
report” Ohio Department of Transportation
Housel, William (1966) “Pile Load Capacity: Estimates and Test Results” Journal of
The Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division
Kirkaldie, Louise (1988) “Rock Classification Systems for Engineering Purposes”
Symposium on Rock Classification Systems for Engineering Purposes 1987, ASTM
special technical publication
Peck et al (1974) “Foundation Engineering” 2nd Edition, Wiley International
Smith, G.N and Smith, G.N (2000) “Elements of Soil Mechanics” 2nd Edition,
Blackwell Science
APPENDIX 3
No Time (ms) Load (MN)
Displacement (mm)
Velocity (m/s)
Acceleration (m/s2)
M M a(t) C Cv Fu(t) MN to kN kN to Ton Ton to Tonnes
Normalised data
(Tonnes/m)
1 0.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 -0.06 0.00186 0.00 1.10 0.000 0.45 450.11 45.17 45.90 51.00
2 1.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 -0.05 0.00 0.000 0.45 450.09 45.17 45.89 50.99
3 2.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 -0.05 0.00 0.000 0.45 450.09 45.17 45.89 50.99
4 3.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 -0.05 0.00 0.000 0.45 450.09 45.17 45.89 50.99
5 4.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 -0.06 0.00 0.000 0.45 450.11 45.17 45.90 51.00
6 5.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 -0.08 0.00 0.000 0.45 450.15 45.18 45.90 51.00
7 6.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 -0.09 0.00 0.000 0.45 450.17 45.18 45.90 51.00
8 7.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 -0.11 0.00 0.000 0.45 450.20 45.18 45.91 51.01
9 8.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 -0.12 0.00 0.000 0.45 450.22 45.18 45.91 51.01
10 9.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 -0.12 0.00 0.000 0.45 450.22 45.18 45.91 51.01
11 10.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 -0.13 0.00 0.000 0.45 450.24 45.19 45.91 51.01
12 11.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 -0.12 0.00 -0.001 0.45 451.32 45.29 46.02 51.13
13 12.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 -0.10 0.00 -0.001 0.45 451.29 45.29 46.02 51.13
14 13.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 -0.08 0.00 0.000 0.45 450.15 45.18 45.90 51.00
15 14.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 -0.07 0.00 0.000 0.45 450.13 45.18 45.90 51.00
16 15.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 -0.05 0.00 0.000 0.45 450.09 45.17 45.89 50.99
17 16.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 -0.03 0.00 -0.001 0.45 451.16 45.28 46.00 51.11
18 17.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 -0.04 0.00 -0.001 0.45 451.17 45.28 46.00 51.12
19 18.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 -0.03 0.00 -0.001 0.45 451.16 45.28 46.00 51.11
20 19.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 -0.01 0.00 -0.001 0.45 451.12 45.27 46.00 51.11
21 20.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 -0.001 0.45 451.06 45.27 45.99 51.10
22 21.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.00 -0.001 0.45 451.03 45.26 45.99 51.10
23 22.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 0.07 0.00 -0.001 0.45 450.97 45.26 45.98 51.09
24 23.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 0.13 0.00 -0.001 0.45 450.86 45.25 45.97 51.08
25 24.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 0.20 0.00 -0.001 0.45 450.73 45.24 45.96 51.07
26 25.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 0.28 0.00 -0.001 0.45 450.58 45.22 45.94 51.05
27 26.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 0.37 0.00 -0.001 0.45 450.41 45.20 45.93 51.03
28 27.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 0.49 0.00 -0.001 0.45 450.19 45.18 45.90 51.00
29 28.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 0.62 0.00 -0.001 0.45 449.95 45.16 45.88 50.98
30 29.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 0.76 0.00 -0.001 0.45 449.69 45.13 45.85 50.95
31 30.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 0.89 0.00 -0.001 0.45 449.45 45.11 45.83 50.92
32 31.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 1.02 0.00 -0.001 0.45 449.21 45.08 45.80 50.89
33 32.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 1.16 0.00 0.000 0.45 447.85 44.95 45.67 50.74
34 33.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 1.31 0.00 0.000 0.45 447.57 44.92 45.64 50.71
35 34.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 1.48 0.00 0.000 0.45 447.25 44.89 45.60 50.67
36 35.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 1.69 0.00 0.000 0.45 446.86 44.85 45.56 50.63
37 36.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 1.91 0.00 0.000 0.45 446.46 44.81 45.52 50.58
38 37.00 0.46 0.00 0.01 2.13 0.00 0.011 0.45 445.05 44.66 45.38 50.42
39 38.00 0.46 0.00 0.01 2.38 0.00 0.011 0.44 444.58 44.62 45.33 50.37
40 39.00 0.47 0.00 0.01 2.65 0.00 0.011 0.45 454.08 45.57 46.30 51.45
41 40.00 0.49 0.00 0.01 2.88 0.01 0.011 0.47 473.66 47.54 48.30 53.66
42 41.00 0.50 0.00 0.02 3.12 0.01 0.022 0.47 472.21 47.39 48.15 53.50
43 42.00 0.53 0.00 0.02 3.35 0.01 0.022 0.50 501.78 50.36 51.16 56.85
44 43.00 0.55 0.00 0.02 3.56 0.01 0.022 0.52 521.39 52.33 53.16 59.07
45 44.00 0.59 0.01 0.03 3.78 0.01 0.033 0.55 549.99 55.20 56.08 62.31
46 45.00 0.63 0.02 0.03 3.99 0.01 0.033 0.59 589.60 59.17 60.12 66.80
47 46.00 0.67 0.04 0.03 4.16 0.01 0.033 0.63 629.28 63.15 64.17 71.29
48 47.00 0.73 0.06 0.04 4.33 0.01 0.044 0.68 677.96 68.04 69.13 76.81
49 48.00 0.78 0.08 0.04 4.51 0.01 0.044 0.73 727.63 73.03 74.19 82.44
50 49.00 0.85 0.12 0.05 4.66 0.01 0.055 0.79 786.35 78.92 80.18 89.09
51 50.00 0.92 0.17 0.05 4.80 0.01 0.055 0.86 856.09 85.92 87.29 96.99
52 51.00 1.01 0.24 0.06 4.96 0.01 0.066 0.93 934.80 93.82 95.32 105.91
53 52.00 1.10 0.31 0.07 5.13 0.01 0.077 1.01 1013.48 101.71 103.34 114.82
54 53.00 1.19 0.39 0.07 5.28 0.01 0.077 1.10 1103.20 110.72 112.49 124.99
55 54.00 1.30 0.46 0.08 5.41 0.01 0.088 1.20 1201.96 120.63 122.56 136.18
56 55.00 1.41 0.52 0.09 5.56 0.01 0.099 1.30 1300.68 130.54 132.63 147.36
57 56.00 1.53 0.59 0.09 5.72 0.01 0.099 1.42 1420.39 142.55 144.83 160.92
58 57.00 1.65 0.66 0.10 5.85 0.01 0.110 1.53 1529.14 153.46 155.92 173.24
59 58.00 1.78 0.74 0.10 5.97 0.01 0.110 1.66 1658.92 166.49 169.15 187.95
60 59.00 1.92 0.83 0.11 6.04 0.01 0.121 1.79 1787.79 179.42 182.29 202.55
61 60.00 2.07 0.96 0.11 6.06 0.01 0.121 1.94 1937.75 194.47 197.58 219.54
62 61.00 2.23 1.10 0.12 6.02 0.01 0.132 2.09 2086.83 209.43 212.79 236.43
63 62.00 2.39 1.26 0.12 5.93 0.01 0.132 2.25 2247.00 225.51 229.12 254.57
64 63.00 2.56 1.43 0.13 5.77 0.01 0.143 2.41 2406.29 241.50 245.36 272.62
65 64.00 2.74 1.61 0.14 5.56 0.01 0.154 2.58 2575.68 258.50 262.63 291.81
66 65.00 2.92 1.76 0.14 5.35 0.01 0.154 2.76 2756.07 276.60 281.02 312.25
67 66.00 3.11 1.93 0.15 5.12 0.01 0.165 2.94 2935.50 294.61 299.32 332.58
68 67.00 3.31 2.08 0.16 4.91 0.01 0.176 3.12 3124.89 313.61 318.63 354.04
69 68.00 3.50 2.21 0.16 4.71 0.01 0.176 3.32 3315.26 332.72 338.04 375.60
70 69.00 3.71 2.39 0.17 4.46 0.01 0.187 3.51 3514.72 352.74 358.38 398.20
71 70.00 3.92 2.53 0.18 4.23 0.01 0.198 3.71 3714.15 372.75 378.72 420.80
72 71.00 4.13 2.66 0.18 4.00 0.01 0.198 3.92 3924.58 393.87 400.17 444.64
73 72.00 4.34 2.82 0.19 3.69 0.01 0.209 4.12 4124.15 413.90 420.52 467.25
74 73.00 4.56 2.98 0.19 3.33 0.01 0.209 4.34 4344.82 436.05 443.02 492.25
75 74.00 4.78 3.15 0.20 2.93 0.01 0.220 4.55 4554.56 457.10 464.41 516.01
76 75.00 5.00 3.35 0.20 2.45 0.00 0.220 4.78 4775.45 479.26 486.93 541.04
77 76.00 5.23 3.57 0.20 1.89 0.00 0.220 5.01 5006.49 502.45 510.49 567.21
78 77.00 5.45 3.82 0.20 1.27 0.00 0.220 5.23 5227.64 524.65 533.04 592.27
79 78.00 5.67 4.08 0.21 0.63 0.00 0.231 5.44 5437.83 545.74 554.47 616.08
80 79.00 5.89 4.31 0.21 -0.01 0.00 0.231 5.66 5659.02 567.94 577.03 641.14
81 80.00 6.11 4.54 0.21 -0.65 0.00 0.231 5.88 5880.21 590.14 599.58 666.20
82 81.00 6.32 4.77 0.21 -1.30 0.00 0.231 6.09 6091.41 611.33 621.12 690.13
83 82.00 6.52 5.02 0.21 -1.96 0.00 0.231 6.29 6292.64 631.53 641.63 712.93
84 83.00 6.71 5.25 0.21 -2.62 0.00 0.231 6.48 6483.86 650.72 661.13 734.59
85 84.00 6.89 5.50 0.20 -3.29 -0.01 0.220 6.68 6676.11 670.01 680.73 756.37
86 85.00 7.04 5.76 0.20 -3.96 -0.01 0.220 6.83 6827.35 685.19 696.16 773.51
87 86.00 7.19 6.01 0.20 -4.62 -0.01 0.220 6.98 6978.57 700.37 711.58 790.64
88 87.00 7.32 6.26 0.19 -5.26 -0.01 0.209 7.12 7120.76 714.64 726.07 806.75
89 88.00 7.46 6.50 0.18 -5.84 -0.01 0.198 7.27 7272.84 729.90 741.58 823.98
90 89.00 7.57 6.69 0.18 -6.37 -0.01 0.198 7.38 7383.82 741.04 752.90 836.55
91 90.00 7.67 6.89 0.17 -6.89 -0.01 0.187 7.50 7495.79 752.28 764.31 849.24
92 91.00 7.75 7.06 0.16 -7.39 -0.01 0.176 7.59 7587.71 761.50 773.69 859.65
93 92.00 7.81 7.22 0.15 -7.88 -0.01 0.165 7.66 7659.62 768.72 781.02 867.80
94 93.00 7.85 7.38 0.14 -8.35 -0.02 0.154 7.71 7711.50 773.93 786.31 873.68
95 94.00 7.88 7.54 0.13 -8.76 -0.02 0.143 7.75 7753.26 778.12 790.57 878.41
96 95.00 7.90 7.68 0.12 -9.10 -0.02 0.132 7.78 7784.89 781.29 793.79 881.99
97 96.00 7.90 7.81 0.11 -9.37 -0.02 0.121 7.80 7796.39 782.45 794.96 883.29
98 97.00 7.91 7.90 0.10 -9.59 -0.02 0.110 7.82 7817.80 784.59 797.15 885.72
99 98.00 7.90 7.96 0.09 -9.80 -0.02 0.099 7.82 7819.19 784.73 797.29 885.88
100 99.00 7.88 8.02 0.07 -9.98 -0.02 0.077 7.82 7821.52 784.97 797.53 886.14
101 100.00 7.85 8.06 0.06 -10.08 -0.02 0.066 7.80 7802.71 783.08 795.61 884.01
102 101.00 7.80 8.09 0.05 -10.17 -0.02 0.055 7.76 7763.87 779.18 791.65 879.61
103 102.00 7.74 8.13 0.04 -10.26 -0.02 0.044 7.72 7715.04 774.28 786.67 874.08
104 103.00 7.68 8.15 0.03 -10.34 -0.02 0.033 7.67 7666.19 769.38 781.69 868.54
105 104.00 7.61 8.20 0.01 -10.33 -0.02 0.011 7.62 7618.17 764.56 776.79 863.10
106 105.00 7.53 8.16 0.00 -10.23 -0.02 0.000 7.55 7548.98 757.62 769.74 855.26
107 106.00 7.45 8.14 -0.01 -10.10 -0.02 -0.011 7.48 7479.74 750.67 762.68 847.42
108 107.00 7.36 8.14 -0.02 -10.03 -0.02 -0.022 7.40 7400.61 742.73 754.61 838.45
109 108.00 7.26 8.13 -0.03 -9.96 -0.02 -0.033 7.31 7311.48 733.78 745.52 828.36
110 109.00 7.16 8.10 -0.03 -9.85 -0.02 -0.033 7.21 7211.28 723.72 735.30 817.00
111 110.00 7.05 8.07 -0.04 -9.69 -0.02 -0.044 7.11 7111.98 713.76 725.18 805.75
112 111.00 6.94 8.03 -0.05 -9.49 -0.02 -0.055 7.01 7012.61 703.79 715.05 794.50
113 112.00 6.82 7.97 -0.06 -9.24 -0.02 -0.066 6.90 6903.15 692.80 703.88 782.09
114 113.00 6.70 7.90 -0.07 -8.95 -0.02 -0.077 6.79 6793.61 681.81 692.72 769.68
115 114.00 6.58 7.81 -0.08 -8.57 -0.02 -0.088 6.68 6683.90 670.80 681.53 757.25
116 115.00 6.44 7.69 -0.09 -8.10 -0.02 -0.099 6.55 6554.03 657.76 668.29 742.54
117 116.00 6.29 7.58 -0.10 -7.58 -0.01 -0.110 6.41 6414.07 643.72 654.02 726.68
118 117.00 6.14 7.44 -0.11 -7.05 -0.01 -0.121 6.27 6274.08 629.67 639.74 710.82
119 118.00 5.97 7.31 -0.11 -6.55 -0.01 -0.121 6.10 6103.15 612.51 622.31 691.46
120 119.00 5.79 7.22 -0.12 -6.10 -0.01 -0.132 5.93 5933.32 595.47 605.00 672.22
121 120.00 5.61 7.13 -0.13 -5.73 -0.01 -0.143 5.76 5763.63 578.44 587.69 652.99
122 121.00 5.42 7.08 -0.14 -5.43 -0.01 -0.154 5.58 5584.08 560.42 569.38 632.65
123 122.00 5.22 6.99 -0.15 -5.07 -0.01 -0.165 5.39 5394.41 541.38 550.04 611.16
124 123.00 5.01 6.81 -0.15 -4.58 -0.01 -0.165 5.18 5183.50 520.22 528.54 587.27
125 124.00 4.79 6.65 -0.16 -4.05 -0.01 -0.176 4.97 4973.52 499.14 507.13 563.48
126 125.00 4.56 6.48 -0.17 -3.51 -0.01 -0.187 4.75 4753.51 477.06 484.70 538.55
127 126.00 4.33 6.26 -0.17 -2.87 -0.01 -0.187 4.52 4522.33 453.86 461.12 512.36
128 127.00 4.10 6.03 -0.17 -2.13 0.00 -0.187 4.29 4290.95 430.64 437.53 486.14
129 128.00 3.87 5.75 -0.17 -1.36 0.00 -0.187 4.06 4059.52 407.41 413.93 459.92
130 129.00 3.63 5.52 -0.17 -0.72 0.00 -0.187 3.82 3818.34 383.21 389.34 432.60
131 130.00 3.40 5.38 -0.17 -0.25 0.00 -0.187 3.59 3587.46 360.04 365.80 406.44
132 131.00 3.17 5.21 -0.17 0.21 0.00 -0.187 3.36 3356.61 336.87 342.26 380.29
133 132.00 2.96 5.00 -0.16 0.79 0.00 -0.176 3.13 3134.53 314.58 319.62 355.13
134 133.00 2.74 4.78 -0.16 1.41 0.00 -0.176 2.91 2913.38 292.39 297.07 330.07
135 134.00 2.54 4.55 -0.16 2.02 0.00 -0.176 2.71 2712.25 272.20 276.56 307.29
136 135.00 2.34 4.33 -0.16 2.60 0.00 -0.176 2.51 2511.18 252.02 256.05 284.50
137 136.00 2.15 4.11 -0.16 3.15 0.01 -0.176 2.32 2320.15 232.85 236.58 262.86
138 137.00 1.98 3.90 -0.15 3.66 0.01 -0.165 2.14 2138.21 214.59 218.02 242.25
139 138.00 1.81 3.69 -0.15 4.09 0.01 -0.165 1.97 1967.41 197.45 200.61 222.90
140 139.00 1.65 3.54 -0.14 4.37 0.01 -0.154 1.80 1795.89 180.24 183.12 203.47
141 140.00 1.50 3.44 -0.13 4.50 0.01 -0.143 1.63 1634.65 164.05 166.68 185.20
142 141.00 1.36 3.35 -0.13 4.57 0.01 -0.143 1.49 1494.52 149.99 152.39 169.32
143 142.00 1.24 3.26 -0.12 4.64 0.01 -0.132 1.36 1363.39 136.83 139.02 154.47
144 143.00 1.12 3.16 -0.12 4.72 0.01 -0.132 1.24 1243.24 124.77 126.77 140.85
145 144.00 1.01 3.09 -0.11 4.83 0.01 -0.121 1.12 1122.04 112.61 114.41 127.12
146 145.00 0.91 3.01 -0.10 4.94 0.01 -0.110 1.01 1010.83 101.45 103.07 114.52
147 146.00 0.82 2.95 -0.10 5.06 0.01 -0.110 0.92 920.61 92.39 93.87 104.30
148 147.00 0.74 2.88 -0.09 5.14 0.01 -0.099 0.83 829.46 83.24 84.58 93.97
149 148.00 0.66 2.80 -0.08 5.15 0.01 -0.088 0.74 738.44 74.11 75.30 83.66
150 149.00 0.60 2.74 -0.07 5.10 0.01 -0.077 0.67 667.54 66.99 68.07 75.63
151 150.00 0.53 2.68 -0.07 5.02 0.01 -0.077 0.60 597.68 59.98 60.94 67.71
152 151.00 0.47 2.62 -0.06 4.87 0.01 -0.066 0.53 526.96 52.89 53.73 59.70
153 152.00 0.42 2.58 -0.06 4.66 0.01 -0.066 0.48 477.35 47.91 48.67 54.08
154 153.00 0.38 2.52 -0.06 4.42 0.01 -0.066 0.44 437.80 43.94 44.64 49.60
155 154.00 0.33 2.48 -0.05 4.24 0.01 -0.055 0.38 377.13 37.85 38.45 42.73
156 155.00 0.30 2.43 -0.05 4.13 0.01 -0.055 0.35 347.34 34.86 35.42 39.35
157 156.00 0.26 2.38 -0.05 4.02 0.01 -0.055 0.31 307.54 30.86 31.36 34.84
158 157.00 0.23 2.35 -0.04 3.85 0.01 -0.044 0.27 266.86 26.78 27.21 30.23
159 158.00 0.20 2.31 -0.04 3.66 0.01 -0.044 0.24 237.21 23.81 24.19 26.87
160 159.00 0.18 2.26 -0.04 3.48 0.01 -0.044 0.22 217.54 21.83 22.18 24.65
161 160.00 0.16 2.21 -0.03 3.30 0.01 -0.033 0.19 186.88 18.75 19.05 21.17
162 161.00 0.15 2.17 -0.03 3.11 0.01 -0.033 0.18 177.23 17.79 18.07 20.08
163 162.00 0.13 2.12 -0.03 2.92 0.01 -0.033 0.16 157.58 15.81 16.07 17.85
164 163.00 0.12 2.08 -0.02 2.76 0.01 -0.022 0.14 136.88 13.74 13.96 15.51
165 164.00 0.11 2.03 -0.02 2.65 0.00 -0.022 0.13 127.08 12.75 12.96 14.40
166 165.00 0.10 2.00 -0.02 2.57 0.00 -0.022 0.12 117.23 11.77 11.95 13.28
167 166.00 0.10 1.99 -0.02 2.49 0.00 -0.022 0.12 117.38 11.78 11.97 13.30
168 167.00 0.10 1.97 -0.02 2.39 0.00 -0.022 0.12 117.56 11.80 11.99 13.32
169 168.00 0.09 1.96 -0.01 2.27 0.00 -0.011 0.10 96.79 9.71 9.87 10.97
170 169.00 0.09 1.97 -0.01 2.12 0.00 -0.011 0.10 97.07 9.74 9.90 11.00
171 170.00 0.09 1.98 -0.01 1.96 0.00 -0.011 0.10 97.36 9.77 9.93 11.03
172 171.00 0.10 1.99 -0.01 1.81 0.00 -0.011 0.11 107.64 10.80 10.98 12.20
173 172.00 0.10 2.01 0.00 1.66 0.00 -0.001 0.10 98.02 9.84 9.99 11.11
174 173.00 0.10 2.02 0.00 1.53 0.00 -0.001 0.10 98.26 9.86 10.02 11.13
175 174.00 0.10 2.03 0.00 1.41 0.00 0.000 0.10 97.38 9.77 9.93 11.03
176 175.00 0.10 2.03 0.00 1.31 0.00 0.000 0.10 97.57 9.79 9.95 11.05
177 176.00 0.10 2.04 0.00 1.21 0.00 0.000 0.10 97.75 9.81 9.97 11.08
178 177.00 0.09 2.04 0.01 1.12 0.00 0.011 0.08 76.92 7.72 7.84 8.71
179 178.00 0.09 2.05 0.01 1.02 0.00 0.011 0.08 77.11 7.74 7.86 8.74
180 179.00 0.09 2.06 0.01 0.92 0.00 0.011 0.08 77.29 7.76 7.88 8.76
181 180.00 0.09 2.08 0.01 0.82 0.00 0.011 0.08 77.48 7.78 7.90 8.78
182 181.00 0.08 2.08 0.01 0.72 0.00 0.011 0.07 67.66 6.79 6.90 7.67
183 182.00 0.07 2.11 0.01 0.59 0.00 0.011 0.06 57.91 5.81 5.90 6.56
184 183.00 0.07 2.13 0.01 0.45 0.00 0.011 0.06 58.16 5.84 5.93 6.59
185 184.00 0.06 2.14 0.01 0.32 0.00 0.011 0.05 48.41 4.86 4.94 5.48
186 185.00 0.06 2.15 0.01 0.20 0.00 0.011 0.05 48.63 4.88 4.96 5.51
187 186.00 0.05 2.16 0.01 0.08 0.00 0.011 0.04 38.85 3.90 3.96 4.40
188 187.00 0.04 2.17 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.011 0.03 29.00 2.91 2.96 3.29
189 188.00 0.04 2.18 0.01 -0.08 0.00 0.011 0.03 29.15 2.93 2.97 3.30
190 189.00 0.03 2.18 0.01 -0.17 0.00 0.011 0.02 19.32 1.94 1.97 2.19
191 190.00 0.03 2.17 0.01 -0.23 0.00 0.011 0.02 19.43 1.95 1.98 2.20
192 191.00 0.02 2.18 0.01 -0.29 0.00 0.011 0.01 9.54 0.96 0.97 1.08
193 192.00 0.02 2.19 0.01 -0.35 0.00 0.011 0.01 9.65 0.97 0.98 1.09
194 193.00 0.01 2.19 0.01 -0.38 0.00 0.011 0.00 -0.29 -0.03 -0.03 -0.03
195 194.00 0.01 2.17 0.01 -0.38 0.00 0.011 0.00 -0.29 -0.03 -0.03 -0.03
196 195.00 0.01 2.18 0.00 -0.37 0.00 0.000 0.01 10.69 1.07 1.09 1.21
197 196.00 0.00 2.16 0.00 -0.35 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.65 0.07 0.07 0.07
198 197.00 0.00 2.17 0.00 -0.34 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.63 0.06 0.06 0.07
199 198.00 0.00 2.18 0.00 -0.36 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.67 0.07 0.07 0.08
200 199.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
APPENDIX 4
No Time (ms)
Load (MN)
Displacement (mm)
Velocity (m/s)
Acceleration (m/s2)
k(i + 1) u(i + 1) - u(i)
G * H Fu(i+1) M Ma(i+1)
C-J-L C(i+1) C(i+2) C(i+2)*v(i+1)
Fu(i+2) Fu(i+2) - Fu(i+1)
u(i+2)-u(i+1)
k(i+2) Fu MN to kN kN to Ton
Ton to Tonnes
Normalised data (Tonnes/m)
0.00 0.00186
1 0.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 -0.06 #DIV/0! 0.000 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! 0.000 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
2 1.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 -0.05 0.000 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! 0.000 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
3 2.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 -0.05 #DIV/0! 0.000 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! 0.000 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
4 3.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 -0.05 0.000 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! 0.000 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
5 4.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 -0.06 #DIV/0! 0.000 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! 0.000 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
6 5.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 -0.08 0.000 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! 0.000 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
7 6.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 -0.09 #DIV/0! 0.000 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! 0.000 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
8 7.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 -0.11 0.000 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! 0.000 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
9 8.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 -0.12 #DIV/0! 0.000 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! 0.000 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
10 9.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 -0.12 0.000 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! 0.000 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
11 10.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 -0.13 #DIV/0! 0.000 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! 0.000 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
12 11.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 -0.12 0.000 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! 0.000 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
13 12.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 -0.10 #DIV/0! 0.000 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! 0.000 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
14 13.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 -0.08 0.000 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! 0.000 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
15 14.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 -0.07 #DIV/0! 0.000 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! 0.000 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
16 15.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 -0.05 0.000 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! 0.000 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
17 16.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 -0.03 #DIV/0! 0.000 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! 0.000 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
18 17.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 -0.04 0.000 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! 0.000 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
19 18.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 -0.03 #DIV/0! 0.000 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! 0.000 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
20 19.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 -0.01 0.000 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! 0.000 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
21 20.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 0.02 #DIV/0! 0.000 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! 0.000 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
22 21.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.000 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! 0.000 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
23 22.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 0.07 #DIV/0! 0.000 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! 0.000 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
24 23.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 0.13 0.000 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! 0.000 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
25 24.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 0.20 #DIV/0! 0.000 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! 0.000 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
26 25.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 0.28 0.001 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! 0.000 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
27 26.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 0.37 #DIV/0! 0.000 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! 0.001 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
28 27.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 0.49 0.001 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! 0.000 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
29 28.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 0.62 #DIV/0! 0.000 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! 0.001 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
30 29.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 0.76 0.001 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! 0.000 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
31 30.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 0.89 #DIV/0! 0.000 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! 0.002 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
32 31.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 1.02 0.002 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! 0.000 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
33 32.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 1.16 #DIV/0! 0.000 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! 0.002 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
34 33.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 1.31 0.002 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! 0.000 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
35 34.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 1.48 #DIV/0! 0.000 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! 0.003 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
36 35.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 1.69 0.003 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! 0.000 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
37 36.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 1.91 #DIV/0! 0.000 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! 0.004 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
38 37.00 0.46 0.00 0.01 2.13 0.004 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! 0.000 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
39 38.00 0.46 0.00 0.01 2.38 #DIV/0! 0.000 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! 0.004 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
40 39.00 0.47 0.00 0.01 2.65 0.005 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! 0.000 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
41 40.00 0.49 0.00 0.01 2.88 #DIV/0! 0.000 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! 0.005 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
42 41.00 0.50 0.00 0.02 3.12 0.006 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! 0.000 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
43 42.00 0.53 0.00 0.02 3.35 #DIV/0! 0.000 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! 0.006 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
44 43.00 0.55 0.00 0.02 3.56 0.007 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! 0.000 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
45 44.00 0.59 0.01 0.03 3.78 59.000 0.010 0.590 1.140 0.007 -0.557 -18.567 1.14 1140.00 114.41 116.24 129.16
46 45.00 0.63 0.02 0.03 3.99 0.007 -18.567 -0.557 1.180 0.040 0.010 3.961 1.18 1179.61 118.39 120.28 133.64
47 46.00 0.67 0.04 0.03 4.16 16.750 0.020 0.335 0.965 0.008 -0.303 -10.091 0.97 965.00 96.85 98.40 109.33
48 47.00 0.73 0.06 0.04 4.33 0.008 -10.091 -0.404 1.126 0.161 0.020 8.030 1.13 1125.59 112.96 114.77 127.52
49 48.00 0.78 0.08 0.04 4.51 9.750 0.020 0.195 0.925 0.008 -0.153 -3.834 0.93 925.00 92.83 94.32 104.80
50 49.00 0.85 0.12 0.05 4.66 0.009 -3.834 -0.192 1.033 0.108 0.040 2.702 1.03 1033.06 103.68 105.34 117.04
51 50.00 0.92 0.17 0.05 4.80 5.412 0.050 0.271 1.121 0.009 -0.209 -4.190 1.12 1120.59 112.46 114.26 126.96
52 51.00 1.01 0.24 0.06 4.96 0.009 -4.190 -0.251 1.252 0.132 0.070 1.880 1.25 1252.19 125.67 127.68 141.87
53 52.00 1.10 0.31 0.07 5.13 3.548 0.070 0.248 1.258 0.010 -0.168 -2.399 1.26 1258.39 126.29 128.31 142.57
54 53.00 1.19 0.39 0.07 5.28 0.010 -2.399 -0.168 1.348 0.090 0.080 1.122 1.35 1348.11 135.30 137.46 152.73
55 54.00 1.30 0.46 0.08 5.41 2.826 0.070 0.198 1.388 0.010 -0.098 -1.223 1.39 1387.83 139.28 141.51 157.23
56 55.00 1.41 0.52 0.09 5.56 0.010 -1.223 -0.110 1.510 0.122 0.060 2.033 1.51 1509.78 151.52 153.95 171.05
57 56.00 1.53 0.59 0.09 5.72 2.593 0.070 0.182 1.592 0.011 -0.072 -0.802 1.59 1591.53 159.73 162.28 180.31
58 57.00 1.65 0.66 0.10 5.85 0.011 -0.802 -0.080 1.719 0.128 0.070 1.825 1.72 1719.30 172.55 175.31 194.79
59 58.00 1.78 0.74 0.10 5.97 2.405 0.080 0.192 1.842 0.011 -0.074 -0.735 1.84 1842.43 184.91 187.87 208.74
60 59.00 1.92 0.83 0.11 6.04 0.011 -0.735 -0.081 1.990 0.147 0.090 1.636 1.99 1989.65 199.68 202.88 225.42
61 60.00 2.07 0.96 0.11 6.06 2.156 0.130 0.280 2.200 0.011 -0.142 -1.287 2.20 2200.31 220.82 224.36 249.29
62 61.00 2.23 1.10 0.12 6.02 0.011 -1.287 -0.154 2.373 0.173 0.140 1.235 2.37 2373.26 238.18 241.99 268.88
63 62.00 2.39 1.26 0.12 5.93 1.897 0.160 0.303 2.533 0.011 -0.154 -1.287 2.53 2533.49 254.26 258.33 287.03
64 63.00 2.56 1.43 0.13 5.77 0.011 -1.287 -0.167 2.717 0.183 0.170 1.077 2.72 2716.66 272.64 277.01 307.79
65 64.00 2.74 1.61 0.14 5.56 1.702 0.180 0.306 2.866 0.010 -0.137 -0.976 2.87 2866.34 287.67 292.27 324.74
66 65.00 2.92 1.76 0.14 5.35 0.010 -0.976 -0.137 3.047 0.180 0.150 1.203 3.05 3046.73 305.77 310.66 345.18
67 66.00 3.11 1.93 0.15 5.12 1.611 0.170 0.274 3.194 0.010 -0.093 -0.623 3.19 3193.94 320.54 325.67 361.86
68 67.00 3.31 2.08 0.16 4.91 0.009 -0.623 -0.100 3.401 0.207 0.150 1.377 3.40 3400.56 341.28 346.74 385.27
69 68.00 3.50 2.21 0.16 4.71 1.584 0.130 0.206 3.516 0.009 -0.025 -0.154 3.52 3515.88 352.85 358.50 398.33
70 69.00 3.71 2.39 0.17 4.46 0.008 -0.154 -0.026 3.728 0.212 0.180 1.178 3.73 3727.89 374.13 380.12 422.35
71 70.00 3.92 2.53 0.18 4.23 1.549 0.140 0.217 3.927 0.008 -0.015 -0.082 3.93 3926.92 394.11 400.41 444.90
72 71.00 4.13 2.66 0.18 4.00 0.007 -0.082 -0.015 4.137 0.210 0.130 1.619 4.14 4137.34 415.22 421.87 468.74
73 72.00 4.34 2.82 0.19 3.69 1.539 0.160 0.246 4.376 0.007 -0.043 -0.227 4.38 4376.24 439.20 446.23 495.81
74 73.00 4.56 2.98 0.19 3.33 0.006 -0.227 -0.043 4.597 0.221 0.160 1.379 4.60 4596.91 461.35 468.73 520.81
75 74.00 4.78 3.15 0.20 2.93 1.517 0.170 0.258 4.818 0.005 -0.043 -0.217 4.82 4817.97 483.53 491.27 545.85
76 75.00 5.00 3.35 0.20 2.45 0.005 -0.217 -0.043 5.039 0.221 0.200 1.104 5.04 5038.86 505.70 513.79 570.88
77 76.00 5.23 3.57 0.20 1.89 1.465 0.220 0.322 5.322 0.004 -0.096 -0.479 5.32 5322.30 534.15 542.69 602.99
78 77.00 5.45 3.82 0.20 1.27 0.002 -0.479 -0.096 5.543 0.221 0.250 0.885 5.54 5543.45 556.34 565.24 628.05
79 78.00 5.67 4.08 0.21 0.63 1.390 0.260 0.361 5.811 0.001 -0.142 -0.679 5.81 5811.32 583.22 592.56 658.40
80 79.00 5.89 4.31 0.21 -0.01 0.000 -0.679 -0.142 6.033 0.221 0.230 0.962 6.03 6032.51 605.42 615.11 683.46
81 80.00 6.11 4.54 0.21 -0.65 1.346 0.230 0.310 6.200 -0.001 -0.088 -0.421 6.20 6199.54 622.19 632.14 702.38
82 81.00 6.32 4.77 0.21 -1.30 -0.002 -0.421 -0.088 6.411 0.211 0.230 0.918 6.41 6410.74 643.38 653.68 726.31
83 82.00 6.52 5.02 0.21 -1.96 1.299 0.250 0.325 6.645 -0.004 -0.121 -0.576 6.64 6644.70 666.86 677.53 752.81
84 83.00 6.71 5.25 0.21 -2.62 -0.005 -0.576 -0.121 6.836 0.191 0.230 0.831 6.84 6835.93 686.05 697.03 774.48
85 84.00 6.89 5.50 0.20 -3.29 1.253 0.250 0.313 7.023 -0.006 -0.127 -0.635 7.02 7023.18 704.85 716.12 795.69
86 85.00 7.04 5.76 0.20 -3.96 -0.007 -0.635 -0.127 7.174 0.151 0.260 0.582 7.17 7174.43 720.03 731.55 812.83
87 86.00 7.19 6.01 0.20 -4.62 1.196 0.250 0.299 7.339 -0.009 -0.141 -0.703 7.34 7339.08 736.55 748.34 831.48
88 87.00 7.32 6.26 0.19 -5.26 -0.010 -0.703 -0.133 7.463 0.124 0.250 0.497 7.46 7463.25 749.01 761.00 845.55
89 88.00 7.46 6.50 0.18 -5.84 1.148 0.240 0.275 7.595 -0.011 -0.125 -0.692 7.60 7595.45 762.28 774.48 860.53
90 89.00 7.57 6.69 0.18 -6.37 -0.012 -0.692 -0.125 7.706 0.111 0.190 0.584 7.71 7706.43 773.42 785.79 873.10
91 90.00 7.67 6.89 0.17 -6.89 1.113 0.200 0.223 7.793 -0.013 -0.110 -0.646 7.79 7792.64 782.07 794.58 882.87
92 91.00 7.75 7.06 0.16 -7.39 -0.014 -0.646 -0.103 7.867 0.074 0.170 0.438 7.87 7867.11 789.54 802.18 891.31
93 92.00 7.81 7.22 0.15 -7.88 1.082 0.160 0.173 7.923 -0.015 -0.098 -0.656 7.92 7923.07 795.16 807.88 897.65
94 93.00 7.85 7.38 0.14 -8.35 -0.015 -0.656 -0.092 7.957 0.034 0.160 0.214 7.96 7957.38 798.60 811.38 901.53
95 94.00 7.88 7.54 0.13 -8.76 1.045 0.160 0.167 8.017 -0.016 -0.121 -0.930 8.02 8017.21 804.61 817.48 908.31
96 95.00 7.90 7.68 0.12 -9.10 -0.017 -0.930 -0.112 8.029 0.011 0.140 0.081 8.03 8028.54 805.74 818.64 909.60
97 96.00 7.90 7.81 0.11 -9.37 1.012 0.130 0.131 8.031 -0.017 -0.114 -1.037 8.03 8031.50 806.04 818.94 909.93
98 97.00 7.91 7.90 0.10 -9.59 -0.018 -1.037 -0.104 8.032 0.000 0.090 0.000 8.03 8031.53 806.04 818.94 909.93
99 98.00 7.90 7.96 0.09 -9.80 0.992 0.060 0.060 7.970 -0.018 -0.051 -0.571 7.97 7969.55 799.82 812.62 902.91
100 99.00 7.88 8.02 0.07 -9.98 -0.019 -0.571 -0.040 7.938 -0.031 0.060 -0.518 7.94 7938.47 796.70 809.45 899.39
101 100.00 7.85 8.06 0.06 -10.08 0.974 0.040 0.039 7.919 -0.019 -0.050 -0.838 7.92 7918.96 794.75 807.46 897.18
102 101.00 7.80 8.09 0.05 -10.17 -0.019 -0.838 -0.042 7.861 -0.058 0.030 -1.940 7.86 7860.75 788.90 801.53 890.59
103 102.00 7.74 8.13 0.04 -10.26 0.952 0.040 0.038 7.838 -0.019 -0.079 -1.976 7.84 7838.08 786.63 799.22 888.02
104 103.00 7.68 8.15 0.03 -10.34 -0.019 -1.976 -0.059 7.758 -0.080 0.020 -3.981 7.76 7758.47 778.64 791.10 879.00
105 104.00 7.61 8.20 0.01 -10.33 0.928 0.050 0.046 7.726 -0.019 -0.097 -9.723 7.73 7726.40 775.42 787.83 875.36
106 105.00 7.53 8.16 0.00 -10.23 -0.019 -9.723 0.000 7.549 -0.177 -0.040 4.435 7.55 7548.98 757.62 769.74 855.26
107 106.00 7.45 8.14 -0.01 -10.10 0.915 -0.020 -0.018 7.512 -0.019 -0.043 4.295 7.51 7511.70 753.87 765.94 851.04
108 107.00 7.36 8.14 -0.02 -10.03 -0.019 4.295 -0.086 7.465 -0.047 0.000 #DIV/0! 7.46 7464.52 749.14 761.13 845.69
109 108.00 7.26 8.13 -0.03 -9.96 0.893 -0.010 -0.009 7.351 -0.018 -0.073 2.420 7.35 7351.07 737.75 749.56 832.84
110 109.00 7.16 8.10 -0.03 -9.85 -0.018 2.420 -0.073 7.251 -0.100 -0.030 3.340 7.25 7250.87 727.70 739.34 821.49
111 110.00 7.05 8.07 -0.04 -9.69 0.874 -0.030 -0.026 7.134 -0.018 -0.066 1.645 7.13 7133.79 715.95 727.40 808.23
112 111.00 6.94 8.03 -0.05 -9.49 -0.018 1.645 -0.082 7.040 -0.094 -0.040 2.348 7.04 7039.87 706.52 717.83 797.58
113 112.00 6.82 7.97 -0.06 -9.24 0.856 -0.060 -0.051 6.889 -0.017 -0.052 0.859 6.89 6888.66 691.35 702.41 780.45
114 113.00 6.70 7.90 -0.07 -8.95 -0.017 0.859 -0.060 6.777 -0.112 -0.070 1.599 6.78 6776.70 680.11 690.99 767.77
115 114.00 6.58 7.81 -0.08 -8.57 0.843 -0.090 -0.076 6.624 -0.016 -0.028 0.353 6.62 6624.17 664.80 675.44 750.49
116 115.00 6.44 7.69 -0.09 -8.10 -0.015 0.353 -0.032 6.487 -0.137 -0.120 1.144 6.49 6486.84 651.02 661.44 734.93
117 116.00 6.29 7.58 -0.10 -7.58 0.830 -0.110 -0.091 6.349 -0.014 -0.045 0.447 6.35 6348.72 637.16 647.35 719.28
118 117.00 6.14 7.44 -0.11 -7.05 -0.013 0.447 -0.049 6.202 -0.147 -0.140 1.047 6.20 6202.20 622.45 632.41 702.68
119 118.00 5.97 7.31 -0.11 -6.55 0.817 -0.130 -0.106 6.034 -0.012 -0.052 0.470 6.03 6033.83 605.56 615.24 683.60
120 119.00 5.79 7.22 -0.12 -6.10 -0.011 0.470 -0.056 5.858 -0.176 -0.090 1.957 5.86 5857.69 587.88 597.28 663.65
121 120.00 5.61 7.13 -0.13 -5.73 0.787 -0.090 -0.071 5.719 -0.011 -0.099 0.758 5.72 5719.19 573.98 583.16 647.96
122 121.00 5.42 7.08 -0.14 -5.43 -0.010 0.758 -0.106 5.536 -0.183 -0.050 3.660 5.54 5536.21 555.61 564.50 627.23
123 122.00 5.22 6.99 -0.15 -5.07 0.747 -0.090 -0.067 5.353 -0.009 -0.123 0.823 5.35 5352.79 537.21 545.80 606.45
124 123.00 5.01 6.81 -0.15 -4.58 -0.008 0.823 -0.123 5.142 -0.211 -0.180 1.172 5.14 5141.88 516.04 524.30 582.55
125 124.00 4.79 6.65 -0.16 -4.05 0.720 -0.160 -0.115 4.895 -0.008 -0.097 0.608 4.89 4894.75 491.24 499.10 554.55
126 125.00 4.56 6.48 -0.17 -3.51 -0.007 0.608 -0.103 4.670 -0.225 -0.170 1.323 4.67 4669.83 468.66 476.16 529.07
127 126.00 4.33 6.26 -0.17 -2.87 0.692 -0.220 -0.152 4.408 -0.005 -0.073 0.426 4.41 4407.83 442.37 449.45 499.39
128 127.00 4.10 6.03 -0.17 -2.13 -0.004 0.426 -0.073 4.176 -0.231 -0.230 1.006 4.18 4176.45 419.15 425.86 473.17
129 128.00 3.87 5.75 -0.17 -1.36 0.673 -0.280 -0.188 3.912 -0.003 -0.039 0.230 3.91 3911.55 392.56 398.84 443.16
130 129.00 3.63 5.52 -0.17 -0.72 -0.001 0.230 -0.039 3.670 -0.241 -0.230 1.049 3.67 3670.36 368.36 374.25 415.83
131 130.00 3.40 5.38 -0.17 -0.25 0.632 -0.140 -0.088 3.542 0.000 -0.141 0.830 3.54 3541.52 355.43 361.11 401.24
132 131.00 3.17 5.21 -0.17 0.21 0.000 0.830 -0.141 3.311 -0.231 -0.170 1.358 3.31 3310.67 332.26 337.58 375.08
133 132.00 2.96 5.00 -0.16 0.79 0.592 -0.210 -0.124 3.046 0.001 -0.087 0.545 3.05 3045.68 305.66 310.56 345.06
134 133.00 2.74 4.78 -0.16 1.41 0.003 0.545 -0.087 2.825 -0.221 -0.220 1.005 2.82 2824.53 283.47 288.01 320.01
135 134.00 2.54 4.55 -0.16 2.02 0.558 -0.230 -0.128 2.612 0.004 -0.075 0.471 2.61 2611.60 262.10 266.29 295.88
136 135.00 2.34 4.33 -0.16 2.60 0.005 0.471 -0.075 2.411 -0.201 -0.220 0.914 2.41 2410.53 241.92 245.79 273.10
137 136.00 2.15 4.11 -0.16 3.15 0.523 -0.220 -0.115 2.225 0.006 -0.081 0.505 2.22 2224.91 223.29 226.87 252.07
138 137.00 1.98 3.90 -0.15 3.66 0.007 0.505 -0.076 2.049 -0.176 -0.210 0.838 2.05 2048.92 205.63 208.92 232.13
139 138.00 1.81 3.69 -0.15 4.09 0.491 -0.210 -0.103 1.877 0.008 -0.075 0.497 1.88 1876.99 188.37 191.39 212.65
140 139.00 1.65 3.54 -0.14 4.37 0.008 0.497 -0.070 1.712 -0.165 -0.150 1.103 1.71 1711.50 171.77 174.51 193.90
141 140.00 1.50 3.44 -0.13 4.50 0.436 -0.100 -0.044 1.606 0.008 -0.115 0.883 1.61 1606.40 161.22 163.80 182.00
142 141.00 1.36 3.35 -0.13 4.57 0.008 0.883 -0.115 1.466 -0.140 -0.090 1.557 1.47 1466.27 147.15 149.51 166.12
143 142.00 1.24 3.26 -0.12 4.64 0.380 -0.090 -0.034 1.326 0.009 -0.094 0.786 1.33 1325.77 133.05 135.18 150.20
144 143.00 1.12 3.16 -0.12 4.72 0.009 0.786 -0.094 1.206 -0.120 -0.100 1.201 1.21 1205.62 121.00 122.93 136.59
145 144.00 1.01 3.09 -0.11 4.83 0.327 -0.070 -0.023 1.097 0.009 -0.096 0.873 1.10 1097.12 110.11 111.87 124.30
146 145.00 0.91 3.01 -0.10 4.94 0.009 0.873 -0.087 0.988 -0.109 -0.080 1.362 0.99 988.18 99.17 100.76 111.96
147 146.00 0.82 2.95 -0.10 5.06 0.278 -0.060 -0.017 0.893 0.009 -0.083 0.827 0.89 893.32 89.65 91.09 101.21
148 147.00 0.74 2.88 -0.09 5.14 0.010 0.827 -0.074 0.805 -0.088 -0.070 1.263 0.80 804.90 80.78 82.07 91.19
149 148.00 0.66 2.80 -0.08 5.15 0.236 -0.080 -0.019 0.721 0.010 -0.071 0.884 0.72 721.14 72.37 73.53 81.70
150 149.00 0.60 2.74 -0.07 5.10 0.009 0.884 -0.062 0.652 -0.069 -0.060 1.146 0.65 652.40 65.47 66.52 73.91
151 150.00 0.53 2.68 -0.07 5.02 0.198 -0.060 -0.012 0.588 0.009 -0.067 0.964 0.59 588.13 59.03 59.97 66.63
152 151.00 0.47 2.62 -0.06 4.87 0.009 0.964 -0.058 0.519 -0.069 -0.060 1.156 0.52 518.78 52.06 52.90 58.77
153 152.00 0.42 2.58 -0.06 4.66 0.163 -0.040 -0.007 0.463 0.009 -0.052 0.869 0.46 463.49 46.52 47.26 52.51
154 153.00 0.38 2.52 -0.06 4.42 0.008 0.869 -0.052 0.424 -0.040 -0.060 0.659 0.42 423.93 42.55 43.23 48.03
155 154.00 0.33 2.48 -0.05 4.24 0.133 -0.040 -0.005 0.375 0.008 -0.053 1.051 0.37 374.68 37.60 38.20 42.45
156 155.00 0.30 2.43 -0.05 4.13 0.008 1.051 -0.053 0.345 -0.030 -0.050 0.596 0.34 344.88 34.61 35.17 39.07
157 156.00 0.26 2.38 -0.05 4.02 0.109 -0.050 -0.005 0.295 0.007 -0.042 0.840 0.29 294.54 29.56 30.03 33.37
158 157.00 0.23 2.35 -0.04 3.85 0.007 0.840 -0.034 0.256 -0.038 -0.030 1.269 0.26 256.45 25.74 26.15 29.06
159 158.00 0.20 2.31 -0.04 3.66 0.087 -0.040 -0.003 0.227 0.007 -0.033 0.833 0.23 226.54 22.74 23.10 25.67
160 159.00 0.18 2.26 -0.04 3.48 0.006 0.833 -0.033 0.207 -0.020 -0.050 0.393 0.21 206.87 20.76 21.09 23.44
161 160.00 0.16 2.21 -0.03 3.30 0.072 -0.050 -0.004 0.176 0.006 -0.023 0.750 0.18 176.38 17.70 17.98 19.98
162 161.00 0.15 2.17 -0.03 3.11 0.006 0.750 -0.023 0.167 -0.010 -0.040 0.241 0.17 166.73 16.73 17.00 18.89
163 162.00 0.13 2.12 -0.03 2.92 0.061 -0.050 -0.003 0.147 0.005 -0.022 0.745 0.15 146.93 14.75 14.98 16.65
164 163.00 0.12 2.08 -0.02 2.76 0.005 0.745 -0.015 0.130 -0.017 -0.040 0.429 0.13 129.78 13.02 13.23 14.70
165 164.00 0.11 2.03 -0.02 2.65 0.054 -0.050 -0.003 0.117 0.005 -0.012 0.610 0.12 117.29 11.77 11.96 13.29
166 165.00 0.10 2.00 -0.02 2.57 0.005 0.610 -0.012 0.107 -0.010 -0.030 0.328 0.11 107.44 10.78 10.96 12.17
167 166.00 0.10 1.99 -0.02 2.49 0.050 -0.010 -0.001 0.099 0.005 -0.004 0.206 0.10 99.50 9.99 10.15 11.27
168 167.00 0.10 1.97 -0.02 2.39 0.004 0.206 -0.004 0.100 0.000 -0.020 -0.009 0.10 99.68 10.00 10.16 11.29
169 168.00 0.09 1.96 -0.01 2.27 0.046 -0.010 0.000 0.100 0.004 -0.014 1.375 0.10 99.54 9.99 10.15 11.28
170 169.00 0.09 1.97 -0.01 2.12 0.004 1.375 -0.014 0.100 0.000 0.010 0.028 0.10 99.82 10.02 10.18 11.31
171 170.00 0.09 1.98 -0.01 1.96 0.045 0.010 0.000 0.090 0.004 -0.004 0.409 0.09 90.45 9.08 9.22 10.25
172 171.00 0.10 1.99 -0.01 1.81 0.003 0.409 -0.004 0.101 0.010 0.010 1.028 0.10 100.73 10.11 10.27 11.41
173 172.00 0.10 2.01 0.00 1.66 0.050 0.020 0.001 0.101 0.003 -0.004 4.075 0.10 101.00 10.14 10.30 11.44
174 173.00 0.10 2.02 0.00 1.53 0.003 4.075 -0.004 0.101 0.000 0.010 0.024 0.10 101.24 10.16 10.32 11.47
175 174.00 0.10 2.03 0.00 1.41 0.049 0.010 0.000 0.100 0.003 -0.003 #DIV/0! 0.10 100.49 10.09 10.25 11.39
176 175.00 0.10 2.03 0.00 1.31 0.002 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! 0.000 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
177 176.00 0.10 2.04 0.00 1.21 0.049 0.010 0.000 0.100 0.002 -0.003 #DIV/0! 0.10 100.49 10.09 10.25 11.39
178 177.00 0.09 2.04 0.01 1.12 0.002 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! 0.000 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
179 178.00 0.09 2.05 0.01 1.02 0.044 0.010 0.000 0.090 0.002 -0.002 -0.233 0.09 90.44 9.08 9.22 10.25
180 179.00 0.09 2.06 0.01 0.92 0.002 -0.233 -0.002 0.091 0.000 0.010 0.019 0.09 90.62 9.10 9.24 10.27
181 180.00 0.09 2.08 0.01 0.82 0.043 0.020 0.001 0.091 0.002 -0.002 -0.239 0.09 90.87 9.12 9.27 10.29
182 181.00 0.08 2.08 0.01 0.72 0.001 -0.239 -0.002 0.081 -0.010 0.000 #DIV/0! 0.08 81.05 8.13 8.26 9.18
183 182.00 0.07 2.11 0.01 0.59 0.033 0.030 0.001 0.081 0.001 -0.012 -1.209 0.08 81.00 8.13 8.26 9.18
184 183.00 0.07 2.13 0.01 0.45 0.001 -1.209 -0.012 0.081 0.000 0.020 0.013 0.08 81.26 8.15 8.29 9.21
185 184.00 0.06 2.14 0.01 0.32 0.028 0.010 0.000 0.070 0.001 -0.011 -1.087 0.07 70.28 7.05 7.17 7.96
186 185.00 0.06 2.15 0.01 0.20 0.000 -1.087 -0.011 0.071 0.000 0.010 0.022 0.07 70.50 7.08 7.19 7.99
187 186.00 0.05 2.16 0.01 0.08 0.023 0.010 0.000 0.060 0.000 -0.010 -1.038 0.06 60.23 6.04 6.14 6.82
188 187.00 0.04 2.17 0.01 0.00 0.000 -1.038 -0.010 0.050 -0.010 0.010 -0.985 0.05 50.38 5.06 5.14 5.71
189 188.00 0.04 2.18 0.01 -0.08 0.018 0.010 0.000 0.040 0.000 0.000 -0.004 0.04 40.18 4.03 4.10 4.55
190 189.00 0.03 2.18 0.01 -0.17 0.000 -0.004 0.000 0.030 -0.010 0.000 #DIV/0! 0.03 30.35 3.05 3.09 3.44
191 190.00 0.03 2.17 0.01 -0.23 0.014 -0.010 0.000 0.030 0.000 0.001 0.057 0.03 29.86 3.00 3.04 3.38
192 191.00 0.02 2.18 0.01 -0.29 -0.001 0.057 0.001 0.020 -0.010 0.010 -0.989 0.02 19.97 2.00 2.04 2.26
193 192.00 0.02 2.19 0.01 -0.35 0.009 0.010 0.000 0.020 -0.001 0.001 0.056 0.02 20.09 2.02 2.05 2.28
194 193.00 0.01 2.19 0.01 -0.38 -0.001 0.056 0.001 0.010 -0.010 0.000 #DIV/0! 0.01 10.15 1.02 1.03 1.15
195 194.00 0.01 2.17 0.01 -0.38 0.005 -0.020 0.000 0.010 -0.001 0.001 0.080 0.01 9.91 0.99 1.01 1.12
196 195.00 0.01 2.18 0.00 -0.37 -0.001 0.080 0.000 0.011 0.001 0.010 0.078 0.01 10.69 1.07 1.09 1.21
197 196.00 0.00 2.16 0.00 -0.35 0.000 -0.020 0.000 0.010 -0.001 -0.009 #DIV/0! 0.01 10.00 1.00 1.02 1.13
198 197.00 0.00 2.17 0.00 -0.34 -0.001 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! 0.010 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
199 198.00 0.00 2.18 0.00 -0.36 0.000 0.010 0.000 0.000 -0.001 0.001 #DIV/0! 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
200 199.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! -2.180 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
APPENDIX 5
No Time (ms)
Load (MN)
Displacement (mm)
Velocity
(m/s)
Acceleration (m/s2)
M Ma(i+1) u(i+1) - u(i)
Fstat - Ma
Cv Ku Fu Formula
Constant
C K Fu(i) Ku Fu MN to kN
kN to Ton
Ton to Tonnes
Normalised data (Tonnes/m)
0.00
1 0.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 -0.06 0.00186 -0.0001 0.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.450 0.450 0.000 0.000 0.450 0.000 0.450 450.094 45.171 45.894 50.994
2 1.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 -0.05 -0.0001 0.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.450 0.450 0.000 0.450 450.094 45.171 45.894 50.994
3 2.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 -0.05 -0.0001 0.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.450 0.450 0.000 0.000 0.450 0.000 0.450 450.094 45.171 45.894 50.994
4 3.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 -0.05 -0.0001 0.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.450 0.450 0.000 0.450 450.094 45.171 45.894 50.994
5 4.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 -0.06 -0.0001 0.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.450 0.450 0.000 0.000 0.450 0.000 0.450 450.112 45.173 45.896 50.996
6 5.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 -0.08 -0.0001 0.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.450 0.450 0.000 0.450 450.112 45.173 45.896 50.996
7 6.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 -0.09 -0.0002 0.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.450 0.450 0.000 0.000 0.450 0.000 0.450 450.168 45.179 45.902 51.002
8 7.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 -0.11 -0.0002 0.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.450 0.450 0.000 0.450 450.168 45.179 45.902 51.002
9 8.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 -0.12 -0.0002 0.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.450 0.450 0.000 0.000 0.450 0.000 0.450 450.224 45.184 45.907 51.008
10 9.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 -0.12 -0.0002 0.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.450 0.450 0.000 0.450 450.224 45.184 45.907 51.008
11 10.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 -0.13 -0.0002 0.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.450 0.450 0.019 0.000 0.450 0.000 0.450 450.242 45.186 45.909 51.010
12 11.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 -0.12 -0.0002 0.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.450 0.450 0.000 0.450 450.242 45.186 45.909 51.010
13 12.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 -0.10 -0.0002 0.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.450 0.450 -0.037 0.000 0.450 0.000 0.450 450.149 45.177 45.900 51.000
14 13.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 -0.08 -0.0001 0.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.450 0.450 0.000 0.450 450.149 45.177 45.900 51.000
15 14.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 -0.07 -0.0001 0.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.450 0.450 0.000 0.000 0.450 0.000 0.450 450.094 45.171 45.894 50.994
16 15.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 -0.05 -0.0001 0.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.450 0.450 0.000 0.450 450.094 45.171 45.894 50.994
17 16.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 -0.03 -0.0001 0.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.450 0.450 0.000 0.000 0.450 0.000 0.450 450.056 45.168 45.890 50.989
18 17.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 -0.04 -0.0001 0.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.450 0.450 0.000 0.450 450.056 45.168 45.890 50.989
19 18.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 -0.03 -0.0001 0.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.450 0.450 0.000 0.000 0.450 0.000 0.450 450.019 45.164 45.887 50.985
20 19.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 -0.01 0.0000 0.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.450 0.450 0.000 0.450 450.019 45.164 45.887 50.985
21 20.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.0000 0.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.450 0.450 0.000 0.000 0.450 0.000 0.450 449.926 45.155 45.877 50.975
22 21.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.0001 0.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.450 0.450 0.000 0.450 449.926 45.155 45.877 50.975
23 22.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 0.07 0.0001 0.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.450 0.450 0.000 0.000 0.450 0.000 0.450 449.759 45.138 45.860 50.956
24 23.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 0.13 0.0002 0.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.450 0.450 0.000 0.450 449.759 45.138 45.860 50.956
25 24.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 0.20 0.0004 0.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.449 0.450 0.000 0.000 0.449 0.000 0.449 449.481 45.110 45.832 50.924
26 25.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 0.28 0.0005 0.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.449 0.449 0.000 0.449 449.481 45.110 45.832 50.924
27 26.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 0.37 0.0007 0.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.449 0.449 0.000 0.000 0.449 0.000 0.449 449.091 45.071 45.792 50.880
28 27.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 0.49 0.0009 0.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.449 0.449 0.000 0.449 449.091 45.071 45.792 50.880
29 28.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 0.62 0.0012 0.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.449 0.449 0.000 0.000 0.449 0.000 0.449 448.590 45.021 45.741 50.823
30 29.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 0.76 0.0014 0.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.449 0.449 0.000 0.449 448.590 45.021 45.741 50.823
31 30.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 0.89 0.0017 0.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.448 0.448 0.000 0.000 0.448 0.000 0.448 448.108 44.972 45.692 50.768
32 31.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 1.02 0.0019 0.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.448 0.448 0.000 0.448 448.108 44.972 45.692 50.768
33 32.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 1.16 0.0022 0.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.448 0.448 0.000 0.000 0.448 0.000 0.448 447.570 44.918 45.637 50.708
34 33.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 1.31 0.0024 0.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.448 0.448 0.000 0.448 447.570 44.918 45.637 50.708
35 34.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 1.48 0.0027 0.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.447 0.447 0.000 0.000 0.447 0.000 0.447 446.865 44.847 45.565 50.628
36 35.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 1.69 0.0031 0.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.447 0.447 0.000 0.447 446.865 44.847 45.565 50.628
37 36.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 1.91 0.0035 0.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.446 0.446 0.959 0.000 0.446 0.000 0.446 446.457 44.806 45.523 50.581
38 37.00 0.46 0.00 0.01 2.13 0.0040 0.00 0.46 0.01 0.00 1.00 0.456 0.456 0.000 0.446 446.457 44.806 45.523 50.581
39 38.00 0.46 0.00 0.01 2.38 0.0044 0.00 0.46 0.01 0.00 1.00 0.456 0.456 0.005 0.000 0.456 0.000 0.456 455.539 45.718 46.449 51.610
40 39.00 0.47 0.00 0.01 2.65 0.0049 0.00 0.47 0.01 0.00 1.00 0.456 0.465 0.000 0.456 455.539 45.718 46.449 51.610
41 40.00 0.49 0.00 0.01 2.88 0.0053 0.00 0.48 0.01 0.00 1.00 0.485 0.485 0.956 0.000 0.475 0.000 0.475 475.100 47.681 48.444 53.827
42 41.00 0.50 0.00 0.02 3.12 0.0058 0.00 0.49 0.02 0.00 1.00 0.494 0.494 0.000 0.475 475.100 47.681 48.444 53.827
43 42.00 0.53 0.00 0.02 3.35 0.0062 0.00 0.52 0.02 0.00 1.00 0.524 0.524 0.010 0.000 0.524 0.000 0.524 523.575 52.546 53.387 59.319
44 43.00 0.55 0.00 0.02 3.56 0.0066 0.00 0.54 0.02 0.00 1.00 0.524 0.543 0.000 0.524 523.575 52.546 53.387 59.319
45 44.00 0.59 0.01 0.03 3.78 0.0070 0.01 0.58 0.03 0.01 1.00 0.583 0.583 0.017 0.006 0.582 0.000 0.582 582.461 58.456 59.391 65.990
46 45.00 0.63 0.02 0.03 3.99 0.0074 0.01 0.62 0.03 0.01 1.00 0.583 0.623 0.000 0.582 582.461 58.456 59.391 65.990
47 46.00 0.67 0.04 0.03 4.16 0.0077 0.02 0.66 0.03 0.02 1.00 0.662 0.662 5.968 0.013 0.483 0.000 0.483 483.227 48.497 49.273 54.747
48 47.00 0.73 0.06 0.04 4.33 0.0080 0.02 0.72 0.04 0.02 1.00 0.722 0.722 0.000 0.483 483.227 48.497 49.273 54.747
49 48.00 0.78 0.08 0.04 4.51 0.0084 0.02 0.77 0.04 0.02 1.00 0.772 0.772 1.413 2.780 0.660 0.056 0.715 715.114 71.769 72.917 81.019
50 49.00 0.85 0.12 0.05 4.66 0.0086 0.04 0.84 0.05 0.04 1.00 0.841 0.841 0.111 0.771 770.707 77.348 78.586 87.317
51 50.00 0.92 0.17 0.05 4.80 0.0089 0.05 0.91 0.05 0.05 1.00 0.911 0.911 1.812 3.579 0.642 0.179 0.820 820.483 82.344 83.661 92.957
52 51.00 1.01 0.24 0.06 4.96 0.0092 0.07 1.00 0.06 0.07 1.00 1.001 1.001 0.251 0.892 892.065 89.528 90.960 101.067
53 52.00 1.10 0.31 0.07 5.13 0.0095 0.07 1.09 0.07 0.07 1.00 1.090 1.090 0.076 8.972 0.457 0.628 1.085 1085.19 108.91 110.65 122.94
1 0 2 7
54 53.00 1.19 0.39 0.07 5.28 0.0098 0.08 1.18 0.07 0.08 1.00 1.180 1.180 0.718 1.175 1174.91
3 117.914
119.801
133.112
55 54.00 1.30 0.46 0.08 5.41 0.0100 0.07 1.29 0.08 0.07 1.00 1.290 1.290 5.582 -5.390 1.221 -0.377 0.843 843.417 84.645 86.000 95.555
56 55.00 1.41 0.52 0.09 5.56 0.0103 0.06 1.40 0.09 0.06 1.00 1.400 1.400 -0.323 0.897 897.322 90.055 91.496 101.662
57 56.00 1.53 0.59 0.09 5.72 0.0106 0.07 1.52 0.09 0.07 1.00 1.519 1.519 11.976 0.105 0.434 0.007 0.442 441.557 44.315 45.024 50.026
58 57.00 1.65 0.66 0.10 5.85 0.0109 0.07 1.64 0.10 0.07 1.00 1.639 1.639 0.007 0.442 441.557 44.315 45.024 50.026
59 58.00 1.78 0.74 0.10 5.97 0.0111 0.08 1.77 0.10 0.08 1.00 1.769 1.769 7.011 6.976 0.510 0.558 1.068 1067.82
7 107.167
108.882
120.980
60 59.00 1.92 0.83 0.11 6.04 0.0112 0.09 1.91 0.11 0.09 1.00 1.909 1.909 0.628 1.138 1137.58
9 114.168
115.995
128.883
61 60.00 2.07 0.96 0.11 6.06 0.0112 0.13 2.06 0.11 0.13 1.00 2.059 2.059 7.984 8.024 0.137 1.043 1.181 1180.54
5 118.479
120.375
133.750
62 61.00 2.23 1.10 0.12 6.02 0.0112 0.14 2.22 0.12 0.14 1.00 2.219 2.219 1.123 1.261 1260.78
2 126.532
128.557
142.841
63 62.00 2.39 1.26 0.12 5.93 0.0110 0.16 2.38 0.12 0.16 1.00 2.379 2.379 8.469 8.561 -0.007 1.370 1.363 1362.69
7 136.760
138.948
154.387
64 63.00 2.56 1.43 0.13 5.77 0.0107 0.17 2.55 0.13 0.17 1.00 2.549 2.549 1.455 1.448 1448.30
3 145.352
147.677
164.086
65 64.00 2.74 1.61 0.14 5.56 0.0103 0.18 2.73 0.14 0.18 1.00 2.730 2.730 0.364 -6.013 3.761 -1.082 2.679 2678.69
4 268.834
273.135
303.483
66 65.00 2.92 1.76 0.14 5.35 0.0099 0.15 2.91 0.14 0.15 1.00 2.910 2.910 -0.902 2.859 2859.08
4 286.938
291.529
323.921
67 66.00 3.11 1.93 0.15 5.12 0.0095 0.17 3.10 0.15 0.17 1.00 3.100 3.100 4.563 -7.738 3.732 -1.315 2.416 2416.09
5 242.479
246.359
273.732
68 67.00 3.31 2.08 0.16 4.91 0.0091 0.15 3.30 0.16 0.15 1.00 3.301 3.301 -1.161 2.571 2570.85
8 258.011
262.139
291.266
69 68.00 3.50 2.21 0.16 4.71 0.0087 0.13 3.49 0.16 0.13 1.00 3.491 3.491 1.239 3.961 2.778 0.515 3.293 3292.97
1 330.483
335.770
373.078
70 69.00 3.71 2.39 0.17 4.46 0.0083 0.18 3.70 0.17 0.18 1.00 3.702 3.702 0.713 3.491 3491.04
2 350.361
355.967
395.519
71 70.00 3.92 2.53 0.18 4.23 0.0078 0.14 3.91 0.18 0.14 1.00 3.912 3.912 0.670
-21.043 6.738 -2.946 3.792
3791.582
380.523
386.612
429.568
72 71.00 4.13 2.66 0.18 4.00 0.0074 0.13 4.12 0.18 0.13 1.00 4.123 4.123 -2.736 4.002 4002.00
9 401.642
408.068
453.409
73 72.00 4.34 2.82 0.19 3.69 0.0068 0.16 4.33 0.19 0.16 1.00 4.333 4.333 0.775 0.653 4.081 0.104 4.186 4185.81
6 420.089
426.810
474.233
74 73.00 4.56 2.98 0.19 3.33 0.0062 0.16 4.55 0.19 0.16 1.00 4.333 4.554 0.104 4.186 4185.81
6 420.089
426.810
474.233
75 74.00 4.78 3.15 0.20 2.93 0.0054 0.17 4.77 0.20 0.17 1.00 4.775 4.775 0.891 7.363 3.345 1.252 4.596 4596.31
6 461.286
468.667
520.741
76 75.00 5.00 3.35 0.20 2.45 0.0045 0.20 5.00 0.20 0.20 1.00 4.995 4.995 1.473 4.817 4817.20
7 483.455
491.190
545.767
77 76.00 5.23 3.57 0.20 1.89 0.0035 0.22 5.23 0.20 0.22 1.00 5.226 5.226 0.957 7.372 3.413 1.622 5.035 5034.99
3 505.312
513.397
570.441
78 77.00 5.45 3.82 0.20 1.27 0.0024 0.25 5.45 0.20 0.25 1.00 5.448 5.448 1.843 5.256 5256.14
4 527.507
535.947
595.496
79 78.00 5.67 4.08 0.21 0.63 0.0012 0.26 5.67 0.21 0.26 1.00 5.669 5.669 1.075 -7.373 7.360 -1.917 5.443 5443.16
2 546.276
555.016
616.685
80 79.00 5.89 4.31 0.21 -0.01 0.0000 0.23 5.89 0.21 0.23 1.00 5.890 5.890 -1.696 5.664 5664.35
1 568.474
577.570
641.744
81 80.00 6.11 4.54 0.21 -0.65 -0.0012 0.23 6.11 0.21 0.23 1.00 6.111 6.111 1.170 1.281 5.571 0.295 5.866 5865.53
2 588.665
598.083
664.537
82 81.00 6.32 4.77 0.21 -1.30 -0.0024 0.23 6.32 0.21 0.23 1.00 6.111 6.322 0.295 5.866 5865.53
2 588.665
598.083
664.537
83 82.00 6.52 5.02 0.21 -1.96 -0.0036 0.25 6.52 0.21 0.25 1.00 6.524 6.524 1.241 -9.561 8.653 -2.390 6.263 6263.07
0 628.562
638.619
709.576
84 83.00 6.71 5.25 0.21 -2.62 -0.0049 0.23 6.71 0.21 0.23 1.00 6.715 6.715 -2.199 6.454 6454.29
5 647.753
658.117
731.241
85 84.00 6.89 5.50 0.20 -3.29 -0.0061 0.25 6.90 0.20 0.25 1.00 6.896 6.896 1.250 15.124 2.865 3.781 6.646
6646.190
667.012
677.684
752.982
86 85.00 7.04 5.76 0.20 -3.96 -0.0073 0.26 7.05 0.20 0.26 1.00 7.047 7.047 3.932 6.797 6797.43
3 682.190
693.105
770.117
87 86.00 7.19 6.01 0.20 -4.62 -0.0086 0.25 7.20 0.20 0.25 1.00 4.028 7.199 -
13.119 1.634 6.244 0.408 6.652 6652.02
1 667.597
678.278
753.643
88 87.00 7.32 6.26 0.19 -5.26 -0.0098 0.25 7.33 0.19 0.25 1.00 4.159 7.330 0.408 6.652 6652.02
1 667.597
678.278
753.643
89 88.00 7.46 6.50 0.18 -5.84 -0.0108 0.24 7.47 0.18 0.24 1.00 7.471 7.471 1.241 -2.220 7.780 -0.533 7.248 7247.53 727.36 739.00 821.11
9 3 1 2
90 89.00 7.57 6.69 0.18 -6.37 -0.0118 0.19 7.58 0.18 0.19 1.00 7.582 7.582 -0.422 7.359 7358.52
3 738.501
750.317
833.686
91 90.00 7.67 6.89 0.17 -6.89 -0.0128 0.20 7.68 0.17 0.20 1.00 7.683 7.683 -0.138 -2.651 8.237 -0.530 7.706 7706.31
7 773.406
785.780
873.089
92 91.00 7.75 7.06 0.16 -7.39 -0.0137 0.17 7.76 0.16 0.17 1.00 7.764 7.764 -0.451 7.786 7785.86
1 781.389
793.891
882.101
93 92.00 7.81 7.22 0.15 -7.88 -0.0146 0.16 7.82 0.15 0.16 1.00 7.825 7.825 -4.087 1.195 8.246 0.191 8.438 8437.72
0 846.810
860.359
955.954
94 93.00 7.85 7.38 0.14 -8.35 -0.0155 0.16 7.87 0.14 0.16 1.00 7.865 7.865 0.191 8.438 8437.72
0 846.810
860.359
955.954
95 94.00 7.88 7.54 0.13 -8.76 -0.0163 0.16 7.90 0.13 0.16 1.00 7.896 7.896 -0.109 -0.977 8.067 -0.156 7.910 7910.42
7 793.890
806.593
896.214
96 95.00 7.90 7.68 0.12 -9.10 -0.0169 0.14 7.92 0.12 0.14 1.00 7.917 7.917 -0.137 7.930 7929.96
9 795.852
808.585
898.428
97 96.00 7.90 7.81 0.11 -9.37 -0.0174 0.13 7.92 0.11 0.13 1.00 7.917 7.917 0.502 -0.386 7.912 -0.050 7.862 7862.19
8 789.050
801.675
890.750
98 97.00 7.91 7.90 0.10 -9.59 -0.0178 0.09 7.93 0.10 0.09 1.00 7.928 7.928 -0.035 7.878 7877.62
4 790.598
803.248
892.498
99 98.00 7.90 7.96 0.09 -9.80 -0.0182 0.06 7.92 0.09 0.06 1.00 7.918 7.918 0.983 0.470 7.802 0.028 7.830 7829.68
9 785.788
798.360
887.067
100 99.00 7.88 8.02 0.07 -9.98 -0.0185 0.06 7.90 0.07 0.06 1.00 7.899 7.899 0.028 7.830 7829.68
9 785.788
798.360
887.067
101 100.00 7.85 8.06 0.06 -10.08 -0.0187 0.04 7.87 0.06 0.04 1.00 7.869 7.869 2.570 2.414 7.618 0.097 7.715 7714.53
3 774.231
786.618
874.020
102 101.00 7.80 8.09 0.05 -10.17 -0.0189 0.03 7.82 0.05 0.03 1.00 7.819 7.819 0.072 7.690 7690.39
5 771.808
784.157
871.286
103 102.00 7.74 8.13 0.04 -10.26 -0.0190 0.04 7.76 0.04 0.04 1.00 7.759 7.759 1.320 2.333 7.613 0.093 7.706 7706.23
9 773.398
785.773
873.081
104 103.00 7.68 8.15 0.03 -10.34 -0.0192 0.02 7.70 0.03 0.02 1.00 7.699 7.699 0.047 7.660 7659.58
7 768.716
781.016
867.795
105 104.00 7.61 8.20 0.01 -10.33 -0.0192 0.05 7.63 0.01 0.05 1.00 7.629 7.629 0.131 0.876 7.584 0.044 7.628 7627.86
0 765.532
777.781
864.201
106 105.00 7.53 8.16 0.00 -10.23 -0.0190 -0.04 7.55 0.00 -0.04 1.00 7.549 7.549 -0.035 7.549 7548.98
4 757.616
769.738
855.264
107 106.00 7.45 8.14 -0.01 -10.10 -0.0187 -0.02 7.47 -0.01 -0.02 1.00 7.469 7.469 1.685 -3.664 7.412 0.073 7.486 7485.58
8 751.254
763.274
848.082
108 107.00 7.36 8.14 -0.02 -10.03 -0.0186 0.00 7.38 -0.02 0.00 1.00 7.379 7.379 0.000 7.412 7412.30
4 743.899
755.801
839.779
109 108.00 7.26 8.13 -0.03 -9.96 -0.0185 -0.01 7.28 -0.03 -0.01 1.00 7.278 7.278 -0.215 5.010 7.322 -0.050 7.272 7272.03
2 729.821
741.498
823.887
110 109.00 7.16 8.10 -0.03 -9.85 -0.0183 -0.03 7.18 -0.03 -0.03 1.00 7.178 7.178 -0.150 7.172 7171.82
8 719.765
731.281
812.534
111 110.00 7.05 8.07 -0.04 -9.69 -0.0180 -0.03 7.07 -0.04 -0.03 1.00 7.068 7.068 5.484 5.553 7.454 -0.167 7.287 7287.33
8 731.357
743.059
825.621
112 111.00 6.94 8.03 -0.05 -9.49 -0.0176 -0.04 6.96 -0.05 -0.04 1.00 6.958 6.958 -0.222 7.232 7231.80
5 725.784
737.397
819.329
113 112.00 6.82 7.97 -0.06 -9.24 -0.0171 -0.06 6.84 -0.06 -0.06 1.00 6.837 6.837 6.027 6.027 7.560 -0.362 7.199 7198.76
1 722.468
734.027
815.586
114 113.00 6.70 7.90 -0.07 -8.95 -0.0166 -0.07 6.72 -0.07 -0.07 1.00 6.717 6.717 -0.422 7.138 7138.49
2 716.419
727.882
808.758
115 114.00 6.58 7.81 -0.08 -8.57 -0.0159 -0.09 6.60 -0.08 -0.09 1.00 6.596 6.596 1.124 4.321 7.075 -0.389 6.686 6685.82
4 670.989
681.725
757.472
116 115.00 6.44 7.69 -0.09 -8.10 -0.0150 -0.12 6.46 -0.09 -0.12 1.00 6.455 6.455 -0.519 6.556 6556.19
2 657.979
668.507
742.786
117 116.00 6.29 7.58 -0.10 -7.58 -0.0141 -0.11 6.30 -0.10 -0.11 1.00 6.304 6.304 1.169 4.643 6.932 -0.511 6.421 6420.96
7 644.408
654.719
727.465
118 117.00 6.14 7.44 -0.11 -7.05 -0.0131 -0.14 6.15 -0.11 -0.14 1.00 6.153 6.153 -0.650 6.282 6281.67
4 630.429
640.516
711.684
119 118.00 5.97 7.31 -0.11 -6.55 -0.0122 -0.13 5.98 -0.11 -0.13 1.00 5.982 5.982 0.304 -4.445 5.438 0.578 6.016 6015.56
1 603.722
613.381
681.535
120 119.00 5.79 7.22 -0.12 -6.10 -0.0113 -0.09 5.80 -0.12 -0.09 1.00 5.801 5.801 0.400 5.838 5837.76
2 585.878
595.252
661.391
121 120.00 5.61 7.13 -0.13 -5.73 -0.0106 -0.09 5.62 -0.13 -0.09 1.00 5.621 5.621 0.359 -4.674 5.247 0.421 5.667 5667.25
4 568.766
577.866
642.073
122 121.00 5.42 7.08 -0.14 -5.43 -0.0101 -0.05 5.43 -0.14 -0.05 1.00 5.430 5.430 0.234 5.480 5480.28
4 550.001
558.801
620.890
123 122.00 5.22 6.99 -0.15 -5.07 -0.0094 -0.09 5.23 -0.15 -0.09 1.00 5.229 5.229 -0.719 2.343 5.332 -0.211 5.122 5121.54
0 513.998
522.222
580.246
124 123.00 5.01 6.81 -0.15 -4.58 -0.0085 -0.18 5.02 -0.15 -0.18 1.00 5.018 5.018 -0.422 4.911 4910.63 492.83 500.71 556.35
1 1 6 1
125 124.00 4.79 6.65 -0.16 -4.05 -0.0075 -0.16 4.80 -0.16 -0.16 1.00 3.945 4.798 11.550 16.879 8.494 -2.701 5.793
5792.925
581.378
590.680
656.311
126 125.00 4.56 6.48 -0.17 -3.51 -0.0065 -0.17 4.57 -0.17 -0.17 1.00 3.661 4.567 -2.869 5.624 5624.13
5 564.438
573.469
637.188
127 126.00 4.33 6.26 -0.17 -2.87 -0.0053 -0.22 4.34 -0.17 -0.22 1.00 4.335 4.335 -0.646 23.137 9.316 -5.090 4.226
4225.573
424.079
430.864
478.738
128 127.00 4.10 6.03 -0.17 -2.13 -0.0040 -0.23 4.10 -0.17 -0.23 1.00 4.104 4.104 -5.322 3.994 3994.20
0 400.858
407.272
452.524
129 128.00 3.87 5.75 -0.17 -1.36 -0.0025 -0.28 3.87 -0.17 -0.28 1.00 3.873 3.873 -0.568 -4.824 2.425 1.351 3.776 3776.02
6 378.962
385.025
427.806
130 129.00 3.63 5.52 -0.17 -0.72 -0.0013 -0.23 3.63 -0.17 -0.23 1.00 3.631 3.631 1.109 3.535 3534.83
9 354.756
360.433
400.481
131 130.00 3.40 5.38 -0.17 -0.25 -0.0005 -0.14 3.40 -0.17 -0.14 1.00 3.400 3.400 -0.511 7.695 4.391 -1.077 3.314 3313.65
8 332.559
337.880
375.422
132 131.00 3.17 5.21 -0.17 0.21 0.0004 -0.17 3.17 -0.17 -0.17 1.00 3.170 3.170 -1.308 3.083 3082.80
5 309.390
314.341
349.267
133 132.00 2.96 5.00 -0.16 0.79 0.0015 -0.21 2.96 -0.16 -0.21 1.00 2.959 2.959 -0.408 22.115 7.537 -4.644 2.893
2893.218
290.363
295.009
327.788
134 133.00 2.74 4.78 -0.16 1.41 0.0026 -0.22 2.74 -0.16 -0.22 1.00 2.737 2.737 -4.865 2.672 2672.06
8 268.169
272.459
302.733
135 134.00 2.54 4.55 -0.16 2.02 0.0037 -0.23 2.54 -0.16 -0.23 1.00 2.536 2.536 -0.348
-20.108 -2.144 4.625 2.481
2480.648
248.958
252.941
281.046
136 135.00 2.34 4.33 -0.16 2.60 0.0048 -0.22 2.34 -0.16 -0.22 1.00 2.335 2.335 4.424 2.280 2279.57
1 228.778
232.438
258.265
137 136.00 2.15 4.11 -0.16 3.15 0.0058 -0.22 2.14 -0.16 -0.22 1.00 2.144 2.144 -8.492 -8.603 -1.107 1.893 0.785 785.449 78.828 80.089 88.988
138 137.00 1.98 3.90 -0.15 3.66 0.0068 -0.21 1.97 -0.15 -0.21 1.00 1.973 1.973 1.807 0.699 699.422 70.194 71.317 79.241
139 138.00 1.81 3.69 -0.15 4.09 0.0076 -0.21 1.80 -0.15 -0.21 1.00 1.802 1.802 -0.609 -2.574 1.171 0.540 1.711 1711.02
3 171.718
174.466
193.851
140 139.00 1.65 3.54 -0.14 4.37 0.0081 -0.15 1.64 -0.14 -0.15 1.00 1.642 1.642 0.386 1.557 1556.59
6 156.220
158.719
176.355
141 140.00 1.50 3.44 -0.13 4.50 0.0084 -0.10 1.49 -0.13 -0.10 1.00 1.492 1.492 -0.171
-14.013 0.068 1.401 1.469
1469.377
147.467
149.826
166.473
142 141.00 1.36 3.35 -0.13 4.57 0.0085 -0.09 1.35 -0.13 -0.09 1.00 1.352 1.352 1.261 1.329 1329.24
6 133.403
135.538
150.597
143 142.00 1.24 3.26 -0.12 4.64 0.0086 -0.09 1.23 -0.12 -0.09 1.00 1.231 1.231 -0.130 12.015 2.297 -1.081 1.216
1215.762
122.014
123.966
137.740
144 143.00 1.12 3.16 -0.12 4.72 0.0088 -0.10 1.11 -0.12 -0.10 1.00 1.111 1.111 -1.201 1.096 1095.61
3 109.956
111.715
124.128
145 144.00 1.01 3.09 -0.11 4.83 0.0090 -0.07 1.00 -0.11 -0.07 1.00 1.001 1.001 -5.090 4.930 0.786 -0.345 0.441 441.136 44.272 44.981 49.979
146 145.00 0.91 3.01 -0.10 4.94 0.0092 -0.08 0.90 -0.10 -0.08 1.00 0.901 0.901 -0.394 0.392 391.831 39.324 39.953 44.393
147 146.00 0.82 2.95 -0.10 5.06 0.0094 -0.06 0.81 -0.10 -0.06 1.00 0.811 0.811 -4.065 3.950 0.641 -0.237 0.404 404.100 40.555 41.204 45.783
148 147.00 0.74 2.88 -0.09 5.14 0.0095 -0.07 0.73 -0.09 -0.07 1.00 0.730 0.730 -0.276 0.365 364.602 36.591 37.177 41.308
149 148.00 0.66 2.80 -0.08 5.15 0.0096 -0.08 0.65 -0.08 -0.08 1.00 0.650 0.650 -1.217 -2.387 0.362 0.191 0.553 553.094 55.509 56.397 62.663
150 149.00 0.60 2.74 -0.07 5.10 0.0095 -0.06 0.59 -0.07 -0.06 1.00 0.591 0.591 0.143 0.505 505.355 50.717 51.529 57.254
151 150.00 0.53 2.68 -0.07 5.02 0.0093 -0.06 0.52 -0.07 -0.06 1.00 0.521 0.521 -5.972 -0.027 0.101 0.002 0.103 102.633 10.300 10.465 11.628
152 151.00 0.47 2.62 -0.06 4.87 0.0090 -0.06 0.46 -0.06 -0.06 1.00 0.461 0.461 0.002 0.103 102.633 10.300 10.465 11.628
153 152.00 0.42 2.58 -0.06 4.66 0.0086 -0.04 0.41 -0.06 -0.04 1.00 0.411 0.411 -0.022 1.978 0.489 -0.079 0.410 410.024 41.150 41.808 46.454
154 153.00 0.38 2.52 -0.06 4.42 0.0082 -0.06 0.37 -0.06 -0.06 1.00 0.372 0.372 -0.119 0.370 370.469 37.180 37.775 41.972
155 154.00 0.33 2.48 -0.05 4.24 0.0079 -0.04 0.32 -0.05 -0.04 1.00 0.322 0.322 -0.015 2.980 0.441 -0.119 0.321 321.404 32.256 32.772 36.414
156 155.00 0.30 2.43 -0.05 4.13 0.0077 -0.05 0.29 -0.05 -0.05 1.00 0.292 0.292 -0.149 0.292 291.609 29.266 29.734 33.038
157 156.00 0.26 2.38 -0.05 4.02 0.0075 -0.05 0.25 -0.05 -0.05 1.00 0.253 0.253 -0.598 -1.185 0.163 0.059 0.223 222.633 22.343 22.701 25.223
158 157.00 0.23 2.35 -0.04 3.85 0.0071 -0.03 0.22 -0.04 -0.03 1.00 0.223 0.223 0.036 0.199 198.929 19.965 20.284 22.538
159 158.00 0.20 2.31 -0.04 3.66 0.0068 -0.04 0.19 -0.04 -0.04 1.00 0.193 0.193 -0.007 1.967 0.272 -0.079 0.193 192.932 19.363 19.672 21.858
160 159.00 0.18 2.26 -0.04 3.48 0.0065 -0.05 0.17 -0.04 -0.05 1.00 0.174 0.174 -0.098 0.173 173.266 17.389 17.667 19.630
161 160.00 0.16 2.21 -0.03 3.30 0.0061 -0.05 0.15 -0.03 -0.05 1.00 0.154 0.154 -0.004 -0.965 0.106 0.048 0.154 153.747 15.430 15.677 17.419
162 161.00 0.15 2.17 -0.03 3.11 0.0058 -0.04 0.14 -0.03 -0.04 1.00 0.144 0.144 0.039 0.144 144.099 14.462 14.693 16.326
163 162.00 0.13 2.12 -0.03 2.92 0.0054 -0.05 0.12 -0.03 -0.05 1.00 0.125 0.125 -0.484 -0.486 0.086 0.024 0.110 110.061 11.046 11.222 12.469
164 163.00 0.12 2.08 -0.02 2.76 0.0051 -0.04 0.11 -0.02 -0.04 1.00 0.115 0.115 0.019 0.105 105.198 10.558 10.727 11.918
165 164.00 0.11 2.03 -0.02 2.65 0.0049 -0.05 0.11 -0.02 -0.05 1.00 0.105 0.105 -0.002 -0.493 0.080 0.025 0.105 105.044 10.542 10.711 11.901
166 165.00 0.10 2.00 -0.02 2.57 0.0048 -0.03 0.10 -0.02 -0.03 1.00 0.095 0.095 0.015 0.095 95.193 9.554 9.706 10.785
167 166.00 0.10 1.99 -0.02 2.49 0.0046 -0.01 0.10 -0.02 -0.01 1.00 0.095 0.095 -0.002 -0.019 0.095 0.000 0.095 95.341 9.568 9.722 10.802
168 167.00 0.10 1.97 -0.02 2.39 0.0044 -0.02 0.10 -0.02 -0.02 1.00 0.096 0.096 0.000 0.096 95.528 9.587 9.741 10.823
169 168.00 0.09 1.96 -0.01 2.27 0.0042 -0.01 0.09 -0.01 -0.01 1.00 0.086 0.086 -0.001 0.014 0.086 0.000 0.086 85.779 8.609 8.747 9.718
170 169.00 0.09 1.97 -0.01 2.12 0.0039 0.01 0.09 -0.01 0.01 1.00 0.086 0.086 0.000 0.086 86.057 8.637 8.775 9.750
171 170.00 0.09 1.98 -0.01 1.96 0.0036 0.01 0.09 -0.01 0.01 1.00 0.086 0.086 -0.001 0.001 0.086 0.000 0.086 86.354 8.667 8.805 9.784
172 171.00 0.10 1.99 -0.01 1.81 0.0034 0.01 0.10 -0.01 0.01 1.00 0.086 0.097 0.000 0.086 86.354 8.667 8.805 9.784
173 172.00 0.10 2.01 0.00 1.66 0.0031 0.02 0.10 0.00 0.02 1.00 0.097 0.097 0.000 -0.024 0.097 0.000 0.097 96.919 9.727 9.882 10.981
174 173.00 0.10 2.02 0.00 1.53 0.0028 0.01 0.10 0.00 0.01 1.00 0.097 0.097 0.000 0.097 97.161 9.751 9.907 11.008
175 174.00 0.10 2.03 0.00 1.41 0.0026 0.01 0.10 0.00 0.01 1.00 0.097 0.097 0.000 -0.019 0.098 0.000 0.097 97.383 9.773 9.930 11.033
176 175.00 0.10 2.03 0.00 1.31 0.0024 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.098 0.098 0.000 0.098 97.569 9.792 9.949 11.054
177 176.00 0.10 2.04 0.00 1.21 0.0022 0.01 0.10 0.00 0.01 1.00 0.098 0.098 -0.491 0.492 0.093 0.005 0.098 97.755 9.811 9.968 11.075
178 177.00 0.09 2.04 0.01 1.12 0.0021 0.00 0.09 0.01 0.00 1.00 0.088 0.088 0.000 0.093 92.834 9.317 9.466 10.518
179 178.00 0.09 2.05 0.01 1.02 0.0019 0.01 0.09 0.01 0.01 1.00 0.088 0.088 0.001 0.001 0.088 0.000 0.088 88.098 8.842 8.983 9.981
180 179.00 0.09 2.06 0.01 0.92 0.0017 0.01 0.09 0.01 0.01 1.00 0.088 0.088 0.000 0.088 88.098 8.842 8.983 9.981
181 180.00 0.09 2.08 0.01 0.82 0.0015 0.02 0.09 0.01 0.02 1.00 0.088 0.088 0.001 0.491 0.079 0.010 0.088 88.470 8.879 9.021 10.023
182 181.00 0.08 2.08 0.01 0.72 0.0013 0.00 0.08 0.01 0.00 1.00 0.079 0.079 0.000 0.079 78.656 7.894 8.020 8.911
183 182.00 0.07 2.11 0.01 0.59 0.0011 0.03 0.07 0.01 0.03 1.00 0.069 0.069 0.001 -0.026 0.070 -0.001 0.069 68.898 6.915 7.025 7.806
184 183.00 0.07 2.13 0.01 0.45 0.0008 0.02 0.07 0.01 0.02 1.00 0.069 0.069 -0.001 0.069 69.158 6.941 7.052 7.835
185 184.00 0.06 2.14 0.01 0.32 0.0006 0.01 0.06 0.01 0.01 1.00 0.059 0.059 0.001 0.001 0.059 0.000 0.059 59.400 5.961 6.057 6.730
186 185.00 0.06 2.15 0.01 0.20 0.0004 0.01 0.06 0.01 0.01 1.00 0.059 0.060 0.000 0.059 59.400 5.961 6.057 6.730
187 186.00 0.05 2.16 0.01 0.08 0.0001 0.01 0.05 0.01 0.01 1.00 0.040 0.050 0.000 0.000 0.040 0.000 0.040 39.998 4.014 4.078 4.532
188 187.00 0.04 2.17 0.01 0.00 0.0000 0.01 0.04 0.01 0.01 1.00 0.040 0.040 0.000 0.040 39.998 4.014 4.078 4.532
189 188.00 0.04 2.18 0.01 -0.08 -0.0001 0.01 0.04 0.01 0.01 1.00 0.040 0.040 0.000 0.983 0.030 0.010 0.040 40.145 4.029 4.093 4.548
190 189.00 0.03 2.18 0.01 -0.17 -0.0003 0.00 0.03 0.01 0.00 1.00 0.030 0.030 0.000 0.030 30.312 3.042 3.091 3.434
191 190.00 0.03 2.17 0.01 -0.23 -0.0004 -0.01 0.03 0.01 -0.01 1.00 0.030 0.030 0.000 -0.494 0.025 0.005 0.030 30.425 3.053 3.102 3.447
192 191.00 0.02 2.18 0.01 -0.29 -0.0005 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.01 1.00 0.021 0.021 -0.005 0.021 20.536 2.061 2.094 2.327
193 192.00 0.02 2.19 0.01 -0.35 -0.0006 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.01 1.00 0.021 0.021 0.000 0.994 0.011 0.010 0.021 20.648 2.072 2.105 2.339
194 193.00 0.01 2.19 0.01 -0.38 -0.0007 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 1.00 0.011 0.011 0.000 0.011 10.704 1.074 1.091 1.213
195 194.00 0.01 2.17 0.01 -0.38 -0.0007 -0.02 0.01 0.01 -0.02 1.00 0.011 0.011 0.000 -0.001 0.011 0.000 0.011 10.704 1.074 1.091 1.213
196 195.00 0.01 2.18 0.00 -0.37 -0.0007 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.01 1.00 0.011 0.011 0.000 0.011 10.687 1.073 1.090 1.211
197 196.00 0.00 2.16 0.00 -0.35 -0.0006 -0.02 0.00 0.00 -0.02 1.00 0.001 0.001 0.000 -0.001 0.001 0.000 0.001 0.649 0.065 0.066 0.074
198 197.00 0.00 2.17 0.00 -0.34 -0.0006 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01 1.00 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.001 0.631 0.063 0.064 0.071
199 198.00 0.00 2.18 0.00 -0.36 -0.0007 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01 1.00 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.001 0.668 0.067 0.068 0.076
200 199.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0000 -2.18 0.00 0.00 -2.18 1.00 0.000 0.000 -0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
APPENDIX 6
No Load (ton)
Dial Gauge 1
Dial Gauge 2
Dial Gauge 3
Dial Gauge 4
c+d+e+f Average
Settlement Ton to Tonnes
Normalised data
(Tonnes/m)
1 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
2 163.0 1.10 0.99 0.52 0.84 3.45 0.86 165.61 157.72
3 163.0 1.10 1.01 0.52 0.84 3.47 0.87 165.61 157.72
4 163.0 1.16 1.05 0.58 0.89 3.68 0.92 165.61 157.72
5 163.0 1.17 1.07 0.59 0.89 3.72 0.93 165.61 157.72
6 163.0 1.16 1.07 0.58 0.90 3.71 0.93 165.61 157.72
7 163.0 1.16 1.06 0.58 0.91 3.71 0.93 165.61 157.72
8 325.0 2.22 2.33 1.79 1.87 8.21 2.05 330.20 314.48
9 325.0 2.28 2.41 1.88 1.95 8.52 2.13 330.20 314.48
10 325.0 2.30 2.42 1.90 1.97 8.59 2.15 330.20 314.48
11 325.0 2.33 2.45 1.94 2.01 8.73 2.18 330.20 314.48
12 325.0 2.34 2.45 1.94 2.02 8.75 2.19 330.20 314.48
13 325.0 2.37 2.48 1.97 2.04 8.86 2.22 330.20 314.48
14 488.0 3.39 3.66 3.23 3.14 13.42 3.36 495.81 472.20
15 488.0 3.47 3.75 3.34 3.24 13.80 3.45 495.81 472.20
16 488.0 3.48 3.76 3.36 3.27 13.87 3.47 495.81 472.20
17 488.0 3.50 3.78 3.37 3.29 13.94 3.49 495.81 472.20
18 488.0 3.54 3.82 3.42 3.34 14.12 3.53 495.81 472.20
19 488.0 3.60 3.86 3.47 3.38 14.31 3.58 495.81 472.20
20 650.0 4.62 4.97 4.74 4.56 18.89 4.72 660.40 628.95
21 650.0 4.71 5.08 4.86 4.67 19.32 4.83 660.40 628.95
22 650.0 4.74 5.11 4.89 4.70 19.44 4.86 660.40 628.95
23 650.0 4.80 5.16 4.95 4.77 19.68 4.92 660.40 628.95
24 650.0 4.80 5.17 4.97 4.78 19.72 4.93 660.40 628.95
25 650.0 4.86 5.22 5.03 4.84 19.95 4.99 660.40 628.95
26 650.0 4.86 5.23 5.03 4.85 19.97 4.99 660.40 628.95
27 650.0 4.94 5.33 5.14 4.95 20.36 5.09 660.40 628.95
28 650.0 5.03 5.39 5.21 5.04 20.67 5.17 660.40 628.95
29 650.0 5.05 5.40 5.24 5.05 20.74 5.19 660.40 628.95
30 650.0 5.04 5.40 5.24 5.08 20.76 5.19 660.40 628.95
31 488.0 4.39 4.65 4.34 4.20 17.58 4.40 495.81 472.20
32 488.0 4.39 4.64 4.33 4.19 17.55 4.39 495.81 472.20
33 488.0 4.39 4.64 4.33 4.19 17.55 4.39 495.81 472.20
34 488.0 4.38 4.63 4.33 4.18 17.52 4.38 495.81 472.20
35 488.0 4.38 4.64 4.33 4.19 17.54 4.39 495.81 472.20
36 488.0 4.31 4.56 4.25 4.11 17.23 4.31 495.81 472.20
37 488.0 4.31 4.56 4.24 4.09 17.20 4.30 495.81 472.20
38 325.0 3.52 3.71 3.30 3.23 13.76 3.44 330.20 314.48
39 325.0 3.52 3.71 3.29 3.23 13.75 3.44 330.20 314.48
40 325.0 3.45 3.63 3.21 3.15 13.44 3.36 330.20 314.48
41 325.0 3.45 3.63 3.19 3.12 13.39 3.35 330.20 314.48
42 325.0 3.44 3.62 3.19 3.12 13.37 3.34 330.20 314.48
43 325.0 3.44 3.62 3.19 3.13 13.38 3.35 330.20 314.48
44 163.0 2.51 2.54 2.07 2.13 9.25 2.31 165.61 157.72
45 163.0 2.51 2.53 2.06 2.12 9.22 2.31 165.61 157.72
46 163.0 2.42 2.44 1.96 2.12 8.94 2.24 165.61 157.72
47 163.0 2.42 2.44 1.96 2.01 8.83 2.21 165.61 157.72
48 163.0 2.42 2.43 1.95 2.01 8.81 2.20 165.61 157.72
49 163.0 2.43 2.43 1.94 2.00 8.80 2.20 165.61 157.72
50 0.0 0.90 1.05 0.85 0.66 3.46 0.87 0.00 0.00
51 0.0 0.85 1.00 0.81 0.62 3.28 0.82 0.00 0.00
52 0.0 0.81 0.97 0.77 0.58 3.13 0.78 0.00 0.00
53 0.0 0.77 0.91 0.67 0.53 2.88 0.72 0.00 0.00
54 0.0 0.75 0.88 0.68 0.52 2.83 0.71 0.00 0.00
55 0.0 0.73 0.87 0.67 0.50 2.77 0.69 0.00 0.00
56 0.0 0.71 0.85 0.66 0.48 2.70 0.68 0.00 0.00
57 0.0 0.70 0.83 0.65 0.47 2.65 0.66 0.00 0.00
58 0.0 0.68 0.83 0.63 0.46 2.60 0.65 0.00 0.00
59 0.0 0.68 0.82 0.63 0.46 2.59 0.65 0.00 0.00
60 0.0 0.66 0.80 0.61 0.43 2.50 0.63 0.00 0.00
61 0.0 0.64 0.78 0.59 0.41 2.42 0.61 0.00 0.00
62 0.0 0.64 0.77 0.56 0.42 2.39 0.60 0.00 0.00
63 0.0 0.63 0.76 0.55 0.40 2.34 0.59 0.00 0.00
64 0.0 0.61 0.77 0.56 0.38 2.32 0.58 0.00 0.00
65 0.0 0.61 0.76 0.56 0.39 2.32 0.58 0.00 0.00
66 163.0 1.36 1.81 1.59 1.30 6.06 1.52 165.61 157.72
67 163.0 1.37 1.82 1.59 1.30 6.08 1.52 165.61 157.72
68 163.0 1.36 1.83 1.60 1.30 6.09 1.52 165.61 157.72
69 163.0 1.37 1.83 1.59 1.30 6.09 1.52 165.61 157.72
70 163.0 1.37 1.83 1.60 1.32 6.12 1.53 165.61 157.72
71 163.0 1.37 1.84 1.60 1.31 6.12 1.53 165.61 157.72
72 325.0 2.33 3.01 2.76 2.21 10.31 2.58 330.20 314.48
73 325.0 2.33 3.02 2.77 2.23 10.35 2.59 330.20 314.48
74 325.0 2.37 3.06 2.81 2.26 10.50 2.63 330.20 314.48
75 325.0 2.37 3.06 2.82 2.26 10.51 2.63 330.20 314.48
76 325.0 2.36 3.05 2.80 2.25 10.46 2.62 330.20 314.48
77 325.0 2.41 3.09 2.84 2.29 10.63 2.66 330.20 314.48
78 488.0 3.33 4.14 3.97 3.28 14.72 3.68 495.81 472.20
79 488.0 3.35 4.17 4.00 3.31 14.83 3.71 495.81 472.20
80 488.0 3.34 4.16 4.00 3.31 14.81 3.70 495.81 472.20
81 488.0 3.35 4.18 4.02 3.33 14.88 3.72 495.81 472.20
82 488.0 3.35 4.19 4.03 3.33 14.90 3.73 495.81 472.20
83 488.0 3.37 4.19 4.03 3.34 14.93 3.73 495.81 472.20
84 650.0 4.35 5.21 5.18 4.40 19.14 4.79 660.40 628.95
85 650.0 4.40 5.26 5.24 4.45 19.35 4.84 660.40 628.95
86 650.0 4.40 5.27 5.26 4.46 19.39 4.85 660.40 628.95
87 650.0 4.43 5.30 5.29 4.50 19.52 4.88 660.40 628.95
88 650.0 4.45 5.31 5.31 4.51 19.58 4.90 660.40 628.95
89 650.0 4.45 5.31 5.31 4.51 19.58 4.90 660.40 628.95
90 812.0 5.41 6.20 6.50 5.83 23.94 5.99 824.99 785.71
91 812.0 5.44 6.24 6.55 5.85 24.08 6.02 824.99 785.71
92 812.0 5.49 6.29 6.61 5.91 24.30 6.08 824.99 785.71
93 812.0 5.53 6.33 6.65 5.96 24.47 6.12 824.99 785.71
94 812.0 5.56 6.36 6.67 5.99 24.58 6.15 824.99 785.71
95 812.0 5.56 6.38 6.71 6.01 24.66 6.17 824.99 785.71
96 975.0 6.72 7.13 7.96 7.72 29.53 7.38 990.60 943.43
97 975.0 6.77 7.20 8.02 7.77 29.76 7.44 990.60 943.43
98 975.0 6.84 7.26 8.08 7.86 30.04 7.51 990.60 943.43
99 975.0 6.88 7.31 8.15 7.92 30.26 7.57 990.60 943.43
100 975.0 6.90 7.32 8.16 7.93 30.31 7.58 990.60 943.43
101 1137.0 8.15 8.09 9.35 9.58 35.17 8.79 1155.19 1100.18
102 1137.0 8.28 8.21 9.47 9.71 35.67 8.92 1155.19 1100.18
103 1137.0 8.31 8.25 9.52 9.76 35.84 8.96 1155.19 1100.18
104 1137.0 8.34 8.28 9.55 9.79 35.96 8.99 1155.19 1100.18
105 1137.0 8.38 8.33 9.62 9.85 36.18 9.05 1155.19 1100.18
106 1137.0 8.41 8.35 9.64 9.86 36.26 9.07 1155.19 1100.18
107 1299.0 9.67 9.25 10.92 11.53 41.37 10.34 1319.78 1256.94
108 1299.0 9.74 9.33 11.01 11.61 41.69 10.42 1319.78 1256.94
109 1299.0 9.78 9.38 11.06 11.67 41.89 10.47 1319.78 1256.94
110 1299.0 9.86 9.44 11.15 11.78 42.23 10.56 1319.78 1256.94
111 1299.0 9.89 9.48 11.18 11.81 42.36 10.59 1319.78 1256.94
112 1299.0 9.91 9.50 11.20 11.83 42.44 10.61 1319.78 1256.94
113 1299.0 9.93 9.51 11.22 11.86 42.52 10.63 1319.78 1256.94
114 1299.0 9.97 9.54 11.26 11.90 42.67 10.67 1319.78 1256.94
115 1299.0 9.97 9.55 11.27 11.90 42.69 10.67 1319.78 1256.94
116 1299.0 9.98 9.56 11.27 11.92 42.73 10.68 1319.78 1256.94
117 1299.0 10.00 9.57 11.29 11.92 42.78 10.70 1319.78 1256.94
118 1299.0 10.03 9.59 11.30 11.94 42.86 10.72 1319.78 1256.94
119 1299.0 10.03 9.60 11.31 11.95 42.89 10.72 1319.78 1256.94
120 1299.0 10.07 9.62 11.35 11.99 43.03 10.76 1319.78 1256.94
121 1299.0 10.06 9.64 11.36 11.99 43.05 10.76 1319.78 1256.94
122 1299.0 10.06 9.64 11.37 12.00 43.07 10.77 1319.78 1256.94
123 1299.0 10.08 9.65 11.38 12.01 43.12 10.78 1319.78 1256.94
124 1299.0 10.08 9.66 11.38 12.01 43.13 10.78 1319.78 1256.94
125 1299.0 10.15 9.72 11.45 12.08 43.40 10.85 1319.78 1256.94
126 1299.0 10.21 9.78 11.51 12.14 43.64 10.91 1319.78 1256.94
127 1299.0 10.21 9.78 11.51 12.14 43.64 10.91 1319.78 1256.94
128 1299.0 10.39 9.97 11.70 12.34 44.40 11.10 1319.78 1256.94
129 1299.0 10.53 10.11 11.90 12.50 45.04 11.26 1319.78 1256.94
130 1299.0 10.55 10.16 11.96 12.55 45.22 11.31 1319.78 1256.94
131 1299.0 10.63 10.24 12.05 12.63 45.55 11.39 1319.78 1256.94
132 1299.0 10.71 10.30 12.11 12.72 45.84 11.46 1319.78 1256.94
133 1299.0 10.75 10.36 12.16 12.76 46.03 11.51 1319.78 1256.94
134 1299.0 10.78 10.37 12.18 12.78 46.11 11.53 1319.78 1256.94
135 1299.0 10.83 10.48 12.28 12.88 46.47 11.62 1319.78 1256.94
136 1299.0 10.98 10.65 12.51 13.05 47.19 11.80 1319.78 1256.94
137 1299.0 11.07 10.75 12.61 13.16 47.59 11.90 1319.78 1256.94
138 1299.0 11.14 10.84 12.69 13.23 47.90 11.98 1319.78 1256.94
139 1299.0 11.23 10.93 12.78 13.33 48.27 12.07 1319.78 1256.94
140 1299.0 11.25 10.97 12.82 13.35 48.39 12.10 1319.78 1256.94
141 1299.0 11.31 11.03 12.89 13.41 48.64 12.16 1319.78 1256.94
142 1299.0 11.34 11.06 12.94 13.46 48.80 12.20 1319.78 1256.94
143 1299.0 11.39 11.06 12.95 13.47 48.87 12.22 1319.78 1256.94
144 1299.0 11.41 11.05 12.95 13.49 48.90 12.23 1319.78 1256.94
145 1299.0 11.36 10.98 12.89 13.41 48.64 12.16 1319.78 1256.94
146 1299.0 11.32 10.92 12.84 13.37 48.45 12.11 1319.78 1256.94
147 1299.0 11.21 10.82 12.74 13.25 48.02 12.01 1319.78 1256.94
148 1299.0 11.15 10.76 12.68 13.20 47.79 11.95 1319.78 1256.94
149 1299.0 11.01 10.61 12.53 13.11 47.26 11.82 1319.78 1256.94
150 1299.0 11.06 10.68 12.59 13.16 47.49 11.87 1319.78 1256.94
151 1137.0 10.33 10.14 11.94 12.32 44.73 11.18 1155.19 1100.18
152 1137.0 10.33 10.14 11.94 12.32 44.73 11.18 1155.19 1100.18
153 1137.0 10.30 10.12 11.92 12.28 44.62 11.16 1155.19 1100.18
154 1137.0 10.30 10.12 11.92 12.28 44.62 11.16 1155.19 1100.18
155 1137.0 10.31 10.12 11.92 12.28 44.63 11.16 1155.19 1100.18
156 1137.0 10.30 10.12 11.91 12.27 44.60 11.15 1155.19 1100.18
157 975.0 9.34 9.45 11.09 11.15 41.03 10.26 990.60 943.43
158 975.0 9.32 9.44 11.08 11.14 40.98 10.25 990.60 943.43
159 975.0 9.32 9.44 11.08 11.13 40.97 10.24 990.60 943.43
160 975.0 9.32 9.43 11.08 11.13 40.96 10.24 990.60 943.43
161 975.0 9.30 9.41 11.06 11.09 40.86 10.22 990.60 943.43
162 975.0 9.30 9.42 11.06 11.09 40.87 10.22 990.60 943.43
163 812.0 8.29 8.66 10.10 9.89 36.94 9.24 824.99 785.71
164 812.0 8.29 8.65 10.10 9.89 36.93 9.23 824.99 785.71
165 812.0 8.29 8.66 10.10 9.89 36.94 9.24 824.99 785.71
166 812.0 8.29 8.66 10.10 9.89 36.94 9.24 824.99 785.71
167 812.0 8.27 8.63 10.07 9.86 36.83 9.21 824.99 785.71
168 812.0 8.27 8.63 10.07 9.86 36.83 9.21 824.99 785.71
169 650.0 7.21 7.75 8.98 8.62 32.56 8.14 660.40 628.95
170 650.0 7.14 7.68 8.91 8.55 32.28 8.07 660.40 628.95
171 650.0 7.14 7.68 8.91 8.54 32.27 8.07 660.40 628.95
172 650.0 7.14 7.68 8.90 8.54 32.26 8.07 660.40 628.95
173 650.0 7.14 7.68 8.90 8.54 32.26 8.07 660.40 628.95
174 650.0 7.14 7.68 8.90 8.54 32.26 8.07 660.40 628.95
175 488.0 6.11 6.67 7.69 7.31 27.78 6.95 495.81 472.20
176 488.0 6.07 6.63 7.64 7.26 27.60 6.90 495.81 472.20
177 488.0 6.03 6.60 7.59 7.22 27.44 6.86 495.81 472.20
178 488.0 6.01 6.57 7.57 7.19 27.34 6.84 495.81 472.20
179 488.0 6.00 6.57 7.56 7.19 27.32 6.83 495.81 472.20
180 488.0 6.00 6.57 7.57 7.19 27.33 6.83 495.81 472.20
181 325.0 4.89 5.41 6.24 5.91 22.45 5.61 330.20 314.48
182 325.0 4.89 5.42 6.24 5.91 22.46 5.62 330.20 314.48
183 325.0 4.83 5.37 6.17 5.83 22.20 5.55 330.20 314.48
184 325.0 4.83 5.37 6.17 5.83 22.20 5.55 330.20 314.48
185 325.0 4.75 5.30 6.08 5.72 21.85 5.46 330.20 314.48
186 325.0 4.75 5.29 6.08 5.72 21.84 5.46 330.20 314.48
187 163.0 3.56 3.97 4.60 4.34 16.47 4.12 165.61 157.72
188 163.0 3.52 3.93 4.54 4.28 16.27 4.07 165.61 157.72
189 163.0 3.52 3.93 4.54 4.27 16.26 4.07 165.61 157.72
190 163.0 3.44 3.85 4.45 4.19 15.93 3.98 165.61 157.72
191 163.0 3.37 3.78 4.36 4.12 15.63 3.91 165.61 157.72
192 163.0 3.37 3.77 4.36 4.11 15.61 3.90 165.61 157.72
193 0.0 2.26 2.31 2.66 2.83 10.06 2.52 0.00 0.00
194 0.0 2.16 2.20 2.55 2.73 9.64 2.41 0.00 0.00
195 0.0 2.10 2.13 2.47 2.66 9.36 2.34 0.00 0.00
196 0.0 2.04 2.08 2.41 2.61 9.14 2.29 0.00 0.00
197 0.0 1.99 2.03 2.36 2.55 8.93 2.23 0.00 0.00
198 0.0 1.95 1.99 2.32 2.52 8.78 2.20 0.00 0.00
199 0.0 1.92 1.95 2.28 2.48 8.63 2.16 0.00 0.00
200 0.0 1.90 1.93 2.25 2.46 8.54 2.14 0.00 0.00
201 0.0 1.89 1.91 2.23 2.44 8.47 2.12 0.00 0.00
202 0.0 1.66 1.71 2.03 2.18 7.58 1.90 0.00 0.00
203 0.0 1.52 1.57 1.89 2.05 7.03 1.76 0.00 0.00
204 0.0 1.50 1.56 1.88 2.04 6.98 1.75 0.00 0.00
205 0.0 1.13 1.17 1.48 1.66 5.44 1.36 0.00 0.00
206 0.0 0.90 0.92 1.21 1.36 4.39 1.10 0.00 0.00
207 0.0 0.67 0.71 0.99 1.16 3.53 0.88 0.00 0.00
208 0.0 0.46 0.53 0.76 0.94 2.69 0.67 0.00 0.00
209 0.0 0.01 0.09 0.31 0.47 0.88 0.22 0.00 0.00
210 325.0 1.06 2.16 2.49 1.55 7.26 1.82 330.20 314.48
211 325.0 1.14 2.21 2.55 1.63 7.53 1.88 330.20 314.48
212 325.0 1.17 2.25 2.60 1.67 7.69 1.92 330.20 314.48
213 325.0 1.24 2.31 2.67 1.75 7.97 1.99 330.20 314.48
214 325.0 1.26 2.37 2.73 1.77 8.13 2.03 330.20 314.48
215 325.0 1.26 2.37 2.75 1.79 8.17 2.04 330.20 314.48
216 650.0 3.42 4.68 5.28 4.11 17.49 4.37 660.40 628.95
217 650.0 3.45 4.71 5.32 4.16 17.64 4.41 660.40 628.95
218 650.0 3.50 4.76 5.37 4.23 17.86 4.47 660.40 628.95
219 650.0 3.56 4.82 5.44 4.29 18.11 4.53 660.40 628.95
220 650.0 3.58 4.82 5.45 4.30 18.15 4.54 660.40 628.95
221 650.0 3.61 4.86 5.47 4.36 18.30 4.58 660.40 628.95
222 975.0 5.62 6.69 7.65 6.66 26.62 6.66 990.60 943.43
223 975.0 5.77 6.80 7.78 6.84 27.19 6.80 990.60 943.43
224 975.0 5.83 6.87 7.85 6.93 27.48 6.87 990.60 943.43
225 975.0 5.87 6.91 7.88 6.97 27.63 6.91 990.60 943.43
226 975.0 5.87 6.94 7.89 6.98 27.68 6.92 990.60 943.43
227 975.0 5.88 6.94 7.90 7.00 27.72 6.93 990.60 943.43
228 975.0 5.91 6.96 7.93 7.05 27.85 6.96 990.60 943.43
229 1299.0 7.97 8.51 9.93 9.55 35.96 8.99 1319.78 1256.94
230 1299.0 8.07 8.61 10.04 9.67 36.39 9.10 1319.78 1256.94
231 1299.0 8.08 8.63 10.06 9.69 36.46 9.12 1319.78 1256.94
232 1299.0 8.17 8.72 10.16 9.80 36.85 9.21 1319.78 1256.94
233 1299.0 8.22 8.77 10.21 9.85 37.05 9.26 1319.78 1256.94
234 1299.0 8.25 8.81 10.25 9.88 37.19 9.30 1319.78 1256.94
235 1299.0 8.29 8.85 10.29 9.93 37.36 9.34 1319.78 1256.94
236 1299.0 8.31 8.86 10.30 9.95 37.42 9.36 1319.78 1256.94
237 1400.0 9.24 9.76 11.50 11.14 41.64 10.41 1422.40 1354.67
238 1400.0 9.63 10.19 12.13 11.73 43.68 10.92 1422.40 1354.67
239 1400.0 9.92 10.55 12.68 12.25 45.40 11.35 1422.40 1354.67
240 1400.0 10.07 10.72 12.90 12.45 46.14 11.54 1422.40 1354.67
241 1400.0 10.14 10.81 13.04 12.59 46.58 11.65 1422.40 1354.67
242 1624.0 10.19 10.85 13.14 12.66 46.84 11.71 1649.98 1571.41
243 1624.0 10.24 10.94 13.23 12.75 47.16 11.79 1649.98 1571.41
244 1624.0 10.30 11.00 13.29 12.81 47.40 11.85 1649.98 1571.41
245 1624.0 10.34 11.04 13.36 12.88 47.62 11.91 1649.98 1571.41
246 1624.0 10.40 11.10 13.44 12.96 47.90 11.98 1649.98 1571.41
247 1624.0 10.47 11.14 13.51 13.05 48.17 12.04 1649.98 1571.41
248 1624.0 10.47 11.16 13.53 13.05 48.21 12.05 1649.98 1571.41
249 1624.0 10.50 11.19 13.57 13.11 48.37 12.09 1649.98 1571.41
250 1624.0 10.50 11.19 13.56 13.11 48.36 12.09 1649.98 1571.41
251 1624.0 10.64 11.30 13.69 13.28 48.91 12.23 1649.98 1571.41
252 1624.0 10.80 11.42 13.84 13.46 49.52 12.38 1649.98 1571.41
253 1624.0 10.80 11.43 13.84 13.46 49.53 12.38 1649.98 1571.41
254 1624.0 11.09 11.74 14.18 13.80 50.81 12.70 1649.98 1571.41
255 1624.0 11.24 11.91 14.36 13.99 51.50 12.88 1649.98 1571.41
256 1624.0 11.31 11.98 14.46 14.07 51.82 12.96 1649.98 1571.41
257 1624.0 11.40 12.08 14.58 14.19 52.25 13.06 1649.98 1571.41
258 1624.0 11.49 12.18 14.70 14.31 52.68 13.17 1649.98 1571.41
259 1299.0 10.36 10.82 12.79 12.60 46.57 11.64 1319.78 1256.94
260 1299.0 10.35 10.81 12.78 12.56 46.50 11.63 1319.78 1256.94
261 1299.0 10.31 10.77 12.75 12.52 46.35 11.59 1319.78 1256.94
262 1299.0 10.31 10.77 12.74 12.53 46.35 11.59 1319.78 1256.94
263 1299.0 10.31 10.77 12.75 12.52 46.35 11.59 1319.78 1256.94
264 1299.0 10.31 10.77 12.75 12.52 46.35 11.59 1319.78 1256.94
265 975.0 8.40 9.38 10.95 10.24 38.97 9.74 990.60 943.43
266 975.0 8.35 9.34 10.90 10.18 38.77 9.69 990.60 943.43
267 975.0 8.31 9.31 10.87 10.14 38.63 9.66 990.60 943.43
268 975.0 8.27 9.28 10.83 10.09 38.47 9.62 990.60 943.43
269 975.0 8.28 9.27 10.83 10.09 38.47 9.62 990.60 943.43
270 975.0 8.27 9.27 10.83 10.09 38.46 9.62 990.60 943.43
271 650.0 6.10 7.21 8.48 7.61 29.40 7.35 660.40 628.95
272 650.0 6.05 7.17 8.44 7.51 29.17 7.29 660.40 628.95
273 650.0 6.01 7.13 8.39 7.47 29.00 7.25 660.40 628.95
274 650.0 6.01 7.12 8.39 7.47 28.99 7.25 660.40 628.95
275 650.0 5.97 7.09 8.35 7.42 28.83 7.21 660.40 628.95
276 650.0 5.96 7.07 8.33 7.41 28.77 7.19 660.40 628.95
277 325.0 3.61 4.61 5.60 4.85 18.67 4.67 330.20 314.48
278 325.0 3.55 4.54 5.54 4.74 18.37 4.59 330.20 314.48
279 325.0 3.55 4.55 5.54 4.74 18.38 4.60 330.20 314.48
280 325.0 3.55 4.55 5.54 4.74 18.38 4.60 330.20 314.48
281 325.0 3.41 4.39 5.38 4.60 17.78 4.45 330.20 314.48
282 325.0 3.42 4.39 5.38 4.60 17.79 4.45 330.20 314.48
283 0.0 0.90 1.41 1.83 1.64 5.78 1.45 0.00 0.00
284 0.0 0.71 1.23 1.63 1.45 5.02 1.26 0.00 0.00
285 0.0 0.62 1.12 1.51 1.33 4.58 1.15 0.00 0.00
286 0.0 0.52 1.03 1.41 1.23 4.19 1.05 0.00 0.00
287 0.0 0.42 0.94 1.31 1.09 3.76 0.94 0.00 0.00
288 0.0 0.37 0.89 1.24 1.02 3.52 0.88 0.00 0.00
289 0.0 0.32 0.84 1.19 0.95 3.30 0.83 0.00 0.00
290 0.0 0.25 0.78 1.12 0.89 3.04 0.76 0.00 0.00
291 0.0 0.19 0.74 1.05 0.78 2.76 0.69 0.00 0.00
292 0.0 0.17 0.72 1.03 0.77 2.69 0.67 0.00 0.00
293 0.0 0.07 0.50 0.79 0.52 1.88 0.47 0.00 0.00
294 0.0 0.07 0.34 0.58 0.28 1.27 0.32 0.00 0.00
295 0.0 0.07 0.15 0.37 0.07 0.66 0.17 0.00 0.00
296 0.0 0.06 0.15 0.36 0.06 0.63 0.16 0.00 0.00
297 0.0 0.05 0.32 0.17 0.04 0.58 0.15 0.00 0.00
298 0.0 0.03 0.77 0.63 0.02 1.45 0.36 0.00 0.00
APPENDIX 7
No Time (ms)
Load (MN)
Displacement (mm)
Velocity
(m/s)
Acceleration (m/s2)
M Ma(t) C Cv(t) Fu(t) MN to kN
kN to Ton
Ton to Tonne
s
Normalised data
(Tonnes/m)
1 0.00 1.42 -0.06 0.05 -35.16 0.0213754 -0.75 4.40 0.22 1.95 1951.56 195.86 198.99 110.55
2 1.00 1.33 -0.01 0.02 -43.95 -0.94 0.09 2.18 2181.45 218.93 222.43 123.57
3 2.00 1.52 -0.03 -0.04 0.00 0.00 -0.18 1.70 1696.00 170.21 172.93 96.07
4 3.00 1.49 -0.08 0.02 52.73 1.13 0.09 0.27 274.88 27.59 28.03 15.57
5 4.00 1.52 0.01 0.07 -13.18 -0.28 0.31 1.49 1493.73 149.91 152.31 84.62
6 5.00 1.45 0.06 -0.01 -48.34 -1.03 -0.04 2.53 2527.29 253.64 257.70 143.16
7 6.00 1.36 -0.01 -0.03 21.97 0.47 -0.13 1.02 1022.38 102.61 104.25 57.92
8 7.00 1.36 0.01 0.04 17.58 0.38 0.18 0.81 808.22 81.11 82.41 45.78
9 8.00 1.23 0.06 0.01 -30.76 -0.66 0.04 1.84 1843.51 185.01 187.97 104.43
10 9.00 1.49 0.03 -0.03 4.39 0.09 -0.13 1.53 1528.16 153.37 155.82 86.57
11 10.00 1.36 0.01 0.02 26.37 0.56 0.09 0.71 708.33 71.09 72.23 40.13
12 11.00 1.58 0.06 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.13 1.45 1448.00 145.32 147.65 82.03
13 12.00 1.36 0.06 0.02 -13.18 -0.28 0.09 1.55 1553.73 155.93 158.43 88.02
14 13.00 1.42 0.10 0.00 -17.58 -0.38 0.00 1.80 1795.78 180.22 183.11 101.73
15 14.00 1.20 0.06 -0.02 -13.18 -0.28 -0.09 1.57 1569.73 157.54 160.06 88.92
16 15.00 1.42 0.06 -0.03 8.79 0.19 -0.13 1.36 1364.11 136.90 139.09 77.27
17 16.00 1.36 0.01 0.00 17.58 0.38 0.00 0.98 984.22 98.78 100.36 55.75
18 17.00 1.55 0.06 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.04 1.51 1506.00 151.14 153.56 85.31
19 18.00 1.36 0.03 0.00 -4.39 -0.09 0.00 1.45 1453.84 145.91 148.24 82.36
20 19.00 1.55 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.55 1550.00 155.56 158.05 87.80
21 20.00 1.45 0.03 0.00 -8.79 -0.19 0.00 1.64 1637.89 164.38 167.01 92.78
22 21.00 1.36 0.06 -0.02 -30.76 -0.66 -0.09 2.11 2105.51 211.31 214.69 119.27
23 22.00 1.42 -0.01 -0.06 0.00 0.00 -0.26 1.68 1684.00 169.01 171.71 95.39
24 23.00 1.45 -0.06 -0.02 35.16 0.75 -0.09 0.79 786.44 78.93 80.19 44.55
25 24.00 1.49 -0.04 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.04 1.45 1446.00 145.12 147.44 81.91
26 25.00 1.36 -0.04 -0.02 -8.79 -0.19 -0.09 1.64 1635.89 164.18 166.80 92.67
27 26.00 1.58 -0.08 -0.01 17.58 0.38 -0.04 1.25 1248.22 125.27 127.28 70.71
28 27.00 1.42 -0.06 0.02 17.58 0.38 0.09 0.96 956.22 95.97 97.50 54.17
29 28.00 1.61 -0.04 0.03 -4.39 -0.09 0.13 1.57 1571.84 157.75 160.27 89.04
30 29.00 1.36 -0.01 0.01 -8.79 -0.19 0.04 1.50 1503.89 150.93 153.35 85.19
31 30.00 1.52 -0.03 0.01 17.58 0.38 0.04 1.10 1100.22 110.42 112.18 62.32
32 31.00 1.36 0.01 0.04 -8.79 -0.19 0.18 1.37 1371.89 137.68 139.89 77.71
33 32.00 1.71 0.06 -0.01 -48.34 -1.03 -0.04 2.79 2787.29 279.73 284.21 157.89
34 33.00 1.61 -0.01 -0.05 -4.39 -0.09 -0.22 1.92 1923.84 193.08 196.17 108.98
35 34.00 1.77 -0.04 -0.02 17.58 0.38 -0.09 1.48 1482.22 148.76 151.14 83.96
36 35.00 1.68 -0.04 -0.02 8.79 0.19 -0.09 1.58 1580.11 158.58 161.12 89.51
37 36.00 1.74 -0.08 0.00 26.37 0.56 0.00 1.18 1176.33 118.06 119.95 66.64
38 37.00 1.77 -0.04 0.04 17.58 0.38 0.18 1.22 1218.22 122.26 124.22 69.01
39 38.00 1.87 -0.01 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.18 1.69 1694.00 170.01 172.73 95.96
40 39.00 2.19 0.03 0.04 -4.39 -0.09 0.18 2.11 2107.84 211.54 214.93 119.40
41 40.00 2.25 0.06 0.03 -13.18 -0.28 0.13 2.40 2399.73 240.84 244.69 135.94
42 41.00 2.47 0.08 0.01 -13.18 -0.28 0.04 2.71 2707.73 271.75 276.10 153.39
43 42.00 2.57 0.08 0.00 13.18 0.28 0.00 2.29 2288.27 229.65 233.33 129.63
44 43.00 2.73 0.08 0.04 30.76 0.66 0.18 1.90 1896.49 190.33 193.38 107.43
45 44.00 2.85 0.15 0.06 -13.18 -0.28 0.26 2.87 2867.73 287.81 292.41 162.45
46 45.00 3.17 0.20 0.01 -30.76 -0.66 0.04 3.78 3783.51 379.71 385.79 214.33
47 46.00 3.17 0.17 0.00 -4.39 -0.09 0.00 3.26 3263.84 327.56 332.80 184.89
48 47.00 3.55 0.20 0.00 13.18 0.28 0.00 3.27 3268.27 328.00 333.25 185.14
49 48.00 3.46 0.17 0.03 8.79 0.19 0.13 3.14 3140.11 315.14 320.18 177.88
50 49.00 4.06 0.26 0.02 8.79 0.19 0.09 3.78 3784.11 379.77 385.85 214.36
51 50.00 4.13 0.20 0.04 35.16 0.75 0.18 3.20 3202.44 321.40 326.54 181.41
52 51.00 4.48 0.34 0.09 0.00 0.00 0.40 4.08 4084.00 409.87 416.43 231.35
53 52.00 4.79 0.38 0.04 -30.76 -0.66 0.18 5.27 5271.51 529.05 537.51 298.62
54 53.00 4.89 0.43 0.03 8.79 0.19 0.13 4.57 4570.11 458.66 465.99 258.89
55 54.00 5.30 0.43 0.06 26.37 0.56 0.26 4.47 4472.33 448.84 456.02 253.35
56 55.00 5.69 0.55 0.08 -4.39 -0.09 0.35 5.43 5431.84 545.14 553.86 307.70
57 56.00 6.04 0.59 0.05 8.79 0.19 0.22 5.63 5632.11 565.24 574.28 319.05
58 57.00 6.32 0.66 0.10 35.16 0.75 0.44 5.13 5128.44 514.69 522.93 290.51
59 58.00 6.83 0.78 0.12 21.97 0.47 0.53 5.83 5832.38 585.34 594.70 330.39
60 59.00 7.12 0.91 0.14 -17.58 -0.38 0.62 6.88 6879.78 690.45 701.50 389.72
61 60.00 7.53 1.06 0.09 -35.16 -0.75 0.40 7.89 7885.56 791.39 804.06 446.70
62 61.00 7.85 1.08 0.07 0.00 0.00 0.31 7.54 7542.00 756.92 769.03 427.24
63 62.00 8.61 1.20 0.09 4.39 0.09 0.40 8.12 8120.16 814.94 827.98 459.99
64 63.00 9.06 1.26 0.08 8.79 0.19 0.35 8.52 8520.11 855.08 868.76 482.64
65 64.00 9.66 1.36 0.11 8.79 0.19 0.48 8.99 8988.11 902.05 916.48 509.16
66 65.00 10.11 1.47 0.10 4.39 0.09 0.44 9.58 9576.16 961.06 976.44 542.47
67 66.00 10.71 1.56 0.11 8.79 0.19 0.48 10.04
10038.11
1007.42
1023.54 568.64
68 67.00 11.29 1.70 0.11 0.00 0.00 0.48 10.81
10806.00
1084.49
1101.84 612.13
69 68.00 12.05 1.78 0.11 39.55 0.85 0.48 10.72
10720.60
1075.92
1093.13 607.30
70 69.00 12.56 1.93 0.19 57.13 1.22 0.84 10.50
10502.82
1054.06
1070.93 594.96
71 70.00 13.26 2.17 0.23 -8.79 -0.19 1.01 12.44
12435.89
1248.07
1268.03 704.46
72 71.00 13.83 2.38 0.18 -21.97 -0.47 0.79 13.51
13507.62
1355.62
1377.31 765.17
73 72.00 14.60 2.52 0.18 17.58 0.38 0.79 13.43
13432.22
1348.06
1369.63 760.90
74 73.00 15.33 2.75 0.21 -8.79 -0.19 0.92 14.59
14593.89
1464.64
1488.08 826.71
75 74.00 16.12 2.95 0.17 -17.58 -0.38 0.75 15.75
15747.78
1580.45
1605.73 892.07
76 75.00 16.57 3.09 0.18 48.34 1.03 0.79 14.74
14744.71
1479.78
1503.46 835.25
77 76.00 17.30 3.30 0.26 65.92 1.41 1.14 14.75
14746.93
1480.00
1503.68 835.38
78 77.00 17.84 3.61 0.31 -35.16 -0.75 1.36 17.23
17227.56
1728.96
1756.62 975.90
79 78.00 18.73 3.91 0.19 -87.89 -1.88 0.84 19.77
19772.68
1984.39
2016.14 1120.08
80 79.00 19.43 4.00 0.13 4.39 0.09 0.57 18.76
18764.16
1883.17
1913.30 1062.95
81 80.00 20.20 4.18 0.20 74.71 1.60 0.88 17.72
17723.04
1778.68
1807.14 1003.97
82 81.00 20.87 4.40 0.28 79.10 1.69 1.23 17.95
17947.21
1801.18
1830.00 1016.67
83 82.00 21.53 4.74 0.36 8.79 0.19 1.58 19.76
19758.11
1982.92
2014.65 1119.25
84 83.00 22.20 5.12 0.30 -74.71 -1.60 1.32 22.48
22476.96
2255.79
2291.88 1273.27
85 84.00 22.84 5.34 0.21 -52.73 -1.13 0.92 23.04
23043.12
2312.61
2349.61 1305.34
86 85.00 23.48 5.55 0.19 -17.58 -0.38 0.84 23.0 23019.7 2310.2 2347.2 1304.02
2 8 7 3
87 86.00 23.89 5.72 0.18 0.00 0.00 0.79 23.10
23098.00
2318.12
2355.21 1308.45
88 87.00 24.14 5.90 0.19 35.16 0.75 0.84 22.55
22552.44
2263.36
2299.58 1277.54
89 88.00 24.33 6.11 0.25 35.16 0.75 1.10 22.48
22478.44
2255.94
2292.03 1273.35
90 89.00 24.46 6.39 0.26 17.58 0.38 1.14 22.94
22940.22
2302.28
2339.12 1299.51
91 90.00 24.56 6.64 0.28 21.97 0.47 1.23 22.86
22858.38
2294.07
2330.77 1294.87
92 91.00 24.62 6.95 0.31 -65.92 -1.41 1.36 24.67
24665.07
2475.39
2514.99 1397.22
93 92.00 24.49 7.25 0.15 -140.63 -3.01 0.66 26.84
26836.02
2693.26
2736.36 1520.20
94 93.00 24.53 7.25 0.03 -26.37 -0.56 0.13 24.96
24961.67
2505.15
2545.24 1414.02
95 94.00 24.37 7.30 0.10 74.71 1.60 0.44 22.33
22333.04
2241.34
2277.21 1265.11
96 95.00 24.24 7.45 0.18 13.18 0.28 0.79 23.17
23166.27
2324.97
2362.17 1312.31
97 96.00 24.11 7.66 0.12 -43.95 -0.94 0.53 24.52
24521.45
2460.97
2500.35 1389.08
98 97.00 23.83 7.69 0.09 8.79 0.19 0.40 23.25
23246.11
2332.98
2370.31 1316.84
99 98.00 23.57 7.83 0.14 17.58 0.38 0.62 22.58
22578.22
2265.95
2302.21 1279.00
100 99.00 23.44 7.97 0.12 -26.37 -0.56 0.53 23.48
23475.67
2356.02
2393.71 1329.84
101 100.00 23.32 8.08 0.09 4.39 0.09 0.40 22.83
22830.16
2291.24
2327.89 1293.27
102 101.00 23.19 8.15 0.13 35.16 0.75 0.57 21.87
21866.44
2194.52
2229.63 1238.68
103 102.00 23.06 8.34 0.16 8.79 0.19 0.70 22.17
22168.11
2224.79
2260.39 1255.77
104 103.00 22.74 8.46 0.15 -52.73 -1.13 0.66 23.21
23207.12
2329.07
2366.33 1314.63
105 104.00 22.58 8.64 0.05 -74.71 -1.60 0.22 23.96
23956.96
2404.32
2442.79 1357.11
106 105.00 22.23 8.57 0.00 -21.97 -0.47 0.00 22.70
22699.62
2278.13
2314.58 1285.88
107 106.00 22.23 8.64 0.01 -13.18 -0.28 0.04 22.47
22467.73
2254.86
2290.94 1272.74
108 107.00 21.98 8.59 -0.03 -4.39 -0.09 -0.13 22.21
22205.84
2228.58
2264.24 1257.91
109 108.00 21.82 8.59 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 21.82
21820.00
2189.86
2224.89 1236.05
110 109.00 21.47 8.59 -0.03 -4.39 -0.09 -0.13 21.70
21695.84
2177.39
2212.23 1229.02
111 110.00 21.28 8.53 -0.01 -13.18 -0.28 -0.04 21.61
21605.73
2168.35
2203.04 1223.91
112 111.00 21.02 8.57 -0.05 -65.92 -1.41 -0.22 22.65
22649.07
2273.06
2309.43 1283.02
113 112.00 20.77 8.43 -0.14 -17.58 -0.38 -0.62 21.76
21761.78
2184.01
2218.96 1232.75
114 113.00 20.64 8.29 -0.09 4.39 0.09 -0.40 20.94
20942.16
2101.76
2135.38 1186.32
115 114.00 20.48 8.25 -0.13 -26.37 -0.56 -0.57 21.62
21615.67
2169.35
2204.06 1224.48
116 115.00 20.13 8.03 -0.14 -8.79 -0.19 -0.62 20.93
20933.89
2100.93
2134.54 1185.86
117 116.00 19.78 7.97 -0.15 8.79 0.19 -0.66 20.25
20252.11
2032.50
2065.02 1147.23
118 117.00 19.18 7.73 -0.12 30.76 0.66 -0.53 19.05
19050.49
1911.91
1942.50 1079.17
119 118.00 18.80 7.73 -0.09 -13.18 -0.28 -0.40 19.48
19477.73
1954.78
1986.06 1103.37
120 119.00 18.29 7.55 -0.15 -26.37 -0.56 -0.66 19.51
19513.67
1958.39
1989.73 1105.40
121 120.00 17.49 7.43 -0.14 43.95 0.94 -0.62 17.17
17166.55
1722.84
1750.40 972.44
122 121.00 17.05 7.27 -0.06 79.10 1.69 -0.26 15.62
15623.21
1567.94
1593.03 885.02
123 122.00 16.38 7.30 0.02 17.58 0.38 0.09 15.92
15916.22
1597.35
1622.91 901.62
124 123.00 15.93 7.30 -0.03 -61.52 -1.32 -0.13 17.38
17377.01
1743.96
1771.86 984.37
125 124.00 15.20 7.25 -0.11 -26.37 -0.56 -0.48 16.25
16247.67
1630.62
1656.71 920.39
126 125.00 14.31 7.09 -0.08 21.97 0.47 -0.35 14.19
14192.38
1424.35
1447.14 803.97
127 126.00 13.77 7.09 -0.06 -74.71 -1.60 -0.26 15.63
15630.96
1568.72
1593.82 885.46
128 127.00 12.94 6.97 -0.23 -57.13 -1.22 -1.01 15.17
15173.18
1522.78
1547.14 859.52
129 128.00 12.05 6.64 -0.18 21.97 0.47 -0.79 12.37
12372.38
1241.69
1261.56 700.87
130 129.00 12.11 6.62 -0.18 -52.73 -1.13 -0.79 14.03
14029.12
1407.96
1430.49 794.72
131 130.00 11.25 6.27 -0.28 17.58 0.38 -1.23 12.11
12106.22
1214.98
1234.42 685.79
132 131.00 10.81 6.06 -0.15 92.29 1.97 -0.66 9.50 9497.26 953.15 968.40 538.00
133 132.00 10.17 5.97 -0.10 -48.34 -1.03 -0.44 11.64
11643.29
1168.52
1187.22 659.56
134 133.00 8.68 5.86 -0.25 -30.76 -0.66 -1.10 10.44
10437.51
1047.51
1064.27 591.26
135 134.00 8.10 5.48 -0.16 140.62 3.01 -0.70 5.80 5798.19 581.91 591.22 328.45
136 135.00 8.26 5.55 0.04 17.58 0.38 0.18 7.71 7708.22 773.60 785.97 436.65
137 136.00 7.12 5.55 -0.12 -175.78 -3.76 -0.53 11.41
11405.37
1144.64
1162.96 646.09
138 137.00 6.42 5.30 -0.32 -52.73 -1.13 -1.41 8.96 8955.12 898.74 913.12 507.29
139 138.00 6.00 4.91 -0.23 70.31 1.50 -1.01 5.51 5509.10 552.89 561.74 312.08
140 139.00 5.75 4.84 -0.18 30.76 0.66 -0.79 5.88 5884.49 590.57 600.02 333.34
141 140.00 5.40 4.56 -0.17 21.97 0.47 -0.75 5.68 5678.38 569.88 579.00 321.67
142 141.00 4.70 4.51 -0.13 -26.37 -0.56 -0.57 5.84 5835.67 585.67 595.04 330.58
143 142.00 4.32 4.30 -0.22 8.79 0.19 -0.97 5.10 5100.11 511.85 520.04 288.91
144 143.00 3.65 4.07 -0.11 8.79 0.19 -0.48 3.95 3946.11 396.03 402.37 223.54
145 144.00 3.52 4.07 -0.20 -35.16 -0.75 -0.88 5.15 5151.56 517.01 525.28 291.82
146 145.00 2.95 3.67 -0.18 87.89 1.88 -0.79 1.86 1863.32 187.00 189.99 105.55
147 146.00 3.46 3.70 -0.03 79.10 1.69 -0.13 1.90 1901.21 190.81 193.86 107.70
148 147.00 2.98 3.61 -0.03 -83.50 -1.78 -0.13 4.90 4896.85 491.45 499.31 277.39
149 148.00 2.54 3.65 -0.19 -105.47 -2.25 -0.84 5.63 5630.46 565.07 574.11 318.95
150 149.00 1.80 3.23 -0.24 65.92 1.41 -1.06 1.45 1446.93 145.21 147.54 81.97
151 150.00 2.44 3.17 -0.06 79.10 1.69 -0.26 1.01 1013.21 101.69 103.31 57.40
152 151.00 2.12 3.10 -0.08 -26.37 -0.56 -0.35 3.04 3035.67 304.66 309.53 171.96
153 152.00 1.74 3.02 -0.11 21.97 0.47 -0.48 1.75 1754.38 176.07 178.89 99.38
154 153.00 1.55 2.87 -0.04 74.71 1.60 -0.18 0.13 129.04 12.95 13.16 7.31
155 154.00 2.03 2.95 0.04 -26.37 -0.56 0.18 2.42 2417.67 242.64 246.52 136.96
156 155.00 1.36 2.95 -0.09 -35.16 -0.75 -0.40 2.51 2507.56 251.66 255.69 142.05
157 156.00 1.29 2.77 -0.04 70.31 1.50 -0.18 -
0.04 -36.90 -3.70 -3.76 -2.09
158 157.00 1.55 2.87 0.05 21.97 0.47 0.22 0.86 860.38 86.35 87.73 48.74
159 158.00 1.17 2.87 0.01 -57.13 -1.22 0.04 2.35 2347.18 235.56 239.33 132.96
160 159.00 1.01 2.89 -0.06 -4.39 -0.09 -0.26 1.37 1367.84 137.28 139.47 77.48
161 160.00 0.59 2.75 0.00 79.10 1.69 0.00 -
1.10 -
1100.79 -110.48 -
112.24 -62.36
162 161.00 0.98 2.89 0.10 17.58 0.38 0.44 0.16 164.22 16.48 16.74 9.30
163 162.00 0.98 2.95 0.04 -30.76 -0.66 0.18 1.46 1461.51 146.68 149.02 82.79
164 163.00 0.85 2.96 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.18 0.67 674.00 67.64 68.72 38.18
165 164.00 0.79 3.02 0.04 -21.97 -0.47 0.18 1.08 1083.62 108.75 110.49 61.38
166 165.00 0.53 3.03 -0.01 -4.39 -0.09 -0.04 0.67 667.84 67.02 68.10 37.83
167 166.00 0.82 3.00 0.03 43.95 0.94 0.13 -
0.25 -251.45 -25.24 -25.64 -14.24
168 167.00 0.59 3.09 0.08 4.39 0.09 0.35 0.14 144.16 14.47 14.70 8.17
169 168.00 0.91 3.16 0.04 -21.97 -0.47 0.18 1.20 1203.62 120.80 122.73 68.18
170 169.00 0.69 3.16 0.04 -8.79 -0.19 0.18 0.70 701.89 70.44 71.57 39.76
171 170.00 0.72 3.23 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.09 0.63 632.00 63.43 64.44 35.80
172 171.00 0.91 3.19 0.04 -13.18 -0.28 0.18 1.02 1015.73 101.94 103.57 57.54
173 172.00 0.56 3.30 -0.01 -35.16 -0.75 -0.04 1.36 1355.56 136.04 138.22 76.79
174 173.00 0.59 3.17 -0.04 21.97 0.47 -0.18 0.30 296.38 29.74 30.22 16.79
175 174.00 0.69 3.23 0.04 57.13 1.22 0.18 -
0.71 -707.18 -70.97 -72.11 -40.06
176 175.00 0.82 3.24 0.08 13.18 0.28 0.35 0.19 186.27 18.69 18.99 10.55
177 176.00 0.98 3.38 0.06 -26.37 -0.56 0.26 1.28 1279.67 128.43 130.48 72.49
178 177.00 0.91 3.37 0.03 -30.76 -0.66 0.13 1.44 1435.51 144.07 146.37 81.32
179 178.00 0.85 3.44 0.00 -26.37 -0.56 0.00 1.41 1413.67 141.88 144.15 80.08
180 179.00 0.47 3.37 -0.03 17.58 0.38 -0.13 0.23 226.22 22.70 23.07 12.81
181 180.00 0.79 3.38 0.04 26.37 0.56 0.18 0.05 50.33 5.05 5.13 2.85
182 181.00 0.85 3.44 0.03 -17.58 -0.38 0.13 1.09 1093.78 109.77 111.53 61.96
183 182.00 0.75 3.44 0.00 8.79 0.19 0.00 0.56 562.11 56.41 57.32 31.84
184 183.00 0.79 3.44 0.04 17.58 0.38 0.18 0.24 238.22 23.91 24.29 13.49
185 184.00 0.66 3.53 0.04 -17.58 -0.38 0.18 0.86 859.78 86.29 87.67 48.70
186 185.00 0.66 3.51 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.62 616.00 61.82 62.81 34.89
187 186.00 0.72 3.54 0.04 26.37 0.56 0.18 -
0.02 -19.67 -1.97 -2.01 -1.11
188 187.00 0.72 3.58 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.26 0.46 456.00 45.76 46.50 25.83
189 188.00 0.59 3.67 0.04 -30.76 -0.66 0.18 1.07 1071.51 107.54 109.26 60.70
190 189.00 0.66 3.65 0.00 17.58 0.38 0.00 0.28 284.22 28.52 28.98 16.10
191 190.00 0.98 3.67 0.07 70.31 1.50 0.31 -
0.83 -830.90 -83.39 -84.72 -47.07
192 191.00 0.69 3.79 0.14 0.00 0.00 0.62 0.07 74.00 7.43 7.55 4.19
193 192.00 0.47 3.95 0.07 -127.44 -2.72 0.31 2.89 2886.08 289.65 294.28 163.49
194 193.00 0.02 3.93 -0.11 -65.92 -1.41 -0.48 1.91 1913.07 192.00 195.07 108.37
195 194.00 0.34 3.72 -0.06 74.71 1.60 -0.26 -
0.99 -992.96 -99.65 -
101.25 -56.25
196 195.00 1.04 3.81 0.04 39.55 0.85 0.18 0.02 18.60 1.87 1.90 1.05
197 196.00 0.69 3.79 0.02 -17.58 -0.38 0.09 0.98 977.78 98.13 99.70 55.39
198 197.00 0.53 3.84 0.00 -35.16 -0.75 0.00 1.28 1281.56 128.62 130.68 72.60
199 198.00 0.40 3.79 -0.05 -52.73 -1.13 -0.22 1.75 1747.12 175.34 178.15 98.97
200 199.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
APPENDIX 8
No Time (ms)
Load (MN)
Displacement (mm)
Velocity
(m/s)
Acceleration (m/s2)
k(i + 1) u(i + 1) - u(i)
G * H Fu(i+1) M Ma(i+1) C-J-L C(i+1) C(i+2) C(i+2)*v(i+1)
Fu(i+2) Fu(i+2) -
Fu(i+1)
u(i+2)-u(i+1)
k(i+2) Fu MN to kN kN to Ton Ton to Tonnes
Normalised data
(Tonnes/m)
0.0213754
1 0.00 1.42 -0.06 0.05 -35.16 -23.667 -0.060 1.420 1.420 -0.752 0.752 15.031 1.420 1420.00 142.51 144.79 80.44
2 1.00 1.33 -0.01 0.02 -43.95 -0.939 15.031 0.301 1.969 0.549 0.050 10.977 1.969 1968.83 197.59 200.75 111.53
3 2.00 1.52 -0.03 -0.04 0.00 -50.667 -0.020 1.013 2.343 0.000 -0.823 20.583 2.343 2343.33 235.18 238.94 132.74
4 3.00 1.49 -0.08 0.02 52.73 1.127 20.583 0.412 -0.049 -2.392 -0.050 47.842 -0.049 -48.79 -4.90 -4.98 -2.76
5 4.00 1.52 0.01 0.07 -13.18 152.000 0.090 13.680 15.170 -0.282 -13.368 -190.975 15.170 15170.00 1522.46 1546.82 859.34
6 5.00 1.45 0.06 -0.01 -48.34 -1.033 -190.975 1.910 0.574 -14.596 0.050 -291.929 0.574 573.53 57.56 58.48 32.49
7 6.00 1.36 -0.01 -0.03 21.97 -136.000 -0.070 9.520 10.970 0.470 -10.080 335.987 10.970 10970.00 1100.95 1118.56 621.42
8 7.00 1.36 0.01 0.04 17.58 0.376 335.987 13.439 -12.455 -23.425 0.020 -1171.263 -12.455 -12455.27 -1250.01 -1270.01 -100.00
9 8.00 1.23 0.06 0.01 -30.76 20.500 0.050 1.025 2.385 -0.658 -0.497 -49.749 2.385 2385.00 239.36 243.19 135.10
10 9.00 1.49 0.03 -0.03 4.39 0.094 -49.749 1.492 -0.096 -2.481 -0.030 82.711 -0.096 -96.32 -9.67 -9.82 -5.46
11 10.00 1.36 0.01 0.02 26.37 136.000 -0.020 -2.720 -1.230 0.564 2.026 101.317 -1.230 -1230.00 -123.44 -125.42 -69.68
12 11.00 1.58 0.06 0.03 0.00 0.000 101.317 3.039 -1.459 -0.229 0.050 -4.590 -1.459 -1459.50 -146.48 -148.82 -82.68
13 12.00 1.36 0.06 0.02 -13.18 22.667 0.000 0.000 1.580 -0.282 0.062 3.086 1.580 1580.00 158.57 161.11 89.50
14 13.00 1.42 0.10 0.00 -17.58 -0.376 3.086 0.000 1.796 0.216 0.040 5.394 1.796 1795.78 180.22 183.11 101.73
15 14.00 1.20 0.06 -0.02 -13.18 20.000 -0.040 -0.800 0.620 -0.282 0.862 -43.086 0.620 620.00 62.22 63.22 35.12
16 15.00 1.42 0.06 -0.03 8.79 0.188 -43.086 1.293 -0.060 -0.680 0.000 #DIV/0! -0.060 -60.48 -6.07 -6.17 -3.43
17 16.00 1.36 0.01 0.00 17.58 136.000 -0.050 -6.800 -5.380 0.376 6.364 #DIV/0! -5.380 -5380.00 -539.94 -548.58 -304.76
18 17.00 1.55 0.06 0.01 0.00 0.000 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! 0.050 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
19 18.00 1.36 0.03 0.00 -4.39 45.333 -0.030 -1.360 0.190 -0.094 1.264 #DIV/0! 0.190 190.00 19.07 19.37 10.76
20 19.00 1.55 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.000 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! 0.030 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
21 20.00 1.45 0.03 0.00 -8.79 48.333 -0.030 -1.450 0.100 -0.188 1.538 #DIV/0! 0.100 100.00 10.04 10.20 5.66
22 21.00 1.36 0.06 -0.02 -30.76 -0.658 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! 0.030 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
23 22.00 1.42 -0.01 -0.06 0.00 -142.000 -0.070 9.940 11.300 0.000 -9.880 164.667 11.300 11300.00 1134.07 1152.21 640.12
24 23.00 1.45 -0.06 -0.02 35.16 0.752 164.667 -3.293 3.992 -7.308 -0.050 146.165 3.992 3991.77 400.61 407.02 226.12
25 24.00 1.49 -0.04 0.01 0.00 -37.250 0.020 -0.745 0.705 0.000 0.785 78.500 0.705 705.00 70.75 71.89 39.94
26 25.00 1.36 -0.04 -0.02 -8.79 -0.188 78.500 -1.570 3.118 2.413 0.000 #DIV/0! 3.118 3117.89 312.91 317.92 176.62
27 26.00 1.58 -0.08 -0.01 17.58 -19.750 -0.040 0.790 2.150 0.376 -0.946 94.578 2.150 2150.00 215.77 219.23 121.79
28 27.00 1.42 -0.06 0.02 17.58 0.376 94.578 1.892 -0.847 -2.997 0.020 -149.867 -0.847 -847.34 -85.04 -86.40 -48.00
29 28.00 1.61 -0.04 0.03 -4.39 -40.250 0.020 -0.805 0.615 -0.094 1.089 36.295 0.615 615.00 61.72 62.71 34.84
30 29.00 1.36 -0.01 0.01 -8.79 -0.188 36.295 0.363 1.185 0.570 0.030 18.998 1.185 1184.94 118.92 120.82 67.12
31 30.00 1.52 -0.03 0.01 17.58 -50.667 -0.020 1.013 2.373 0.376 -1.229 -122.911 2.373 2373.33 238.19 242.00 134.44
32 31.00 1.36 0.01 0.04 -8.79 -0.188 -122.911 -4.916 6.464 4.091 0.040 102.275 6.464 6464.34 648.76 659.14 366.19
33 32.00 1.71 0.06 -0.01 -48.34 28.500 0.050 1.425 2.785 -1.033 -0.042 4.171 2.785 2785.00 279.50 283.97 157.76
34 33.00 1.61 -0.01 -0.05 -4.39 -0.094 4.171 -0.209 1.912 -0.873 -0.070 12.466 1.912 1912.40 191.93 195.00 108.33
35 34.00 1.77 -0.04 -0.02 17.58 -44.250 -0.030 1.328 2.938 0.376 -1.543 77.164 2.938 2937.50 294.81 299.52 166.40
36 35.00 1.68 -0.04 -0.02 8.79 0.188 77.164 -1.543 3.035 0.098 0.000 #DIV/0! 3.035 3035.39 304.63 309.51 171.95
37 36.00 1.74 -0.08 0.00 26.37 -21.750 -0.040 0.870 2.550 0.564 -1.374 #DIV/0! 2.550 2550.00 255.92 260.01 144.45
38 37.00 1.77 -0.04 0.04 17.58 0.376 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! 0.040 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
39 38.00 1.87 -0.01 0.04 0.00 -187.000 0.030 -5.610 -3.840 0.000 5.710 142.750 -3.840 -3840.00 -385.38 -391.55 -217.53
40 39.00 2.19 0.03 0.04 -4.39 -0.094 142.750 5.710 -3.426 0.414 0.040 10.346 -3.426 -3426.16 -343.85 -349.35 -194.08
41 40.00 2.25 0.06 0.03 -13.18 37.500 0.030 1.125 3.315 -0.282 -0.783 -26.109 3.315 3315.00 332.69 338.02 187.79
42 41.00 2.47 0.08 0.01 -13.18 -0.282 -26.109 -0.261 3.013 -0.302 0.020 -15.109 3.013 3012.82 302.37 307.20 170.67
43 42.00 2.57 0.08 0.00 13.18 32.125 0.000 0.000 2.470 0.282 -0.182 #DIV/0! 2.470 2470.00 247.89 251.86 139.92
44 43.00 2.73 0.08 0.04 30.76 0.658 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! 0.000 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
45 44.00 2.85 0.15 0.06 -13.18 19.000 0.070 1.330 4.060 -0.282 -0.928 -15.471 4.060 4060.00 407.46 413.98 229.99
46 45.00 3.17 0.20 0.01 -30.76 -0.658 -15.471 -0.155 3.982 -0.078 0.050 -1.556 3.982 3982.22 399.66 406.05 225.58
47 46.00 3.17 0.17 0.00 -4.39 18.647 -0.030 -0.559 2.611 -0.094 0.653 #DIV/0! 2.611 2610.59 262.00 266.19 147.88
48 47.00 3.55 0.20 0.00 13.18 0.282 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! 0.030 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
49 48.00 3.46 0.17 0.03 8.79 20.353 -0.030 -0.611 2.939 0.188 0.333 11.090 2.939 2939.41 295.00 299.72 166.51
50 49.00 4.06 0.26 0.02 8.79 0.188 11.090 0.222 3.650 0.711 0.090 7.899 3.650 3650.31 366.35 372.21 206.78
51 50.00 4.13 0.20 0.04 35.16 20.650 -0.060 -1.239 2.821 0.752 0.557 13.936 2.821 2821.00 283.12 287.65 159.80
52 51.00 4.48 0.34 0.09 0.00 0.000 13.936 1.254 3.226 0.405 0.140 2.891 3.226 3225.76 323.74 328.92 182.73
53 52.00 4.79 0.38 0.04 -30.76 12.605 0.040 0.504 4.984 -0.658 0.463 11.582 4.984 4984.21 500.22 508.22 282.34
54 53.00 4.89 0.43 0.03 8.79 0.188 11.582 0.347 4.355 -0.630 0.050 -12.591 4.355 4354.64 437.03 444.02 246.68
55 54.00 5.30 0.43 0.06 26.37 12.326 0.000 0.000 4.890 0.564 -0.154 -2.561 4.890 4890.00 490.76 498.61 277.01
56 55.00 5.69 0.55 0.08 -4.39 -0.094 -2.561 -0.205 5.989 1.099 0.120 9.156 5.989 5988.73 601.03 610.65 339.25
57 56.00 6.04 0.59 0.05 8.79 10.237 0.040 0.409 6.099 0.188 -0.247 -4.948 6.099 6099.49 612.14 621.94 345.52
58 57.00 6.32 0.66 0.10 35.16 0.752 -4.948 -0.495 6.063 -0.036 0.070 -0.518 6.063 6063.20 608.50 618.24 343.47
59 58.00 6.83 0.78 0.12 21.97 8.756 0.120 1.051 7.371 0.470 -1.010 -8.420 7.371 7370.77 739.73 751.57 417.54
60 59.00 7.12 0.91 0.14 -17.58 -0.376 -8.420 -1.179 8.675 1.304 0.130 10.029 8.675 8674.56 870.58 884.51 491.39
61 60.00 7.53 1.06 0.09 -35.16 7.104 0.150 1.066 8.186 -0.752 0.096 1.067 8.186 8185.57 821.50 834.65 463.69
62 61.00 7.85 1.08 0.07 0.00 0.000 1.067 0.075 7.775 -0.410 0.020 -20.511 7.775 7775.34 780.33 792.82 440.45
63 62.00 8.61 1.20 0.09 4.39 7.175 0.120 0.861 8.711 0.094 -0.195 -2.165 8.711 8711.00 874.24 888.22 493.46
64 63.00 9.06 1.26 0.08 8.79 0.188 -2.165 -0.173 9.045 0.334 0.060 5.572 9.045 9045.30 907.79 922.31 512.39
65 64.00 9.66 1.36 0.11 8.79 7.103 0.100 0.710 9.770 0.188 -0.298 -2.711 9.770 9770.29 980.55 996.24 553.46
66 65.00 10.11 1.47 0.10 4.39 0.094 -2.711 -0.271 10.287 0.517 0.110 4.699 10.287 10287.24 1032.43 1048.95 582.75
67 66.00 10.71 1.56 0.11 8.79 6.865 0.090 0.618 10.728 0.188 -0.206 -1.871 10.728 10727.88 1076.65 1093.88 607.71
68 67.00 11.29 1.70 0.11 0.00 0.000 -1.871 -0.206 11.496 0.768 0.140 5.485 11.496 11495.77 1153.72 1172.18 651.21
69 68.00 12.05 1.78 0.11 39.55 6.770 0.080 0.542 11.832 0.845 -0.627 -5.700 11.832 11831.57 1187.42 1206.42 670.23
70 69.00 12.56 1.93 0.19 57.13 1.221 -5.700 -1.083 12.422 0.590 0.150 3.935 12.422 12421.77 1246.65 1266.60 703.66
71 70.00 13.26 2.17 0.23 -8.79 6.111 0.240 1.467 14.027 -0.188 -0.579 -2.516 14.027 14026.54 1407.70 1430.23 794.57
72 71.00 13.83 2.38 0.18 -21.97 -0.470 -2.516 -0.453 14.752 0.726 0.210 3.457 14.752 14752.48 1480.56 1504.25 835.69
73 72.00 14.60 2.52 0.18 17.58 5.794 0.140 0.811 14.641 0.376 -0.417 -2.316 14.641 14641.11 1469.38 1492.89 829.38
74 73.00 15.33 2.75 0.21 -8.79 -0.188 -2.316 -0.486 16.004 1.363 0.230 5.927 16.004 16004.26 1606.19 1631.89 906.60
75 74.00 16.12 2.95 0.17 -17.58 5.464 0.200 1.093 16.423 -0.376 0.073 0.429 16.423 16422.88 1648.20 1674.57 930.32
76 75.00 16.57 3.09 0.18 48.34 1.033 0.429 0.077 15.460 -0.963 0.140 -6.881 15.460 15459.53 1551.52 1576.34 875.75
77 76.00 17.30 3.30 0.26 65.92 5.242 0.210 1.101 17.671 1.409 -1.780 -6.846 17.671 17670.91 1773.45 1801.83 1001.02
78 77.00 17.84 3.61 0.31 -35.16 -0.752 -6.846 -2.122 20.714 3.043 0.310 9.816 20.714 20713.84 2078.84 2112.10 1173.39
79 78.00 18.73 3.91 0.19 -87.89 4.790 0.300 1.437 19.277 -1.879 1.332 7.008 19.277 19277.08 1934.65 1965.60 1092.00
80 79.00 19.43 4.00 0.13 4.39 0.094 7.008 0.911 18.425 -0.852 0.090 -9.467 18.425 18425.07 1849.14 1878.73 1043.74
81 80.00 20.20 4.18 0.20 74.71 4.833 0.180 0.870 20.300 1.597 -1.697 -8.484 20.300 20299.86 2037.29 2069.89 1149.94
82 81.00 20.87 4.40 0.28 79.10 1.691 -8.484 -2.376 21.555 1.255 0.220 5.704 21.555 21554.74 2163.23 2197.85 1221.03
83 82.00 21.53 4.74 0.36 8.79 4.542 0.340 1.544 22.414 0.188 -1.072 -2.978 22.414 22414.35 2249.50 2285.50 1269.72
84 83.00 22.20 5.12 0.30 -74.71 -1.597 -2.978 -0.894 24.690 2.276 0.380 5.990 24.690 24690.49 2477.94 2517.58 1398.66
85 84.00 22.84 5.34 0.21 -52.73 4.277 0.220 0.941 23.141 -1.127 0.826 3.934 23.141 23140.97 2322.43 2359.59 1310.88
86 85.00 23.48 5.55 0.19 -17.58 -0.376 3.934 0.747 23.108 -0.033 0.210 -0.156 23.108 23108.31 2319.15 2356.26 1309.03
87 86.00 23.89 5.72 0.18 0.00 4.177 0.170 0.710 24.190 0.000 -0.300 -1.667 24.190 24190.02 2427.71 2466.55 1370.31
88 87.00 24.14 5.90 0.19 35.16 0.752 -1.667 -0.317 23.705 -0.485 0.180 -2.694 23.705 23705.13 2379.05 2417.11 1342.84
89 88.00 24.33 6.11 0.25 35.16 3.982 0.210 0.836 24.976 0.752 -1.398 -5.591 24.976 24976.22 2506.61 2546.72 1414.84
90 89.00 24.46 6.39 0.26 17.58 0.376 -5.591 -1.454 25.538 0.562 0.280 2.006 25.538 25537.91 2562.98 2603.99 1446.66
91 90.00 24.56 6.64 0.28 21.97 3.699 0.250 0.925 25.385 0.470 -1.294 -4.623 25.385 25384.70 2547.61 2588.37 1437.98
92 91.00 24.62 6.95 0.31 -65.92 -1.409 -4.623 -1.433 27.462 2.077 0.310 6.701 27.462 27462.06 2756.09 2800.19 1555.66
93 92.00 24.49 7.25 0.15 -
140.63 3.378 0.300 1.013 25.633 -3.006 1.863 12.418 25.633 25633.38 2572.57 2613.73 1452.07
94 93.00 24.53 7.25 0.03 -26.37 -0.564 12.418 0.373 24.721 -0.912 0.000 #DIV/0! 24.721 24721.14 2481.01 2520.71 1400.39
95 94.00 24.37 7.30 0.10 74.71 3.338 0.050 0.167 24.697 1.597 -1.924 -19.239 24.697 24696.92 2478.58 2518.24 1399.02
96 95.00 24.24 7.45 0.18 13.18 0.282 -19.239 -3.463 27.421 2.724 0.150 18.162 27.421 27421.25 2752.00 2796.03 1553.35
97 96.00 24.11 7.66 0.12 -43.95 3.148 0.210 0.661 24.901 -0.939 0.148 1.237 24.901 24900.98 2499.06 2539.05 1410.58
98 97.00 23.83 7.69 0.09 8.79 0.188 1.237 0.111 23.531 -1.370 0.030 -45.674 23.531 23530.76 2361.55 2399.33 1332.96
99 98.00 23.57 7.83 0.14 17.58 3.010 0.140 0.421 24.251 0.376 -1.057 -7.551 24.251 24251.43 2433.87 2472.82 1373.79
100 99.00 23.44 7.97 0.12 -26.37 -0.564 -7.551 -0.906 24.910 0.658 0.140 4.703 24.910 24909.85 2499.95 2539.95 1411.08
101 100.00 23.32 8.08 0.09 4.39 2.886 0.110 0.317 23.757 0.094 -0.531 -5.903 23.757 23757.48 2384.30 2422.45 1345.81
102 101.00 23.19 8.15 0.13 35.16 0.752 -5.903 -0.767 23.206 -0.552 0.070 -7.880 23.206 23205.89 2328.94 2366.21 1314.56
103 102.00 23.06 8.34 0.16 8.79 2.765 0.190 0.525 23.715 0.188 -0.843 -5.270 23.715 23715.35 2380.07 2418.15 1343.42
104 103.00 22.74 8.46 0.15 -52.73 -1.127 -5.270 -0.791 24.658 0.942 0.120 7.853 24.658 24657.66 2474.64 2514.24 1396.80
105 104.00 22.58 8.64 0.05 -74.71 2.613 0.180 0.470 23.210 -1.597 0.967 19.331 23.210 23210.42 2329.40 2366.67 1314.82
106 105.00 22.23 8.57 0.00 -21.97 -0.470 19.331 0.000 22.700 -0.511 -0.070 7.297 22.700 22699.62 2278.13 2314.58 1285.88
107 106.00 22.23 8.64 0.01 -13.18 2.573 0.070 0.180 22.410 -0.282 0.102 10.162 22.410 22410.10 2249.08 2285.06 1269.48
108 107.00 21.98 8.59 -0.03 -4.39 -0.094 10.162 -0.305 22.379 -0.031 -0.050 0.628 22.379 22378.71 2245.93 2281.86 1267.70
109 108.00 21.82 8.59 -0.03 0.00 2.540 0.000 0.000 21.980 0.000 -0.160 5.333 21.980 21980.00 2205.91 2241.21 1245.12
110 109.00 21.47 8.59 -0.03 -4.39 -0.094 5.333 -0.160 21.724 -0.256 0.000 #DIV/0! 21.724 21723.84 2180.20 2215.09 1230.60
111 110.00 21.28 8.53 -0.01 -13.18 2.495 -0.060 -0.150 21.320 -0.282 0.241 -24.141 21.320 21320.32 2139.71 2173.94 1207.75
112 111.00 21.02 8.57 -0.05 -65.92 -1.409 -24.141 1.207 21.222 -0.098 0.040 -2.458 21.222 21222.01 2129.84 2163.92 1202.18
113 112.00 20.77 8.43 -0.14 -17.58 2.464 -0.140 -0.345 20.675 -0.376 0.471 -3.362 20.675 20675.07 2074.95 2108.15 1171.19
114 113.00 20.64 8.29 -0.09 4.39 0.094 -3.362 0.303 20.244 -0.432 -0.140 3.082 20.244 20243.56 2031.64 2064.15 1146.75
115 114.00 20.48 8.25 -0.13 -26.37 2.482 -0.040 -0.099 20.541 -0.564 0.503 -3.869 20.541 20540.70 2061.46 2094.45 1163.58
116 115.00 20.13 8.03 -0.14 -8.79 -0.188 -3.869 0.542 19.776 -0.764 -0.220 3.475 19.776 19776.23 1984.74 2016.50 1120.28
117 116.00 19.78 7.97 -0.15 8.79 2.482 -0.060 -0.149 19.981 0.188 -0.389 2.593 19.981 19981.09 2005.30 2037.39 1131.88
118 117.00 19.18 7.73 -0.12 30.76 0.658 2.593 -0.311 18.834 -1.147 -0.240 4.781 18.834 18833.68 1890.15 1920.39 1066.88
119 118.00 18.80 7.73 -0.09 -13.18 2.432 0.000 0.000 19.180 -0.282 -0.098 1.092 19.180 19180.00 1924.90 1955.70 1086.50
120 119.00 18.29 7.55 -0.15 -26.37 -0.564 1.092 -0.164 19.017 -0.163 -0.180 0.903 19.017 19017.46 1908.59 1939.13 1077.29
121 120.00 17.49 7.43 -0.14 43.95 2.354 -0.120 -0.282 18.008 0.939 -1.457 10.407 18.008 18007.52 1807.24 1836.15 1020.08
122 121.00 17.05 7.27 -0.06 79.10 1.691 10.407 -0.624 15.984 -2.024 -0.160 12.649 15.984 15983.62 1604.12 1629.78 905.43
123 122.00 16.38 7.30 0.02 17.58 2.244 0.030 0.067 17.117 0.376 -1.113 -55.655 17.117 17117.32 1717.89 1745.38 969.66
124 123.00 15.93 7.30 -0.03 -61.52 -1.315 -55.655 1.670 15.575 -1.542 0.000 #DIV/0! 15.575 15575.37 1563.14 1588.15 882.31
125 124.00 15.20 7.25 -0.11 -26.37 2.097 -0.050 -0.105 15.825 -0.564 -0.062 0.559 15.825 15825.17 1588.21 1613.63 896.46
126 125.00 14.31 7.09 -0.08 21.97 0.470 0.559 -0.045 13.885 -1.940 -0.160 12.125 13.885 13885.11 1393.51 1415.81 786.56
127 126.00 13.77 7.09 -0.06 -74.71 1.942 0.000 0.000 14.310 -1.597 1.057 -17.616 14.310 14310.00 1436.15 1459.13 810.63
128 127.00 12.94 6.97 -0.23 -57.13 -1.221 -17.616 4.052 10.110 -4.200 -0.120 35.004 10.110 10109.51 1014.59 1030.82 572.68
129 128.00 12.05 6.64 -0.18 21.97 1.815 -0.330 -0.599 12.341 0.470 -0.761 4.226 12.341 12341.13 1238.56 1258.37 699.10
130 129.00 12.11 6.62 -0.18 -52.73 -1.127 4.226 -0.761 13.998 1.657 -0.020 -82.837 13.998 13997.87 1404.83 1427.30 792.95
131 130.00 11.25 6.27 -0.28 17.58 1.794 -0.350 -0.628 11.482 0.376 -0.608 2.171 11.482 11482.01 1152.33 1170.77 650.43
132 131.00 10.81 6.06 -0.15 92.29 1.973 2.171 -0.326 9.163 -2.319 -0.210 11.044 9.163 9162.87 919.59 934.30 519.05
133 132.00 10.17 5.97 -0.10 -48.34 1.704 -0.090 -0.153 10.657 -1.033 0.547 -5.466 10.657 10656.68 1069.50 1086.62 603.68
134 133.00 8.68 5.86 -0.25 -30.76 -0.658 -5.466 1.367 7.971 -2.686 -0.110 24.415 7.971 7971.00 799.97 812.77 451.54
135 134.00 8.10 5.48 -0.16 140.62 1.478 -0.380 -0.562 8.118 3.006 -3.024 18.901 8.118 8118.32 814.75 827.79 459.88
136 135.00 8.26 5.55 0.04 17.58 0.376 18.901 0.756 7.128 -0.990 0.070 -14.145 7.128 7128.19 715.38 726.83 403.80
137 136.00 7.12 5.55 -0.12 -
175.78 1.283 0.000 0.000 8.260 -3.757 2.617 -21.811 8.260 8260.00 828.97 842.24 467.91
138 137.00 6.42 5.30 -0.32 -52.73 -1.127 -21.811 6.980 0.567 -7.693 -0.250 30.770 0.567 567.48 56.95 57.86 32.15
139 138.00 6.00 4.91 -0.23 70.31 1.222 -0.390 -0.477 5.943 1.503 -1.446 6.288 5.943 5943.42 596.48 606.03 336.68
140 139.00 5.75 4.84 -0.18 30.76 0.658 6.288 -1.132 6.224 0.281 -0.070 -4.014 6.224 6224.40 624.68 634.68 352.60
141 140.00 5.40 4.56 -0.17 21.97 1.184 -0.280 -0.332 5.418 0.470 -0.488 2.871 5.418 5418.42 543.79 552.49 306.94
142 141.00 4.70 4.51 -0.13 -26.37 -0.564 2.871 -0.373 5.637 0.218 -0.050 -4.369 5.637 5636.88 565.72 574.77 319.32
143 142.00 4.32 4.30 -0.22 8.79 1.005 -0.210 -0.211 4.489 0.188 -0.357 1.622 4.489 4489.02 450.52 457.73 254.29
144 143.00 3.65 4.07 -0.11 8.79 0.188 1.622 -0.178 3.641 -0.848 -0.230 3.689 3.641 3640.57 365.37 371.21 206.23
145 144.00 3.52 4.07 -0.20 -35.16 0.865 0.000 0.000 3.650 -0.752 0.622 -3.108 3.650 3650.00 366.31 372.18 206.76
146 145.00 2.95 3.67 -0.18 87.89 1.879 -3.108 0.559 0.512 -3.138 -0.400 7.845 0.512 511.91 51.38 52.20 29.00
147 146.00 3.46 3.70 -0.03 79.10 0.935 0.030 0.028 2.978 1.691 -1.209 40.295 2.978 2978.05 298.88 303.66 168.70
148 147.00 2.98 3.61 -0.03 -83.50 -1.785 40.295 -1.209 5.974 2.996 -0.090 -33.285 5.974 5973.69 599.52 609.11 338.40
149 148.00 2.54 3.65 -0.19 -
105.47 0.696 0.040 0.028 3.008 -2.254 1.787 -9.403 3.008 3007.84 301.87 306.70 170.39
150 149.00 1.80 3.23 -0.24 65.92 1.409 -9.403 2.257 -1.866 -4.874 -0.420 11.604 -1.866 -1865.86 -187.26 -190.25 -105.70
151 150.00 2.44 3.17 -0.06 79.10 0.770 -0.060 -0.046 1.754 1.691 -1.005 16.744 1.754 1753.82 176.01 178.83 99.35
152 151.00 2.12 3.10 -0.08 -26.37 -0.564 16.744 -1.339 4.023 2.269 -0.070 -32.419 4.023 4023.15 403.76 410.22 227.90
153 152.00 1.74 3.02 -0.11 21.97 0.576 -0.080 -0.046 2.074 0.470 -0.804 7.305 2.074 2073.91 208.14 211.47 117.48
154 153.00 1.55 2.87 -0.04 74.71 1.597 7.305 -0.292 0.245 -1.829 -0.150 12.191 0.245 245.23 24.61 25.01 13.89
155 154.00 2.03 2.95 0.04 -26.37 0.688 0.080 0.055 1.605 -0.564 0.989 24.715 1.605 1605.05 161.08 163.66 90.92
156 155.00 1.36 2.95 -0.09 -35.16 -0.752 24.715 -2.224 4.336 2.731 0.000 #DIV/0! 4.336 4335.95 435.16 442.12 245.62
157 156.00 1.29 2.77 -0.04 70.31 0.466 -0.180 -0.084 1.276 1.503 -1.489 37.227 1.276 1276.17 128.08 130.13 72.29
158 157.00 1.55 2.87 0.05 21.97 0.470 37.227 1.861 -0.781 -2.057 0.100 -20.571 -0.781 -780.96 -78.38 -79.63 -44.24
159 158.00 1.17 2.87 0.01 -57.13 0.408 0.000 0.000 1.550 -1.221 0.841 84.118 1.550 1550.00 155.56 158.05 87.80
160 159.00 1.01 2.89 -0.06 -4.39 -0.094 84.118 -5.047 6.151 4.601 0.020 230.045 6.151 6150.90 617.30 627.18 348.43
161 160.00 0.59 2.75 0.00 79.10 0.215 -0.140 -0.030 0.980 1.691 -2.081 #DIV/0! 0.980 979.96 98.35 99.92 55.51
162 161.00 0.98 2.89 0.10 17.58 0.376 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! 0.140 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
163 162.00 0.98 2.95 0.04 -30.76 0.332 0.060 0.020 1.000 -0.658 0.638 15.939 1.000 999.93 100.35 101.96 56.64
164 163.00 0.85 2.96 0.04 0.00 0.000 15.939 0.638 0.212 -0.788 0.010 -78.751 0.212 212.42 21.32 21.66 12.03
165 164.00 0.79 3.02 0.04 -21.97 0.262 0.060 0.016 0.866 -0.470 0.394 9.848 0.866 865.70 86.88 88.27 49.04
166 165.00 0.53 3.03 -0.01 -4.39 -0.094 9.848 -0.098 0.722 -0.143 0.010 -14.338 0.722 722.32 72.49 73.65 40.92
167 166.00 0.82 3.00 0.03 43.95 0.273 -0.030 -0.008 0.522 0.939 -0.641 -21.375 0.522 521.80 52.37 53.21 29.56
168 167.00 0.59 3.09 0.08 4.39 0.094 -21.375 -1.710 2.206 1.684 0.090 18.715 2.206 2206.16 221.41 224.95 124.97
169 168.00 0.91 3.16 0.04 -21.97 0.288 0.070 0.020 0.610 -0.470 0.769 19.236 0.610 610.16 61.24 62.22 34.56
170 169.00 0.69 3.16 0.04 -8.79 -0.188 19.236 0.769 0.108 -0.502 0.000 #DIV/0! 0.108 108.43 10.88 11.06 6.14
171 170.00 0.72 3.23 0.02 0.00 0.223 0.070 0.016 0.706 0.000 0.014 0.720 0.706 705.60 70.81 71.95 39.97
172 171.00 0.91 3.19 0.04 -13.18 -0.282 0.720 0.029 1.163 0.457 -0.040 -11.433 1.163 1162.94 116.71 118.58 65.88
173 172.00 0.56 3.30 -0.01 -35.16 0.170 0.110 0.019 0.929 -0.752 0.383 -38.289 0.929 928.67 93.20 94.69 52.61
174 173.00 0.59 3.17 -0.04 21.97 0.470 -38.289 1.532 -1.411 -2.340 -0.130 17.999 -1.411 -1411.19 -141.63 -143.89 -79.94
175 174.00 0.69 3.23 0.04 57.13 0.214 0.060 0.013 0.603 1.221 -1.134 -28.350 0.603 602.82 60.50 61.47 34.15
176 175.00 0.82 3.24 0.08 13.18 0.282 -28.350 -2.268 2.806 2.203 0.010 220.344 2.806 2806.26 281.64 286.14 158.97
177 176.00 0.98 3.38 0.06 -26.37 0.290 0.140 0.041 0.861 -0.564 0.683 11.385 0.861 860.59 86.37 87.75 48.75
178 177.00 0.91 3.37 0.03 -30.76 -0.658 11.385 0.342 1.226 0.365 -0.010 -36.538 1.226 1225.97 123.04 125.01 69.45
179 178.00 0.85 3.44 0.00 -26.37 0.247 0.070 0.017 0.927 -0.564 0.486 #DIV/0! 0.927 927.30 93.06 94.55 52.53
180 179.00 0.47 3.37 -0.03 17.58 0.376 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! -0.070 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
181 180.00 0.79 3.38 0.04 26.37 0.234 0.010 0.002 0.472 0.564 -0.246 -6.150 0.472 472.34 47.40 48.16 26.76
182 181.00 0.85 3.44 0.03 -17.58 -0.376 -6.150 -0.185 1.410 0.938 0.060 15.632 1.410 1410.28 141.54 143.80 79.89
183 182.00 0.75 3.44 0.00 8.79 0.218 0.000 0.000 0.850 0.188 -0.288 #DIV/0! 0.850 850.00 85.31 86.67 48.15
184 183.00 0.79 3.44 0.04 17.58 0.376 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! 0.000 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
185 184.00 0.66 3.53 0.04 -17.58 0.187 0.090 0.017 0.807 -0.376 0.229 5.724 0.807 806.83 80.97 82.27 45.70
186 185.00 0.66 3.51 0.01 0.00 0.000 5.724 0.057 0.603 -0.204 -0.020 10.203 0.603 602.76 60.49 61.46 34.15
187 186.00 0.72 3.54 0.04 26.37 0.203 0.030 0.006 0.666 0.564 -0.510 -12.744 0.666 666.10 66.85 67.92 37.73
188 187.00 0.72 3.58 0.06 0.00 0.000 -12.744 -0.765 1.485 0.819 0.040 20.464 1.485 1484.66 149.00 151.38 84.10
189 188.00 0.59 3.67 0.04 -30.76 0.161 0.090 0.014 0.734 -0.658 0.513 12.826 0.734 734.47 73.71 74.89 41.61
190 189.00 0.66 3.65 0.00 17.58 0.376 12.826 0.000 0.284 -0.450 -0.020 22.512 0.284 284.22 28.52 28.98 16.10
191 190.00 0.98 3.67 0.07 70.31 0.267 0.020 0.005 0.665 1.503 -1.188 -16.975 0.665 665.34 66.77 67.84 37.69
192 191.00 0.69 3.79 0.14 0.00 0.000 -16.975 -2.376 3.066 2.401 0.120 20.010 3.066 3066.49 307.75 312.68 173.71
193 192.00 0.47 3.95 0.07 -
127.44 0.119 0.160 0.019 0.709 -2.724 2.485 35.501 0.709 709.04 71.16 72.30 40.17
194 193.00 0.02 3.93 -0.11 -65.92 -1.409 35.501 -3.905 5.334 4.625 -0.020 -231.255 5.334 5334.13 535.33 543.90 302.17
195 194.00 0.34 3.72 -0.06 74.71 0.091 -0.210 -0.019 0.001 1.597 -1.258 20.963 0.001 0.81 0.08 0.08 0.05
196 195.00 1.04 3.81 0.04 39.55 0.845 20.963 0.839 -0.644 -0.645 0.090 -7.163 -0.644 -643.91 -64.62 -65.66 -36.48
197 196.00 0.69 3.79 0.02 -17.58 0.182 -0.020 -0.004 1.036 -0.376 0.029 1.471 1.036 1036.36 104.01 105.67 58.71
198 197.00 0.53 3.84 0.00 -35.16 -0.752 1.471 0.000 1.282 0.245 0.050 4.904 1.282 1281.56 128.62 130.68 72.60
199 198.00 0.40 3.79 -0.05 -52.73 0.106 -0.050 -0.005 0.525 -1.127 1.002 -20.048 0.525 524.72 52.66 53.50 29.72
200 199.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 -20.048 0.000 0.000 -0.525 -3.790 0.138 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
APPENDIX 9
No Time (ms)
Load (MN)
Displacement (mm)
Velocity (m/s)
Acceleration (m/s2)
M M
a(i+1) u(i+1) - u(i)
Fstat - Ma
Cv Ku Fu Formula
Constant
C K Fu(i) Ku Fu MN to kN
kN to Ton
Ton to Tonnes
Normalised data (Tonnes/m)
0.00 0.0213754
1 0.00 1.42 -0.06 0.05 -35.16 -0.75 -0.06 2.17 0.05 -0.06 1.00 2.17 2.17 -0.16 0.85 2.23 -0.05 2.18 2179.46 218.73 222.23 123.46
2 1.00 1.33 -0.01 0.02 -43.95 -0.94 0.05 2.27 0.02 0.05 1.00 2.27 2.27 0.04 2.27 2272.61 228.08 231.73 128.74
3 2.00 1.52 -0.03 -0.04 0.00 0.00 -0.02 1.52 -0.04 -0.02 1.00 1.52 1.52 -15.43 7.70 1.06 -0.15 0.90 902.64 90.59 92.04 51.13
4 3.00 1.49 -0.08 0.02 52.73 1.13 -0.05 0.36 0.02 -0.05 1.00 0.36 0.36 -0.39 0.67 671.56 67.40 68.48 38.04
5 4.00 1.52 0.01 0.07 -13.18 -0.28 0.09 1.80 0.07 0.09 1.00 1.80 1.80 -6.85 -3.33 2.58 -0.30 2.28 2281.57 228.98 232.64 129.25
6 5.00 1.45 0.06 -0.01 -48.34 -1.03 0.05 2.48 -0.01 0.05 1.00 2.48 2.48 -0.17 2.41 2414.74 242.34 246.22 136.79
7 6.00 1.36 -0.01 -0.03 21.97 0.47 -0.07 0.89 -0.03 -0.07 1.00 0.89 0.89 0.52 0.64 0.95 -0.04 0.91 905.95 90.92 92.38 51.32
8 7.00 1.36 0.01 0.04 17.58 0.38 0.02 0.98 0.04 0.02 1.00 0.98 0.98 0.01 0.96 963.47 96.69 98.24 54.58
9 8.00 1.23 0.06 0.01 -30.76 -0.66 0.05 1.89 0.01 0.05 1.00 1.89 1.89 2.44 4.92 1.62 0.25 1.86 1863.11 186.98 189.97 105.54
10 9.00 1.49 0.03 -0.03 4.39 0.09 -0.03 1.40 -0.03 -0.03 1.00 1.40 1.40 -0.15 1.47 1469.36 147.47 149.82 83.24
11 10.00 1.36 0.01 0.02 26.37 0.56 -0.02 0.80 0.02 -0.02 1.00 0.80 0.80 1.59 10.97 0.98 -0.22 0.76 764.63 76.74 77.97 43.31
12 11.00 1.58 0.06 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.05 1.58 0.03 0.05 1.00 1.58 1.58 0.55 1.53 1532.44 153.80 156.26 86.81
13 12.00 1.36 0.06 0.02 -13.18 -0.28 0.00 1.64 0.02 0.00 1.00 1.64 1.64 -1.51 3.09 1.67 0.00 1.67 1672.01 167.80 170.49 94.72
14 13.00 1.42 0.10 0.00 -17.58 -0.38 0.04 1.80 0.00 0.04 1.00 1.80 1.80 0.12 1.80 1795.78 180.22 183.11 101.73
15 14.00 1.20 0.06 -0.02 -13.18 -0.28 -0.04 1.48 -0.02 -0.04 1.00 1.48 1.48 1.43 -5.88 1.28 0.24 1.51 1510.40 151.58 154.01 85.56
16 15.00 1.42 0.06 -0.03 8.79 0.19 0.00 1.23 -0.03 0.00 1.00 1.23 1.23 0.00 1.28 1275.12 127.97 130.02 72.23
17 16.00 1.36 0.01 0.00 17.58 0.38 -0.05 0.98 0.00 -0.05 1.00 0.98 0.98 0.57 5.60 1.26 -0.28 0.98 984.22 98.78 100.36 55.75
18 17.00 1.55 0.06 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.05 1.55 0.01 0.05 1.00 1.55 1.55 0.28 1.54 1544.35 154.99 157.47 87.48
19 18.00 1.36 0.03 0.00 -4.39 -0.09 -0.03 1.45 0.00 -0.03 1.00 1.45 1.45 0.00 1.60 1.50 -0.05 1.45 1453.84 145.91 148.24 82.36
20 19.00 1.55 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.03 1.55 0.00 0.03 1.00 1.55 1.55 0.05 1.55 1550.00 155.56 158.05 87.80
21 20.00 1.45 0.03 0.00 -8.79 -0.19 -0.03 1.64 0.00 -0.03 1.00 1.64 1.64 -1.91 5.69 1.81 -0.17 1.64 1637.89 164.38 167.01 92.78
22 21.00 1.36 0.06 -0.02 -30.76 -0.66 0.03 2.02 -0.02 0.03 1.00 2.02 2.02 0.17 1.98 1979.25 198.64 201.82 112.12
23 22.00 1.42 -0.01 -0.06 0.00 0.00 -0.07 1.42 -0.06 -0.07 1.00 1.42 1.42 -14.42 -7.24 0.05 0.51 0.55 554.80 55.68 56.57 31.43
24 23.00 1.45 -0.06 -0.02 35.16 0.75 -0.05 0.70 -0.02 -0.05 1.00 0.70 0.70 0.36 0.41 410.04 41.15 41.81 23.23
25 24.00 1.49 -0.04 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.02 1.49 0.01 0.02 1.00 1.49 1.49 -1.35 -0.88 1.52 -0.02 1.50 1503.45 150.89 153.30 85.17
26 25.00 1.36 -0.04 -0.02 -8.79 -0.19 0.00 1.55 -0.02 0.00 1.00 1.55 1.55 0.00 1.52 1520.99 152.65 155.09 86.16
27 26.00 1.58 -0.08 -0.01 17.58 0.38 -0.04 1.20 -0.01 -0.04 1.00 1.20 1.20 -1.06 -2.14 1.11 0.09 1.19 1193.64 119.79 121.71 67.62
28 27.00 1.42 -0.06 0.02 17.58 0.38 0.02 1.04 0.02 0.02 1.00 1.04 1.04 -0.04 1.07 1065.39 106.92 108.63 60.35
29 28.00 1.61 -0.04 0.03 -4.39 -0.09 0.02 1.70 0.03 0.02 1.00 1.70 1.70 6.26 -3.08 1.58 -0.06 1.52 1516.05 152.15 154.59 85.88
30 29.00 1.36 -0.01 0.01 -8.79 -0.19 0.03 1.55 0.01 0.03 1.00 1.55 1.55 -0.09 1.49 1485.29 149.06 151.45 84.14
31 30.00 1.52 -0.03 0.01 17.58 0.38 -0.02 1.14 0.01 -0.02 1.00 1.14 1.14 2.71 5.37 1.22 -0.11 1.12 1117.13 112.11 113.91 63.28
32 31.00 1.36 0.01 0.04 -8.79 -0.19 0.04 1.55 0.04 0.04 1.00 1.55 1.55 0.21 1.44 1439.51 144.47 146.78 81.54
33 32.00 1.71 0.06 -0.01 -48.34 -1.03 0.05 2.74 -0.01 0.05 1.00 2.74 2.74 2.56 7.81 2.38 0.39 2.77 2768.87 277.88 282.33 156.85
34 33.00 1.61 -0.01 -0.05 -4.39 -0.09 -0.07 1.70 -0.05 -0.07 1.00 1.70 1.70 -0.55 1.83 1831.73 183.83 186.77 103.76
35 34.00 1.77 -0.04 -0.02 17.58 0.38 -0.03 1.39 -0.02 -0.03 1.00 1.39 1.39 -0.03 3.26 1.49 -0.10 1.39 1393.66 139.87 142.11 78.95
36 35.00 1.68 -0.04 -0.02 8.79 0.19 0.00 1.49 -0.02 0.00 1.00 1.49 1.49 0.00 1.49 1491.55 149.69 152.09 84.49
37 36.00 1.74 -0.08 0.00 26.37 0.56 -0.04 1.18 0.00 -0.04 1.00 1.18 1.18 1.11 2.17 1.26 -0.09 1.18 1176.33 118.06 119.95 66.64
38 37.00 1.77 -0.04 0.04 17.58 0.38 0.04 1.39 0.04 0.04 1.00 1.39 1.39 0.09 1.35 1349.89 135.48 137.64 76.47
39 38.00 1.87 -0.01 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.03 1.87 0.04 0.03 1.00 1.87 1.87 0.07 41.38 0.63 1.24 1.87 1867.02 187.37 190.37 105.76
40 39.00 2.19 0.03 0.04 -4.39 -0.09 0.04 2.28 0.04 0.04 1.00 2.28 2.28 1.66 2.28 2280.85 228.91 232.57 129.21
41 40.00 2.25 0.06 0.03 -13.18 -0.28 0.03 2.53 0.03 0.03 1.00 2.53 2.53 -8.82 -4.37 2.93 -0.13 2.80 2796.18 280.62 285.11 158.40
42 41.00 2.47 0.08 0.01 -13.18 -0.28 0.02 2.75 0.01 0.02 1.00 2.75 2.75 -0.09 2.84 2839.88 285.01 289.57 160.87
43 42.00 2.57 0.08 0.00 13.18 0.28 0.00 2.29 0.00 0.00 1.00 2.29 2.29 -5.39 0.00 2.29 0.00 2.29 2288.27 229.65 233.33 129.63
44 43.00 2.73 0.08 0.04 30.76 0.66 0.00 2.07 0.04 0.00 1.00 2.07 2.07 0.00 2.29 2288.27 229.65 233.33 129.63
45 44.00 2.85 0.15 0.06 -13.18 -0.28 0.07 3.13 0.06 0.07 1.00 3.13 3.13 -12.05 -4.68 4.18 -0.33 3.85 3854.46 386.83 393.02 218.35
46 45.00 3.17 0.20 0.01 -30.76 -0.66 0.05 3.83 0.01 0.05 1.00 3.83 3.83 -0.23 3.95 3947.96 396.22 402.56 223.64
47 46.00 3.17 0.17 0.00 -4.39 -0.09 -0.03 3.26 0.00 -0.03 1.00 3.26 3.26 0.00 0.07 3.27 0.00 3.26 3263.84 327.56 332.80 184.89
48 47.00 3.55 0.20 0.00 13.18 0.28 0.03 3.27 0.00 0.03 1.00 3.27 3.27 0.00 3.27 3268.27 328.00 333.25 185.14
49 48.00 3.46 0.17 0.03 8.79 0.19 -0.03 3.27 0.03 -0.03 1.00 3.27 3.27 -0.32 4.97 3.43 -0.15 3.28 3281.84 329.37 334.64 185.91
50 49.00 4.06 0.26 0.02 8.79 0.19 0.09 3.87 0.02 0.09 1.00 3.87 3.87 0.45 3.88 3878.60 389.26 395.48 219.71
51 50.00 4.13 0.20 0.04 35.16 0.75 -0.06 3.38 0.04 -0.06 1.00 3.38 3.38 1.47 5.14 3.63 -0.31 3.32 3319.61 333.16 338.49 188.05
52 51.00 4.48 0.34 0.09 0.00 0.00 0.14 4.48 0.09 0.14 1.00 4.48 4.48 0.72 4.35 4347.63 436.33 443.31 246.28
53 52.00 4.79 0.38 0.04 -30.76 -0.66 0.04 5.45 0.04 0.04 1.00 5.45 5.45 37.46 -37.08 5.43 -1.48 3.95 3949.21 396.34 402.68 223.71
54 53.00 4.89 0.43 0.03 8.79 0.19 0.05 4.70 0.03 0.05 1.00 4.70 4.70 -1.85 3.58 3578.39 359.13 364.87 202.71
55 54.00 5.30 0.43 0.06 26.37 0.56 0.00 4.74 0.06 0.00 1.00 4.74 4.74 1.69 8.45 4.63 0.00 4.63 4634.88 465.16 472.60 262.55
56 55.00 5.69 0.55 0.08 -4.39 -0.09 0.12 5.78 0.08 0.12 1.00 5.78 5.78 1.01 5.65 5648.57 566.89 575.96 319.98
57 56.00 6.04 0.59 0.05 8.79 0.19 0.04 5.85 0.05 0.04 1.00 5.85 5.85 -4.20 -2.46 6.16 -0.10 6.06 6061.91 608.37 618.11 343.39
58 57.00 6.32 0.66 0.10 35.16 0.75 0.07 5.57 0.10 0.07 1.00 5.57 5.57 -0.17 5.99 5988.03 600.96 610.57 339.21
59 58.00 6.83 0.78 0.12 21.97 0.47 0.12 6.36 0.12 0.12 1.00 6.36 6.36 45.27 23.00 -1.83 2.76 0.93 928.25 93.16 94.65 52.58
60 59.00 7.12 0.91 0.14 -17.58 -0.38 0.13 7.50 0.14 0.13 1.00 7.50 7.50 2.99 1.16 1158.29 116.25 118.11 65.61
61 60.00 7.53 1.06 0.09 -35.16 -0.75 0.15 8.28 0.09 0.15 1.00 8.28 8.28 1.01 3.16 7.72 0.47 8.19 8190.80 822.03 835.18 463.99
62 61.00 7.85 1.08 0.07 0.00 0.00 0.02 7.85 0.07 0.02 1.00 7.85 7.85 0.06 7.78 7779.41 780.74 793.23 440.69
63 62.00 8.61 1.20 0.09 4.39 0.09 0.12 8.52 0.09 0.12 1.00 8.52 8.52 -0.39 -5.87 9.26 -0.70 8.55 8551.49 858.23 871.96 484.42
64 63.00 9.06 1.26 0.08 8.79 0.19 0.06 8.87 0.08 0.06 1.00 8.87 8.87 -0.35 8.90 8903.51 893.56 907.85 504.36
65 64.00 9.66 1.36 0.11 8.79 0.19 0.10 9.47 0.11 0.10 1.00 9.47 9.47 -26.23 28.18 9.54 2.82 12.36 12357.3
6 1240.18
1260.03 700.02
66 65.00 10.11 1.47 0.10 4.39 0.09 0.11 10.02 0.10 0.11 1.00 10.02 10.02 3.10 12.64 12639.1
2 1268.46
1288.76 715.98
67 66.00 10.71 1.56 0.11 8.79 0.19 0.09 10.52 0.11 0.09 1.00 10.52 10.52 1.13 15.36 9.02 1.38 10.40 10397.5
9 1043.50
1060.20 589.00
68 67.00 11.29 1.70 0.11 0.00 0.00 0.14 11.29 0.11 0.14 1.00 11.29 11.29 2.15 11.17 11165.4
8 1120.57
1138.50 632.50
69 68.00 12.05 1.78 0.11 39.55 0.85 0.08 11.20 0.11 0.08 1.00 11.20 11.20 1.04 0.73 11.03 0.06 11.09 11090.4
7 1113.04
1130.85 628.25
70 69.00 12.56 1.93 0.19 57.13 1.22 0.15 11.34 0.19 0.15 1.00 11.34 11.34 0.11 11.14 11141.6
9 1118.18
1136.07 631.15
71 70.00 13.26 2.17 0.23 -8.79 -0.19 0.24 13.45 0.23 0.24 1.00 13.45 13.45 -13.07 -6.60 18.04 -1.58 16.46 16455.1
4 1651.44
1677.86 932.14
72 71.00 13.83 2.38 0.18 -21.97 -0.47 0.21 14.30 0.18 0.21 1.00 14.30 14.30 -1.39 16.65 16653.1
2 1671.31
1698.05 943.36
73 72.00 14.60 2.52 0.18 17.58 0.38 0.14 14.22 0.18 0.14 1.00 14.22 14.22 5.92 12.40 11.42 1.74 13.16 13158.4
4 1320.58
1341.71 745.39
74 73.00 15.33 2.75 0.21 -8.79 -0.19 0.23 15.52 0.21 0.23 1.00 15.52 15.52 2.85 14.27 14274.4
8 1432.59
1455.51 808.62
75 74.00 16.12 2.95 0.17 -17.58 -0.38 0.20 16.50 0.17 0.20 1.00 16.50 16.50 0.32 16.04 13.23 3.21 16.44 16441.2
8 1650.05
1676.45 931.36
76 75.00 16.57 3.09 0.18 48.34 1.03 0.14 15.54 0.18 0.14 1.00 15.54 15.54 2.25 15.48 15479.0 1553.4 1578.3 876.85
0 7 3
77 76.00 17.30 3.30 0.26 65.92 1.41 0.21 15.89 0.26 0.21 1.00 15.89 15.89 12.55 20.73 8.27 4.35 12.63 12628.3
8 1267.38
1287.66 715.37
78 77.00 17.84 3.61 0.31 -35.16 -0.75 0.31 18.59 0.31 0.31 1.00 18.59 18.59 6.43 14.70 14701.5
9 1475.45
1499.06 832.81
79 78.00 18.73 3.91 0.19 -87.89 -1.88 0.30 20.61 0.19 0.30 1.00 20.61 20.61 3.40 5.09 18.44 1.53 19.96 19963.4
3 2003.53
2035.59 1130.88
80 79.00 19.43 4.00 0.13 4.39 0.09 0.09 19.34 0.13 0.09 1.00 19.34 19.34 0.46 18.89 18894.6
7 1896.27
1926.61 1070.34
81 80.00 20.20 4.18 0.20 74.71 1.60 0.18 18.60 0.20 0.18 1.00 18.60 18.60 5.21 3.98 16.84 0.72 17.56 17560.5
5 1762.38
1790.58 994.76
82 81.00 20.87 4.40 0.28 79.10 1.69 0.22 19.18 0.28 0.22 1.00 19.18 19.18 0.88 17.72 17719.7
2 1778.35
1806.80 1003.78
83 82.00 21.53 4.74 0.36 8.79 0.19 0.34 21.34 0.36 0.34 1.00 14.27 21.34 -23.72 5.00 21.11 1.70 22.81 22814.2
8 2289.64
2326.28 1292.38
84 83.00 22.20 5.12 0.30 -74.71 -1.60 0.38 23.80 0.30 0.38 1.00 15.90 23.80 1.90 23.01 23014.2
8 2309.71
2346.67 1303.70
85 84.00 22.84 5.34 0.21 -52.73 -1.13 0.22 23.97 0.21 0.22 1.00 23.97 23.97 3.44 4.25 22.31 0.94 23.24 23244.3
8 2332.81
2370.13 1316.74
86 85.00 23.48 5.55 0.19 -17.58 -0.38 0.21 23.86 0.19 0.21 1.00 23.86 23.86 0.89 23.20 23201.8
6 2328.54
2365.80 1314.33
87 86.00 23.89 5.72 0.18 0.00 0.00 0.17 23.89 0.18 0.17 1.00 20.69 23.89 -24.97 -44.00 32.67 -7.48 25.19 25186.1
9 2527.69
2568.13 1426.74
88 87.00 24.14 5.90 0.19 35.16 0.75 0.18 23.39 0.19 0.18 1.00 20.00 23.39 -7.92 24.75 24746.1
9 2483.53
2523.26 1401.81
89 88.00 24.33 6.11 0.25 35.16 0.75 0.21 23.58 0.25 0.21 1.00 23.58 23.58 5.57 6.43 20.84 1.35 22.19 22185.9
5 2226.58
2262.21 1256.78
90 89.00 24.46 6.39 0.26 17.58 0.38 0.28 24.08 0.26 0.28 1.00 24.08 24.08 1.80 22.64 22636.0
3 2271.75
2308.10 1282.28
91 90.00 24.56 6.64 0.28 21.97 0.47 0.25 24.09 0.28 0.25 1.00 24.09 24.09 15.52 24.55 13.61 6.14 19.75 19745.8
2 1981.69
2013.40 1118.55
92 91.00 24.62 6.95 0.31 -65.92 -1.41 0.31 26.03 0.31 0.31 1.00 26.03 26.03 7.61 21.22 21219.0
2 2129.54
2163.61 1202.01
93 92.00 24.49 7.25 0.15 -140.63 -3.01 0.30 27.50 0.15 0.30 1.00 27.50 27.50 3.41 6.64 24.99 1.99 26.98 26984.7
4 2708.19
2751.52 1528.62
94 93.00 24.53 7.25 0.03 -26.37 -0.56 0.00 25.09 0.03 0.00 1.00 25.09 25.09 0.00 24.99 24991.4
1 2508.14
2548.27 1415.70
95 94.00 24.37 7.30 0.10 74.71 1.60 0.05 22.77 0.10 0.05 1.00 22.77 22.77 6.60 6.57 21.78 0.33 22.11 22113.1
2 2219.27
2254.78 1252.66
96 95.00 24.24 7.45 0.18 13.18 0.28 0.15 23.96 0.18 0.15 1.00 23.96 23.96 0.99 22.77 22770.4
1 2285.24
2321.80 1289.89
97 96.00 24.11 7.66 0.12 -43.95 -0.94 0.21 25.05 0.12 0.21 1.00 25.05 25.05 3.20 7.29 23.14 1.53 24.67 24665.6
9 2475.45
2515.06 1397.25
98 97.00 23.83 7.69 0.09 8.79 0.19 0.03 23.64 0.09 0.03 1.00 23.64 23.64 0.22 23.35 23354.2
9 2343.84
2381.34 1322.97
99 98.00 23.57 7.83 0.14 17.58 0.38 0.14 23.19 0.14 0.14 1.00 23.19 23.19 -40.47 3.13 28.42 0.44 28.86 28860.3
6 2896.43
2942.77 1634.87
100 99.00 23.44 7.97 0.12 -26.37 -0.56 0.14 24.00 0.12 0.14 1.00 24.00 24.00 0.44 28.86 28860.3
6 2896.43
2942.77 1634.87
101 100.00 23.32 8.08 0.09 4.39 0.09 0.11 23.23 0.09 0.11 1.00 23.23 23.23 -7.65 12.05 22.59 1.32 23.91 23914.4
8 2400.06
2438.46 1354.70
102 101.00 23.19 8.15 0.13 35.16 0.75 0.07 22.44 0.13 0.07 1.00 22.44 22.44 0.84 23.43 23432.6
8 2351.70
2389.33 1327.41
103 102.00 23.06 8.34 0.16 8.79 0.19 0.19 22.87 0.16 0.19 1.00 22.87 22.87 0.83 -14.33 25.46 -2.72 22.74 22738.5
6 2282.04
2318.55 1288.09
104 103.00 22.74 8.46 0.15 -52.73 -1.13 0.12 23.87 0.15 0.12 1.00 23.87 23.87 -1.72 23.74 23741.9
2 2382.74
2420.86 1344.92
105 104.00 22.58 8.64 0.05 -74.71 -1.60 0.18 24.18 0.05 0.18 1.00 24.18 24.18 1.44 5.62 23.09 1.01 24.10 24104.8
0 2419.16
2457.86 1365.48
106 105.00 22.23 8.57 0.00 -21.97 -0.47 -0.07 22.70 0.00 -0.07 1.00 22.70 22.70 -0.39 22.70 22699.6
2 2278.13
2314.58 1285.88
107 106.00 22.23 8.64 0.01 -13.18 -0.28 0.07 22.51 0.01 0.07 1.00 22.51 22.51 0.83 3.37 22.27 0.24 22.50 22503.4
3 2258.44
2294.58 1274.77
108 107.00 21.98 8.59 -0.03 -4.39 -0.09 -0.05 22.07 -0.03 -0.05 1.00 22.07 22.07 -0.17 22.10 22098.7
3 2217.83
2253.31 1251.84
109 108.00 21.82 8.59 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 21.82 0.00 0.00 1.00 21.82 21.82 8.54 0.00 21.82 0.00 21.82 21820.0
0 2189.86
2224.89 1236.05
110 109.00 21.47 8.59 -0.03 -4.39 -0.09 0.00 21.56 -0.03 0.00 1.00 21.56 21.56 0.00 21.82 21820.0
0 2189.86
2224.89 1236.05
111 110.00 21.28 8.53 -0.01 -13.18 -0.28 -0.06 21.56 -0.01 -0.06 1.00 21.56 21.56 -3.62 7.22 21.96 -0.43 21.53 21525.5 2160.3 2194.8 1219.37
1 0 6
112 111.00 21.02 8.57 -0.05 -65.92 -1.41 0.04 22.43 -0.05 0.04 1.00 22.43 22.43 0.29 22.25 22247.9
5 2232.80
2268.53 1260.29
113 112.00 20.77 8.43 -0.14 -17.58 -0.38 -0.14 21.15 -0.14 -0.14 1.00 21.15 21.15 -11.99 -2.79 19.08 0.39 19.47 19466.8
5 1953.69
1984.95 1102.75
114 113.00 20.64 8.29 -0.09 4.39 0.09 -0.14 20.55 -0.09 -0.14 1.00 20.55 20.55 0.39 19.47 19466.8
5 1953.69
1984.95 1102.75
115 114.00 20.48 8.25 -0.13 -26.37 -0.56 -0.04 21.04 -0.13 -0.04 1.00 21.04 21.04 -2.25 4.16 20.92 -0.17 20.75 20751.4
9 2082.62
2115.94 1175.52
116 115.00 20.13 8.03 -0.14 -8.79 -0.19 -0.22 20.32 -0.14 -0.22 1.00 20.32 20.32 -0.91 20.00 20003.2
4 2007.53
2039.65 1133.14
117 116.00 19.78 7.97 -0.15 8.79 0.19 -0.06 19.59 -0.15 -0.06 1.00 19.59 19.59 -3.70 5.32 19.36 -0.32 19.04 19036.5
0 1910.50
1941.07 1078.37
118 117.00 19.18 7.73 -0.12 30.76 0.66 -0.24 18.52 -0.12 -0.24 1.00 18.52 18.52 -1.28 18.08 18078.0
0 1814.31
1843.34 1024.08
119 118.00 18.80 7.73 -0.09 -13.18 -0.28 0.00 19.08 -0.09 0.00 1.00 19.08 19.08 -1.10 1.63 18.98 0.00 18.98 18983.0
4 1905.14
1935.62 1075.34
120 119.00 18.29 7.55 -0.15 -26.37 -0.56 -0.18 18.85 -0.15 -0.18 1.00 18.85 18.85 -0.29 18.69 18689.1
9 1875.65
1905.66 1058.70
121 120.00 17.49 7.43 -0.14 43.95 0.94 -0.12 16.55 -0.14 -0.12 1.00 16.55 16.55 -13.05 3.69 15.17 -0.44 14.72 14723.7
6 1477.68
1501.32 834.07
122 121.00 17.05 7.27 -0.06 79.10 1.69 -0.16 15.36 -0.06 -0.16 1.00 15.36 15.36 -0.59 14.58 14576.2
9 1462.88
1486.28 825.71
123 122.00 16.38 7.30 0.02 17.58 0.38 0.03 16.00 0.02 0.03 1.00 16.00 16.00 -18.37 -10.74 16.69 -0.32 16.37 16371.7
0 1643.06
1669.35 927.42
124 123.00 15.93 7.30 -0.03 -61.52 -1.32 0.00 17.25 -0.03 0.00 1.00 17.25 17.25 0.00 16.69 16693.7
9 1675.39
1702.20 945.66
125 124.00 15.20 7.25 -0.11 -26.37 -0.56 -0.05 15.76 -0.11 -0.05 1.00 15.76 15.76 -5.99 15.85 15.90 -0.79 15.10 15104.4
3 1515.88
1540.13 855.63
126 125.00 14.31 7.09 -0.08 21.97 0.47 -0.16 13.84 -0.08 -0.16 1.00 13.84 13.84 -2.54 13.36 13360.9
3 1340.90
1362.36 756.87
127 126.00 13.77 7.09 -0.06 -74.71 -1.60 0.00 15.37 -0.06 0.00 1.00 15.37 15.37 4.46 3.73 15.63 0.00 15.63 15634.7
0 1569.10
1594.20 885.67
128 127.00 12.94 6.97 -0.23 -57.13 -1.22 -0.12 14.16 -0.23 -0.12 1.00 14.16 14.16 -0.45 15.19 15187.5
4 1524.22
1548.61 860.34
129 128.00 12.05 6.64 -0.18 21.97 0.47 -0.33 11.58 -0.18 -0.33 1.00 11.58 11.58 -1.91 5.34 13.00 -1.76 11.24 11236.2
1 1127.67
1145.71 636.50
130 129.00 12.11 6.62 -0.18 -52.73 -1.13 -0.02 13.24 -0.18 -0.02 1.00 13.24 13.24 -0.11 12.89 12892.9
5 1293.94
1314.64 730.36
131 130.00 11.25 6.27 -0.28 17.58 0.38 -0.35 10.87 -0.28 -0.35 1.00 10.87 10.87 -7.06 -7.99 6.10 2.80 8.90 8897.65 892.97 907.26 504.03
132 131.00 10.81 6.06 -0.15 92.29 1.97 -0.21 8.84 -0.15 -0.21 1.00 8.84 8.84 1.68 7.78 7778.39 780.64 793.13 440.63
133 132.00 10.17 5.97 -0.10 -48.34 -1.03 -0.09 11.20 -0.10 -0.09 1.00 11.20 11.20 12.31 0.96 12.52 -0.09 12.43 12434.3
1 1247.91
1267.87 704.37
134 133.00 8.68 5.86 -0.25 -30.76 -0.66 -0.11 9.34 -0.25 -0.11 1.00 9.34 9.34 -0.11 12.42 12415.0
5 1245.97
1265.91 703.28
135 134.00 8.10 5.48 -0.16 140.62 3.01 -0.38 5.09 -0.16 -0.38 1.00 5.09 5.09 2.34 5.16 7.43 -1.96 5.47 5468.02 548.77 557.55 309.75
136 135.00 8.26 5.55 0.04 17.58 0.38 0.07 7.88 0.04 0.07 1.00 7.88 7.88 0.36 7.79 7790.76 781.88 794.39 441.33
137 136.00 7.12 5.55 -0.12 -175.78 -3.76 0.00 10.88 -0.12 0.00 1.00 10.88 10.88 6.00 8.52 11.60 0.00 11.60 11596.9
8 1163.87
1182.49 656.94
138 137.00 6.42 5.30 -0.32 -52.73 -1.13 -0.25 7.55 -0.32 -0.25 1.00 7.55 7.55 -2.13 9.47 9466.09 950.02 965.22 536.23
139 138.00 6.00 4.91 -0.23 70.31 1.50 -0.39 4.50 -0.23 -0.39 1.00 4.50 4.50 -0.37 1.92 5.16 -0.75 4.41 4412.22 442.81 449.90 249.94
140 139.00 5.75 4.84 -0.18 30.76 0.66 -0.07 5.09 -0.18 -0.07 1.00 5.09 5.09 -0.13 5.03 5026.07 504.42 512.49 284.71
141 140.00 5.40 4.56 -0.17 21.97 0.47 -0.28 4.93 -0.17 -0.28 1.00 4.93 4.93 -0.30 1.50 5.30 -0.42 4.88 4879.88 489.74 497.58 276.43
142 141.00 4.70 4.51 -0.13 -26.37 -0.56 -0.05 5.26 -0.13 -0.05 1.00 5.26 5.26 -0.08 5.23 5225.05 524.39 532.78 295.99
143 142.00 4.32 4.30 -0.22 8.79 0.19 -0.21 4.13 -0.22 -0.21 1.00 4.13 4.13 -6.04 0.29 2.86 -0.06 2.80 2803.63 281.37 285.87 158.82
144 143.00 3.65 4.07 -0.11 8.79 0.19 -0.23 3.46 -0.11 -0.23 1.00 3.46 3.46 -0.07 2.80 2797.87 280.79 285.29 158.49
145 144.00 3.52 4.07 -0.20 -35.16 -0.75 0.00 4.27 -0.20 0.00 1.00 4.27 4.27 -0.59 7.97 4.15 0.00 4.15 4153.39 416.83 423.50 235.28
146 145.00 2.95 3.67 -0.18 87.89 1.88 -0.40 1.07 -0.18 -0.40 1.00 1.07 1.07 -3.19 0.96 964.96 96.84 98.39 54.66
147 146.00 3.46 3.70 -0.03 79.10 1.69 0.03 1.77 -0.03 0.03 1.00 1.77 1.77 -0.05 -24.96 2.52 -0.75 1.77 1767.61 177.40 180.24 100.13
148 147.00 2.98 3.61 -0.03 -83.50 -1.78 -0.09 4.76 -0.03 -0.09 1.00 4.76 4.76 2.25 4.76 4763.25 478.04 485.69 269.83
149 148.00 2.54 3.65 -0.19 -105.47 -2.25 0.04 4.79 -0.19 0.04 1.00 4.79 4.79 0.96 9.47 4.60 0.38 4.98 4977.25 499.52 507.51 281.95
150 149.00 1.80 3.23 -0.24 65.92 1.41 -0.42 0.39 -0.24 -0.42 1.00 0.39 0.39 -3.98 0.62 621.82 62.41 63.40 35.22
151 150.00 2.44 3.17 -0.06 79.10 1.69 -0.06 0.75 -0.06 -0.06 1.00 0.75 0.75 -77.37 -38.71 -6.22 2.32 -3.89 -
3892.97 -390.70 -
396.95 -220.53
152 151.00 2.12 3.10 -0.08 -26.37 -0.56 -0.07 2.68 -0.08 -0.07 1.00 2.68 2.68 2.71 -3.51 -
3505.90 -351.85 -
357.48 -198.60
153 152.00 1.74 3.02 -0.11 21.97 0.47 -0.08 1.27 -0.11 -0.08 1.00 1.27 1.27 -9.41 9.41 0.99 -0.75 0.24 235.33 23.62 24.00 13.33
154 153.00 1.55 2.87 -0.04 74.71 1.60 -0.15 -0.05 -0.04 -0.15 1.00 -0.05 -0.05 -1.41 -0.42 -423.34 -42.49 -43.17 -23.98
155 154.00 2.03 2.95 0.04 -26.37 -0.56 0.08 2.59 0.04 0.08 1.00 2.59 2.59 2.64 1.74 2.35 0.14 2.49 2488.16 249.71 253.71 140.95
156 155.00 1.36 2.95 -0.09 -35.16 -0.75 0.00 2.11 -0.09 0.00 1.00 2.11 2.11 0.00 2.35 2348.96 235.74 239.51 133.06
157 156.00 1.29 2.77 -0.04 70.31 1.50 -0.18 -0.21 -0.04 -0.18 1.00 -0.21 -0.21 1.35 4.19 0.59 -0.75 -0.16 -159.08 -15.97 -16.22 -9.01
158 157.00 1.55 2.87 0.05 21.97 0.47 0.10 1.08 0.05 0.10 1.00 1.08 1.08 0.42 1.01 1013.10 101.67 103.30 57.39
159 158.00 1.17 2.87 0.01 -57.13 -1.22 0.00 2.39 0.01 0.00 1.00 2.39 2.39 17.00 -4.85 2.22 0.00 2.22 2221.14 222.91 226.48 125.82
160 159.00 1.01 2.89 -0.06 -4.39 -0.09 0.02 1.10 -0.06 0.02 1.00 1.10 1.10 -0.10 2.12 2124.04 213.17 216.58 120.32
161 160.00 0.59 2.75 0.00 79.10 1.69 -0.14 -1.10 0.00 -0.14 1.00 -1.10 -1.10 1.93 5.40 -0.34 -0.76 -1.10 -
1100.80 -110.48 -
112.24 -62.36
162 161.00 0.98 2.89 0.10 17.58 0.38 0.14 0.60 0.10 0.14 1.00 0.60 0.60 0.76 0.41 411.35 41.28 41.94 23.30
163 162.00 0.98 2.95 0.04 -30.76 -0.66 0.06 1.64 0.04 0.06 1.00 1.64 1.64 0.03 15.75 0.69 0.95 1.64 1636.15 164.20 166.83 92.68
164 163.00 0.85 2.96 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.85 0.04 0.01 1.00 0.85 0.85 0.16 0.85 848.64 85.17 86.53 48.07
165 164.00 0.79 3.02 0.04 -21.97 -0.47 0.06 1.26 0.04 0.06 1.00 1.26 1.26 6.35 6.36 0.62 0.38 1.01 1005.56 100.92 102.53 56.96
166 165.00 0.53 3.03 -0.01 -4.39 -0.09 0.01 0.62 -0.01 0.01 1.00 0.62 0.62 0.06 0.69 687.35 68.98 70.09 38.94
167 166.00 0.82 3.00 0.03 43.95 0.94 -0.03 -0.12 0.03 -0.03 1.00 -0.12 -0.12 1.82 4.37 -0.04 -0.13 -0.17 -174.09 -17.47 -17.75 -9.86
168 167.00 0.59 3.09 0.08 4.39 0.09 0.09 0.50 0.08 0.09 1.00 0.50 0.50 0.39 0.35 350.46 35.17 35.73 19.85
169 168.00 0.91 3.16 0.04 -21.97 -0.47 0.07 1.38 0.04 0.07 1.00 1.38 1.38 0.04 7.17 0.88 0.50 1.38 1378.22 138.32 140.53 78.07
170 169.00 0.69 3.16 0.04 -8.79 -0.19 0.00 0.88 0.04 0.00 1.00 0.88 0.88 0.00 0.88 876.49 87.96 89.37 49.65
171 170.00 0.72 3.23 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.07 0.72 0.02 0.07 1.00 0.72 0.72 0.78 -4.15 0.99 -0.29 0.70 704.45 70.70 71.83 39.91
172 171.00 0.91 3.19 0.04 -13.18 -0.28 -0.04 1.19 0.04 -0.04 1.00 1.19 1.19 0.17 1.16 1160.63 116.48 118.34 65.75
173 172.00 0.56 3.30 -0.01 -35.16 -0.75 0.11 1.31 -0.01 0.11 1.00 1.31 1.31 0.61 4.89 0.78 0.54 1.32 1317.64 132.24 134.35 74.64
174 173.00 0.59 3.17 -0.04 21.97 0.47 -0.13 0.12 -0.04 -0.13 1.00 0.12 0.12 -0.64 0.14 144.71 14.52 14.76 8.20
175 174.00 0.69 3.23 0.04 57.13 1.22 0.06 -0.53 0.04 0.06 1.00 -0.53 -0.53 10.43 -13.04 -0.17 -0.78 -0.95 -948.52 -95.19 -96.72 -53.73
176 175.00 0.82 3.24 0.08 13.18 0.28 0.01 0.54 0.08 0.01 1.00 0.54 0.54 -0.13 -0.30 -296.42 -29.75 -30.22 -16.79
177 176.00 0.98 3.38 0.06 -26.37 -0.56 0.14 1.54 0.06 0.14 1.00 1.54 1.54 0.02 -0.16 1.57 -0.02 1.54 1542.69 154.82 157.30 87.39
178 177.00 0.91 3.37 0.03 -30.76 -0.66 -0.01 1.57 0.03 -0.01 1.00 1.57 1.57 0.00 1.57 1567.02 157.27 159.78 88.77
179 178.00 0.85 3.44 0.00 -26.37 -0.56 0.07 1.41 0.00 0.07 1.00 1.41 1.41 1.93 9.01 0.78 0.63 1.41 1413.67 141.88 144.15 80.08
180 179.00 0.47 3.37 -0.03 17.58 0.38 -0.07 0.09 -0.03 -0.07 1.00 0.09 0.09 -0.63 0.15 152.11 15.27 15.51 8.62
181 180.00 0.79 3.38 0.04 26.37 0.56 0.01 0.23 0.04 0.01 1.00 0.23 0.23 -3.83 19.22 0.19 0.19 0.38 379.73 38.11 38.72 21.51
182 181.00 0.85 3.44 0.03 -17.58 -0.38 0.06 1.23 0.03 0.06 1.00 1.23 1.23 1.15 1.34 1340.83 134.57 136.72 75.95
183 182.00 0.75 3.44 0.00 8.79 0.19 0.00 0.56 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.56 0.56 -3.70 0.00 0.56 0.00 0.56 562.11 56.41 57.32 31.84
184 183.00 0.79 3.44 0.04 17.58 0.38 0.00 0.41 0.04 0.00 1.00 0.41 0.41 0.00 0.56 562.11 56.41 57.32 31.84
185 184.00 0.66 3.53 0.04 -17.58 -0.38 0.09 1.04 0.04 0.09 1.00 1.04 1.04 0.88 3.18 0.71 0.29 1.00 1000.71 100.43 102.04 56.69
186 185.00 0.66 3.51 0.01 0.00 0.00 -0.02 0.66 0.01 -0.02 1.00 0.66 0.66 -0.06 0.65 651.23 65.36 66.40 36.89
187 186.00 0.72 3.54 0.04 26.37 0.56 0.03 0.16 0.04 0.03 1.00 0.16 0.16 22.55 11.27 -1.08 0.34 -0.75 -745.52 -74.82 -76.02 -42.23
188 187.00 0.72 3.58 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.72 0.06 0.04 1.00 0.72 0.72 0.45 -0.63 -632.77 -63.50 -64.52 -35.84
189 188.00 0.59 3.67 0.04 -30.76 -0.66 0.09 1.25 0.04 0.09 1.00 1.25 1.25 2.81 7.73 0.44 0.70 1.13 1134.93 113.90 115.72 64.29
190 189.00 0.66 3.65 0.00 17.58 0.38 -0.02 0.28 0.00 -0.02 1.00 0.28 0.28 -0.15 0.28 284.22 28.52 28.98 16.10
191 190.00 0.98 3.67 0.07 70.31 1.50 0.02 -0.52 0.07 0.02 1.00 -0.52 -0.52 5.70 8.14 -1.08 0.16 -0.92 -921.78 -92.51 -93.99 -52.22
192 191.00 0.69 3.79 0.14 0.00 0.00 0.12 0.69 0.14 0.12 1.00 0.69 0.69 0.98 -0.11 -107.75 -10.81 -10.99 -6.10
193 192.00 0.47 3.95 0.07 -127.44 -2.72 0.16 3.19 0.07 0.16 1.00 3.19 3.19 4.84 4.97 2.06 0.79 2.86 2855.38 286.57 291.15 161.75
194 193.00 0.02 3.93 -0.11 -65.92 -1.41 -0.02 1.43 -0.11 -0.02 1.00 1.43 1.43 -0.10 1.96 1961.31 196.84 199.99 111.10
195 194.00 0.34 3.72 -0.06 74.71 1.60 -0.21 -1.26 -0.06 -0.21 1.00 -1.26 -1.26 1.45 4.35 -0.26 -0.91 -1.17 -
1169.86 -117.41 -
119.29 -66.27
196 195.00 1.04 3.81 0.04 39.55 0.85 0.09 0.19 0.04 0.09 1.00 0.19 0.19 0.39 0.14 136.54 13.70 13.92 7.73
197 196.00 0.69 3.79 0.02 -17.58 -0.38 -0.02 1.07 0.02 -0.02 1.00 1.07 1.07 -0.80 2.85 1.14 -0.06 1.08 1081.78 108.57 110.30 61.28
198 197.00 0.53 3.84 0.00 -35.16 -0.75 0.05 1.28 0.00 0.05 1.00 1.28 1.28 0.14 1.28 1281.56 128.62 130.68 72.60
199 198.00 0.40 3.79 -0.05 -52.73 -1.13 -0.05 1.53 -0.05 -0.05 1.00 1.53 1.53 -0.08 0.41 1.54 -0.02 1.52 1523.22 152.87 155.32 86.29
200 199.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -3.79 0.00 0.00 -3.79 1.00 0.00 0.00 -1.54 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
APPENDIX 10
No Total Load
(Tons)
Settlement (mm)
Reference Beam
Movement (mm)
Corrected Pile Top
Settlement
Ton to Tonnes
Normalised data
(Tonnes/m)
1 1 -0.01 0.00 -0.01 1.02 0.85 1st cycle
2 48 0.43 -0.35 0.08 48.77 40.64
3 117 1.13 -0.65 0.48 118.87 99.06
4 149 1.5 -0.74 0.77 151.38 126.15
5 201 1.93 -0.94 1.00 204.22 170.18
6 249 2.51 -1.07 1.44 252.98 210.82
7 303 3.33 -1.41 1.93 307.85 256.54
8 350 4.12 -1.78 2.34 355.60 296.33
9 399 4.91 -2.26 2.66 405.38 337.82
10 448 5.74 -2.50 3.24 455.17 379.31
11 498 6.53 -2.70 3.82 505.97 421.64
12 548 7.31 -2.88 4.43 556.77 463.97
13 597 8.05 -3.35 4.71 606.55 505.46
14 646 8.93 -3.83 5.10 656.34 546.95
15 696 9.86 -3.66 6.20 707.14 589.28
16 750 10.91 -4.45 6.46 762.00 635.00
17 800 12.02 -4.50 7.52 812.80 677.33
18 845 13.32 -4.86 8.47 858.52 715.43
19 897 14.59 -5.11 9.49 911.35 759.46
20 950 16.03 -5.56 10.47 965.20 804.33
21 1003 17.31 -5.76 11.55 1019.05 849.21
22 1047 18.55 -6.03 12.52 1063.75 886.46
23 1098 19.95 -6.43 13.52 1115.57 929.64
24 1147 21.92 -6.78 15.14 1165.35 971.13
25 1199 24.12 -6.93 17.19 1218.18 1015.15
26 944 22.34 -6.23 16.11 959.10 799.25
27 587 17.97 -4.98 12.99 596.39 496.99
28 304 15.52 -3.91 11.61 308.86 257.39
29 0 9.55 -2.28 7.27 0.00 0.00 2nd cycle
30 198 11.08 -2.62 8.46 201.17 167.64
31 300 12.19 -2.94 9.25 304.80 254.00
32 399 13.37 -3.07 10.30 405.38 337.82
33 501 14.51 -3.50 11.01 509.02 424.18
34 598 15.56 -3.65 11.91 607.57 506.31
35 701 16.66 -3.81 12.85 712.22 593.51
36 903 18.81 -4.25 14.56 917.45 764.54
37 999 19.98 -4.33 15.65 1014.98 845.82
38 1098 21.73 -4.77 16.96 1115.57 929.64
39 1192 24.81 -5.11 19.70 1211.07 1009.23
40 1297 29.59 -5.56 24.03 1317.75 1098.13
41 1398 34.44 -5.89 28.55 1420.37 1183.64
42 1506 39.64 -6.13 33.51 1530.10 1275.08
43 1598 45.06 -6.50 38.56 1623.57 1352.97
44 1696 50.47 -6.77 43.70 1723.14 1435.95
45 1798 56.08 -7.08 49.00 1826.77 1522.31
46 1899 61.67 -7.14 54.53 1929.38 1607.82
47 1997 67.34 -7.37 59.97 2028.95 1690.79
48 2098 74.35 -7.76 66.59 2131.57 1776.31
49 2194 79.77 -7.97 71.80 2229.10 1857.59
50 2300 6.02 -8.33 77.12 2336.80 1947.33
51 2396 13.08 -8.63 83.88 2434.34 2028.61
52 2493 19.66 -9.00 90.09 2532.89 2110.74
53 2591 27.82 -9.39 97.85 2632.46 2193.71
54 2698 34.29 -9.82 103.89 2741.17 2284.31
55 2800 40.67 -10.31 109.79 2844.80 2370.67
56 2896 47.25 -10.59 116.09 2942.34 2451.95
57 3000 50.43 -11.61 118.25 3048.00 2540.00
58 3000 65.30 -11.28 133.45 3048.00 2540.00
59 2197 58.66 -8.73 129.36 2232.15 1860.13
60 1542 48.20 -6.86 120.77 1566.67 1305.56
61 768 39.08 -5.27 113.24 780.29 650.24
62 1 21.70 -4.03 97.10 1.02 0.85